Tsar (Bulgarian language ''цар'', Russian language ''царь'', ; often spelled Czar or Tzar and sometimes Csar or Zar in English language), was the title used for the autocratic monarch of the History of Bulgaria since 913, in History of Serbia in the middle of the 14th century, and in Russia from 1547 to 1917 (although this usage is only technically correct until 1721). == History of usage == The title ''tsar'' was first adopted and used in History of Bulgaria by Simeon I of Bulgaria following a decisive victory over the Byzantine Empire in 913. It was also used by all of Simeon I of Bulgaria's successors until the fall of Bulgaria under Ottoman Empire rule in 1396. After Bulgaria's liberation from the Ottomans in 1878, its new monarchs adopted the title tsar again and used it between 1908 and 1946. In 1547, Ivan IV of Russia of Russia changed his title from "Grand Duke (Grand Duke) of the whole Rus" to "tsar of the whole Rus" as a symbol of change in the nature of the Russian state. In 1721 Peter I of Russia adopted the title Emperor (''Император'' [''Imperator'']), by which he and his heirs were recognised, and which came to be used interchangeably with Tsar. The title "Tsar" was also used by History of Serbia monarch in the middle of the 14th century. Often the word ''tsar'' is translated as ''emperor'' and vice versa. The Slavic languages often used ''tsar'' for other emperors; for example, the title of the Japanese emperor was translated as "tsar of Japan". However, in 1721, Tsar Peter I of Russia of Russia took the additional title of ''Imperator'' (Emperor), which, at least officially, superseded the older title of Tsar, which was henceforth formally used only for peripheral parts of the Empire. The word "tsar" is sometimes informally applied to earlier Russian and Bulgarian rulers which were not formally crowned as tsars. The domain or rule of a tsar is sometimes referred to as a tsardom. Rulers that were called tsars may be found in the following lists. *List of Bulgarian monarchs *List of Serbian monarchs *List of Russian rulers == Etymology and spelling == The word ''tsar'' is derived from the Latin title ''Caesar (title)'' by way of the Old Slavonic ''tsesar'' (''цесарь''). The word is cognate with German language Kaiser and Gothic language ''Kisar''. The contraction of ''цесарь'' into ''царь'' occurred by the way of shorthand writing of titles in old Slavonic church manuscripts, see Titlo article. One may see the examples of this, e.g., in the older copies of the Slavic Primary Chronicle. The spelling ''tsar'' is the closest possible transliteration of the Russian using standard English spelling. Both ''czar'' and ''tsar'' have been accepted in English for the last century as a correct usage. French adopted the form ''tsar'' during the 19th century, and it became more frequent in English towards the end of that century, following its adoption by ''The Times''. (see the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', 2nd edition). The spelling ''tzar'' with 'z' is also very common, and represents an alternative transliteration of the first letter ц. The spelling ''czar'' originated with the Austrian diplomat Baron Sigismund von Herberstein, whose ''Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii'' (1549) (literally ''Notes on Muscovite Affairs'') was the main source of knowledge of Russia in early modern western Europe. It is not found in any of the Slavic languages, but is the primary spelling adopted by ''Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary'' (11th Edition, 2003), with ''tsar'' offered only as a variant. Modern usage seems to have standardized on the use of ''tsar'' to describe former rulers of Russia, while ''czar'' is used to informally describe an expert in charge of implementing policy (especially in the US): ''economics czar'', ''drug czar'', et cetera. Correct pronunciation of ''tsar'' is in International Phonetic Alphabet though many if not most English-speaking people pronounce it or . This is because although English has ''ts'' in words like ''cats'' it is unusual for this sound to start an English word. ==Imperium maius== In Christian Europe the use of the title emperor is more than an affectation. A king recognises that the church is an equal or superior in the religious sphere, emperors do not. This was illustrated by Henry VIII of England who started to use the word imperium in his dispute with the Pope over his first divorce. By stating that they were emperors the Russian rulers claimed to be the head of the (Russian Orthodox) church and did not recognise any superior authority but God. == Russia == === Full title of Russian tsars === The full title of Russian emperors started with By the Grace of God, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias (''Божию Милостию, Император и Самодержец Всероссийский'' [''Bozhiyu Milostiyu, Imperator i Samodyerzhets Vserossiysky'']) and went further to list all ruled territories. For example, according to the art. 59 of the Russian Constitution of April 23, 1906, "the full title of His Imperial Majesty is as follows: We, ------ by the grace of God, Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias, of Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir, Russia, Novgorod, Tsar of Kazan, Tsar of Astrakhan, Tsar of Poland, Tsar of Siberia, Tsar of Taurida Khersones, Tsar of Georgia (country), Lord of Pskov, and Grand Duke of Smolensk, Lithuania, Volhynia, Podolia, and Finland, Prince of Estonia, Livonia, Courland and Semigalia, Samogitia, Bialystok, Karelia, Tver, Jugra, Perm, Vyatka, Bulgaria, and other territories; Lord and Grand Duke of Nizhni Novgorod, Chernigov; Ruler of Ryazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Jaroslavl, Bielozero, Udoria, Obdoria, Kondia, Vitebsk, Mstislav, and all northern territories ; Ruler of Caucasian Iberia, Kartli, and the Kabardinian lands and Armenian territories - hereditary Ruler and Lord of the Circassia and Mountain Princes and others; Lord of Turkestan, Heir of Norway, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, Stormarn, Ditmarsch, Oldenburg, and so forth, and so forth, and so forth." For example, Nicholas II of Russia was titled as follows (notice the archaic spelling): :Божію Поспѣшествующею Милостію МЫ, НИКОЛАЙ ВТОРЫЙ ИМПЕРАТОРЪ и САМОДЕРЖЕЦЪ ВСЕРОССІЙСКІЙ :Московский, Кіевскій, Владимірскій, Новгородскій, :Царь Казанскій, Царь Астраханскій, Царь Польскій, Царь Сибирскій, Царь Херсониса Таврическаго, Царь Грузинскій, :Государь Псковскій, и :Великій Князь Смоленскій, Литовскій, Волынскій, Подольскій и Финляндскій; :Князь Эстляндскій, Лифляндскій, Курляндскій и Семигальскій, Самогитскій, Бѣлостокский, Корельскій, :Тверскій, Югорскій, Пермскій, Вятскій, Болгарскій и иныхъ; :Государь и Великій Князь Новагорода низовскія земли, Черниговскій, Рязанскій, Полотскій, :Ростовскій, Ярославскій, Бѣлозерскій, Удорскій, Обдорскій, Кондійскій, Витебскій, Мстиславскій и :всея Сѣверныя страны Повелитель; и :Государь Иверскія, Карталинскія и Кабардинскія земли и области Арменскія; :Черкасскихъ и Горскихъ Князей и иныхъ Наслѣдный Государь и Обладатель; :Государь Туркестанскій; :Наслѣдникъ Норвежскій, :Герцогъ Шлезвигъ-Голстинскій, Стормарнскій, Дитмарсенскій и Ольденбургскій, и прочая, и прочая, и прочая. === Titles for Russian Tsar's family === Tsaritsa (царица) is the term used for an Empress, though in English contexts this seems invariably to be altered to tsarina. In the Imperial Russia, the official title was Empress (Императрица). Tsaritsa (Empress) could be either the ruler herself or the wife (Empress consort) of tsar. Tsesarevich (Цесаревич) (literally, "son of the tsesar") is the term for a male Heir Apparent, the full title was Heir Tsesarevich ("Naslednik Tsesarevich", Наследник Цесаревич), informally abbreviated in Russia to The Heir ("Naslednik") (from the capital letter). Tsarevich (царевич) was the term for a son. In older times the term was used in place of "Tsesarevich" (Цесаревич). A son who was not a heir was formally called Velikii Kniaz (Великий Князь) (Grand Duke). The latter title was also used for grandsons (through male lines). Tsarevna (царевна) was the term for a daughter and a granddaughter of a Tsar or Tsaritsa. The official title was Velikaya Kniaginya (Великая Княгиня), translated as ''Grand Duchess'' or ''Grand Princess''. See also Grand Duchess for more details on the ''Velikaya Kniaginya'' title. Tsesarevna (Цесаревна) was the wife of the Tsesarevich. ==Notes == #When Nicholas II abdicated in 1917 he abdicated not just on his own behalf but also on behalf of his teenage son, who was too ill to take up the throne. He named as his heir his own brother Michael. Michael initially accepted the throne and was proclaimed as Tsar Michael II. He subsequently declined it. Historians and lists of tsars differ as to whether to regard Michael or Nicholas II as the last tsar. Nicholas II was undoubtedly the last tsar to ''rule'' Russia and so was the last ''effective'' tsar. Michael, if he can be said to be tsar at all, exercised no governmental functions and merely ''reigned'' nominally for a short time before himself abdicating. Michael, like his brother Nicholas, was execution (legal) by the Bolsheviks in 1918. #In 1924 Grand Duke Cyril Romanov proclaimed himself Emperor in exile. ==Related topics== *The following articles list tsars, among other rulers. **List of Bulgarian monarchs **List of Serbian monarchs **List of Russian rulers *History of Bulgaria *History of Russia *History of Finland *History of Belarus *History of Ukraine *History of Poland *Lists of incumbents Imperial Russia Lists of office-holders Russian leaders Titles Positions of authority la:Tzar
