
#REDIRECT Venetian language
Venetian is a Romance languages spoken by over two million people in and around Venice. Although commonly referred to as an Italian dialect (even by its speakers), it does not descend from the Italian language. The language is called (dialeto) Veneto or Venessian in Venetian. Venetian should not be confused with Venetic language, an apparently unrelated (and extinct) Indo-European language that was spoken in the Veneto region around the 6th century BC. More precisely speaking, Venetian is just one of the different varieties in which Veneto language is spoken: for this reason in Italy (and Veneto, too) two different words are used: "vèneto" referring to the language spoken in the whole region and "venesiàn/veneziano" as the vèneto variety spoken in Venice area. So, in English we may better say "vèneto/venetan" to refer to the whole region and "venetian" to refer only to the variety spoken in Venice. ==Classification== Venetian descends from Latin, like all other Romance languages (including Italian and the other so-called Italian dialects). However, Venetian and Italian branch off from each other after Italo-Western; whereas Venetian and Spanish branch off after Gallo-Iberian, and Venetian and French don't branch off until after Gallo-Romance. Therefore Venetian is genetically closer to French and Spanish than to Italian. Although French and Venetian are mutually intelligibile only to a small degree (mostly due to major changes in French pronunciation over time), Spanish and Venetian are mutually comprehensible to some extent — certainly more so than Spanish and Italian. ==Geographic Distribution== Venetian is spoken in the Italian regions of Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia and in both Slovenia and Croatian Istria. It is also spoken in North and South America by the descendants of Italian immigrants. Notable examples of this are the city of Chipilo, Mexico or the Talian spoken in Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. The language enjoyed substantial prestige in the days of the Venetian Republic. The plays of Carlo Goldoni are still performed today, and his characters — including Harlequin, Columbine, and Pierrot — have become part of the world's folklore. However, as a literary language Venetian was overshadowed by the Tuscany "dialect" of Dante Alighieri, which eventually became the national language of Italy. Due to its non-official status, Venetian has steadily lost ground to Italian; at present, virtually all its speakers are bilingual and use Venetian only in informal contexts. == Language features == ===Familial attributes=== Like all Romance languages, Venetian has mostly abandoned the Latin declension, in favor of prepositions and a more rigid SVO sentence structure It has thus become more analytic language, if not quite as much as English. Venetian also has the Romance articles, both definite (derived from the Latin demonstrative ''illo'') and indefinite (derived from the numeral ''uno''). Venetian also retained the Latin concepts of grammatical gender (masculine and feminine) and grammatical number (singular and plural). Nouns and adjectives can be modified by suffixes that indicate several qualities such as size, endearment, deprecation, etc. Adjectives (usually postfixed) and articles are inflected to agree with the noun in gender and number: * ''El gaton gras'', "the fat big (male) cat". * ''La gatona grassa'', "the fat big (female) cat". * ''I gatoni grassi'', "the fat big (male) cats". * ''Le gatone grasse'', "the fat big (female) cats". * ''un bel gatel'', "a nice small (male) cat". * ''na bea gatea'', "a nice small (female) cat". ===Specific attributes=== Venetian has only one sound not present in Italian, an interdental fricative [θ] spelled ''ç'' and similar to English language ''th'' in ''thing'' and ''thought'', to Castilian language (not Latin-American) Spanish language ''c(e,i)/z'' (as in ''cero'', ''cien'', ''zapato''), and to Greek language θ (theta); it occurs, for example, in ''çena'' ("supper"), which sounds the same as Castilian Spanish ''cena'' (same meaning). However this sound, which is present only in some variants of the language (Central Venetian, around Padua, Vicenza and the mouth of the river Po), is considered "provincial" and is therefore being replaced by other sounds like [s], [z], [sh]. Some linguists also distinguish a "normal L" from a "soft L" (spelled ''ł'', its pronunciation has a dialectal range from an almost ''e'' in the region of Venice, to a partially vowelized ''l'' in the inland, to being lost in some mountaneous areas; thus ''góndoła'' may sound like ''góndoea'', ''góndola'' or ''góndoa''; this spelling prevents possible confusion between pairs like ''skóła'' "school" and ''skóa'' "broom"). Venetian does not have the "doubled