King William I of the Netherlands was born as ''Willem Frederik'' on 25 August 1772 in The Hague, and died 1843 in Berlin, Germany. He was named 'Sovereign Prince' of the Netherlands in 1813, proclaimed himself King in 1815, and abdicated in 1840. William I was also the grand duke of Luxembourg and count of Nassau (duchy). ==Biography== {|align=right |- | |} King William I's parents were the last stadtholder William V of Orange and his wife Wilhelmina. Until 1813, William was known as Prince William VI of Orange. In 1791, William married (Frederica Louisa) Wilhelmina, born in Potsdam. She was the daughter of King Frederick William II of Prussia. After Wilhelmina died in 1837, William was remarried to Countess Henriette d'Oultremont de Wegimont, in 1841 in Berlin. Two years later, William died there. William was hereditary stadtholder when the Republic of the Seven United Provinces was invaded by the France Revolutionary armies. He fled with his father to England. Unlike his father, William was a strong personality and he tried to regain the Republic. In 1799, William landed in the current North Holland. After some battles he was forced to leave the country again. Napoleon Bonaparte gave him some small German principalities as indemnities for the lost territories. These principalities were confiscated when Napoleon invaded Germany (1806). After Napoleon's defeat at Leipzig (October, 1813), French troops retreated to France. A provisional government was formed under the lead of some former ''Patriots'' who recalled William, in contrast to their 1785 rebellion. On November 30, 1813 William landed at Scheveningen beach, only a few metres from the place where he had left the country with his father eighteen years previously, and on December 6 the provisional government offered him the title of Monarch. William refused and declared that he only wanted the throne if he was sovereign prince — a title somewhere between King and stadtholder — and that the rights of the people were guaranteed by "a wise constitution". The constitution offered William extensive (almost absolute) powers. Ministers were only responsible to him and to nobody else. He was inaugurated as sovereign prince in the New Church in Amsterdam. In 1814 he gained sovereignty over the whole of the Low Countries. On March 16, 1815 William proclaimed himself King of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, feeling threatened by Napoleon who had escaped from Elba. His son, the future king William II of the Netherlands, fought as Dutch commander at the Battle of Waterloo. After Napoleon had been sent into exile, William adopted a new constitution which included much of the old constitution, such as extensive royal power (sociology)s. ==Principal changes== The Netherlands States-General was divided in two chambers. The ''Eerste Kamer'' (First Chamber or Senate or House of Lords) was appointed by the King. The ''Tweede Kamer'' (Second Chamber or House of Representatives or House of Commons) was elected by the Provincial States, which were in turn chosen by census suffrage. The 110 seats were divided equally (55:55) between the North and the South (Northern pop.: about 2 million, Southern pop.: about 3,5 million). The States-General's function basically came down to approving the King's laws and decrees. The constitution contained many present-day Dutch political institutions, however their function and way of election have changed greatly over the years. A problem with the constitution was the under-representation of the Southern Netherlands (modern-day Belgium). This under-representation was one of the causes of the Belgian Revolution. Understandably, the constitution was accepted in the North and rejected in the South. Especially in the South, the referendum turn-out was low. William abused this for a sort of "Dutch mathematics": he declared all abstainees "YES" voters. He planned a lavish inauguration for himself in Brussels, where he gave the people copper mints (his first nickname was ''Copper King''). The spearhead of King William's policies was economic progress. As he founded many trade institutions, his second nickname was ''King-Merchant''. Especially in the South, industry flourished. The Northern provinces were the centre of trade. This, in combination with the colonies (Dutch East Indies, Surinam and the Netherlands Antilles) created great wealth for the Kingdom. However, the money flowed into the hands of Dutch directors. Only a few Belgians managed to take profit from the economic growth. Herein lies another cause for the Belgian uprising. William also built personal wealth out of the country's industrial wealth. Officially Church and State were separated. However, William himself was strongly Reformed. This led to some resentment among the people in the South, who were Catholic. William had also devised controversial language and school policies. Dutch language was imposed as the official language in (the Dutch-speaking region of) Flanders. For the Flemish, this wasn't too much of a problem, but it was unacceptable for French-speaking aristocrats and industrial workers. Schools throughout the Kingdom were forced to teach the Reformed religion and the Dutch language. Catholics feared that the King sought to exterminate Catholicism and the French language. ==Belgian uprising== In August, 1830 the opera "La Muette de Portici" (about repression of Naples s) was staged in Brussels. This caused acute nationalism and ''Hollandophobia'' in Brussels, which spread to the rest of modern-day Belgium. It soon came to mass riots. These riots were mainly aimed at the unpopular Minister of Justice, who lived in Brussels and was almost killed. An infuriated William responded by sending troops to repress the riots. However, the