
Uyghurs (also called Uighurs, Uygurs, or Uigurs) () are a Turkic peoples ethnic group of people living in northwestern China (mainly in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, where they are the dominant ethnic group together with Han Chinese people), Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan, Russia. Another group of Uyghurs lives in Taoyuan county of Hunan province in Southcentral China. Uyghurs form one of the List of Chinese ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. ==Origins== Along with the so-called Kokturks (a.k.a. Gokturks), the Uyghurs were one of the largest and most enduring Turkic-speaking peoples living in Central Asia. They existed as a tribal federation ruled by the Juan Juan from 460–545, and then by the Hephthalites from 541–565 before being taken over by the Gokturk Khanate. Known as Huihe (回紇 huíhé) and Huihu in Chinese sources, they established a khanate in the 8th century when they displaced the Gokturks. Their ethnonym Huihu is the origin of the term Huihui (回回) used for Muslims which is now used for the Hui people nationality in China. Their Khaganate stretched from the Caspian Sea to Manchuria, and lasted from 745–840. when they were overrun by the Kirghiz, with the result that tribal groups from the Uyghurs migrated to a number of new areas, including modern Xinjiang and Gansu regions and Central Asian steppes. In Jungaria and the Tarim Basin, they established the Idiqut kingdom which lasted until 1209 when they submitted to the Mongols under Genghis Khan. ''Empire Of The Steppes'' by Grousset reports that the Uyghurs took up a settled agricultural lifestyle in the Tarim. They had an opportunity to resume nomadism after the Kirghiz were driven out of Mongolia by other tribes, but the Uyghurs chose not to do so. A small number of Uyghurs also migrated to what is now Gansu province in China around the late 9th century, where they converted from Manicheism to Tibetan Buddhism. Unlike their kinfolk further west, they did not later convert to Islam at that time; they are thus unusual amongst Turkic people. Their descendants still live there to this day, where they are known as Yugurs (population approximately 10,000). Turks in the western Tarim Basin began to convert to Islam in the 10th century. Most Uyghurs in the Besh Balik and Turfan regions did not convert until the 15th century expansion of the Yarkand Khanate, a Mongol successor state based in the western Tarim. With conversion to Islam, the traditional ethnonym Uyghur was dropped and the ancestors of modern Uyghurs identified themselves by the terms Turki and Musulman. Before converting to Islam, Uyghurs included Manichaeans, Buddhists and even some Nestorian Christians. Genetically and culturally, modern Uyghurs descend from the nomadic Turkic tribes as well as the many "Aryan" or Iranian speaking groups such as Saka and Sogdians who preceded them in the Tarim Basin oasis cities, and the centum Indo-European-speaking Tocharians (or Tokharians). Today, one can still see Uyghurs with light-coloured skin and hair. At the present time, the Turkic and Islamic cultural elements are dominant in the Tarim, reflecting the Uyghur emigration to the Tarim region as well as the replacement of previous religious traditions by Islam. This has had an effect on modern politics, as despite a long, on-and-off association with China, the people of the region have some extremely ancient roots as well as more recent Islamic traditions. These have resulted in a troubled relationship with past and present Chinese political institutions reflected in the dominant Chinese ethnic group, the Han. Modern usage of the Uyghur ethnonym as referring to the descendant settled Turkic urban oasis-dwelling and agricultural population of Xinjiang is widely credited as having first occurred in 1921 with the establishment of the Organization of Revolutionary Uyghur (Inqilawi Uyghur Itipaqi), a Communist nationalist movement with intellectual and organizational ties to the Soviet Union. In fact, Uyghur students and merchants living in Russia had already embraced the name prior this date, drawing on Russian studies that established a linkage between the historical khanate and Xinjiang's current inhabitants. Official recognition of the Uyghurs came under the rule of Sheng Shicai, who deviated from the official Kuomintang "five races of China" stance in favor of a Stalinist policy of delineating fourteen distinct ethnic nationalities within Xinjiang. ==Notable Uyghurs== Famous Uyghurs include Tumen, Koltekin,Bayanchur Khan,Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan, Kashgarli Mehmud(Mehmud kashgari), Yusuf Balasaguni(Yusuf Has Hajip), Farabi(Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Tarkhan ibn Uzalagh al-Farabi), Sultan Said Khan, Abdurashid Khan , Amannisa Khan, Yakubbeg(Bedewlet), Ipar Khan(Xiang Fei), Ehmetjan Qasimi, Mehmet Emin Boghra, Turghun Almas, Alptekins(Isa Yusuf Alptekin & Erkin Alptekin), Rebiya Kadeer and Wu'er Kaixi. ==References== * Mackerras, Colin. Ed. and trans. 