consonant" sounds characteristic of Tuscan and many other Italian "dialects": thus Italian ''fette'', ''palla'', ''penna'' ("slices", "ball", and "pen") are ''fete'', ''bala'', and ''pena'' in Venetian. The masculine singular ending, which is usually ''-o'' in Italian, is often voided in Venetian, particularly in the countryside varieties: Italian ''pieno'' ("full") is ''pien'', and ''altare'' is ''altar''. Also, the masculine article ''el'' is often shortened to '' 'l''. The Venetian lexicon has a large number of original word forms, such as ''tosàt'' ("lad", in Italian ''ragazzo''), ''técia'' ("pan", ''pentola''), ''caréga'' ("chair", ''sedia''), ''còtoa'' ("skirt", ''sottana''), ''bìsi'' ("peas", ''piselli''), ''sgorlàr'' ("to shake", ''scuotere''), and many more. A peculiarity of Venetian grammar is the use of a redundant pronoun in some sentences, "echoing" the subject, i.e. venetian has a semi-analitycal verbal flexion: * Italian: ''(tu) eri sporco'' ("you were dirty"). * Venetian: ''(ti) te jèra sporc'' or even ''ti te jèri/xeri sporco'' (lit. "you you were dirty"). * Italian: ''il cane era sporco'' ("the dog was dirty"). * Venetian: ''el can 'l jèra sporc[o]'' ("the dog he was dirty"). * Italian: ''(tu) ti sei domandato'' ("you have asked yourself"). * Venetian: ''(ti) te te à/ga/ghè domandà'' (lit. "you you yourself have asked"). This feature may have arisen as a compensation for the fact that the 2nd- and 3rd-person inflections for most verbs, which are still distinct in Italian and many other Romance languages, are identical in Venetian. Venetian also has a special ''interrogative'' verbal flexion used for direct questions: * Italian: ''(tu) eri sporco?'' ("were you dirty?"). * Venetian: ''(ti)jèritu sporc?'' or even ''(ti) xèrito sporco?'' (lit. you were-you dirty?) * Italian: ''il cane era sporco?'' ("was the dog dirty?"). * Venetian: ''el can jèrelo sporc[o]?'' ("the dog was-he dirty?"). * Italian: ''(tu) ti sei domandato?'' ("you have asked yourself"). * Venetian: ''(ti) te àtu/gatu/ghètu/ghèto domandà?'' (lit. "you to-yourself have-you asked?") Reflexive tenses use aux. "aver" (=to have) as english, german, spanish instead of italian "essere". Past participle is invariable, differently from italian: * Italian: ''(tu) ti sei lavato'' (lit. you yourself are washed) * Venetian: ''(ti) te te à/ga/ghè lavà'' (lit. you yourself have washed) * Italian: ''(essi) si sono svegliati'' (lit. they themselves are wokenS up) * Venetian: ''(luri) i se ga/à svejà'' (lit. they themselves have woken up) Another peculiarity of the language is the use of the phrase ''drìo a'', literally "behind to", to indicate continuing action: * Italian: ''mio padre stava parlando'' ("my father was speaking"). * Venetian: ''me pàre 'l jèra drìo a parlàr'' (lit. "my father he was behind to speak"). Another form for the continuing present action in some variations of Venitian in the countryside and in Chipilo, Mexico is ''(mi) son là che parle'' ("I am speaking"), instead of ''(mi) son drìo a parlàr''. The use of progressive tenses is more spread than that of their italian couterparts: * Italian: ''*Non sarei stato parlandoti'' (I wouldn't have been speaking to you) In Italian this is incorrect and never used * Venetian: ''No sarìa mìa stà drio parlarte'' (I wouldn't have been speaking to you) In Venetian this is used Subordinate clauses have double introduction (whom that, when that, which that, how that), as in old english: * Italian: ''So di chi parli'' (I know about whom [you] speak) * Venetian: ''So de chi CHE te parli'' (lit. I know about whom that you-speak) ==Writing System== Venetian does not have an Official script, but it is commonly written using the Latin alphabet — sometimes with the addition of a couple of letters and/or diacritics for the sounds that do not exist in Italian language, such as "ç" for [θ] or stroken-L. Otherwise, the spelling rules are mostly those of Italian, except that "''x''" traditionally sounds similar to the "''z''" in English language "''zero''". Recently there have been attempts to standardize the script, but these have not been very successful because of regional variations in pronunciation and incompatibility with existing literature. Moreover the same letter can be used two represent different sounds in different varieties: for example Venice and Vicenza's "''x''" represents the voiced-S sound whereas the voiced interdental existing in other Vèneto varieties is represented with "''z''". Many people especially in Padua, however, use the letter "''z''" to represent the voiced-S sound thus leading to confusion in the writing system. A couple of example is here below Normally: El xe = he is (voiced-S), £a xera = she was (voiced-S), AND El pianze = he cries (voiced interd). But many people write: El ze (=el xe: voiced-S), £a zera (=£a