Translation is an activity comprising the interpretation of the meaning of a text in one language—the ''source text''—and the production of a new, equivalent text in another language—called the ''target text'', or the ''translation''. Traditionally, translation has been a human activity, although attempts have been made to automate and computerise the translation of natural language texts—machine translation—or to use computers as an aid to translation—computer-assisted translation. The goal of translation is to establish a relationship of ''equivalence'' between the source and the target texts (that is to say to ensure that both texts communicate the same message), while taking into account a number of constraints. These constraints include context, the rules of grammar of the source language, its writing conventions, its idioms and the like. ==Translation vs. interpreting== A distinction is made between translation, which consists of transferring ideas expressed in ''writing'' from one language to another, from interpreting, which consists of transferring ideas expressed ''orally'', or by the use of ''gestures'' (as in the case of sign language), from one language to another. Although interpreting can be considered a subcategory of translation as far as the analysis of the processes involved is concerned (translation studies), in practice the talents required for these two activities are quite different. ==Translation process== The translation process, whether it be for translation or interpreting, can be described simply as: # Decoding the meaning of the source text, and # Re-encoding this meaning in the target language. To decode the meaning of a text the translator must first identify its component "translation unit", that is to say the segments of the text to be treated as a cognitive unit. A translation unit may be a word, a phrase or even one or more Sentence (linguistics)s. Behind this seemingly simple procedure lies a complex cognitive operation. To decode the complete meaning of the source text, the translator must consciously and methodically interpret and analyse all its features. This process requires thorough knowledge of the grammar, semantics, syntax, idioms and the like of the source language, as well as the culture of its speakers. The translator needs the same in-depth knowledge to re-encode the meaning in the target language. In fact, often translators' knowledge of the target language is more important, and needs to be deeper, than their knowledge of the source language. For this reason, most translators translate into a language of which they are native speakers. In addition, knowledge of the subject matter being discussed is essential. In recent years studies in cognitive linguistics have been able to provide valuable insights into the cognitive process of translation. ==Measuring success in translation== As the goal of translation is to ensure that the source and the target texts communicate the same message while taking into account the various constraints placed on the translator, a successful translation can be judged by two criteria: # ''Faithfulness'', also called ''fidelity'', which is the extent to which the translation accurately renders the meaning of the source text, without adding to it or subtracting from it, and without intensifying or weakening any part of the meaning; and # ''Transparency'', which is the extent to which the translation appears to a native speaker of the target language to have originally been written in that language, and conforms to the language's grammatical, syntactic and idiomatic conventions. A translation meeting the first criterion is said to be a "faithful translation"; a translation meeting the second criterion is said to be an "idiomatic translation". The criteria used to judge the faithfulness of a translation vary according to the subject, the precision of the original contents, the type, function and use of the text, its literary qualities, its social or historical context, and so forth. The criteria for judging the transparency of a translation would appear more straightforward: an unidiomatic translation "sounds" wrong, and in the extreme case of word-for-word translations generated by many machine translation systems, often result in patent nonsense. Nevertheless, in certain contexts a translator may knowingly strive to produce a literal translation. For example, literary translators and translators of religious works often adhere to the source text as much as possible. To do this they deliberately "stretch" the boundaries of the target language to produce an unidiomatic text. Likewise, a literary translator may wish to adopt words or expressions from the source language to provide "local colour" in the translation. The concepts of ''fidelity'' and ''transparency'' are looked at differently in recent translation theories. The idea that acceptable translations can be as creative and original as their source text is gaining momentum in some quarters. The concepts of ''fidelity'' and ''transparency'' remain strong in Western traditions, however. They are not necessarily as prevalent in non-Western traditions. For example, the Indian epic ''Ramayana'' has numerous versions in many Languages of India and the stories in each are different from one another. If one looks into the words used for translation in Indian (either Aryan or Dravidian) languages, the freedom given to the translators is evident. ==Translation problems== ===General problems=== Translation is inherently a difficult activity. Translators can face additional problems which make the process even more difficult, such as: *Problems with the source text: **Changes made to the text during the translation process **Illegible text **Misspelt text **Incomplete text **Poorly written text **Missing references in the text (e.g. the translator is to translate captions to missing photos) *Language problems **Dialect