
Wrocław, ([[Media:Wroclaw.ogg|[:vrɔʦwaf] ]]), German_language ''Breslau'', Czech_language ''Vratislav'', Latin ''Wratislavia''; many Polish_language documents in English use the spelling ''Wroclaw'') is the capital of Silesia in southwestern Poland, situated on the Oder River (Odra). As of 2003, the city had a population of 638,666. It is the principal city of the Lower Silesia region and the administrative seat of the Lower Silesian Voivodship (since 1999), previously of Wroclaw Voivodship. The city is also a separate city-county.
== City's Name ==
Wrocław was first recorded in Thietmar's chronicle: John, bishop of Wrocław, a newly established Polish diocese, is mentioned in the year 1000 (''Johannem Wrotizlaensem'') as was later the city of Wrocław itself (''Wortizlawa''). The first municipal seal says: ''Sigillum civitatis Wracislavie'', and a simplified city name is mentioned in 1175 as ''in Wrezlawe''.
The early records show that the medieval city name was ''Wrocisław'' in Polish and ''Vratislav'' in Czech and it means Wrocislaw/Vratislav's town.
The Polish name was later simplified in two stages: Wrocisław->Wrotsław->Wrocław and this simplified name has been used since the 12th century. The Czech spelling was used in Latin documents as ''Wratislavia'' or ''Vratislavia'', but Polish pronunciation was also infuential as shown in the spelling of ''Wracislavia''. Later the city's name was Germanized to ''Breslau''.
The city is named after a person called Vratislaw/Wrocislaw, though it is unclear what, if any, connection exists to a Czech duke called Vratislav I. It is also possible that the city was named after the tribal duke of the Silesians, or after the early owner of the city, called Vratislav.
The name of the city seems to be an important question for German and Polish nationalists. Among the people of the city, especially those born some years after World War II, the German name ''Breslau'' is highly unpopular, and they become quite offended when that name is used. As another example, the warehouse ''Feniks'' on the ''Rynek'', built in 1904, showed in November 2004 old pictures of the building. The pictures were described in Polish, but used the original names, such as ''"Warenhaus Gebrüder Barasch, Breslau"''.
Names used in other languages include: ''Vratislav'' / ''Vroclav'' (Slovak, Serbian), ''Breslavia'' (Italian), ''Vroclavas'' (Lithuanian), ''Boroszló'' (Hungarian).
== History==
[[Image:Ortsnamen breslau 1900.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Town Wroclaw and surrounding villages (today - quarters of Wroclaw) in 1900
Source: [http://www.breslau-wroclaw.de http://www.breslau-wroclaw.de] ]] Situated at a long existing trading place, a city was first recorded in the 10th century as ''Vratislavia'' (Wratislaw) (the origin of its various later names) after Vratislav I. The settlement was conquered by the Polish duke Mieszko I in the 990s. Already a place of some importance, it became the capital of Silesia in 1138, where Silesians had founded a settlement south of the river. During the Mongol invasion in 1241 most of the population of the city was evacuated. The settlement was then sacked and burned by the Mongols, but they had no time to besiege the castle where the rest of the burghers found refuge. Documents of the time refer to the town by many variants of the name, including ''Bresslau'', ''Presslau'', ''Breslau'' and Latin Wratislaw. The restored Wrocław town was given Magdeburg Rights in 1262. The first illustration of the city was published in the ''Schedelsche Weltchronik'' in 1493. Under direct overlordship of the Holy Roman Empire the emperors granted government positions to members of various ducal and royal dynasties. The city was a member of the Hanseatic League of northern European trading cities. During much of the Middle Ages Wrocław was ruled by its Dukes_of_Silesia#Duchy_of_Wroclaw from the Piast dynasty. In 1335 it, along with almost the entirety of Silesia, was incorporated into the Kingdom of Bohemia and was part of it until the 1740s, and from 1526 was ruled by the Empire's Habsburg dynasty. The overwhelming majority of the inhabitants became Lutheran Protestants during the Reformation, but were forcibly suppressed during the Catholic Reformation by the Jesuits, working with the support of the Habsburg rulers. After the extinction of local Piast rulers in 1675, the Habsburg Monarchy of Austria inherited Wrocław. They resorted to forceful conversion of the city to back to Catholicism. During the War of the Austrian Succession in the 1740s, Silesia was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia. Prussia's claims were derived from the agreement, rejected by Habsburgs, between the Piast rulers of the Duchy and the Hohenzollerns who secured the Prussian succession after the extinction of the Piasts. After the demise of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the city remained under Prussian administration and joined Imperial Germany upon its creation in 1871. The kings of Prussia saw to it that Wrocław became a major industrial centre, notably of linen and cotton manufacture, more than tripling in population between 1860 and 1910 to over half a million. Its municipal boundaries were greatly extended in 1928. Many of the city's 10,000 Jews were murdered during the Nazism genocide of World War II. When the Red Army approached in February 1945, Wrocław was declared a fortress and much of the population, which was German, was evacuated, although some 200,000 remained. To build fortifications slave labour was needed to augment civilian workers, and concentration camp prisoners were forced to help. After a siege of nearly three months, "Festung Breslau" surrendered on May 7 – the last major city in eastern Germany to fall. Some 40,000 Breslauers lay dead in the ruins, and the city was almost 70% destroyed. The city became the scene of horrible war crimes committed by the Red Army against the surviving German population, as in the rest of Silesia and throughout eastern Germany. A modern residential district, around the ''Kaiserstraße'' (now: ''Plac Grunwaldzki''), was razed by prisoners (thousands of them died) to construct a military airfield. Like almost all of Silesia, Wrocław went to Poland under the terms of the agreement reached at the Potsdam Conference. Most of the German inhabitants either escaped before the Red Army, or were resettled