==Old talk == Re ''tsar'' vs ''czar'': according to the Oxford English Dictionary, "The spelling with cz- is against the usage of all slavonic languages; the word was so spelt by Heberstein, ''Rerum Moscovit. Commentarii'' 1549, ... whence it passed into Western languages generally... French adopted ''tsar'' during the 19th century. This also became frequent in English towards the end of that century, having been adopted by the ''Times'' newspaper as the most suitable English spelling." It (the OED) also defines tsar, czar as "Romanised spellings of Russian ''tsari''." This seems to pretty comprehensively support ''tsar'' as the correct usage. user:Graham Chapman ---- Many thanks for that, Graham: I've taken out a small bit (it's ''car'' in Polish), and I hope you don't mind my adding it to the "Czar" entry. User:David Parker. :OK. I'm not a linguist, I relied on the OED for the information. They provide many examples, including Polish: *tsar, tsari - Russian *tsisari - 11th Century Russian, from Old Slavonic (at least I think that's what their abbreviation means) tsesari *tsar - Bulgarian *tsar - Serbian *car - Polish, but they add the note ''=tsar, ''c'' in the Roman Slavonic orthography = ''Tse'' in Cyrillic, being pronounced ts or German z''. :That is their argument for saying that Herberstein was wrong, and why English and French have corrected themselves since the 19th century. I included the sentence about all slavonic languages using ''ts'' (which I got from OED) because I wanted to show why English got it wrong to start with from 16 - 19th centuries, but then adopted the ''ts'' spelling. :However, as I said, I'm not a linguist, so I'm not in a position to say any more. Perhaps someone who ''is'' a linguist could take it a little further. user:Graham Chapman ---- Hi Graham. I wasn't disagreeing with anything you said, I just removed one sentence because it might be confusing to people, as below: :However this contrasts with the ''ts'' spelling in all slavonic languages; for example, the English ''tsar'' comes from the Russian ''tsari''. The problem with "the ''ts'' spelling in all slavonic languages" is not only the Polish exception, but more fundamentally that those countries which had tsars used only the cyrillic script until more recent times, hence the whole confusion over "czar" (also properly pronounced "tsar") as a transliteration: to say that "tsar" is the Slavonic form is a bit of a circular argument, because it's only the Slavic form since modern transliteration from the cyrillic original renders it as the correct form. I hope I've resolved this problem by putting the word's evolution in an earlier paragraph: if you think I've missed something, by all means feel free to correct it. Cheers, User:David Parker ---- David, you have resolved the problem excellently. I have only made minor changes and haven't changed the content at all because I think it is good. I capitalised ''Rerum Moscvovit. Commentarii'' because my references also do that (undo it if you think I'm wrong), and made a link of it because I think historically it is worth an article in itself. Thanks for your patient efforts. user:Graham Chapman ---- I was just indulging my preference for minimal capitalisation (I tend to think the italics suffice), but I'm happy to leave it as you prefer: a fine tribute to collective wikipedianship. User:David Parker ---- Not that it matters, but I spotted the error in my original changes. I said: :''contrasts with the ''ts'' spelling in all slavonic languages'' but the OED extract I based it on said: :''The spelling with ''cz'' is against the usage of all slavonic languages'' Note they say ''usage'', I said ''spelling''. My mistake made my sentence quite misleading. The OED also appears to say that where the Romanised form of the word is ''tsar'' or its derivates, it is pronounced 'ts' or German 'z'. The Polish car is spelt ''car'' but (the OED says, correct me, Polish speakers) is pronounced ''tsar''. Darn tricky stuff, eytmology and linguistics. I'll have to be more careful in future. user:Graham Chapman :I don't speak Polish, but I believe that ''czar'' would be pronounced ''shar''. -User:Smack 06:52 5 Jul 2003 (UTC) ::Almost there:-) It is pronounced ''char'' User:Mikkalai 00:03, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC) ---- I wouldn't worry, "spelling" could be substituted perfectly correctly for "usage" in the OED comment; it's all a useful reminder of how very recent regular romanisation from cyrillic is (I'm ''still'' not sure of Ekaterinburg/Yekaterinburg). Polish ''car'' is indeed pronounced "tsar" - see user:szopen earlier correction to me at my User talk:David Parker (third chunk from the bottom). Thanks for resolving this question, which had been bugging a few of us lately (see Talk:Czar). Oh, and a belated welcome from me too. - User:David Parker ---- Webster's Collegiate Dictionary of the American Language (1961 Ed.) spells it: czar. user:H.J. :If that means anything, it most likely means that they found more people spelling it that way, in whatever body of written material they draw from. This has nothing to do with what comes closer to the Russian pronunciation. user:Vicki Rosenzweig ---- Interesting article. Well Done. One question - often the term 'tsarevich' was applied in textbooks to the son of Nicholas II as indicating 'Crown Prince'. You speak of it being the title of ''a'' son. Was 'tsarevich' a title giving to ''all'' sons of the Tsar, or was it only possessed by the heir? If possessed by all princes, was there another term used to indicate the heir apparent? User:Jtdirl 01:48 Feb 12, 2003 (UTC) ---- Tsarevitch is the heir - other sons would be Grand Duke [name] - e.g. Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovitch User:PMelvilleAustin 13:58 Mar 1, 2003 (UTC) : While tsarevitch formally is the title of the heir only, informally (at least in Serbia) it is used for any child, it could be used in plural etc. User:Nikola Smolenski 08:36, 3 Oct 2003 (UTC) ---- I think this article could use some info on czar/tsar as an (informal?) title given to political appointees in some non-Russian countries. E.g. a Privacy Czar, Drug Czar, etc. -- User:Stewacide ---- Not to mention the oh so popular, Porn Czar right? ---- I think that the corrections by the anonymous user 145.253.32.3 are not quite right. Even if it is true that the word somehow has been loaned from Turkish languages, there it was loaned from Old Russian. And the origin of the word anyway is the name "Caesar". Let me present information from the authoritative Max Vasmer's etymological dictionary of Russian language. The Russian word царь (tsar) is a title adopted by Ivan IV. Cognates in other Slavic languages: Ukrainian language цар (tsar), Old Russian language цьсарь (tsisari) referring to the Byzantian Emperor (11th century), Old Russian царь (tsari) (ruler, lord; Tatar khan (1267 for the last time)), Bulgarian language цар as the title of Old Bulgarian rulers beginning from the tsar Simeon (917), Serbo-Croatian language цар/''car'' (tsar). Later loans from Russian are Czech language ''car'' (tsar) and Polish language ''car'' (tsar). The source of these forms is the form *''cěsarь'' (tsesari): Old Russian ''cěsarь'' (tsesari), Old Slavonic language ''cěsarь'' (tsesari) (counterpart of Greek βασιλεύς (basileus 'king') and κύριος (kyrios 'lord'), Serbo-Croatian цесар/''cesar'' (tsesar; 'emperor'), Slovenian language ''cesar'', Czech ''csař'', Slovak language ''cisr'', Polish ''cesarz''. This form derives from Latin ''Caesar'' via Gothic ''Kisar''. The ending has been secondarily perceived as the suffix -''arь''. Less probable is a direct loan from Latin ''Caesar''. The Latin word has no counterpart in Romanian and in Albanian. The shortening process ''cěsarь'' > ''cьsarь'' has parallels in other similar cases and titles, for instance English ''king'', Swedish ''kung''. User:Andres 12:23, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC) : Why then the title first was used by Tatars and then borrowed by Muscovy rulers? How tatars became Tsars? :: Probably Tatars