1972. ''The Uighur Empire according to the T'ang Dynastic Histories: a study in Sino-Uighur relations 744–840''. University of South Carolina Press. * Millward, James A. and Nabijan Tursun, "Political History and Strategies of Control, 1884–1978" in ''Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland'' (ISBN 0765613182). See also: Uyghur language, East Turkestan, Uyghuristan, Kushan == External links == *[http://www.uhrp.org/ The Uyghur Human Rights Project] *[http://www.uighurlanguage.com/ UyghurLanguage.com] *[http://dict.yulghun.com/ Online Uyghur-English Dictionary] *[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/UyghurLanguage/ Uyghur Language Discussion Group] *[http://www.uyghuramerican.org/ The Uyghur American Association] *[http://www.uyghuronline.com/ Uyghur Health] *[http://www.biliwal.com/ News, Discussions] *[http://www.uyghurinfo.com/ Uyghur Information Agency] *[http://homepages.utoledo.edu/nlight/uyghpg.htm Uyghur Culture and History] *[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/UyghurLanguage/ Uyghur Language Yahoo Group] Turkic peoples Anthropology ug:Uighurs
== Uighur ''vs'' Uyghur == Uigur is Not just another romanization of huihe! The word Uygur means easily uniting and this is clearly turkic word! --Anon Edit the text directly so people know the correct formation. For example, what is the origin of the name "Uygur" and how it became the name of a race ?.User:kt2 There are 30,000 Google entries for "Uyghur" and 101,000 for "Uighur". Why was this name changed? User:RickKUser talk:RickK 00:47, 17 May 2004 (UTC) :The spelling "Uyghur" better reflects the phonology and Turkic languages orthography of the Uyghur language. The spelling "Uighur" is not possible in Uyghur or in most of Turkic languages because it breaks the rules of vowel harmony. Most of the websites expressly dedicated to Uyghur issues use the "y" spelling; the "i" is a legacy spelling of different origin. "Uyghur" is the correct spelling, even if it doesn't get the most Google hits. Finally, the "Uighur", "Uygur" and "Uigur" article names should be properly redirecting to these article names now, and these alternate spellings are provided at the top of the various "Uyghur" articles. - User:Gilgamesh 01:04, 17 May 2004 (UTC) To User:Gilgamesh - I would say original Uighur spelling as well as Turkic phonology and orthography is not an argument in _English_ part of Wikipedia. Otherwise chinese language should be put under kanji-named article and English word "chinese" should be put as a Variant. As far as I know and simple web serch confirms it "Uighur", not "Uyghur", is most common spelling in English. As I did for many other languages, I would propose to have most common i.e. "Uighur" variant as Article name and put other spelling as variants. Uighur (Uighur Latin and all other Uighurs if available) spelling can be put after English one together with chinese one. User:Vassili Nikolaev 2004-aug-27 :Ignorance of the standard English usage is no excuse. --User:Wetman 19:21, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC) ::All four spellings are used in English pages, but The spelling with "y" is preferred by Uyghurs themselves who write in English. There is no ''one'' standard spelling for English, but ''four'', all of which are acceptable in Standard English of any country. In this case I yield respect to the ethnic group's own preference when speaking English. Besides, most news sites, etc. that I have found mentioning the Uyghurs know little about them. If they live in "China", most people would assume they are "Chinese", when they are not, so they aren't in a good position to make the judgments about spellings they know little about. They are "Uyghur", "Uighur", "Uygur" ''and'' "Uigur", but "Uyghur" is most proper, just as "Hawai‘i" is more proper than "Hawaii", and "Turkistan" is more proper than "Turkestan". That's just