zera: voiced-S)!! In the case of Chipilo, Mexico, there have been several attempts to establish a writing system for the Venetian dialect spoken in the city. Carolyn McKay, an American linguist who did research on the dialect while studying at the Universidad de las Américas, created a system based entirely on the Italian alphabet, and publish it in a book entitled ''Il dialetto veneto di Segusino e Chipilo''. This system has been used in some publications, but it did not receive wide acceptance by the speakers of the Venetian in Chipilo, since most of them prefer to use the Spanish language system they learn at school, even if it does not contain letters for the voiced-S or for the [θ]. === English words of Venetian origin === * arsenal, ciao, ghetto, gondola, lagoon, lido, Montenegro. * "Venezuela" means "little Venice". == External links == *[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=vec Ethnologue report for Venetian] *[http://www.sitoveneto.org/ Sitoveneto] — information on the language, in Venetian, Italian, and English. Advocates an unified script.. *[http://www.veneto.org/language/index.asp Brief description] *[http://www.giulianoartico.it/tornen/mp3.htm Tornén un pas indrìo!] — samples of written and spoken Venetian *[http://www.veneto.org/arkivio/ Vèneto Arkìvio] *[http://www.grammaticaveneta.vai.li General Grammar of Veneto-language and its varieties] *[http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Venetan/Dialects/Chipilo.html Description of the Venetian dialect of Chipilo, in Spanish] Romance languages Languages of Italy Languages of Mexico
==Color in Infobox== Someone changed the color in this page's infobox, complaining that lawngreen is an eyesore. I agree, it's not the best color, but the reason it was there is that is the (current) color in the template for all Indo-European languages. If you have any better suggestions for a better color scheme (one that gives a unique color for all the known language families), please contribute to the discussion at the Wikipedia:WikiProject Languages. And, I encourage anyone interested to help out with the project. There are still a lot of languages with articles not using the template.--User:Tox 11:11, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
Words begining with Venetian_language:
Venetian_Language
Venetian_language
Venetian_language
Venetian Language
#REDIRECT Venetian language
Venetian language
Venetian is a Romance languages spoken by over two million people in and around Venice. Although commonly referred to as an Italian dialect (even by its speakers), it does not descend from the Italian language. The language is called (dialeto) Veneto or Venessian in Venetian. Venetian should not be confused with Venetic language, an apparently unrelated (and extinct) Indo-European language that was spoken in the Veneto region around the 6th century BC. More precisely speaking, Venetian is just one of the different varieties in which Veneto language is spoken: for this reason in Italy (and Veneto, too) two different words are used: "vèneto" referring to the language spoken in the whole region and "venesiàn/veneziano" as the vèneto variety spoken in Venice area. So, in English we may better say "vèneto/venetan" to refer to the whole region and "venetian" to refer only to the variety spoken in Venice. ==Classification== Venetian descends from Latin, like all other Romance languages (including Italian and the other so-called Italian dialects). However, Venetian and Italian branch off from each other after Italo-Western; whereas Venetian and Spanish branch off after Gallo-Iberian, and Venetian and French don't branch off until after Gallo-Romance. Therefore Venetian is genetically closer to French and Spanish than to Italian. Although French and Venetian are mutually intelligibile only to a small degree (mostly due to major changes in French pronunciation over time), Spanish and Venetian are mutually comprehensible to some extent — certainly more so than Spanish and Italian. ==Geographic Distribution== Venetian is spoken in the Italian regions of Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia and in both Slovenia and Croatian Istria. It is also spoken in North and South America by the descendants of Italian immigrants. Notable examples of this are the city of Chipilo, Mexico or the Talian spoken in Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. The language enjoyed substantial prestige in the days of the Venetian Republic. The plays of Carlo Goldoni are still performed today, and his characters — including Harlequin, Columbine, and Pierrot — have become part of the world's folklore. However, as a literary language Venetian was overshadowed by the Tuscany "dialect" of Dante Alighieri, which eventually became the national language of Italy. Due to its non-official