loaned that word from Old Russian or Old Bulgarian. If we assume that this wasn't the case, then what is the provenience of the word? :: I don't deny that Tatar khans were called tsars by Eastern Slavs before there were any Russian emperor-tsars. But it does not follow that there was no word ''tsar'' in old Russian before their contsct with Tatars. On the other hand, in Bulgaria, kings were called Tsars long before Tatars. User:Andres 01:01, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC) ::: I strongly suspect that all references to Tatar and even Bulgarian leaders as ''tsars'' originate from manuscrips written much later than times described in them. :::For example, Boris I of Bulgaria is also called tsar in many texts, whreas it is firmly known that for the most of his reign he was khan, and after baptism he was called 'prince'. :::A pretty convincing etymology of the word 'tsar' is known to me, based on authentic documents, rather than on guesswork (yes, it is from 'caesar'). I will try to do some supporting research and then put it in here.User:Mikkalai 01:28, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC) ---- >> (also sometimes spelt Czar in English borrowed from Hungarian) << From Hungarian? The Hungarian for tsar is ''csszr'' (pronounced approximately chassar). Let's just face it that "czar" is simply an invented English spelling that has stuck in some quarters. -- User:81.129.174.49 20:22, 29 Mar 2004 (UTC) : The Hungarian ''csszr'' is a "native" derivation from "Caesar", *not* the translation of "Tsar". Czar was invented for "tsar" by an Austrian guy, not by an Englishman. User:Mikkalai 20:57, 29 Mar 2004 (UTC) == Full Title == An anon put the following: Bozhiyeyu Milostiyu, Imperator i Samodyerzhets Vserossiysky (By the Grace of God, Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia, of Moscow, Kiew, Wladimir, Novogorod, Czar of Cazan, Czar of Astracan, Czar of Siberia, Czar of the Chersonese of Tauria, Lord of Plescou, and Grand Duke of Smolensko, Lithuania, Volhynia, Podolia and of Finlande, Duke of Estonia, of Livonie, of Courland and Semigalle, of Samogitia, Carelia, Twer, Jugoria, Permia, Vyatka, Bulgaria and of others: Lord and Grand Duke of Novgorod inferior, of Chernigovia, Resan, Polozk, Rostow, Jaroslaw, White Osoria, Udoria, Obdoria, Condinia, Witepsk, Mstislaw, Ruler of the North Coast, Lord of Iveria, of Cartalinia, Grusinie and of Cabardinia, Prince Heir and Sovereign of Princes of Chercessia, Gorsky and others; Heir of Norway, Duke of Slesvig-Hollstein, of Stormaria and of Ditmarsen, Count of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst &c. &c.) I am wondering where did he get it from; plenty of typos. === From data for descendants of Holy Roman Empire === [http://www.geocities.com/vrozn/Houses.html The Ruling Houses & Rulers in the Holy Roman Empire] says: Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov/ Russia} @ (until 1773 Imperial Estate and Dukes of Holstein-Gottorp. 1762-1762 and 1796-1917 Emperors of Russia. 1796-1807, 1813-1816 immediate Lords of Jever) (Emperors of Russia, 1809 Grand Prince of Finland, 1815 Kings of Poland) 1762-1777(Imperial Crown Prince, Throne heir & Grand Prince of the whole of Russia [Kaiserl. Kronprinz, Thronfolger und Grossfrst aller Reussen], Heir in Norway, Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stornmarn, Dithmarschen, Count of Oldenburg & Delmenhorst) 1777-1796 (Imperial Crown Prince, Throne heir & Grand Prince of the whole of Russia, Heir in Norway, Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stornmarn, Dithmarschen, Oldenburg) 1796-1801(Emperor & Autocrat of the whole of Russia, of Moscow, Kiev, Wladimir, Novgorod, Czar/Tsar of Kazan, Astrakhan, Siberia, Tauric Chersonese, Lord[Gosudar] of Pskov & Grand Prince[Velikiy Kniaz] of Smolensk, Lithuania, Wolyn, Podolia, Prince[Kniaz] of Estonia, Livonia, Courland & Semigalia, Samogitia[Zhemaytia, Zhmud], Karelia, Tver, Ugra, Perm, Viatka, Bulgaria & other countries, Lord and Grand Prince of Novgorod of the Lower Lands, of Chernigov, Riazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Belozero, Udoria, Obdoria, Condia, Vitebsk, Mstislavl and of all the Northern Countries, Sovereign & Lord of the Land of Iveria, of the Czars of Kartly & Georgia, of the Land of Kabarda, of the Princes of the Cherkasses & the Mountaineers, & Hereditary Lord & Owner of the other lands, Heir in Norway, Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stornmarn, Dithmarschen & Oldenburg etc., Lord of Jever) 1801-1808(Emperor & Autocrat of the whole of Russia, of Moscow, Kiev, Wladimir, Novgorod, Czar of Kazan, Astrakhan, Siberia, Tauric Chersonese, Lord of Pskov & Grand Prince of Smolensk, Lithuania, Wolyn, Podolia, Prince of Estonia, Livonia, Courland & Semigalia, Samogitia, Karelia, Tver, Ugra, Perm, Viatka, Bulgaria & other countries, Lord and Grand Prince of Novgorod of the Lower Lands, of Chernigov, Riazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Belozero, Udoria, Obdoria, Condia, Vitebsk, Mstislavl and of all the Northern Countries, Sovereign & Lord of the Lands of Iveria, Kartly,Georgia, Kabarda, of the Princes of the Cherkasses & the Mountaineers, & Hereditary Lord & Owner of the other lands, Heir in Norway, Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stornmarn, Dithmarschen & Oldenburg etc., Lord of Jever) 1808-1815 (Emperor & Autocrat of the whole of Russia, of Moscow, Kiev, Wladimir, Novgorod, Czar of Kazan, Astrakhan, Siberia, Tauric Chersonese, Lord of Pskov & Grand Prince of Smolensk, Lithuania, Wolyn, Podolia, Finland, Prince of Estonia, Livonia, Courland & Semigalia, Bialystok, Samogitia, Karelia, Tver, Ugra, Perm, Viatka, Bulgaria & other countries, Lord and Grand Prince of Novgorod of the Lower Lands, of Chernigov, Riazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Belozero, Udoria, Obdoria, Condia, Vitebsk, Mstislavl and of all the Northern Countries, Sovereign & Lord of the Lands of Iveria, Kartly,Georgia, Kabarda, of the Princes of the Cherkasses & the Mountaineers, & Hereditary Lord & Owner of the other lands, Heir in Norway, Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stornmarn, Dithmarschen & Oldenburg etc.) 1815 (Emperor & Autocrat of the whole of Russia, of Moscow, Kiev, Wladimir, Novgorod, Czar of Kazan, Astrakhan, Poland, Siberia, Tauric Chersonese, Lord of Pskov & Grand Prince of Smolensk, Lithuania, Wolyn, Podolia, Finland, Prince of Estland, Livland, Courland & Semigalia, Samogitia, Bialystok, Karelia, Tver, Ugra, Perm, Viatka, Bulgaria & other countries, Lord and Grand Prince of Novgorod of the Lower Lands, of Chernigov, Riazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Belozero, Udoria, Obdoria, Condia, Vitebsk, Mstislavl and of all the Northern Countries, Sovereign & Lord of the Lands of Iveria, Kartly, Georgia & Kabarda, of the Princes of the Cherkasses & the Mountaineers, Hereditary Lord & Owner of the other lands, Heir in Norway, Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stornmarn, Dithmarschen and Oldenburg) [Holstein] 1773(- )(Holstein-Glckstadt/Denmark) [Jever] 1796(+ ), 1807(- )(Holland), ^ (+ ), 1818(- )(Oldenburg) Paul (I) (1754-1801) [1762-1773, 1796-1801] // 1762-1773 Duke of Holstein-Gottorp // 1796-1801 Lord of Jever // 1796-1801 Emperor of Russia // 1798-1801 Grand Master of the St. John Order Alexander (I) (1777-1825) [1801-1807, 1813-1818] // 1801-1807, 1813-1818 Lord of Jever // 1801-1825 Emperor of Russia === From Russian Constitution of 1906 === http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Const.html says: Extracts from the Russian Constitution of April 23, 1906 [excerpted from ''Readings in Modern European History'', James Harvey Robinson and Charles Beard, eds., vol. 2 (Boston:Ginn and Company, 1908), pp. 378-381] ART. 59. The full title of His Imperial Majesty is as follows: We, ------ by the grace of God, Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias, of Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod, Tsar of Kasan, Tsar of Astrakhan, Tsar of Poland, Tsar of Siberia, Tsar of Tauric Khersones, Tsar of Grusia, Lord of Pskov, and Grand Duke of Smolensk, Lithuania, Volhynia, Podolia, and Finland, Prince of Esthonia, Livonia, Courland and Semgallia, Samogitia, Bielostok, Korelia, Tver, Jugor, Perm, Vyatka, Bulgaria, and other territories; Lord and Grand Duke of Novgorod, Chernigov; Ruler of Ryazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Jaroslav, Bielozero, Udoria, Obdoria, Kondia, Vitebsk, Mstislav, and all northern territories ; Ruler of Iveria, Kartalinia, and the Kabardinian lands and Armenian territories - hereditary Ruler and Lord of the Tcherkess and Mountain Princes and others; Lord of Turkestan, Heir to the throne of Norway, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, Stormarn, Ditmarsch, Oldenburg, and so forth, and so forth, and so forth. *Obdoria: Obdorsk