in western Germany. It was resettled by Poles either from the small towns and villages from the provinces nearby, or those expelled from territories lost by Poland to the USSR – many of them from Lwów (now L'viv, Ukraine). Gradually the old city was restored to its beauty. Nearly all the monumental buildings were preserved. Now it is a uniquely European city in present-day Poland, with its architecture echoing that in Austria, Bohemia, or Prussia. Wrocław's Gothic style is originally Silesian, its Baroque style owes much to court builders of Habsburg Austria (Fischer von Erlach, Ch. Tausch), and Wrocław still has a number of buildings by eminent modernist architects, such as Hans Poelzig or Max Berg, the famous ''Jahrhunderthalle'' (Hala Ludowa) by Berg (1911-1913) being the most important. In July 1997 the city was hit by a severe flooding of the Oder. ===Administrative division=== Wrocław is divided into 5 boroughs ( in ''Polish'': dzielnice ) * Fabryczna * Krzyki * Psie Pole (''litteraly: Dog's Field'') * Stare Miasto (''Old Town'') * Śródmieście (''City Center'') === Significant Events of 20th Century === External links with photo galleries, mostly in Polish. * 1997 - [http://miasta.gazeta.pl/wroclaw/5,44548,1501462.html 1997 great flood of Oder river - photo gallery] * 1948 - [http://www.wzo1948.prv.pl/ "Retrieved Country Exhibition"] * 1945 - [http://www.wratislavia.net/festung.htm Festung Breslau (Wrocław Fortress) siege by Soviet Army - photo gallery] * 1938 - [http://www.sportfest1938.prv.pl/ "All-German Festival of Sports & Gymnastics" (Internet Explorer only)] * 1937 - [http://www.breslau1937.prv.pl 12th "All-German Singing Meeting"] * 1913 - [http://www.breslau1913.prv.pl "100th Aniversary of Leipzig Battle Great Exhibition"] * 1907 - [http://www.breslau1907.prv.pl 7th "All-German Singing Meeting"] * 1903 - [http://www.breslau-wroclaw.de/de/breslau/postcard/projektor/print.php?showId=1000 1903 great flood of Oder river] ===Famous people from Wroclaw=== * Alois Alzheimer * Adolf Anderssen * Max Berg * Wiktor Bross * Leszek Czarnecki * Rafal Dutkiewicz * count Wojciech Dzieduszycki * Norbert Elias * Wladyslaw Frasyniuk * Lidia Geringer d'Oedenberg * Eugeniusz Get-Stankiewicz * Jerzy Grotowski * Antoni Gucwinski * Hanna Gucwinska * Daniel Harrwitz * Lothar Herbst * Miroslaw Hermaszewski * Ludwik Hirszfeld * Marek Hlasko * Lech Janerka * Leon Kieres * Rafal Kubacki * Gustav Robert Kirchhoff * Jan Jakub Kolski * Marek Krajewski * Ferdinand Lassalle * Maciej Lagiewski * Andrzej Jerzy Lech * Mariusz Lukasiewicz * Andrzej Markowski * Ewa Michnik * Jan Miodek * Paul Peikert * Jozef Pinior * Hans Poelzig * Igor Przegrodzki * Manfred von Richthofen * Tadeusz Rozewicz * Wanda Rutkiewicz * Friedrich Schleiermacher * Angelus Silesius * Edith Stein * Hugo Steinhaus * Siegbert Tarrasch * Stanislaw Tolpa * Henryk Tomaszewski * Andrzej Waligorski * Piotr Wlostowic * Rafal Wojaczek * Bogdan Zdrojewski * Henryk Zielinski * Andrzej Ziemianski ===Nobel Prize laureates from Wrocław === * Theodor Mommsen (1902) * Philipp Lenard (1905) * Eduard Buchner (1907) * Paul Ehrlich (1908) * Gerhart Hauptmann (1912) * Fritz Haber (1918) * Friedrich Bergius (1931) * Otto Stern (1943) * Max Born (1954) * Reinhard Selten (1994) === Historical population ===
1800: 64,500 inhabitants
1831: 89,500 inhabitants
1850: 114,000 inhabitants
1852: 121,100 inhabitants
1880: 272,900 inhabitants
1900: 422,700 inhabitants
1910: 510,000 inhabitants
1925: 555,200 inhabitants
1933: 625,198 inhabitants
1939: 629,565 inhabitants
1946: 171,000 inhabitants
1960: 431,800 inhabitants
1970: 526,000 inhabitants
1975: 579,900 inhabitants
1980: 617,700 inhabitants
1990: ?
1999: 650,000 inhabitants
2003: 638 000 inhabitants
2004: 633 700 inhabitants == Education == Today's Wrocław has ten state-run universities, including: * Wroclaw University ([http://www.uni.wroc.pl/ ''Uniwersytet Wrocławski'']), * Wroclaw University of Technology ([http://www.pwr.wroc.pl/ ''Politechnika Wrocławska'']), * Akademia Medyczna we Wroclawiu ([http://www.am.wroc.pl/ ''Wrocławska Akademia Medyczna'']), * University School of Physical Education in Wroclaw. ([http://www.awf.wroc.pl/ ''Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego'']), * Wroclaw University of Economics ([http://www.ae.wroc.pl/ ''Akademia Ekonomiczna im. Oskara Langego'']) * The Agricultural University of Wroclaw ([http://www.ar.wroc.pl/ ''Akademia Rolnicza we Wrocławiu'']) * Academy of Fine Arts in Wroclaw ([http://www.asp.wroc.pl/ ''Akademia Sztuk Pięknych we Wrocławiu'']) * The Karol Lipinski University of Music ([http://www.amuz.wroc.pl/ ''Akademia Muzyczna im. Karola Lipińskiego'']) * University School of Theatre (''Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Teatralna'') * The Tadeusz Kosciuszko Land Forces Military Academy ([http://www.wso.wroc.pl/ ''Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych'']) as well as numerous private institutions of higher education, including * Wyższa Szkoła Filologiczna ([http://www.wsf.edu.pl/]). == Economy and Transportation == Its major industries were traditionally the manufacture of railroad cars and electronics. The city has both an Wroclaw International Airport and a river port. == Economy == === Major Corporations === * Volvo Polska sp. z o.o., Wrocław * Grupa Lukas, Wrocław * AB SA, Wrocław * Polifarb Cieszyn-Wrocław SA, Wrocław * Kogeneracja SA, Wrocław * Impel SA, Wrocław * Europejski Fundusz Leasingowsy SA, Wrocław * Telefonia Dialog SA, Wrocław * Wrozamet SA, Wrocław * American Restaurants sp. z o.o., Wrocław * Hutmen SA, Wrocław * MPEC Wroclaw SA, Wrocław * SAP Polska == Politics == === Wrocław constituency === Members of Parliament (Sejm) elected from Wrocław constituency: * Jan Chaładaj , SLD-UP * Janusz Dobrosz, PSL * Hanna Gucwińska, SLD-UP * Teresa Jasztal, SLD-UP * Piotr Kozłowski, Samoobrona * Janusz Krasoń, SLD-UP * Marek Muszyński, PiS * Andrzej Otręba, SLD-UP * Jacek Protasiewicz, PO * Grzegorz Schetyna, PO * Antoni Stryjewski, LPR * Jan Szymański, SLD-UP * Kazimierz Ujazdowski, PiS * Bogdan Zdrojewski, PO === Municipal politics === yet to be written == Sports == There are many popular professional sports team in Wrocław area. The most popular sport today is probably basketball thanks to Idea Slask Wroclaw the award winning men basketball team (former Polish champion, 2nd place in 2004). Amateur sports are played by thousands