status, Venetian has steadily lost ground to Italian; at present, virtually all its speakers are bilingual and use Venetian only in informal contexts. == Language features == ===Familial attributes=== Like all Romance languages, Venetian has mostly abandoned the Latin declension, in favor of prepositions and a more rigid SVO sentence structure It has thus become more analytic language, if not quite as much as English. Venetian also has the Romance articles, both definite (derived from the Latin demonstrative ''illo'') and indefinite (derived from the numeral ''uno''). Venetian also retained the Latin concepts of grammatical gender (masculine and feminine) and grammatical number (singular and plural). Nouns and adjectives can be modified by suffixes that indicate several qualities such as size, endearment, deprecation, etc. Adjectives (usually postfixed) and articles are inflected to agree with the noun in gender and number: * ''El gaton gras'', "the fat big (male) cat". * ''La gatona grassa'', "the fat big (female) cat". * ''I gatoni grassi'', "the fat big (male) cats". * ''Le gatone grasse'', "the fat big (female) cats". * ''un bel gatel'', "a nice small (male) cat". * ''na bea gatea'', "a nice small (female) cat". ===Specific attributes=== Venetian has only one sound not present in Italian, an interdental fricative [θ] spelled ''ç'' and similar to English language ''th'' in ''thing'' and ''thought'', to Castilian language (not Latin-American) Spanish language ''c(e,i)/z'' (as in ''cero'', ''cien'', ''zapato''), and to Greek language θ (theta); it occurs, for example, in ''çena'' ("supper"), which sounds the same as Castilian Spanish ''cena'' (same meaning). However this sound, which is present only in some variants of the language (Central Venetian, around Padua, Vicenza and the mouth of the river Po), is considered "provincial" and is therefore being replaced by other sounds like [s], [z], [sh]. Some linguists also distinguish a "normal L" from a "soft L" (spelled ''ł'', its pronunciation has a dialectal range from an almost ''e'' in the region of Venice, to a partially vowelized ''l'' in the inland, to being lost in some mountaneous areas; thus ''góndoła'' may sound like ''góndoea'', ''góndola'' or ''góndoa''; this spelling prevents possible confusion between pairs like ''skóła'' "school" and ''skóa'' "broom"). Venetian does not have the "doubled consonant" sounds characteristic of Tuscan and many other Italian "dialects": thus Italian ''fette'', ''palla'', ''penna'' ("slices", "ball", and "pen") are ''fete'', ''bala'', and ''pena'' in Venetian. The masculine singular ending, which is usually ''-o'' in Italian, is often voided in Venetian, particularly in the countryside varieties: Italian ''pieno'' ("full") is ''pien'', and ''altare'' is ''altar''. Also, the masculine article ''el'' is often shortened to '' 'l''. The Venetian lexicon has a large number of original word forms, such as ''tosàt'' ("lad", in Italian ''ragazzo''), ''técia'' ("pan", ''pentola''), ''caréga'' ("chair", ''sedia''), ''còtoa'' ("skirt", ''sottana''), ''bìsi'' ("peas", ''piselli''), ''sgorlàr'' ("to shake", ''scuotere''), and many more. A peculiarity of Venetian grammar is the use of a redundant pronoun in some sentences, "echoing" the subject, i.e. venetian has a semi-analitycal verbal flexion: * Italian: ''(tu) eri sporco'' ("you were dirty"). * Venetian: ''(ti) te jèra sporc'' or even ''ti te jèri/xeri sporco'' (lit. "you you were dirty"). * Italian: ''il cane era sporco'' ("the dog was dirty"). * Venetian: ''el can 'l jèra sporc[o]'' ("the dog he was dirty"). * Italian: ''(tu) ti sei domandato'' ("you have asked yourself"). * Venetian: ''(ti) te te à/ga/ghè domandà'' (lit. "you you yourself have asked"). This feature may have arisen as a compensation for the fact that the 2nd- and 3rd-person inflections for most verbs, which are still distinct in Italian and many other Romance languages, are identical in Venetian. Venetian also has a special ''interrogative'' verbal flexion used for direct questions: * Italian: ''(tu) eri sporco?'' ("were you dirty?"). * Venetian: ''(ti)jèritu sporc?'' or even ''(ti) xèrito sporco?'' (lit. you were-you dirty?) * Italian: ''il cane era sporco?'' ("was the dog dirty?"). * Venetian: ''el can jèrelo sporc[o]?'' ("the dog was-he dirty?"). * Italian: ''(tu) ti sei domandato?'' ("you have asked yourself"). * Venetian: ''(ti) te àtu/gatu/ghètu/ghèto domandà?'' (lit. "you to-yourself have-you asked?") Reflexive tenses use aux. "aver" (=to have) as english, german, spanish instead of italian "essere". Past participle is invariable, differently from italian: * Italian: ''(tu) ti sei lavato'' (lit. you yourself are washed) * Venetian: ''(ti) te te à/ga/ghè lavà'' (lit. you yourself have washed) * Italian: ''(essi) si sono svegliati'' (lit. they