is Salekhard today. *Udoria? *Kondia? ===All Russias vs whole Russia=== Wouldn't Самодержец Всероссийский be better translated as "autocrat pan-Russian"? :No. First, there is a tradition. Second, "All Russias" vs. "Whole Russia" issue. User:Mikkalai 18:22, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC) ::Yes, but wasn't Tsar's intention exactly that the title could mean both? User:Nikola Smolenski 03:28, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC) :::"All the Russias" meaning is largely misleading, provided that there's no explanation what the multiple Russias it refers to. "Всероссийский" is simply "all-Russian" or "whole-Russian"; let's use either until the article is expanded with pre-Empire title which does mention "Great, White Russia and Lesser Russias" (essentially Russia, Belarus and Ukraine). No point to artifically implement a meaning that is simply undistinguishable in Russian language title. User:DmitryKo 18:46, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC) :::: This is the tradition of English language usage, provided by native English speaking editors, and has nothing to do with logic. User:Mikkalai 21:41, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC) == False impression (Emperor, and not Tsar) == Given that the official principal title of Russia's monarchs between 1721 and 1917 was not Tsar, but Emperor (different in Russian), shouldn't the distinction be noted in this article? Also, should we really have the "Russian tsars" category, when in fact these people largely used the title "Emperor." The tsar title really only came back into fashion in Russia during Nicholas II's archaizing reign, and even then he was still officially Emperor rather than Tsar. The term "Tsar" seems to have been more used in the west than in Russia itself. What do others think? User:John Kenney User_talk:John Kenney 05:12, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC) :In fact, ''Tsar'' never fell out of use, and common people always preferred it. — User:Monedula 07:50, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC) Well, that addresses one point. But not most of them. Elites in Russia, as far as I know, generally used "Emperor", and this term was preferred by the Emperors prior to Nicholas II. User:John Kenney User_talk:John Kenney 23:05, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC) :(It always amazed me how "democrats" of all over the world, including the very Land of Liberty, lay low before the looks and says of "elite", "aristocracy" &c,&c.) :In papers and in official or simply solemn speech, it was "Emperor", but in vernacular "tsar" was far from uncommon. BTW, to a Russian ear, "tsar" sounds no less important than "Emperor". Gor example a synonym for "God" is "Sky Tsar" ("tsar nebesny")(and never "Sky Emperor"). User:Mikkalai 00:31, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC) :As for "archaizing", where did you pick that? It was rather "de-Germanizing"; the idea of "Russness" (Autocracy, Orthodoxy, and National Character) was put forth after a long chain of emperors who spoke German better than Russian. User:Mikkalai 00:42, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC) Fair enough, except the unnecessary swipe at me to begin with. Elizabeth II is commonly referred to as "Queen of England" in the vernacular. This remains incorrect. Similarly, to call anyone from Peter I on "Tsar of Russia" may have been common (and was used by Nicholas II as part of an archaizing or de-Germanizing, or whatever, movement), but it was just as incorrect - Tsar was used as a lesser title for lesser territories such as Poland, Kazan, Astrakhan, and so forth. All I have said is that this ought to be made clear in the article (which surely you cannot object to), and that I think the category header ought to be changed, so that :Category:Russian tsars, or some such, refers to Tsars between 1547 and 1721, and :Category:Russian emperors refers to rulers between 1721 and 1917. User:John Kenney User_talk:John Kenney 07:22, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC) :Your point about vernacular is convincing. The rest is agreed as well. Formal issues, e.g., categories, should be kept formal. User:Mikkalai 16:53, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC) :I'm rather stunned that John at all has to make this argument. I think it's rather self-evident. The article and the categories must explain, set the record right and be correct. Sloppy usage in contemporary English is no excuse for a wikipedia with encyclopedic ambitions. (If someone wonders, the Finns did of course call the Emperor for the Emperor, although they officially were Emperors of ''Russia'' and Grand Dukes of ''Finland,'' regardless of in Swedish or Finnish tongue.) /User:Tuomas 13:12, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC) ::There is nothing stunning in carrying on a discussion. It is questionable, whether the English usage is sloppy or simply "English". BTW, your Finnish example serves you wrong: Since they called him "emperor", the usage was incorrect, since he was "duke" for them. User:Mikkalai 16:53, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC) :::By using the "greater" of the ruler's titles, one does not only display respect, but also an implicit acceptance of one's belonging in the greater unit, i.e. the empire. /User:Tuomas 00:07, 3 Jan 2005 (UTC) In terms of Finland, it's not necessarily incorrect, is it? In Canada, for instance, Elizabeth II is referred to as "Elizabeth II of the UK", even though she is Queen of Canada, except when she is actually ''in'' Canada. So, similarly, it might be the Emperor, except when he was in Finland, when he was the Grand Duke. But I know nothing of this, so can't comment if this is correct or not. User:John Kenney User_talk:John Kenney 19:32, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC) :So, as you all say, correctness depends on the context, and hence there might be no reason to say that "tsar" usage is incorrect. Do we really always use full formal specification, like in "George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron"? User:Mikkalai 20:01, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC) Oh, I don't disagree. To use "Tsar" informally is fine. "The Tsar did this". But, for instance, in the openings to articles, we should say that Alexander II was "Emperor of Russia" (although that, too, is not the precise title, of course), rather than "Tsar of Russia", because in such contexts we are trying to be precise. We should do the same for the category. As to Byron, calling a Baron Byron "Lord Byron" is actually a completely correct short hand usage, just as it is appropriate to call me "Mr. Kenney," although my full name is John Lowenstein Kenney. The case of Tsar is different - while commonly used, it is technically incorrect, since "Tsar" was a ''lesser'' title of the Russian Emperors in the 18th and 19th centuries. That's quite a different situation. But I would certainly agree that there is no problem using "Tsar" in article text. User:John Kenney User_talk:John Kenney 07:18, 25 Dec 2004 (UTC) == Shar == REcently an anon added this etymology: ''it is more likely to be derived from the old East Iranian title Shar, which coresponds with the East Iranian origin of the Bulgarians, the first users of the title in Europe''. It is either a prank or a fantasy of those who don't know bulgarian history: old Bulgarian rulers were khans, not sultans, beys, shar (title)s (the latter could be a version of spelling of shah, i.e., the native word actually ends in a long vowel, and R or H are artifacts of English transcription, but I've never heard it as applied to Iranian rulers. It was in use by Kurds AFAIK, but I am not that big an iranist. User:Mikkalai 23:17, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
Words begining with Tsar:
Tsar
Tsar
Tsar'
Tsar's_Mosque
Tsar-Kolokol
Tsara'as
Tsara'at
Tsara'ath
Tsaraas
Tsaraat
Tsaraath
Tsarevich
Tsarevich_Alexei_of_Russia
Tsarevich_Alexei_of_Russia
Tsarevitch_George_of_Russia
Tsarevitch_Georgij_of_Russia
Tsarevna
Tsargrad
Tsargrad
Tsarina
Tsarina
Tsarina_Alexandra
Tsarina_of_Russia
Tsarist
Tsarist_Empire
Tsarist_regime
Tsarist_Russia
Tsarist_Russian_Empire
Tsaritsa
Tsaritsa
Tsaritsa_of_Russia
Tsaritsyn
Tsars
Tsarskoe_Selo
Tsarskoye_Selo
Tsarskoyo_Selo
Tsars_of_Russia
Tsar_(rock_band)
Tsar_Alexander_I
Tsar_Alexander_II
Tsar_Alexander_II_of_Russia
Tsar_Alexey_1.jpeg
Tsar_Bell
Tsar_Bomba
Tsar_Bomba
Tsar_bomba
Tsar_Boris_The_First
Tsar_Cannon
Tsar_Jovan_Nenad
Tsar_Kaloyan
Tsar_Kolokol
Tsar_Kolokol
Tsar_Lazar
Tsar_Nicholas
Tsar_Nicholas_I
Tsar_Nicholas_II
Tsar_of_Bulgaria
Tsar_of_Russia
Tsar_Pushka
Tsar_Samuil_of_Bulgaria
Tsar_Simeon
Tsar_Simeon_I
Tsar_Tank
Tsar_Tank
Tsar_tank
Tsar_tank
Tsar_things
Tsar_things
Tsar