of Wroclaw citizens and also in schools of all levels (elementary, secondary, university). === Men's professional teams === * Deichman Slask Wroclaw - (previous names: Idea Śląsk Wrocław, Śląsk Wrocław, CWKS Wrocław) men basketball team, former Polish Champion, 2nd place 2004 in Era Basket Liga * Slask Wroclaw - men's Football in Poland team (Polish Championship in Football 1977; Polish Cup winner 1976, 1987; Polish SuperCup winner 1987) * Slask Wroclaw (handball) - men's Handball in Poland team (1st league in season 2003/2004) * Atlas Wroclaw - men dirt_speedway_racing team (1st league in season 2003/2004) * Gwardia Wroclaw - men Volleyball in Poland team (Polska Liga Siatkowki(PLS) in season 2003/2004) * Gwardia Wroclaw - men boxing team (1st league in season 2003/2004) * Polar Wroclaw - men's Football in Poland team (3rd league 2004/2005) * KS Hefra Gwardia Wroclaw - men's Volleyball in Poland team playing in Polish Volleyball League (Polska Liga Siatkówki, PLS: Seria A in 2003/2004, Seria B in 2004/2005 season). === Women's professional teams === * ZEC ESV Gwardia Wroclaw- women's Volleyball in Poland team playing in Polish Seria A Women's Volleyball League: 6th place in 2003/2004 season. * AZS Wroclaw - women's Football in Poland team (1st league in season 2003/2004) * AZS AWF Wroclaw - women's Handball in Poland team (1st league in season 2003/2004) * AZS AE Wroclaw - women table tennis team (1st league in season 2003/2004) === Amateur teams === ==Photos==
A skating rink in the Rynek (Market Square) - Dec 2003. == See also: == * Silesia == External Links == * [http://www.wroclaw.pl/ Wrocław home page] * [http://www.wroclaw-life.com Wroclaw Life] * [http://www.uni.wroc.pl/STRONAENG.HTM Wroclaw University] * [http://www.pwr.wroc.pl/ Wrocław University of Technology] * [http://www.am.wroc.pl/ Medical Academy of Wrocław] * [http://www.awf.wroc.pl/ University School of Physical Education in Wrocław] * [http://hydral.com.pl/neo/test.php?dzielnica=01 Photos of Wrocław] * [http://www.wirtualny.wroclaw.pl/ Virtual Wrocław] * [http://www.naszemiasto.wroclaw.pl/ Nasze Miasto Wrocław] (Polish) * [http://www.vogel-soya.de/bilder/breslau.html Old Postcards from Wroclaw] ==Books== * Encyklopedia Wrocławia. Wrocław 2001 * Wrocław jego dzieje kultura. Warszawa 1978 * G. Scheuermann. Das Breslau-Lexikon. Dülmen 1994 * K.Maleczyński, M.Morelowski, A.Ptaszycka, Wrocław. Rozwój ubranistyczny. Warszawa 1956 * W.Długoborski, J.Gierowski, K.Maleczyński, Dzieje Wrocławia do roku 1807., Warszawa 1958 * ''Microcosm, Portrait of a Central European City'', by Norman Davies and Roger Moorhouse (Jonathan Cape, 2002) ISBN 0224062433 (ISBN 8324001727 – Polish translation) Wroclaw Cities in Poland Urban counties of Poland Silesia la:Vratislavia lv:Vroclava na:Wroclaw nds:Breslau
:A page has been created under the Cities Project: WikiProject_Cities/Names issues, for the purpose of creating a consensus agreement for the wording of the intro paragraph of all cities that had alternate official spellings. Please join us there and help us hammer out a wording that we can all live with, and use to prevent endless, eternal edit wars, not just for Wroclaw, but for all cities with alternate official spellings in "modern" history. User:Bwood 02:10, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC) Who decided alphabetic order had anything to do with order of other language names? Since it was officially "Breslau" for many years in "modern history", the German should be first. Was it ever officially a Czech possession? I would put that last in this English article. Who removed the pronounciation guides? That's useful info. User:Bwood 01:41, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC) :The discussion below is interesting, but humor me for a moment and answer this question: Who had offficial possesion of the city before Prussia, and from what date to what date? User:Bwood 07:00, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC) : THe kings of Bohemia, which were first Peremyshilds, then Luxembourgs, then Jagiellons, and finalyl Habsburgs. You are not trying to suggest that it was Austrian posession? I don't knowmuch about the subject, so i will be very interested if you can prove me wrong, by i had always the impression that Habsburgs held the Silesia as part of Bohemian crown, not as separate entity, and their title to Silesia was because they were kings of Boehmia. User:Szopen 11:18, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC) Yeah, it was Czech for over 300 years and German for only 74. User:Space Cadet 02:31, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC) :Right, user:Space Cadet. The city was part of the Holy Roman Empire from 1335 until 1806, so it was a Roman city for almost 500 years. And Poland once was a globe, wasn't it? I look forward to learn more of your history, my dear! ::Right, Sweetheart. If everything included in HRE was Germany then Bohemia was practically always part of Germany? Yes? :::Err... you don't know anything about European history, do you, Space Cadet? It is wrong to say that "''everything included in HRE was German''". The best example against this is Upper Italy, which was part of the HRE, but never German. On the other hand, Bohemia was indeed practically always part of Germany. The king of Bohemia was one out of seven electors who do determine the next king. Note that they do not elect the next emperor, instead they just elect the next German king, who then have to be crowned by the pope to be Roman emperor. It was the highest position in Germany for a noble to be one of the electors of the German king, and the king of Bohemia was one of them from the beginning. Please also note that in English language as in German language there is a difference between the words "Bohemian" and "Czech". If someone is Bohemian, he might be a German or a Czech. If someone is a Czech, he might be from Bohemia or from Moravia. Since 1306, except one single king, no king of Bohemia was an ethnic Czech. The capital of Bohemia, Prague, often was also the capital of the empire, the residence of the German king. The first university within the HRE was Bologna, but the first German university was the university in Prague. Until the 19th century a majority of Prague's citizen were Germans. Since 1626, German was the official language in Bohemia, before that point she has no official language at all..