riots had spread to other Southern cities. The riots quickly became popular rebellions. It didn't take long for the new independent state of Belgium to be proclaimed. The next year (1831), William sent his sons to Belgium to repress this state. Although they were initially victorious, after the threat of French intervention the Dutch army had to retreat. Some popular feelings towards the House_of_Orange dynasty remained for a score of years but the House_of_Orange never regained control over Belgium. William was stubborn and continued with the war. His economic successes were overshadowed by mismanagement caused by the war. The mismanagement increased the cost of the war, which put a burden on the economy. This hampered the war, and in combination with continuing mismanagement, this led to an ever-rising cost of the war. In 1839, William was forced to end the war. The United Kingdom of the Netherlands was disbanded and renamed the "Kingdom of the Netherlands". Constitutional changes were initiated in 1840 because the terms which involved the United Kingdom of the Netherlands had to be removed. These constitutional changes also included the introduction of judicial ministerial responsibility. Although the policies remained uncontrolled by parliament, the prerogative was controllable now. The very conservative William could not live with these constitutional changes. This, the disappointment about the loss of Belgium and William's intention to marry Henrietta d'Oulremont created desires about abdication. He fulfilled his desires on October 7, 1840 when his eldest son acceded to the throne as king William II of the Netherlands. William died in Berlin after three years with Henrietta. {| align="center" cellpadding="2" border="2" |- | width="30%" align="center" rowspan="2" | Preceded by:
— | width="40%" align="center" | Dutch monarchy | width="30%" align="center" rowspan="2" | Succeeded by:
William II of the Netherlands |- | width="40%" align="center" | Grand Duke of Luxembourg |} Dutch monarchs Knights of the Garter 1772 births 1843 deaths
== Disambiguation == There are really three different people that need to be un-confused here: *Willem I Count of Holland, (1203-1222) *Willem I, Stadtholder of Holland died 1584 ([[William I of Orange]) *Willem I King of the Netherlands (this one) jcwf :It's not that big an issue, at least as far as the title is concerned. The first one is not a problem, since he was count of Holland only. The second, William the Silent never had "of the Netherlands" in his title (stadtholders belonged to each province individually, even if they were stadtholder in most of them at the same time, the United Provinces were not a unified state). So, only the latter was ever properly "William of the Netherlands". A bigger problem would be disambiguating all the different William of Oranges, since the latter could also be called "William I of Orange (Nassau)"... User:Scipius 18:01 Oct 4, 2002 (UTC) OK jcwf == POV Issues == 'The purpose was exterminating Catholicism and French' is highly non-NPOV and simply untrue. There is no indication of that at all. In fact in protestant cicles there was unhapiness about the king too, because he wanted too much influence on the dutch reformed church. Later there was even a schism about that. The remark that Willem was strongly reformed is probably not accurate either therefore. What is true is that in Belgium this king has long been vilified as 'raison d'être' for the Belgian state. Ironically that is even so in Flanders although the king's insistance of Dutch as national language was one of the main reasons that he lost his mostly francophone/liberal support in the south. Flanders went along with the rebellion because the Catholic church was very powerful there and the Church wanted a political foothold in this part of Europe. The sudden alliance of liberals and catholics is known as the monsteralliance. The Flemish people paid a heavy price for the emergence of the Belgian state however. Their emancipation only came in the 1960s, that of their catholic brethren in the north (still 1/3 of the population there) about a century earlier. Jcwf * I tried to tone this down a little, but I don't know enough about the subject to do it correctly. Jcwf, why don't you rewrite this paragraph to make it more accurate and neutral? User:RussBlau 10:31, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC) ==Dates?== On this page the dates of the reign of William I are said to be 1813-1843, but on Dutch monarchy they claim the dates to be 1815-1840. One of these should be corrected. User:Asbestos — User:Asbestos | User talk:Asbestos 09:20, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC) William became Sovereign Prince, or some such, in 1813, but the Kingdom of the Netherlands was only created in 1815. He abdicated in 1840, and died in 1843 (as is explained in the article). User:John Kenney User_talk:John Kenney 20:09, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC) == Hereditary stadtholder? == The following statement appears in the article: * William was hereditary stadtholder when the Republic of the Seven United Provinces was invaded by the French Revolutionary armies. Is "hereditary stadtholder" a proper title that refers to the heir to the stadtholdership, as in the current Luxembourgish title "Hereditary Grand Duke"? If so, the title should be capitalized. If not, this sentence should be corrected, as in common English usage it implies erroneously that William had inherited the stadtholdership before the French invasion. User:RussBlau 10:29, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC)
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Words begining with William_I_of_the_Netherlands:
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William_I_of_the_Netherlands