Tsar (Bulgarian language ''цар'', Russian language ''царь'', ; often spelled Czar or Tzar and sometimes Csar or Zar in English language), was the title used for the autocratic monarch of the History of Bulgaria since 913, in History of Serbia in the middle of the 14th century, and in Russia from 1547 to 1917 (although this usage is only technically correct until 1721). == History of usage == The title ''tsar'' was first adopted and used in History of Bulgaria by Simeon I of Bulgaria following a decisive victory over the Byzantine Empire in 913. It was also used by all of Simeon I of Bulgaria's successors until the fall of Bulgaria under Ottoman Empire rule in 1396. After Bulgaria's liberation from the Ottomans in 1878, its new monarchs adopted the title tsar again and used it between 1908 and 1946. In 1547, Ivan IV of Russia of Russia changed his title from "Grand Duke (Grand Duke) of the whole Rus" to "tsar of the whole Rus" as a symbol of change in the nature of the Russian state. In 1721 Peter I of Russia adopted the title Emperor (''Император'' [''Imperator'']), by which he and his heirs were recognised, and which came to be used interchangeably with Tsar. The title "Tsar" was also used by History of Serbia monarch in the middle of the 14th century. Often the word ''tsar'' is translated as ''emperor'' and vice versa. The Slavic languages often used ''tsar'' for other emperors; for example, the title of the Japanese emperor was translated as "tsar of Japan". However, in 1721, Tsar Peter I of Russia of Russia took the additional title of ''Imperator'' (Emperor), which, at least officially, superseded the older title of Tsar, which was henceforth formally used only for peripheral parts of the Empire. The word "tsar" is sometimes informally applied to earlier Russian and Bulgarian rulers which were not formally crowned as tsars. The domain or rule of a tsar is sometimes referred to as a tsardom. Rulers that were called tsars may be found in the following lists. *List of Bulgarian monarchs *List of Serbian monarchs *List of Russian rulers == Etymology and spelling == The word ''tsar'' is derived from the Latin title ''Caesar (title)'' by way of the Old Slavonic ''tsesar'' (''цесарь''). The word is cognate with German language Kaiser and Gothic language ''Kisar''. The contraction of ''цесарь'' into ''царь'' occurred by the way of shorthand writing of titles in old Slavonic church manuscripts, see Titlo article. One may see the examples of this, e.g., in the older copies of the Slavic Primary Chronicle. The spelling ''tsar'' is the closest possible transliteration of the Russian using standard English spelling. Both ''czar'' and ''tsar'' have been accepted in English for the last century as a correct usage. French adopted the form ''tsar'' during the 19th century, and it became more frequent in English towards the end of that century, following its adoption by ''The Times''. (see the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', 2nd edition). The spelling ''tzar'' with 'z' is also very common, and represents an alternative transliteration of the first letter ц. The spelling ''czar'' originated with the Austrian diplomat Baron Sigismund von Herberstein, whose ''Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii'' (1549) (literally ''Notes on Muscovite Affairs'') was the main source of knowledge of Russia in early modern western Europe. It is not found in any of the Slavic languages, but is the primary spelling adopted by ''Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary'' (11th Edition, 2003), with ''tsar'' offered only as a variant. Modern usage seems to have standardized on the use of ''tsar'' to describe former rulers of Russia, while ''czar'' is used to informally describe an expert in charge of implementing policy (especially in the US): ''economics czar'', ''drug czar'', et cetera. Correct pronunciation of ''tsar'' is in International Phonetic Alphabet though many if not most English-speaking people pronounce it or . This is because although English has ''ts'' in words like ''cats'' it is unusual for this sound to start an English word. ==Imperium maius== In Christian Europe the use of the title emperor is more than an affectation. A king recognises that the church is an equal or superior in the religious sphere, emperors do not. This was illustrated by Henry VIII of England who started to use the word imperium in his dispute with the Pope over his first divorce. By stating that they were emperors the Russian rulers claimed to be the head of the (Russian Orthodox) church and did not recognise any superior authority but God. == Russia == === Full title of Russian tsars === The full title of Russian emperors started with By the Grace of God, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias (''Божию Милостию, Император и Самодержец Всероссийский'' [''Bozhiyu Milostiyu, Imperator i Samodyerzhets Vserossiysky'']) and went further to list all ruled territories. For example, according to the art. 59 of the Russian Constitution of April 23, 1906, "the full title of His Imperial Majesty is as follows: We, ------ by the grace of God, Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias, of Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir, Russia, Novgorod, Tsar of Kazan, Tsar of Astrakhan, Tsar of Poland, Tsar of Siberia, Tsar of Taurida Khersones, Tsar of Georgia (country), Lord of Pskov, and Grand Duke of Smolensk, Lithuania, Volhynia, Podolia, and Finland, Prince of Estonia, Livonia, Courland and Semigalia, Samogitia, Bialystok, Karelia, Tver, Jugra, Perm, Vyatka, Bulgaria, and other territories; Lord and Grand Duke of Nizhni Novgorod, Chernigov; Ruler of Ryazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Jaroslavl, Bielozero, Udoria, Obdoria, Kondia, Vitebsk, Mstislav, and all northern territories ; Ruler of Caucasian Iberia, Kartli, and the Kabardinian lands and Armenian territories - hereditary Ruler and Lord of the Circassia and Mountain Princes and others; Lord of Turkestan, Heir of Norway, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, Stormarn, Ditmarsch, Oldenburg, and so forth, and so forth, and so forth." For example, Nicholas II of Russia was titled as follows (notice the archaic spelling): :Божію Поспѣшествующею Милостію МЫ, НИКОЛАЙ ВТОРЫЙ ИМПЕРАТОРЪ и САМОДЕРЖЕЦЪ ВСЕРОССІЙСКІЙ :Московский, Кіевскій, Владимірскій, Новгородскій, :Царь Казанскій, Царь Астраханскій, Царь Польскій, Царь Сибирскій, Царь Херсониса Таврическаго, Царь Грузинскій, :Государь Псковскій, и :Великій Князь Смоленскій, Литовскій, Волынскій, Подольскій и Финляндскій; :Князь Эстляндскій, Лифляндскій, Курляндскій и Семигальскій, Самогитскій, Бѣлостокский, Корельскій, :Тверскій, Югорскій, Пермскій, Вятскій, Болгарскій и иныхъ; :Государь и Великій Князь Новагорода низовскія земли, Черниговскій, Рязанскій, Полотскій, :Ростовскій, Ярославскій, Бѣлозерскій, Удорскій, Обдорскій, Кондійскій, Витебскій, Мстиславскій и :всея Сѣверныя страны Повелитель; и :Государь Иверскія, Карталинскія и Кабардинскія земли и области Арменскія; :Черкасскихъ и Горскихъ Князей и иныхъ Наслѣдный Государь и Обладатель; :Государь Туркестанскій; :Наслѣдникъ Норвежскій, :Герцогъ Шлезвигъ-Голстинскій, Стормарнскій, Дитмарсенскій и Ольденбургскій, и прочая, и прочая, и прочая. === Titles for Russian Tsar's family === Tsaritsa (царица) is the term used for an Empress, though in English contexts this seems invariably to be altered to tsarina. In the Imperial Russia, the official title was Empress (Императрица). Tsaritsa (Empress) could be either the ruler herself or the wife (Empress consort) of tsar. Tsesarevich (Цесаревич) (literally, "son of the tsesar") is the term for a male Heir Apparent, the full title was Heir Tsesarevich ("Naslednik Tsesarevich", Наследник Цесаревич), informally abbreviated in Russia to The Heir ("Naslednik") (from the capital letter). Tsarevich (царевич) was the term for a son. In older times the term was used in place of "Tsesarevich" (Цесаревич). A son who was not a heir was formally called Velikii Kniaz (Великий Князь) (Grand Duke). The latter title was also used for grandsons (through male lines). Tsarevna (царевна) was the term for a daughter and a granddaughter of a Tsar or Tsaritsa. The official title was Velikaya Kniaginya (Великая Княгиня), translated as ''Grand Duchess'' or ''Grand Princess''. See also Grand Duchess for more details on the ''Velikaya Kniaginya'' title. Tsesarevna (Цесаревна) was the wife of the Tsesarevich. ==Notes == #When Nicholas II abdicated in 1917 he abdicated not just on his own behalf but also on behalf of his teenage son, who was too ill to take up the throne. He named as his heir his own brother Michael. Michael initially accepted the throne and was proclaimed as Tsar Michael II. He subsequently declined it. Historians and lists of tsars differ as to whether to regard Michael or Nicholas II as the last tsar. Nicholas II was undoubtedly the last tsar to ''rule'' Russia and so was the last ''effective'' tsar. Michael, if he can be said to be tsar at all, exercised no governmental functions and merely ''reigned'' nominally for a short time before himself abdicating. Michael, like his brother Nicholas, was execution (legal) by the Bolsheviks in 1918. #In 1924 Grand Duke Cyril Romanov proclaimed himself Emperor in exile. ==Related topics== *The following articles list tsars, among other rulers. **List of Bulgarian monarchs **List of Serbian monarchs **List of Russian rulers *History of Bulgaria *History of Russia *History of Finland *History of Belarus *History of Ukraine *History of Poland *Lists of incumbents Imperial Russia Lists of office-holders Russian leaders Titles Positions of authority la:Tzar