Breslau and Silesia became property of the Bohemian King in 1335 and were past over to the Austrian Habsburg house in 1526. So you might say that Breslau was under Bohemian crown for about 200 years, but among these ten kings in 200 years only one single was a Czech. Breslau in fact never was Czech, not for over 300 years and not for 200 years. Breslau wasn't Czech for a single day. There is a difference between "Bohemia" and "Czech", and there was never in history a "King of Czech", only a "King of Bohemia". Furthermore, belonging to the crown of Bohemia does not means being Bohemian itself. Breslau of course was always part of Silesia, not part of Bohemia. When the King of Bohemia was a Habsburg, Silesia and Breslau were under rule of the house of Habsburg, that's all. : For clarity we have to remember, that before 1525 kings of Bohemia and some of governors of Silesia were Polish Jagiellons. User:Szopen 08:44, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC) I was only being sarcastic and you missed it, though you sound pretty intelligent. Next time I'll just go straight to the point for you. "What is your point, Space Cadet?" Oh, my God, you missed that, too! User:Space Cadet 01:37, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC) ----- Space Cadet's point usually is that everything between the Elbe and the Dnieper has always been Polish, is now Polish and always will be Polish. Anyone who disagress is a "Nazi." User:sca ---- I never said that or displayed in any way such ridiculous views. I also never called anybody a Nazi. Grow up, Sca! User:Space Cadet 04:54, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC) --------------- Sorry, SC, I was only joking. Lighten up! BTW, I find your "How to deal with Poles" quite amusing. If I were German I could write something similar for Germans, but I'm not. I'm just an amateur historian who gets tired of people attributing the worst possible motives to all Germans throughout all of their 1,100-year history on the basis of 12 years of Hitlerism. It's both inaccurate and unfair. Also unfair is the attempt by many Poles, misled by decades of Soviet-inspired propaganda, to obscure what really happened in Pomerania, Danzig, East Prussia and Silesia in 1945-49. Everyone knows about the terrible things the Germans did during their Nazi period, but no one wants to talk about what was done to them in revenge when it was over. We're all human beings and we all need to recognize past crimes and mistakes and move on. Can you at least agree to that? User:sca 29sep04 ------ This official Polish website lists several inaccuracies. It states that in 1741 Frederick the Great of Prussia changed the name to Breslau. A 1493 engraving of the city in the :Schedelsche Weltchronik shows the city as Bressla . It also fails to mention, that land between the Oder and Warthe river , such as Silesia etc had been given as landlien to Moravia, Bohemia by previous emperors, such as :Arnulf of Carinthia . In AD 995 by a patent of :Holy Roman Emperor Otto III Silesia was attached to the see of :Meissen under the archbishopric of Magdeburg. Soon after emperor Otto III and Boleslaw I Chrobry founded Breslau bishopric and Breslau city. Boleslaw I Chrobry , son of Mieszko I , first piast ruler had conquered Silesia from Bohemia ,Moravia ( parts of the empire) and it was conquered back and force several times. For a more detailed history see : http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02761a.htm Breslau, also Moravia, Bohemia, Silesia . Since appr. 1300 Silesia was directly under the emperor . ---- The name as published on old maps is NOT a reliable guide to the people or the language of a city. For instance, Franconia is not only the Latin but also the English name. If *I* look at most books in my office I'll see Franconia. Does that mean that the residents called it Franconia? Well, actually, yes, since they mainly wrote Latin in the period *I* care about, it does. Does that make them Romans? No. Franks? Actually, no. We in English-speaking history call them Franconians, to distinguish them from the Frankish tribes who set up the Frankish kingdom. All this is to say that Wroclaw/Breslau is not to be solved from old maps. --MichaelTinkler. ---- I rearranged this for clarity, and English. The former German name isn't the most important thing about a Polish city. Similarly, the entries for New York and Oslo don't start with "Former Dutch colony Nieuw Amsterdam" and "Formerly Christiana." user:Vicki Rosenzweig ---- user:H.J. -- you might as well stop removing the word "ethnic", because I'm going to replace it until someone gives me a good reason not to. There was no such thing as Germany in the sense that we know it today -- just Germans. Even your precious HR Emperor was not King of Germany, but King of the Germans. Any attempt by you to say otherwise merely points out your anachronistically nationalist beliefs.User:JHK --------------- Julie, first of all Breslau was not the former German name, Breslau is the German name. The HR emperors were Kaiser des Heiligen Roemischen Reiches Deutscher Nation, or Holy Roman emperor of German Nation. In 1871 this became : Deutsches Reich, German Empire. It is incorrect for you to constantly change every German name into a different language. Is this the Polish Wikipedia ? then it would be ok to speak of Wroclaw or Gdansk or whatever the Polish language that the Soviet Union Communists renamed the cities and localities to. You are one of the ones, that always preach, this is the English language wikipedia, the German names must be changed to English names. Why then do you change them all to Polish (or Czech, or Russian) language names? And you can keep the name calling to yourself. user:H.J. ---- user:H.J., I haven't ever called you names, more's the pity -- my psyche would be better off for expressing it. You will note that I left Breslau for most of the pre-1945 references, but since the article is on Wroclaw, it doean't make sense to rename it all to the German. Also, the name of the HRE changed a couple of times over its time -- and the first references were actually not in German, but Latin. And the Empire was originally a way for the Carolingians and later the Ottonians to lay a claim to lots of ITALY, as well as the prestige of the original Roman Empire. The word Nation is a fairly late addition, and even in the middle ages, it meant more a people -- not something geographical. Your understanding of these things is flawed at best, tainted by the 19th century and early 20th century scholarship of von Herder and Ranke. THey were brilliant scholars, but