the way it is. - User:Gilgamesh 04:34, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC) ==Uyghurs and Huis== Were the Uyghurs and Huis differentiated in Dr Sun Yat-sen's idea of five nationalities? — User:InstantnoodUser_talk:Instantnood 08:22, January 27, 2004, UTC : I don't know about Sun Yat-sen's specific views, but according to Dru Gladney in ''Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland'' (ISBN 0765613182), under the KMT's five nationality policy, Uyghurs were included "under the general rubric of 'Hui Muslims', which referred to all Muslim groups in China at that time." (pp 104) --User:MC MasterChef 17:56, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC) == Invitation to join Wikipedia:WikiProject Uyghurs of Western China == Hello, I am looking to organize a WikiProject focusing on creating and expanding articles relating to the Uyghurs, including their history, cultural life (including Islamic practices), politics (separatist movements past and present, overseas disapora, etc), as well as information about the Xinjiang area more broadly. I'm fairly new to Wikipedia so any help interested parties can offer on this undertaking would be much appreciated, thanks! --User:MC MasterChef 23:18, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC) == Pronunciation? == What's the correct pronunciation of the word Uyghur? I only know how to say Weiwu'er in Mandarin. Answer: Uyghur is pronunced 'Weiwu'er' in Chinese,but must be pronunced "uighur" or as in international transcription == "Notable Uyghurs" == This section has sprawled rapidly recently with several edits from User:69.105.58.88. I don't know enough Uyghur history to judge who qualifies as "notable", exactly, but many of these new article links are either broken or just lead to stubs. I'm also not clear as to whether these are correct transliterations of the names or not, but I think some sort of clean-up is neccessary here. --User:MC MasterChef 16:44, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
Words begining with Uyghur:
Uyghur
Uyghur
Uyghuristan
Uyghurlar
Uyghurs
Uyghur_alphabet
Uyghur_language
Uyghur_language
Uyghur_people
Uyghur
Uyghurs (also called Uighurs, Uygurs, or Uigurs) () are a Turkic peoples ethnic group of people living in northwestern China (mainly in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, where they are the dominant ethnic group together with Han Chinese people), Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan, Russia. Another group of Uyghurs lives in Taoyuan county of Hunan province in Southcentral China. Uyghurs form one of the List of Chinese ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. ==Origins== Along with the so-called Kokturks (a.k.a. Gokturks), the Uyghurs were one of the largest and most enduring Turkic-speaking peoples living in Central Asia. They existed as a tribal federation ruled by the Juan Juan from 460–545, and then by the Hephthalites from 541–565 before being taken over by the Gokturk Khanate. Known as Huihe (回紇 huíhé) and Huihu in Chinese sources, they established a khanate in the 8th century when they displaced the Gokturks. Their ethnonym Huihu is the origin of the term Huihui (回回) used for Muslims which is now used for the Hui people nationality in China. Their Khaganate stretched from the Caspian Sea to Manchuria, and lasted from 745–840. when they were overrun by the Kirghiz, with the result that tribal groups from the Uyghurs migrated to a number of new areas, including modern Xinjiang and Gansu regions and Central Asian steppes. In Jungaria and the Tarim Basin, they established the Idiqut kingdom which lasted until 1209 when they submitted to the Mongols under Genghis Khan. ''Empire Of The Steppes'' by Grousset reports that the Uyghurs took up a settled agricultural lifestyle in the Tarim. They had an opportunity to resume nomadism after the Kirghiz were driven out of Mongolia by other tribes, but the Uyghurs chose not to do so. A small number of Uyghurs also migrated to what is now Gansu province in China around the late 9th century, where they converted from Manicheism to Tibetan Buddhism. Unlike their kinfolk further west, they did not later convert to Islam at that time; they are thus unusual amongst Turkic people. Their descendants still live there to this day, where they are known as Yugurs (population approximately 10,000). Turks in the western Tarim Basin began to convert to Islam in the 10th century. Most Uyghurs in the Besh Balik and