Tsar
==Old talk == Re ''tsar'' vs ''czar'': according to the Oxford English Dictionary, "The spelling with cz- is against the usage of all slavonic languages; the word was so spelt by Heberstein, ''Rerum Moscovit. Commentarii'' 1549, ... whence it passed into Western languages generally... French adopted ''tsar'' during the 19th century. This also became frequent in English towards the end of that century, having been adopted by the ''Times'' newspaper as the most suitable English spelling." It (the OED) also defines tsar, czar as "Romanised spellings of Russian ''tsari''." This seems to pretty comprehensively support ''tsar'' as the correct usage. user:Graham Chapman ---- Many thanks for that, Graham: I've taken out a small bit (it's ''car'' in Polish), and I hope you don't mind my adding it to the "Czar" entry. User:David Parker. :OK. I'm not a linguist, I relied on the OED for the information. They provide many examples, including Polish: *tsar, tsari - Russian *tsisari - 11th Century Russian, from Old Slavonic (at least I think that's what their abbreviation means) tsesari *tsar - Bulgarian *tsar - Serbian *car - Polish, but they add the note ''=tsar, ''c'' in the Roman Slavonic orthography = ''Tse'' in Cyrillic, being pronounced ts or German z''. :That is their argument for saying that Herberstein was wrong, and why English and French have corrected themselves since the 19th century. I included the sentence about all slavonic languages using ''ts'' (which I got from OED) because I wanted to show why English got it wrong to start with from 16 - 19th centuries, but then adopted the ''ts'' spelling. :However, as I said, I'm not a linguist, so I'm not in a position to say any more. Perhaps someone who ''is'' a linguist could take it a little further. user:Graham Chapman ---- Hi Graham. I wasn't disagreeing with anything you said, I just removed one sentence because it might be confusing to people, as below: :However this contrasts with the ''ts'' spelling in all slavonic languages; for example, the English ''tsar'' comes from the Russian ''tsari''. The problem with "the ''ts'' spelling in all slavonic languages" is not only the Polish exception, but more fundamentally that those countries which had tsars used only the cyrillic script until more recent times, hence the whole confusion over "czar" (also properly pronounced "tsar") as a transliteration: to say that "tsar" is the Slavonic form is a bit of a circular argument, because it's only the Slavic form since modern transliteration from the cyrillic original renders it as the correct form. I hope I've resolved this problem by putting the word's evolution in an earlier paragraph: if you think I've missed something, by all means feel free to correct it. Cheers, User:David Parker ---- David, you have resolved the problem excellently. I have only made minor changes and haven't changed the content at all because I think it is good. I capitalised ''Rerum Moscvovit. Commentarii'' because my references also do that (undo it if you think I'm wrong), and made a link of it because I think historically it is worth an article in itself. Thanks for your patient efforts. user:Graham Chapman ---- I was just indulging my preference for minimal capitalisation (I tend to think the italics suffice), but I'm happy to leave it as you prefer: a fine tribute to collective wikipedianship. User:David Parker ---- Not that it matters, but I spotted the error in my original changes. I said: :''contrasts with the ''ts'' spelling in all slavonic languages'' but the OED extract I based it on said: :''The spelling with ''cz'' is against the usage of all slavonic languages'' Note they say ''usage'', I said ''spelling''. My mistake made my sentence quite misleading. The OED also appears to say that where the Romanised form of the word is ''tsar'' or its derivates, it is pronounced 'ts' or German 'z'. The Polish car is spelt ''car'' but (the OED says, correct me, Polish speakers) is pronounced ''tsar''. Darn tricky stuff, eytmology and linguistics. I'll have to be more careful in future. user:Graham Chapman :I don't speak Polish, but I believe that ''czar'' would be pronounced ''shar''. -User:Smack 06:52 5 Jul 2003 (UTC) ::Almost there:-) It is pronounced ''char'' User:Mikkalai 00:03, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC) ---- I wouldn't worry, "spelling" could be substituted perfectly correctly for "usage" in the OED comment; it's all a useful reminder of how very recent regular romanisation from cyrillic is (I'm ''still'' not sure of Ekaterinburg/Yekaterinburg). Polish ''car'' is indeed pronounced "tsar" - see user:szopen earlier correction to me at my User talk:David Parker (third chunk from the bottom). Thanks for resolving this question, which had been bugging a few of us lately (see Talk:Czar). Oh, and a belated welcome from me too. - User:David Parker ---- Webster's Collegiate Dictionary of the American Language (1961 Ed.) spells it: czar. user:H.J. :If that means anything, it most likely means that they found more people spelling it that way, in whatever body of written material they draw from. This has nothing to do with what comes closer to the Russian pronunciation. user:Vicki Rosenzweig ---- Interesting article. Well Done. One question - often the term 'tsarevich' was applied in textbooks to the son of Nicholas II as indicating 'Crown Prince'. You speak of it being the title of ''a'' son. Was 'tsarevich' a title giving to ''all'' sons of the Tsar, or was it only possessed by the heir? If possessed by all princes, was there another term used to indicate the heir apparent? User:Jtdirl 01:48 Feb 12, 2003 (UTC) ---- Tsarevitch is the heir - other sons would be Grand Duke [name] - e.g. Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovitch User:PMelvilleAustin 13:58 Mar 1, 2003 (UTC) : While tsarevitch formally is the title of the heir only, informally (at least in Serbia) it is used for any child, it could be used in plural etc. User:Nikola Smolenski 08:36, 3 Oct 2003 (UTC) ---- I think this article could use some info on czar/tsar as an (informal?) title given to political appointees in some non-Russian countries. E.g. a Privacy Czar, Drug Czar, etc. -- User:Stewacide ---- Not to mention the oh so popular, Porn Czar right? ---- I think that the corrections by the anonymous user 145.253.32.3 are not quite right. Even if it is true that the word somehow has been loaned from Turkish languages, there it was loaned from Old Russian. And the origin of the word anyway is the name "Caesar". Let me present information from the authoritative Max Vasmer's etymological dictionary of Russian language. The Russian word царь (tsar) is a title adopted by Ivan IV. Cognates in other Slavic languages: Ukrainian language цар (tsar), Old Russian language цьсарь (tsisari) referring to the Byzantian Emperor (11th century), Old Russian царь (tsari) (ruler, lord; Tatar khan (1267 for the last time)), Bulgarian language цар as the title of Old Bulgarian rulers beginning from the tsar Simeon (917), Serbo-Croatian language цар/''car'' (tsar). Later loans from Russian are Czech language ''car'' (tsar) and Polish language ''car'' (tsar). The source of these forms is the form *''cěsarь'' (tsesari): Old Russian ''cěsarь'' (tsesari), Old Slavonic language ''cěsarь'' (tsesari) (counterpart of Greek βασιλεύς (basileus 'king') and κύριος (kyrios 'lord'), Serbo-Croatian цесар/''cesar'' (tsesar; 'emperor'), Slovenian language ''cesar'', Czech ''csař'', Slovak language ''cisr'', Polish ''cesarz''. This form derives from Latin ''Caesar'' via Gothic ''Kisar''. The ending has been secondarily perceived as the suffix -''arь''. Less probable is a direct loan from Latin ''Caesar''. The Latin word has no counterpart in Romanian and in Albanian. The shortening process ''cěsarь'' > ''cьsarь'' has parallels in other similar cases and titles, for instance English ''king'', Swedish ''kung''. User:Andres 12:23, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC) : Why then the title first was used by Tatars and then borrowed by Muscovy rulers? How tatars became Tsars? :: Probably Tatars loaned that word from Old Russian or Old Bulgarian. If we assume that this wasn't