we've come a long way since then. We now know a lot about the various peoples -- and even groups of Germanic peoples -- than they did. also, the HRE didn't rule over everything technically in the empire -- if he had, then we could talk about the world as you imagine it. As it was,the weakest candidate was often elected emperor in order to keep him from interfering with the German princes, dukes, etc. Sorry, but here, as in so many other places, you're just wrong, you clearly don't want to learn anything that doesn't fit into your warped picture of European history, and I actually don't know why we all try to put up with you. User:JHK == Notes == First written mentioning about Wroclaw according to my sources is from 1000, when Boleslav Chrobry founded bishopry there, at least according to www.wiem.pl user:szopen :Confirmed. N. Davis quotes Thietmar's ''Chronicles'' – city called Wrotizla. User:Przepla 22:24, 23 May 2004 (UTC) Found exact story about what happened in 1241. The population, according to my sources, was evacuated, city burned and castle prepared to defense. Tatars arrived, take the city, but had no time to siege the castle so they withdrew (and later defeat Poles at battle of Legnica). If nobody would came with sources backing that Wroclaw was decimated, i will correct the seemingly erroneus informations. == granted government positions... == In the history part of the article, what does this following sentence mean? (Could somebody explain and/or rephrase it?): "Under direct overlordship of the Holy Roman Empire the emperors granted government positions to members of various ducal and royal dynasties." I am reading it as the emperors gave the govenment postions to many people, but then immediately I ask myself... where and what positions? What it has to do with the city?! Was that sentence supposed to mean that the emperor gave some dukes and kings the power to govern the city? If so, that quoted sentence does not convey that message. ==Hungarian name== I don't really see the need for a Hungarian name since (AFAIK) the city was never under Hungarian control. The Polish and German names are obvious, the Czech name is included because of the Bohemian crown's overlordship of Silesia, and Latin would be useful for historical documents. However, I don't believe that Hungary or Magyars ever really had much of an impact on the city. What if we included a link to "Cities_alternative_names" instead? User:Olessi 21:27, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC) :I don't think a mention of the Hungarian name is necessary in the first sentence of the article. In my opinion, a link to List of European cities with alternative names is a bit meagre. I wouldn't object if all cities in that list would have a section at the end listing all names; as Wroclaw already has a section about its name, I'll add the info there. (And remove it from the first line). User:Eugene van der Pijll 21:46, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC) :(See also Mainz, a not-completely-random example, where I added such a section). User:Eugene van der Pijll 21:59, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
Cities in Poland
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Wroclaw
Wrocław, ([[Media:Wroclaw.ogg|
Source: [http://www.breslau-wroclaw.de http://www.breslau-wroclaw.de] ]] Situated at a long existing trading place, a city was first recorded in the 10th century as ''Vratislavia'' (Wratislaw) (the origin of its various later names) after Vratislav I. The settlement was conquered by the Polish duke Mieszko I in the 990s. Already a place of some importance, it became the capital of Silesia in 1138, where Silesians had founded a settlement south of the river. During the Mongol invasion in 1241 most of the population of the city was evacuated. The settlement was then sacked and burned by the Mongols, but they had no time to besiege the castle where the rest of the burghers found refuge. Documents of the time refer to the town by many variants of the name, including ''Bresslau'', ''Presslau'', ''Breslau'' and Latin Wratislaw. The restored Wrocław town was given Magdeburg Rights in 1262. The first illustration of the city was published in the ''Schedelsche Weltchronik'' in 1493. Under direct overlordship of the Holy Roman Empire the emperors granted government positions to members of various ducal and royal dynasties. The city was a member of the Hanseatic League of northern European trading cities. During much of the Middle Ages Wrocław was ruled by its Dukes_of_Silesia#Duchy_of_Wroclaw from the Piast dynasty. In 1335 it, along with almost the entirety of Silesia, was incorporated into the Kingdom of Bohemia and was part of it until the 1740s, and from 1526 was ruled by the Empire's Habsburg dynasty. The overwhelming majority of the inhabitants became Lutheran Protestants during the Reformation, but were forcibly suppressed during the Catholic Reformation by the Jesuits, working with the support of the Habsburg rulers. After the extinction of local Piast rulers in 1675, the Habsburg Monarchy of Austria inherited Wrocław. They resorted to forceful conversion of the city to back to Catholicism. During the War of the Austrian Succession in the 1740s, Silesia was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia. Prussia's claims were derived from the agreement, rejected by Habsburgs, between the Piast rulers of the Duchy and the Hohenzollerns who secured the Prussian succession after the extinction of the Piasts. After the demise of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the city remained under Prussian administration and joined Imperial Germany upon its creation in 1871. The kings of Prussia saw to it that Wrocław became a major industrial centre, notably of linen and cotton manufacture, more than tripling in population between 1860 and 1910 to over half a million. Its municipal boundaries were greatly extended in 1928. Many of the city's 10,000 Jews were murdered during the Nazism genocide of World War II. When the Red Army approached in February 1945, Wrocław was declared a fortress and much of the population, which was German, was evacuated, although some 200,000 remained. To build fortifications slave labour was needed to augment civilian workers, and concentration camp prisoners were forced to help. After a siege of nearly three months, "Festung Breslau" surrendered on May 7 – the last major city in eastern Germany to fall. Some 40,000 Breslauers lay dead in the ruins, and the city was almost 70% destroyed. The city became the scene of horrible war crimes committed by the Red Army against the surviving