themselves are wokenS up) * Venetian: ''(luri) i se ga/à svejà'' (lit. they themselves have woken up) Another peculiarity of the language is the use of the phrase ''drìo a'', literally "behind to", to indicate continuing action: * Italian: ''mio padre stava parlando'' ("my father was speaking"). * Venetian: ''me pàre 'l jèra drìo a parlàr'' (lit. "my father he was behind to speak"). Another form for the continuing present action in some variations of Venitian in the countryside and in Chipilo, Mexico is ''(mi) son là che parle'' ("I am speaking"), instead of ''(mi) son drìo a parlàr''. The use of progressive tenses is more spread than that of their italian couterparts: * Italian: ''*Non sarei stato parlandoti'' (I wouldn't have been speaking to you) In Italian this is incorrect and never used * Venetian: ''No sarìa mìa stà drio parlarte'' (I wouldn't have been speaking to you) In Venetian this is used Subordinate clauses have double introduction (whom that, when that, which that, how that), as in old english: * Italian: ''So di chi parli'' (I know about whom [you] speak) * Venetian: ''So de chi CHE te parli'' (lit. I know about whom that you-speak) ==Writing System== Venetian does not have an Official script, but it is commonly written using the Latin alphabet — sometimes with the addition of a couple of letters and/or diacritics for the sounds that do not exist in Italian language, such as "ç" for [θ] or stroken-L. Otherwise, the spelling rules are mostly those of Italian, except that "''x''" traditionally sounds similar to the "''z''" in English language "''zero''". Recently there have been attempts to standardize the script, but these have not been very successful because of regional variations in pronunciation and incompatibility with existing literature. Moreover the same letter can be used two represent different sounds in different varieties: for example Venice and Vicenza's "''x''" represents the voiced-S sound whereas the voiced interdental existing in other Vèneto varieties is represented with "''z''". Many people especially in Padua, however, use the letter "''z''" to represent the voiced-S sound thus leading to confusion in the writing system. A couple of example is here below Normally: El xe = he is (voiced-S), £a xera = she was (voiced-S), AND El pianze = he cries (voiced interd). But many people write: El ze (=el xe: voiced-S), £a zera (=£a zera: voiced-S)!! In the case of Chipilo, Mexico, there have been several attempts to establish a writing system for the Venetian dialect spoken in the city. Carolyn McKay, an American linguist who did research on the dialect while studying at the Universidad de las Américas, created a system based entirely on the Italian alphabet, and publish it in a book entitled ''Il dialetto veneto di Segusino e Chipilo''. This system has been used in some publications, but it did not receive wide acceptance by the speakers of the Venetian in Chipilo, since most of them prefer to use the Spanish language system they learn at school, even if it does not contain letters for the voiced-S or for the [θ]. === English words of Venetian origin === * arsenal, ciao, ghetto, gondola, lagoon, lido, Montenegro. * "Venezuela" means "little Venice". == External links == *[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=vec Ethnologue report for Venetian] *[http://www.sitoveneto.org/ Sitoveneto] — information on the language, in Venetian, Italian, and English. Advocates an unified script.. *[http://www.veneto.org/language/index.asp Brief description] *[http://www.giulianoartico.it/tornen/mp3.htm Tornén un pas indrìo!] — samples of written and spoken Venetian *[http://www.veneto.org/arkivio/ Vèneto Arkìvio] *[http://www.grammaticaveneta.vai.li General Grammar of Veneto-language and its varieties] *[http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Venetan/Dialects/Chipilo.html Description of the Venetian dialect of Chipilo, in Spanish] Romance languages Languages of Italy Languages of Mexico
Venetian language
==Color in Infobox== Someone changed the color in this page's infobox, complaining that lawngreen is an eyesore. I agree, it's not the best color, but the reason it was there is that is the (current) color in the template for all Indo-European languages. If you have any better suggestions for a better color scheme (one that gives a unique color for all the known language families), please contribute to the discussion at the Wikipedia:WikiProject Languages. And, I encourage anyone interested to help out with the project. There are still a lot of languages with articles not using the template.--User:Tox 11:11, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
V
Words begining with Venetian_language:
Venetian_Language
Venetian_language
Venetian_language
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