the case, then what is the provenience of the word? :: I don't deny that Tatar khans were called tsars by Eastern Slavs before there were any Russian emperor-tsars. But it does not follow that there was no word ''tsar'' in old Russian before their contsct with Tatars. On the other hand, in Bulgaria, kings were called Tsars long before Tatars. User:Andres 01:01, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC) ::: I strongly suspect that all references to Tatar and even Bulgarian leaders as ''tsars'' originate from manuscrips written much later than times described in them. :::For example, Boris I of Bulgaria is also called tsar in many texts, whreas it is firmly known that for the most of his reign he was khan, and after baptism he was called 'prince'. :::A pretty convincing etymology of the word 'tsar' is known to me, based on authentic documents, rather than on guesswork (yes, it is from 'caesar'). I will try to do some supporting research and then put it in here.User:Mikkalai 01:28, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC) ---- >> (also sometimes spelt Czar in English borrowed from Hungarian) << From Hungarian? The Hungarian for tsar is ''csszr'' (pronounced approximately chassar). Let's just face it that "czar" is simply an invented English spelling that has stuck in some quarters. -- User:81.129.174.49 20:22, 29 Mar 2004 (UTC) : The Hungarian ''csszr'' is a "native" derivation from "Caesar", *not* the translation of "Tsar". Czar was invented for "tsar" by an Austrian guy, not by an Englishman. User:Mikkalai 20:57, 29 Mar 2004 (UTC) == Full Title == An anon put the following: Bozhiyeyu Milostiyu, Imperator i Samodyerzhets Vserossiysky (By the Grace of God, Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia, of Moscow, Kiew, Wladimir, Novogorod, Czar of Cazan, Czar of Astracan, Czar of Siberia, Czar of the Chersonese of Tauria, Lord of Plescou, and Grand Duke of Smolensko, Lithuania, Volhynia, Podolia and of Finlande, Duke of Estonia, of Livonie, of Courland and Semigalle, of Samogitia, Carelia, Twer, Jugoria, Permia, Vyatka, Bulgaria and of others: Lord and Grand Duke of Novgorod inferior, of Chernigovia, Resan, Polozk, Rostow, Jaroslaw, White Osoria, Udoria, Obdoria, Condinia, Witepsk, Mstislaw, Ruler of the North Coast, Lord of Iveria, of Cartalinia, Grusinie and of Cabardinia, Prince Heir and Sovereign of Princes of Chercessia, Gorsky and others; Heir of Norway, Duke of Slesvig-Hollstein, of Stormaria and of Ditmarsen, Count of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst &c. &c.) I am wondering where did he get it from; plenty of typos. === From data for descendants of Holy Roman Empire === [http://www.geocities.com/vrozn/Houses.html The Ruling Houses & Rulers in the Holy Roman Empire] says: Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov/ Russia} @ (until 1773 Imperial Estate and Dukes of Holstein-Gottorp. 1762-1762 and 1796-1917 Emperors of Russia. 1796-1807, 1813-1816 immediate Lords of Jever) (Emperors of Russia, 1809 Grand Prince of Finland, 1815 Kings of Poland) 1762-1777(Imperial Crown Prince, Throne heir & Grand Prince of the whole of Russia [Kaiserl. Kronprinz, Thronfolger und Grossfrst aller Reussen], Heir in Norway, Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stornmarn, Dithmarschen, Count of Oldenburg & Delmenhorst) 1777-1796 (Imperial Crown Prince, Throne heir & Grand Prince of the whole of Russia, Heir in Norway, Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stornmarn, Dithmarschen, Oldenburg) 1796-1801(Emperor & Autocrat of the whole of Russia, of Moscow, Kiev, Wladimir, Novgorod, Czar/Tsar of Kazan, Astrakhan, Siberia, Tauric Chersonese, Lord[Gosudar] of Pskov & Grand Prince[Velikiy Kniaz] of Smolensk, Lithuania, Wolyn, Podolia, Prince[Kniaz] of Estonia, Livonia, Courland & Semigalia, Samogitia[Zhemaytia, Zhmud], Karelia, Tver, Ugra, Perm, Viatka, Bulgaria & other countries, Lord and Grand Prince of Novgorod of the Lower Lands, of Chernigov, Riazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Belozero, Udoria, Obdoria, Condia, Vitebsk, Mstislavl and of all the Northern Countries, Sovereign & Lord of the Land of Iveria, of the Czars of Kartly & Georgia, of the Land of Kabarda, of the Princes of the Cherkasses & the Mountaineers, & Hereditary Lord & Owner of the other lands, Heir in Norway, Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stornmarn, Dithmarschen & Oldenburg etc., Lord of Jever) 1801-1808(Emperor & Autocrat of the whole of Russia, of Moscow, Kiev, Wladimir, Novgorod, Czar of Kazan, Astrakhan, Siberia, Tauric Chersonese, Lord of Pskov & Grand Prince of Smolensk, Lithuania, Wolyn, Podolia, Prince of Estonia, Livonia, Courland & Semigalia, Samogitia, Karelia, Tver, Ugra, Perm, Viatka, Bulgaria & other countries, Lord and Grand Prince of Novgorod of the Lower Lands, of Chernigov, Riazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Belozero, Udoria, Obdoria, Condia, Vitebsk, Mstislavl and of all the Northern Countries, Sovereign & Lord of the Lands of Iveria, Kartly,Georgia, Kabarda, of the Princes of the Cherkasses & the Mountaineers, & Hereditary Lord & Owner of the other lands, Heir in Norway, Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stornmarn, Dithmarschen & Oldenburg etc., Lord of Jever) 1808-1815 (Emperor & Autocrat of the whole of Russia, of Moscow, Kiev, Wladimir, Novgorod, Czar of Kazan, Astrakhan, Siberia, Tauric Chersonese, Lord of Pskov & Grand Prince of Smolensk, Lithuania, Wolyn, Podolia, Finland, Prince of Estonia, Livonia, Courland & Semigalia, Bialystok, Samogitia, Karelia, Tver, Ugra, Perm, Viatka, Bulgaria & other countries, Lord and Grand Prince of Novgorod of the Lower Lands, of Chernigov, Riazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Belozero, Udoria, Obdoria, Condia, Vitebsk, Mstislavl and of all the Northern Countries, Sovereign & Lord of the Lands of Iveria, Kartly,Georgia, Kabarda, of the Princes of the Cherkasses & the Mountaineers, & Hereditary Lord & Owner of the other lands, Heir in Norway, Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stornmarn, Dithmarschen & Oldenburg etc.) 1815 (Emperor & Autocrat of the whole of Russia, of Moscow, Kiev, Wladimir, Novgorod, Czar of Kazan, Astrakhan, Poland, Siberia, Tauric Chersonese, Lord of Pskov & Grand Prince of Smolensk, Lithuania, Wolyn, Podolia, Finland, Prince of Estland, Livland, Courland & Semigalia, Samogitia, Bialystok, Karelia, Tver, Ugra, Perm, Viatka, Bulgaria & other countries, Lord and Grand Prince of Novgorod of the Lower Lands, of Chernigov, Riazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Belozero, Udoria, Obdoria, Condia, Vitebsk, Mstislavl and of all the Northern Countries, Sovereign & Lord of the Lands of Iveria, Kartly, Georgia & Kabarda, of the Princes of the Cherkasses & the Mountaineers, Hereditary Lord & Owner of the other lands, Heir in Norway, Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stornmarn, Dithmarschen and Oldenburg) [Holstein] 1773(- )(Holstein-Glckstadt/Denmark) [Jever] 1796(+ ), 1807(- )(Holland), ^ (+ ), 1818(- )(Oldenburg) Paul (I) (1754-1801) [1762-1773, 1796-1801] // 1762-1773 Duke of Holstein-Gottorp // 1796-1801 Lord of Jever // 1796-1801 Emperor of Russia // 1798-1801 Grand Master of the St. John Order Alexander (I) (1777-1825) [1801-1807, 1813-1818] // 1801-1807, 1813-1818 Lord of Jever // 1801-1825 Emperor of Russia === From Russian Constitution of 1906 === http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Const.html says: Extracts from the Russian Constitution of April 23, 1906 [excerpted from ''Readings in Modern European History'', James Harvey Robinson and Charles Beard, eds., vol. 2 (Boston:Ginn and Company, 1908), pp. 378-381] ART. 59. The full title of His Imperial Majesty is as follows: We, ------ by the grace of God, Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias, of Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod, Tsar of Kasan, Tsar of Astrakhan, Tsar of Poland, Tsar of Siberia, Tsar of Tauric Khersones, Tsar of Grusia, Lord of Pskov, and Grand Duke of Smolensk, Lithuania, Volhynia, Podolia, and Finland, Prince of Esthonia, Livonia, Courland and Semgallia, Samogitia, Bielostok, Korelia, Tver, Jugor, Perm, Vyatka, Bulgaria, and other territories; Lord and Grand Duke of Novgorod, Chernigov; Ruler of Ryazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Jaroslav, Bielozero, Udoria, Obdoria, Kondia, Vitebsk, Mstislav, and all northern territories ; Ruler of Iveria, Kartalinia, and the Kabardinian lands and Armenian territories - hereditary Ruler and Lord of the Tcherkess and Mountain Princes and others; Lord of Turkestan, Heir to the throne of Norway, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, Stormarn, Ditmarsch, Oldenburg, and so forth, and so forth, and so forth. *Obdoria: Obdorsk is Salekhard today. *Udoria? *Kondia? ===All Russias vs whole Russia=== Wouldn't