German population, as in the rest of Silesia and throughout eastern Germany. A modern residential district, around the ''Kaiserstraße'' (now: ''Plac Grunwaldzki''), was razed by prisoners (thousands of them died) to construct a military airfield. Like almost all of Silesia, Wrocław went to Poland under the terms of the agreement reached at the Potsdam Conference. Most of the German inhabitants either escaped before the Red Army, or were resettled in western Germany. It was resettled by Poles either from the small towns and villages from the provinces nearby, or those expelled from territories lost by Poland to the USSR – many of them from Lwów (now L'viv, Ukraine). Gradually the old city was restored to its beauty. Nearly all the monumental buildings were preserved. Now it is a uniquely European city in present-day Poland, with its architecture echoing that in Austria, Bohemia, or Prussia. Wrocław's Gothic style is originally Silesian, its Baroque style owes much to court builders of Habsburg Austria (Fischer von Erlach, Ch. Tausch), and Wrocław still has a number of buildings by eminent modernist architects, such as Hans Poelzig or Max Berg, the famous ''Jahrhunderthalle'' (Hala Ludowa) by Berg (1911-1913) being the most important. In July 1997 the city was hit by a severe flooding of the Oder. ===Administrative division=== Wrocław is divided into 5 boroughs ( in ''Polish'': dzielnice ) * Fabryczna * Krzyki * Psie Pole (''litteraly: Dog's Field'') * Stare Miasto (''Old Town'') * Śródmieście (''City Center'') === Significant Events of 20th Century === External links with photo galleries, mostly in Polish. * 1997 - [http://miasta.gazeta.pl/wroclaw/5,44548,1501462.html 1997 great flood of Oder river - photo gallery] * 1948 - [http://www.wzo1948.prv.pl/ "Retrieved Country Exhibition"] * 1945 - [http://www.wratislavia.net/festung.htm Festung Breslau (Wrocław Fortress) siege by Soviet Army - photo gallery] * 1938 - [http://www.sportfest1938.prv.pl/ "All-German Festival of Sports & Gymnastics" (Internet Explorer only)] * 1937 - [http://www.breslau1937.prv.pl 12th "All-German Singing Meeting"] * 1913 - [http://www.breslau1913.prv.pl "100th Aniversary of Leipzig Battle Great Exhibition"] * 1907 - [http://www.breslau1907.prv.pl 7th "All-German Singing Meeting"] * 1903 - [http://www.breslau-wroclaw.de/de/breslau/postcard/projektor/print.php?showId=1000 1903 great flood of Oder river] ===Famous people from Wroclaw=== * Alois Alzheimer * Adolf Anderssen * Max Berg * Wiktor Bross * Leszek Czarnecki * Rafal Dutkiewicz * count Wojciech Dzieduszycki * Norbert Elias * Wladyslaw Frasyniuk * Lidia Geringer d'Oedenberg * Eugeniusz Get-Stankiewicz * Jerzy Grotowski * Antoni Gucwinski * Hanna Gucwinska * Daniel Harrwitz * Lothar Herbst * Miroslaw Hermaszewski * Ludwik Hirszfeld * Marek Hlasko * Lech Janerka * Leon Kieres * Rafal Kubacki * Gustav Robert Kirchhoff * Jan Jakub Kolski * Marek Krajewski * Ferdinand Lassalle * Maciej Lagiewski * Andrzej Jerzy Lech * Mariusz Lukasiewicz * Andrzej Markowski * Ewa Michnik * Jan Miodek * Paul Peikert * Jozef Pinior * Hans Poelzig * Igor Przegrodzki * Manfred von Richthofen * Tadeusz Rozewicz * Wanda Rutkiewicz * Friedrich Schleiermacher * Angelus Silesius * Edith Stein * Hugo Steinhaus * Siegbert Tarrasch * Stanislaw Tolpa * Henryk Tomaszewski * Andrzej Waligorski * Piotr Wlostowic * Rafal Wojaczek * Bogdan Zdrojewski * Henryk Zielinski * Andrzej Ziemianski ===Nobel Prize laureates from Wrocław === * Theodor Mommsen (1902) * Philipp Lenard (1905) * Eduard Buchner (1907) * Paul Ehrlich (1908) * Gerhart Hauptmann (1912) * Fritz Haber (1918) * Friedrich Bergius (1931) * Otto Stern (1943) * Max Born (1954) * Reinhard Selten (1994) === Historical population ===
1800: 64,500 inhabitants
1831: 89,500 inhabitants
1850: 114,000 inhabitants
1852: 121,100 inhabitants
1880: 272,900 inhabitants
1900: 422,700 inhabitants
1910: 510,000 inhabitants
1925: 555,200 inhabitants
1933: 625,198 inhabitants
1939: 629,565 inhabitants
1946: 171,000 inhabitants
1960: 431,800 inhabitants
1970: 526,000 inhabitants
1975: 579,900 inhabitants
1980: 617,700 inhabitants
1990: ?
1999: 650,000 inhabitants
2003: 638 000 inhabitants
2004: 633 700 inhabitants == Education == Today's Wrocław has ten state-run universities, including: * Wroclaw University ([http://www.uni.wroc.pl/ ''Uniwersytet Wrocławski'']), * Wroclaw University of Technology ([http://www.pwr.wroc.pl/ ''Politechnika Wrocławska'']), * Akademia Medyczna we Wroclawiu ([http://www.am.wroc.pl/ ''Wrocławska Akademia Medyczna'']), * University School of Physical Education in Wroclaw. ([http://www.awf.wroc.pl/ ''Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego'']), * Wroclaw University of Economics ([http://www.ae.wroc.pl/ ''Akademia Ekonomiczna im. Oskara Langego'']) * The Agricultural University of Wroclaw ([http://www.ar.wroc.pl/ ''Akademia Rolnicza we Wrocławiu'']) * Academy of Fine Arts in Wroclaw ([http://www.asp.wroc.pl/ ''Akademia Sztuk Pięknych we Wrocławiu'']) * The Karol Lipinski University of Music ([http://www.amuz.wroc.pl/ ''Akademia Muzyczna im. Karola Lipińskiego'']) * University School of Theatre (''Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Teatralna'') * The Tadeusz Kosciuszko Land Forces Military Academy ([http://www.wso.wroc.pl/ ''Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych'']) as well as numerous private institutions of higher education, including * Wyższa Szkoła Filologiczna ([http://www.wsf.edu.pl/]). == Economy and Transportation == Its major industries were traditionally the manufacture of railroad cars and electronics. The city has both an Wroclaw International Airport and a river port. == Economy == === Major Corporations === * Volvo Polska sp. z o.o., Wrocław * Grupa Lukas, Wrocław * AB SA, Wrocław * Polifarb Cieszyn-Wrocław SA, Wrocław * Kogeneracja SA, Wrocław * Impel SA, Wrocław * Europejski Fundusz Leasingowsy SA, Wrocław * Telefonia Dialog SA, Wrocław * Wrozamet SA, Wrocław * American Restaurants sp. z o.o., Wrocław * Hutmen SA, Wrocław * MPEC Wroclaw SA, Wrocław * SAP Polska == Politics == === Wrocław constituency === Members of Parliament (Sejm) elected from Wrocław constituency: * Jan Chaładaj , SLD-UP * Janusz Dobrosz, PSL * Hanna Gucwińska, SLD-UP * Teresa Jasztal, SLD-UP * Piotr Kozłowski, Samoobrona * Janusz Krasoń, SLD-UP * Marek Muszyński, PiS * Andrzej Otręba, SLD-UP * Jacek Protasiewicz, PO * Grzegorz Schetyna, PO * Antoni Stryjewski, LPR * Jan Szymański, SLD-UP * Kazimierz Ujazdowski, PiS * Bogdan Zdrojewski, PO === Municipal politics === yet to be written == Sports == There are many popular professional sports team