Turfan regions did not convert until the 15th century expansion of the Yarkand Khanate, a Mongol successor state based in the western Tarim. With conversion to Islam, the traditional ethnonym Uyghur was dropped and the ancestors of modern Uyghurs identified themselves by the terms Turki and Musulman. Before converting to Islam, Uyghurs included Manichaeans, Buddhists and even some Nestorian Christians. Genetically and culturally, modern Uyghurs descend from the nomadic Turkic tribes as well as the many "Aryan" or Iranian speaking groups such as Saka and Sogdians who preceded them in the Tarim Basin oasis cities, and the centum Indo-European-speaking Tocharians (or Tokharians). Today, one can still see Uyghurs with light-coloured skin and hair. At the present time, the Turkic and Islamic cultural elements are dominant in the Tarim, reflecting the Uyghur emigration to the Tarim region as well as the replacement of previous religious traditions by Islam. This has had an effect on modern politics, as despite a long, on-and-off association with China, the people of the region have some extremely ancient roots as well as more recent Islamic traditions. These have resulted in a troubled relationship with past and present Chinese political institutions reflected in the dominant Chinese ethnic group, the Han. Modern usage of the Uyghur ethnonym as referring to the descendant settled Turkic urban oasis-dwelling and agricultural population of Xinjiang is widely credited as having first occurred in 1921 with the establishment of the Organization of Revolutionary Uyghur (Inqilawi Uyghur Itipaqi), a Communist nationalist movement with intellectual and organizational ties to the Soviet Union. In fact, Uyghur students and merchants living in Russia had already embraced the name prior this date, drawing on Russian studies that established a linkage between the historical khanate and Xinjiang's current inhabitants. Official recognition of the Uyghurs came under the rule of Sheng Shicai, who deviated from the official Kuomintang "five races of China" stance in favor of a Stalinist policy of delineating fourteen distinct ethnic nationalities within Xinjiang. ==Notable Uyghurs== Famous Uyghurs include Tumen, Koltekin,Bayanchur Khan,Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan, Kashgarli Mehmud(Mehmud kashgari), Yusuf Balasaguni(Yusuf Has Hajip), Farabi(Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Tarkhan ibn Uzalagh al-Farabi), Sultan Said Khan, Abdurashid Khan , Amannisa Khan, Yakubbeg(Bedewlet), Ipar Khan(Xiang Fei), Ehmetjan Qasimi, Mehmet Emin Boghra, Turghun Almas, Alptekins(Isa Yusuf Alptekin & Erkin Alptekin), Rebiya Kadeer and Wu'er Kaixi. ==References== * Mackerras, Colin. Ed. and trans. 1972. ''The Uighur Empire according to the T'ang Dynastic Histories: a study in Sino-Uighur relations 744–840''. University of South Carolina Press. * Millward, James A. and Nabijan Tursun, "Political History and Strategies of Control, 1884–1978" in ''Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland'' (ISBN 0765613182). See also: Uyghur language, East Turkestan, Uyghuristan, Kushan == External links == *[http://www.uhrp.org/ The Uyghur Human Rights Project] *[http://www.uighurlanguage.com/ UyghurLanguage.com] *[http://dict.yulghun.com/ Online Uyghur-English Dictionary] *[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/UyghurLanguage/ Uyghur Language Discussion Group] *[http://www.uyghuramerican.org/ The Uyghur American Association] *[http://www.uyghuronline.com/ Uyghur Health] *[http://www.biliwal.com/ News, Discussions] *[http://www.uyghurinfo.com/ Uyghur Information Agency] *[http://homepages.utoledo.edu/nlight/uyghpg.htm Uyghur Culture and History] *[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/UyghurLanguage/ Uyghur Language Yahoo Group] Turkic peoples Anthropology ug:Uighurs
Uyghur