William I of the Netherlands
King William I of the Netherlands was born as ''Willem Frederik'' on 25 August 1772 in The Hague, and died 1843 in Berlin, Germany. He was named 'Sovereign Prince' of the Netherlands in 1813, proclaimed himself King in 1815, and abdicated in 1840. William I was also the grand duke of Luxembourg and count of Nassau (duchy). ==Biography== {|align=right |- | |} King William I's parents were the last stadtholder William V of Orange and his wife Wilhelmina. Until 1813, William was known as Prince William VI of Orange. In 1791, William married (Frederica Louisa) Wilhelmina, born in Potsdam. She was the daughter of King Frederick William II of Prussia. After Wilhelmina died in 1837, William was remarried to Countess Henriette d'Oultremont de Wegimont, in 1841 in Berlin. Two years later, William died there. William was hereditary stadtholder when the Republic of the Seven United Provinces was invaded by the France Revolutionary armies. He fled with his father to England. Unlike his father, William was a strong personality and he tried to regain the Republic. In 1799, William landed in the current North Holland. After some battles he was forced to leave the country again. Napoleon Bonaparte gave him some small German principalities as indemnities for the lost territories. These principalities were confiscated when Napoleon invaded Germany (1806). After Napoleon's defeat at Leipzig (October, 1813), French troops retreated to France. A provisional government was formed under the lead of some former ''Patriots'' who recalled William, in contrast to their 1785 rebellion. On November 30, 1813 William landed at Scheveningen beach, only a few metres from the place where he had left the country with his father eighteen years previously, and on December 6 the provisional government offered him the title of Monarch. William refused and declared that he only wanted the throne if he was sovereign prince — a title somewhere between King and stadtholder — and that the rights of the people were guaranteed by "a wise constitution". The constitution offered William extensive (almost absolute) powers. Ministers were only responsible to him and to nobody else. He was inaugurated as sovereign prince in the New Church in Amsterdam. In 1814 he gained sovereignty over the whole of the Low Countries. On March 16, 1815 William proclaimed himself King of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, feeling threatened by Napoleon who had escaped from Elba. His son, the future king William II of the Netherlands, fought as Dutch commander at the Battle of Waterloo. After Napoleon had been sent into exile, William adopted a new constitution which included much of the old constitution, such as extensive royal power (sociology)s. ==Principal changes== The Netherlands States-General was divided in two chambers. The ''Eerste Kamer'' (First Chamber or Senate or House of Lords) was appointed by the King. The ''Tweede Kamer'' (Second Chamber or House of Representatives or House of Commons) was elected by the Provincial States, which were in turn chosen by census suffrage. The 110 seats were divided equally (55:55) between the North and the South (Northern pop.: about 2 million, Southern pop.: about 3,5 million). The States-General's function basically came down to approving the King's laws and decrees. The constitution contained many present-day Dutch political institutions, however their function and way of election have changed greatly over the years. A problem with the constitution was the under-representation of the Southern Netherlands (modern-day Belgium). This under-representation was one of the causes of the Belgian Revolution. Understandably, the constitution was accepted in the North and rejected in the South. Especially in the South, the referendum turn-out was low. William abused this for a sort of "Dutch mathematics": he declared all abstainees "YES" voters. He planned a lavish inauguration for himself in Brussels, where he gave the people copper mints (his first nickname was ''Copper King''). The spearhead of King William's policies was economic progress. As he founded many trade institutions, his second nickname was ''King-Merchant''. Especially in the South, industry flourished. The Northern provinces were the centre of trade. This, in combination with the colonies (Dutch East Indies, Surinam and the Netherlands Antilles) created great wealth for the Kingdom. However, the money flowed into the hands of Dutch directors. Only a few Belgians managed to take profit from the economic growth. Herein lies another cause for the Belgian uprising. William also built personal wealth out of the country's industrial wealth. Officially Church and State were separated. However, William himself was strongly Reformed. This led to some resentment among the people in the South, who were Catholic. William had also devised controversial language and school policies. Dutch language was imposed as the official language in (the Dutch-speaking region of) Flanders. For the Flemish, this wasn't too much of a problem, but it was unacceptable for French-speaking aristocrats and industrial workers. Schools throughout the Kingdom were forced to teach the Reformed religion and the Dutch language. Catholics feared that the King sought to exterminate Catholicism and the French language. ==Belgian uprising== In August, 1830 the opera "La Muette de Portici" (about repression of Naples s) was staged in Brussels. This caused acute nationalism and ''Hollandophobia'' in Brussels, which spread to the rest of modern-day Belgium. It soon came to mass riots. These riots were mainly aimed at the unpopular Minister of Justice, who lived in Brussels and was almost killed. An infuriated William