in Wrocław area. The most popular sport today is probably basketball thanks to Idea Slask Wroclaw the award winning men basketball team (former Polish champion, 2nd place in 2004). Amateur sports are played by thousands of Wroclaw citizens and also in schools of all levels (elementary, secondary, university). === Men's professional teams === * Deichman Slask Wroclaw - (previous names: Idea Śląsk Wrocław, Śląsk Wrocław, CWKS Wrocław) men basketball team, former Polish Champion, 2nd place 2004 in Era Basket Liga * Slask Wroclaw - men's Football in Poland team (Polish Championship in Football 1977; Polish Cup winner 1976, 1987; Polish SuperCup winner 1987) * Slask Wroclaw (handball) - men's Handball in Poland team (1st league in season 2003/2004) * Atlas Wroclaw - men dirt_speedway_racing team (1st league in season 2003/2004) * Gwardia Wroclaw - men Volleyball in Poland team (Polska Liga Siatkowki(PLS) in season 2003/2004) * Gwardia Wroclaw - men boxing team (1st league in season 2003/2004) * Polar Wroclaw - men's Football in Poland team (3rd league 2004/2005) * KS Hefra Gwardia Wroclaw - men's Volleyball in Poland team playing in Polish Volleyball League (Polska Liga Siatkówki, PLS: Seria A in 2003/2004, Seria B in 2004/2005 season). === Women's professional teams === * ZEC ESV Gwardia Wroclaw- women's Volleyball in Poland team playing in Polish Seria A Women's Volleyball League: 6th place in 2003/2004 season. * AZS Wroclaw - women's Football in Poland team (1st league in season 2003/2004) * AZS AWF Wroclaw - women's Handball in Poland team (1st league in season 2003/2004) * AZS AE Wroclaw - women table tennis team (1st league in season 2003/2004) === Amateur teams === ==Photos==
A skating rink in the Rynek (Market Square) - Dec 2003. == See also: == * Silesia == External Links == * [http://www.wroclaw.pl/ Wrocław home page] * [http://www.wroclaw-life.com Wroclaw Life] * [http://www.uni.wroc.pl/STRONAENG.HTM Wroclaw University] * [http://www.pwr.wroc.pl/ Wrocław University of Technology] * [http://www.am.wroc.pl/ Medical Academy of Wrocław] * [http://www.awf.wroc.pl/ University School of Physical Education in Wrocław] * [http://hydral.com.pl/neo/test.php?dzielnica=01 Photos of Wrocław] * [http://www.wirtualny.wroclaw.pl/ Virtual Wrocław] * [http://www.naszemiasto.wroclaw.pl/ Nasze Miasto Wrocław] (Polish) * [http://www.vogel-soya.de/bilder/breslau.html Old Postcards from Wroclaw] ==Books== * Encyklopedia Wrocławia. Wrocław 2001 * Wrocław jego dzieje kultura. Warszawa 1978 * G. Scheuermann. Das Breslau-Lexikon. Dülmen 1994 * K.Maleczyński, M.Morelowski, A.Ptaszycka, Wrocław. Rozwój ubranistyczny. Warszawa 1956 * W.Długoborski, J.Gierowski, K.Maleczyński, Dzieje Wrocławia do roku 1807., Warszawa 1958 * ''Microcosm, Portrait of a Central European City'', by Norman Davies and Roger Moorhouse (Jonathan Cape, 2002) ISBN 0224062433 (ISBN 8324001727 – Polish translation) Wroclaw Cities in Poland Urban counties of Poland Silesia la:Vratislavia lv:Vroclava na:Wroclaw nds:Breslau
Wroclaw
:A page has been created under the Cities Project: WikiProject_Cities/Names issues, for the purpose of creating a consensus agreement for the wording of the intro paragraph of all cities that had alternate official spellings. Please join us there and help us hammer out a wording that we can all live with, and use to prevent endless, eternal edit wars, not just for Wroclaw, but for all cities with alternate official spellings in "modern" history. User:Bwood 02:10, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC) Who decided alphabetic order had anything to do with order of other language names? Since it was officially "Breslau" for many years in "modern history", the German should be first. Was it ever officially a Czech possession? I would put that last in this English article. Who removed the pronounciation guides? That's useful info. User:Bwood 01:41, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC) :The discussion below is interesting, but humor me for a moment and answer this question: Who had offficial possesion of the city before Prussia, and from what date to what date? User:Bwood 07:00, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC) : THe kings of Bohemia, which were first Peremyshilds, then Luxembourgs, then Jagiellons, and finalyl Habsburgs. You are not trying to suggest that it was Austrian posession? I don't knowmuch about the subject, so i will be very interested if you can prove me wrong, by i had always the impression that Habsburgs held the Silesia as part of Bohemian crown, not as separate entity, and their title to Silesia was because they were kings of Boehmia. User:Szopen 11:18, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC) Yeah, it was Czech for over 300 years and German for only 74. User:Space Cadet 02:31, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC) :Right, user:Space Cadet. The city was part of the Holy Roman Empire from 1335 until 1806, so it was a Roman city for almost 500 years. And Poland once was a globe, wasn't it? I look forward to learn more of your history, my dear! ::Right, Sweetheart. If everything included in HRE was Germany then Bohemia was practically always part of Germany? Yes? :::Err... you don't know anything about European history, do you, Space Cadet? It is wrong to say that "''everything included in HRE was German''". The best example against this is Upper Italy, which was part of the HRE, but never German. On the other hand, Bohemia was indeed practically always part of Germany. The king of Bohemia was one out of seven electors who do determine the next king. Note that they do not elect the next emperor, instead they just elect the next German king, who then have to be crowned by the pope to be Roman emperor. It was the highest position in Germany for a noble to be one of the electors of the German king, and the king of Bohemia was one of them from the beginning. Please also note that in English language as in German language there is a difference between the words "Bohemian" and "Czech". If someone is Bohemian, he might be a German or a Czech. If someone is a Czech, he might be from Bohemia or from Moravia. Since 1306, except one single king, no king of Bohemia was an ethnic Czech. The capital of Bohemia, Prague, often was also the capital of the empire, the residence of the German king. The first university within the HRE was Bologna, but the first German university was the university in Prague. Until the 19th century a majority of Prague's citizen were Germans. Since 1626, German was the official language in Bohemia, before that point she has no official language at all..