Самодержец Всероссийский be better translated as "autocrat pan-Russian"? :No. First, there is a tradition. Second, "All Russias" vs. "Whole Russia" issue. User:Mikkalai 18:22, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC) ::Yes, but wasn't Tsar's intention exactly that the title could mean both? User:Nikola Smolenski 03:28, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC) :::"All the Russias" meaning is largely misleading, provided that there's no explanation what the multiple Russias it refers to. "Всероссийский" is simply "all-Russian" or "whole-Russian"; let's use either until the article is expanded with pre-Empire title which does mention "Great, White Russia and Lesser Russias" (essentially Russia, Belarus and Ukraine). No point to artifically implement a meaning that is simply undistinguishable in Russian language title. User:DmitryKo 18:46, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC) :::: This is the tradition of English language usage, provided by native English speaking editors, and has nothing to do with logic. User:Mikkalai 21:41, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC) == False impression (Emperor, and not Tsar) == Given that the official principal title of Russia's monarchs between 1721 and 1917 was not Tsar, but Emperor (different in Russian), shouldn't the distinction be noted in this article? Also, should we really have the "Russian tsars" category, when in fact these people largely used the title "Emperor." The tsar title really only came back into fashion in Russia during Nicholas II's archaizing reign, and even then he was still officially Emperor rather than Tsar. The term "Tsar" seems to have been more used in the west than in Russia itself. What do others think? User:John Kenney User_talk:John Kenney 05:12, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC) :In fact, ''Tsar'' never fell out of use, and common people always preferred it. — User:Monedula 07:50, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC) Well, that addresses one point. But not most of them. Elites in Russia, as far as I know, generally used "Emperor", and this term was preferred by the Emperors prior to Nicholas II. User:John Kenney User_talk:John Kenney 23:05, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC) :(It always amazed me how "democrats" of all over the world, including the very Land of Liberty, lay low before the looks and says of "elite", "aristocracy" &c,&c.) :In papers and in official or simply solemn speech, it was "Emperor", but in vernacular "tsar" was far from uncommon. BTW, to a Russian ear, "tsar" sounds no less important than "Emperor". Gor example a synonym for "God" is "Sky Tsar" ("tsar nebesny")(and never "Sky Emperor"). User:Mikkalai 00:31, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC) :As for "archaizing", where did you pick that? It was rather "de-Germanizing"; the idea of "Russness" (Autocracy, Orthodoxy, and National Character) was put forth after a long chain of emperors who spoke German better than Russian. User:Mikkalai 00:42, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC) Fair enough, except the unnecessary swipe at me to begin with. Elizabeth II is commonly referred to as "Queen of England" in the vernacular. This remains incorrect. Similarly, to call anyone from Peter I on "Tsar of Russia" may have been common (and was used by Nicholas II as part of an archaizing or de-Germanizing, or whatever, movement), but it was just as incorrect - Tsar was used as a lesser title for lesser territories such as Poland, Kazan, Astrakhan, and so forth. All I have said is that this ought to be made clear in the article (which surely you cannot object to), and that I think the category header ought to be changed, so that :Category:Russian tsars, or some such, refers to Tsars between 1547 and 1721, and :Category:Russian emperors refers to rulers between 1721 and 1917. User:John Kenney User_talk:John Kenney 07:22, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC) :Your point about vernacular is convincing. The rest is agreed as well. Formal issues, e.g., categories, should be kept formal. User:Mikkalai 16:53, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC) :I'm rather stunned that John at all has to make this argument. I think it's rather self-evident. The article and the categories must explain, set the record right and be correct. Sloppy usage in contemporary English is no excuse for a wikipedia with encyclopedic ambitions. (If someone wonders, the Finns did of course call the Emperor for the Emperor, although they officially were Emperors of ''Russia'' and Grand Dukes of ''Finland,'' regardless of in Swedish or Finnish tongue.) /User:Tuomas 13:12, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC) ::There is nothing stunning in carrying on a discussion. It is questionable, whether the English usage is sloppy or simply "English". BTW, your Finnish example serves you wrong: Since they called him "emperor", the usage was incorrect, since he was "duke" for them. User:Mikkalai 16:53, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC) :::By using the "greater" of the ruler's titles, one does not only display respect, but also an implicit acceptance of one's belonging in the greater unit, i.e. the empire. /User:Tuomas 00:07, 3 Jan 2005 (UTC) In terms of Finland, it's not necessarily incorrect, is it? In Canada, for instance, Elizabeth II is referred to as "Elizabeth II of the UK", even though she is Queen of Canada, except when she is actually ''in'' Canada. So, similarly, it might be the Emperor, except when he was in Finland, when he was the Grand Duke. But I know nothing of this, so can't comment if this is correct or not. User:John Kenney User_talk:John Kenney 19:32, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC) :So, as you all say, correctness depends on the context, and hence there might be no reason to say that "tsar" usage is incorrect. Do we really always use full formal specification, like in "George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron"? User:Mikkalai 20:01, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC) Oh, I don't disagree. To use "Tsar" informally is fine. "The Tsar did this". But, for instance, in the openings to articles, we should say that Alexander II was "Emperor of Russia" (although that, too, is not the precise title, of course), rather than "Tsar of Russia", because in such contexts we are trying to be precise. We should do the same for the category. As to Byron, calling a Baron Byron "Lord Byron" is actually a completely correct short hand usage, just as it is appropriate to call me "Mr. Kenney," although my full name is John Lowenstein Kenney. The case of Tsar is different - while commonly used, it is technically incorrect, since "Tsar" was a ''lesser'' title of the Russian Emperors in the 18th and 19th centuries. That's quite a different situation. But I would certainly agree that there is no problem using "Tsar" in article text. User:John Kenney User_talk:John Kenney 07:18, 25 Dec 2004 (UTC) == Shar == REcently an anon added this etymology: ''it is more likely to be derived from the old East Iranian title Shar, which coresponds with the East Iranian origin of the Bulgarians, the first users of the title in Europe''. It is either a prank or a fantasy of those who don't know bulgarian history: old Bulgarian rulers were khans, not sultans, beys, shar (title)s (the latter could be a version of spelling of shah, i.e., the native word actually ends in a long vowel, and R or H are artifacts of English transcription, but I've never heard it as applied to Iranian rulers. It was in use by Kurds AFAIK, but I am not that big an iranist. User:Mikkalai 23:17, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
T
TA | TB | TC | TD | TE | TF | TG | TH | TI | TJ | TK | TL | TŁ | TM | TN | TO | TP | TR | TS | TU | TW | TX | TY | TZ |Words begining with Tsar:
Tsar
Tsar
Tsar'
Tsar's_Mosque
Tsar-Kolokol
Tsara'as
Tsara'at
Tsara'ath
Tsaraas
Tsaraat
Tsaraath
Tsarevich
Tsarevich_Alexei_of_Russia
Tsarevich_Alexei_of_Russia
Tsarevitch_George_of_Russia
Tsarevitch_Georgij_of_Russia
Tsarevna
Tsargrad
Tsargrad
Tsarina
Tsarina
Tsarina_Alexandra
Tsarina_of_Russia
Tsarist
Tsarist_Empire
Tsarist_regime
Tsarist_Russia
Tsarist_Russian_Empire
Tsaritsa
Tsaritsa
Tsaritsa_of_Russia
Tsaritsyn
Tsars
Tsarskoe_Selo
Tsarskoye_Selo
Tsarskoyo_Selo
Tsars_of_Russia
Tsar_(rock_band)
Tsar_Alexander_I
Tsar_Alexander_II
Tsar_Alexander_II_of_Russia
Tsar_Alexey_1.jpeg
Tsar_Bell
Tsar_Bomba
Tsar_Bomba
Tsar_bomba
Tsar_Boris_The_First
Tsar_Cannon
Tsar_Jovan_Nenad
Tsar_Kaloyan
Tsar_Kolokol
Tsar_Kolokol
Tsar_Lazar
Tsar_Nicholas
Tsar_Nicholas_I
Tsar_Nicholas_II
Tsar_of_Bulgaria
Tsar_of_Russia
Tsar_Pushka
Tsar_Samuil_of_Bulgaria
Tsar_Simeon
Tsar_Simeon_I
Tsar_Tank
Tsar_Tank
Tsar_tank
Tsar_tank
Tsar_things
Tsar_things
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