== Uighur ''vs'' Uyghur == Uigur is Not just another romanization of huihe! The word Uygur means easily uniting and this is clearly turkic word! --Anon Edit the text directly so people know the correct formation. For example, what is the origin of the name "Uygur" and how it became the name of a race ?.User:kt2 There are 30,000 Google entries for "Uyghur" and 101,000 for "Uighur". Why was this name changed? User:RickKUser talk:RickK 00:47, 17 May 2004 (UTC) :The spelling "Uyghur" better reflects the phonology and Turkic languages orthography of the Uyghur language. The spelling "Uighur" is not possible in Uyghur or in most of Turkic languages because it breaks the rules of vowel harmony. Most of the websites expressly dedicated to Uyghur issues use the "y" spelling; the "i" is a legacy spelling of different origin. "Uyghur" is the correct spelling, even if it doesn't get the most Google hits. Finally, the "Uighur", "Uygur" and "Uigur" article names should be properly redirecting to these article names now, and these alternate spellings are provided at the top of the various "Uyghur" articles. - User:Gilgamesh 01:04, 17 May 2004 (UTC) To User:Gilgamesh - I would say original Uighur spelling as well as Turkic phonology and orthography is not an argument in _English_ part of Wikipedia. Otherwise chinese language should be put under kanji-named article and English word "chinese" should be put as a Variant. As far as I know and simple web serch confirms it "Uighur", not "Uyghur", is most common spelling in English. As I did for many other languages, I would propose to have most common i.e. "Uighur" variant as Article name and put other spelling as variants. Uighur (Uighur Latin and all other Uighurs if available) spelling can be put after English one together with chinese one. User:Vassili Nikolaev 2004-aug-27 :Ignorance of the standard English usage is no excuse. --User:Wetman 19:21, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC) ::All four spellings are used in English pages, but The spelling with "y" is preferred by Uyghurs themselves who write in English. There is no ''one'' standard spelling for English, but ''four'', all of which are acceptable in Standard English of any country. In this case I yield respect to the ethnic group's own preference when speaking English. Besides, most news sites, etc. that I have found mentioning the Uyghurs know little about them. If they live in "China", most people would assume they are "Chinese", when they are not, so they aren't in a good position to make the judgments about spellings they know little about. They are "Uyghur", "Uighur", "Uygur" ''and'' "Uigur", but "Uyghur" is most proper, just as "Hawai‘i" is more proper than "Hawaii", and "Turkistan" is more proper than "Turkestan". That's just the way it is. - User:Gilgamesh 04:34, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC) ==Uyghurs and Huis== Were the Uyghurs and Huis differentiated in Dr Sun Yat-sen's idea of five nationalities? — User:InstantnoodUser_talk:Instantnood 08:22, January 27, 2004, UTC : I don't know about Sun Yat-sen's specific views, but according to Dru Gladney in ''Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland'' (ISBN 0765613182), under the KMT's five nationality policy, Uyghurs were included "under the general rubric of 'Hui Muslims', which referred to all Muslim groups in China at that time." (pp 104) --User:MC MasterChef 17:56, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC) == Invitation to join Wikipedia:WikiProject Uyghurs of Western China == Hello, I am looking to organize a WikiProject focusing on creating and expanding articles relating to the Uyghurs, including their history, cultural life (including Islamic practices), politics (separatist movements past and present, overseas disapora, etc), as well as information about the Xinjiang area more broadly. I'm fairly new to Wikipedia so any help interested parties can offer on this undertaking would be much appreciated, thanks! --User:MC MasterChef 23:18, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC) == Pronunciation? == What's the correct pronunciation of the word Uyghur? I only know how to say Weiwu'er in Mandarin. Answer: Uyghur is pronunced 'Weiwu'er' in Chinese,but must be pronunced "uighur" or as in international transcription == "Notable Uyghurs" == This section has sprawled rapidly recently with several edits from User:69.105.58.88. I don't know enough Uyghur history to judge who qualifies as "notable", exactly, but many of these new article links are either broken or just lead to stubs. I'm also not clear as to whether these are correct transliterations of the names or not, but I think some sort of clean-up is neccessary here. --User:MC MasterChef 16:44, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
U
UA | UB | UC | UD | UE | UF | UG | UH | UI | UJ | UK | UL | UM | UN | UO | UP | UR | US | UT | UW | UX | UY | UZ |Words begining with Uyghur:
Uyghur
Uyghur
Uyghuristan
Uyghurlar
Uyghurs
Uyghur_alphabet
Uyghur_language
Uyghur_language
Uyghur_people
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