responded by sending troops to repress the riots. However, the riots had spread to other Southern cities. The riots quickly became popular rebellions. It didn't take long for the new independent state of Belgium to be proclaimed. The next year (1831), William sent his sons to Belgium to repress this state. Although they were initially victorious, after the threat of French intervention the Dutch army had to retreat. Some popular feelings towards the House_of_Orange dynasty remained for a score of years but the House_of_Orange never regained control over Belgium. William was stubborn and continued with the war. His economic successes were overshadowed by mismanagement caused by the war. The mismanagement increased the cost of the war, which put a burden on the economy. This hampered the war, and in combination with continuing mismanagement, this led to an ever-rising cost of the war. In 1839, William was forced to end the war. The United Kingdom of the Netherlands was disbanded and renamed the "Kingdom of the Netherlands". Constitutional changes were initiated in 1840 because the terms which involved the United Kingdom of the Netherlands had to be removed. These constitutional changes also included the introduction of judicial ministerial responsibility. Although the policies remained uncontrolled by parliament, the prerogative was controllable now. The very conservative William could not live with these constitutional changes. This, the disappointment about the loss of Belgium and William's intention to marry Henrietta d'Oulremont created desires about abdication. He fulfilled his desires on October 7, 1840 when his eldest son acceded to the throne as king William II of the Netherlands. William died in Berlin after three years with Henrietta. {| align="center" cellpadding="2" border="2" |- | width="30%" align="center" rowspan="2" | Preceded by:
— | width="40%" align="center" | Dutch monarchy | width="30%" align="center" rowspan="2" | Succeeded by:
William II of the Netherlands |- | width="40%" align="center" | Grand Duke of Luxembourg |} Dutch monarchs Knights of the Garter 1772 births 1843 deaths
William I of the Netherlands
== Disambiguation == There are really three different people that need to be un-confused here: *Willem I Count of Holland, (1203-1222) *Willem I, Stadtholder of Holland died 1584 ([[William I of Orange]) *Willem I King of the Netherlands (this one) jcwf :It's not that big an issue, at least as far as the title is concerned. The first one is not a problem, since he was count of Holland only. The second, William the Silent never had "of the Netherlands" in his title (stadtholders belonged to each province individually, even if they were stadtholder in most of them at the same time, the United Provinces were not a unified state). So, only the latter was ever properly "William of the Netherlands". A bigger problem would be disambiguating all the different William of Oranges, since the latter could also be called "William I of Orange (Nassau)"... User:Scipius 18:01 Oct 4, 2002 (UTC) OK jcwf == POV Issues == 'The purpose was exterminating Catholicism and French' is highly non-NPOV and simply untrue. There is no indication of that at all. In fact in protestant cicles there was unhapiness about the king too, because he wanted too much influence on the dutch reformed church. Later there was even a schism about that. The remark that Willem was strongly reformed is probably not accurate either therefore. What is true is that in Belgium this king has long been vilified as 'raison d'être' for the Belgian state. Ironically that is even so in Flanders although the king's insistance of Dutch as national language was one of the main reasons that he lost his mostly francophone/liberal support in the south. Flanders went along with the rebellion because the Catholic church was very powerful there and the Church wanted a political foothold in this part of Europe. The sudden alliance of liberals and catholics is known as the monsteralliance. The Flemish people paid a heavy price for the emergence of the Belgian state however. Their emancipation only came in the 1960s, that of their catholic brethren in the north (still 1/3 of the population there) about a century earlier. Jcwf * I tried to tone this down a little, but I don't know enough about the subject to do it correctly. Jcwf, why don't you rewrite this paragraph to make it more accurate and neutral? User:RussBlau 10:31, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC) ==Dates?== On this page the dates of the reign of William I are said to be 1813-1843, but on Dutch monarchy they claim the dates to be 1815-1840. One of these should be corrected. User:Asbestos — User:Asbestos | User talk:Asbestos 09:20, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC) William became Sovereign Prince, or some such, in 1813, but the Kingdom of the Netherlands was only created in 1815. He abdicated in 1840, and died in 1843 (as is explained in the article). User:John Kenney User_talk:John Kenney 20:09, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC) == Hereditary stadtholder? == The following statement appears in the article: * William was hereditary stadtholder when the Republic of the Seven United Provinces was invaded by the French Revolutionary armies. Is "hereditary stadtholder" a proper title that refers to the heir to the stadtholdership, as in the current Luxembourgish title "Hereditary Grand Duke"? If so, the title should be capitalized. If not, this sentence should be corrected, as in common English usage it implies erroneously that William had inherited the stadtholdership before the French invasion. User:RussBlau 10:29, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC)
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