Breslau and Silesia became property of the Bohemian King in 1335 and were past over to the Austrian Habsburg house in 1526. So you might say that Breslau was under Bohemian crown for about 200 years, but among these ten kings in 200 years only one single was a Czech. Breslau in fact never was Czech, not for over 300 years and not for 200 years. Breslau wasn't Czech for a single day. There is a difference between "Bohemia" and "Czech", and there was never in history a "King of Czech", only a "King of Bohemia". Furthermore, belonging to the crown of Bohemia does not means being Bohemian itself. Breslau of course was always part of Silesia, not part of Bohemia. When the King of Bohemia was a Habsburg, Silesia and Breslau were under rule of the house of Habsburg, that's all. : For clarity we have to remember, that before 1525 kings of Bohemia and some of governors of Silesia were Polish Jagiellons. User:Szopen 08:44, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC) I was only being sarcastic and you missed it, though you sound pretty intelligent. Next time I'll just go straight to the point for you. "What is your point, Space Cadet?" Oh, my God, you missed that, too! User:Space Cadet 01:37, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC) ----- Space Cadet's point usually is that everything between the Elbe and the Dnieper has always been Polish, is now Polish and always will be Polish. Anyone who disagress is a "Nazi." User:sca ---- I never said that or displayed in any way such ridiculous views. I also never called anybody a Nazi. Grow up, Sca! User:Space Cadet 04:54, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC) --------------- Sorry, SC, I was only joking. Lighten up! BTW, I find your "How to deal with Poles" quite amusing. If I were German I could write something similar for Germans, but I'm not. I'm just an amateur historian who gets tired of people attributing the worst possible motives to all Germans throughout all of their 1,100-year history on the basis of 12 years of Hitlerism. It's both inaccurate and unfair. Also unfair is the attempt by many Poles, misled by decades of Soviet-inspired propaganda, to obscure what really happened in Pomerania, Danzig, East Prussia and Silesia in 1945-49. Everyone knows about the terrible things the Germans did during their Nazi period, but no one wants to talk about what was done to them in revenge when it was over. We're all human beings and we all need to recognize past crimes and mistakes and move on. Can you at least agree to that? User:sca 29sep04 ------ This official Polish website lists several inaccuracies. It states that in 1741 Frederick the Great of Prussia changed the name to Breslau. A 1493 engraving of the city in the :Schedelsche Weltchronik shows the city as Bressla . It also fails to mention, that land between the Oder and Warthe river , such as Silesia etc had been given as landlien to Moravia, Bohemia by previous emperors, such as :Arnulf of Carinthia . In AD 995 by a patent of :Holy Roman Emperor Otto III Silesia was attached to the see of :Meissen under the archbishopric of Magdeburg. Soon after emperor Otto III and Boleslaw I Chrobry founded Breslau bishopric and Breslau city. Boleslaw I Chrobry , son of Mieszko I , first piast ruler had conquered Silesia from Bohemia ,Moravia ( parts of the empire) and it was conquered back and force several times. For a more detailed history see : http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02761a.htm Breslau, also Moravia, Bohemia, Silesia . Since appr. 1300 Silesia was directly under the emperor . ---- The name as published on old maps is NOT a reliable guide to the people or the language of a city. For instance, Franconia is not only the Latin but also the English name. If *I* look at most books in my office I'll see Franconia. Does that mean that the residents called it Franconia? Well, actually, yes, since they mainly wrote Latin in the period *I* care about, it does. Does that make them Romans? No. Franks? Actually, no. We in English-speaking history call them Franconians, to distinguish them from the Frankish tribes who set up the Frankish kingdom. All this is to say that Wroclaw/Breslau is not to be solved from old maps. --MichaelTinkler. ---- I rearranged this for clarity, and English. The former German name isn't the most important thing about a Polish city. Similarly, the entries for New York and Oslo don't start with "Former Dutch colony Nieuw Amsterdam" and "Formerly Christiana." user:Vicki Rosenzweig ---- user:H.J. -- you might as well stop removing the word "ethnic", because I'm going to replace it until someone gives me a good reason not to. There was no such thing as Germany in the sense that we know it today -- just Germans. Even your precious HR Emperor was not King of Germany, but King of the Germans. Any attempt by you to say otherwise merely points out your anachronistically nationalist beliefs.User:JHK --------------- Julie, first of all Breslau was not the former German name, Breslau is the German name. The HR emperors were Kaiser des Heiligen Roemischen Reiches Deutscher Nation, or Holy Roman emperor of German Nation. In 1871 this became : Deutsches Reich, German Empire. It is incorrect for you to constantly change every German name into a different language. Is this the Polish Wikipedia ? then it would be ok to speak of Wroclaw or Gdansk or whatever the Polish language that the Soviet Union Communists renamed the cities and localities to. You are one of the ones, that always preach, this is the English language wikipedia, the German names must be changed to English names. Why then do you change them all to Polish (or Czech, or Russian) language names? And you can keep the name calling to yourself. user:H.J. ---- user:H.J., I haven't ever called you names, more's the pity -- my psyche would be better off for expressing it. You will note that I left Breslau for most of the pre-1945 references, but since the article is on Wroclaw, it doean't make sense to rename it all to the German. Also, the name of the HRE changed a couple of times over its time -- and the first references were actually not in German, but Latin. And the Empire was originally a way for the Carolingians and later the Ottonians to lay a claim to lots of ITALY, as well as the prestige of the original Roman Empire. The word Nation is a fairly late addition, and even in the middle ages, it meant more a people -- not something geographical. Your understanding of these things is flawed at best, tainted by the 19th century and early 20th century scholarship of von Herder and Ranke. THey were brilliant scholars, but we've come a long way since then. We now know a lot about the various peoples -- and even groups of Germanic peoples -- than they did. also, the HRE didn't rule over everything technically in the empire -- if he had, then we could talk about the world as you imagine it. As it was,the weakest candidate was often elected emperor in order to keep him from interfering with the German princes, dukes, etc. Sorry, but here, as in so many other places, you're just wrong, you clearly don't want to learn anything that doesn't fit into your warped picture of European history, and I actually don't know why we all try to put up with you. User:JHK == Notes == First written mentioning about Wroclaw according to my sources is from 1000, when Boleslav Chrobry founded bishopry there, at least according to www.wiem.pl user:szopen :Confirmed. N. Davis quotes Thietmar's ''Chronicles'' – city called Wrotizla. User:Przepla 22:24, 23 May 2004 (UTC) Found exact story about what happened in 1241. The population, according to my sources, was evacuated, city burned and castle prepared to defense. Tatars arrived, take the city, but had no time to siege the castle so they withdrew (and later defeat Poles at battle of Legnica). If nobody would came with sources backing that Wroclaw was decimated, i will correct the seemingly erroneus informations. == granted government positions... == In the history part of the article, what does this following sentence mean? (Could somebody explain and/or rephrase it?): "Under direct overlordship of the Holy Roman Empire the emperors granted government positions to members of various ducal and royal dynasties." I am reading it as the emperors gave the govenment postions to many people, but then immediately I ask myself... where and what positions? What it has to do with the city?! Was that sentence supposed to mean that the emperor gave some dukes and kings the power to govern the city? If so, that quoted sentence does not convey that message. ==Hungarian name== I don't really see the need for a Hungarian name since (AFAIK) the city was never under Hungarian control. The Polish and German names are obvious, the Czech name is included because of the Bohemian crown's overlordship of Silesia, and Latin would be useful for historical documents. However, I don't believe that Hungary or Magyars ever really had much of an impact on the city. What if we included a link to "Cities_alternative_names" instead? User:Olessi 21:27, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC) :I don't think a mention of the Hungarian name is necessary in the first sentence of the article. In my opinion, a link to List of European cities with alternative names is a bit meagre. I wouldn't object if all cities in that list would have a section at the end listing all names; as Wroclaw already has a section about its name, I'll add the info there. (And remove it from the first line). User:Eugene van der Pijll 21:46, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC) :(See also Mainz, a not-completely-random example, where I added such a section). User:Eugene van der Pijll 21:59, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
Wroclaw
Cities in Poland
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