terms and neologisms **Unexplained acronyms and abbreviations **Obscure jargon *Other **Rhymes, puns and Meter (poetry). **Highly specific cultural references ===The problem of "untranslatability"=== ''See also full article: Untranslatability .'' The question of whether particular words are untranslatability is often debated, with lists of "untranslatable" words being produced from time to time. These lists often include words such as ''saudade'', a Portuguese language word (also used in Spanish language) as an example of an "untranslatable". It translates quite neatly however as "sorrowful longing", but does have some nuances that are hard to include in a translation; for instance, it is a positive-valued concept, a subtlety which is not clear in this basic translation. Some words are hard to translate only if one wishes to remain in the same grammatical category. For example, it is hard to find a noun corresponding to the Russian language почемучка (''pochemuchka'') or the Yiddish שלימזל (''shlimazl''), but the English language adjectives "inquisitive" and "jinxed" correspond just fine. Linguists are naturally enthusiastic about obscure words with local flavour, and are wont to declare them "untranslatable", but in reality these incredibly culture-laden terms are the easiest of all to translate, even more so than universal concepts such as "mother". This is because it is standard practice to translate these words by the same word in the other language, borrowing it for the first time if necessary. For example, an English version of a menu in a French restaurant would rarely translate ''pt de foie gras'' as "fat liver paste", although this is a good description. Instead, the accepted translation is simply ''pt de foie gras'', or, at most, ''foie gras pt''. In some cases, only transcription is required: Japanese 山葵 translates into English as wasabi. A short description or parallel with a familiar concept is also often acceptable: わさび may also be translated as "Japanese horseradish" or "Japanese mustard". The more obscure and specific to a culture the term is, the simpler it is to translate. For example, the name of an insignificant settlement such as Euroa in Australia is automatically just "Euroa" in every language in the world that uses the Roman alphabet, whilst it takes some knowledge to be aware that Saragossa is ''Zaragoza'', ''Saragosse'', etc. or that China is 中国, ''Cina'', ''Chine'', and so forth. ===The problem of common words=== The words that are truly difficult to translate are often the small, common words. For example, the verb "to get" in all its various uses covers nearly seven columns of the most recent version of the ''Robert-Collins'' French-English dictionary. The same is true for most apparently simple, common words, such as "go" (seven columns), "come" (four and a half columns), and so forth. Cultural aspects can complicate translation. Consider the example of a word like "bread". At first glance, it is a very simple word, referring in everyday use to just one thing, with obvious translations in other languages. But ask people from England, France or China to describe or draw "bread", ''du pain'' or 包 (''bāo''), and they will describe different things, based on their individual cultures. Differing levels of precision inherent in a language also play a role. What does "there" mean? Even discounting idiomatic uses such as "there, there, don't cry", we can be confronted by several possibilities. If something is "there" but not very far away, a Spaniard will say ''ah''; if it is further away he or she will say ''all'', unless there are connotations of "near there", "over yonder" or "on that side", in which case the word is likely to be ''all''. Conversely, in colloquial French, all three "there" concepts plus the concept of "here" all tend to be expressed with the word ''l''. Expressions may also exist in one language which refer to concepts that don't exist in another language. For example, the French language "tutoyer"' and "vouvoyer" would both be translated into English as "to address as 'you'", since the singular informal second person pronoun is archaic in English. The problem often lies in failure to distinguish between translation and glossing. Glossing is what a glossary does: give a short (usually one-word) equivalent for each term. Translation, as explained above, is decoding meaning and intent at the text level (not the word level or even sentence level) and then re-encoding them in a target language. Words like ''saudade'' and שלימזל are hard to "gloss" into a single other word, but given two or more words they can be perfectly adequately "translated". Similarly, depending on the context, the meaning of the French word "tutoyer", or Spanish "tutear", could be translated as "to be on first name terms with". "Bread" has perhaps a better claim to being untranslatable, since even if we resort to saying "French bread", "Chinese bread", "Algerian bread", etc. we are relying on our audience knowing what these are like. ==Specialised types of translation== Any type of written text can be a candidate for translation, however, the translation industry is often categorised by a number of areas of specialisation. Each specialisation has its own challenges and difficulties. An incomplete list of these specialised types of translation includes: ===Administrative translation=== The translation of administration. ===Commercial translation=== The translation of commercial (business) texts. ===Computer translation=== The translation of computer programs and related documents (manuals, help files, web sites.) The notion of internationalization and localization, that is the adaptation of the translation to the target language and culture, is gaining prevalence in this area of specialisation. (Note that the term "computer translation" is sometimes used to refer to the practice of machine translation, using computers to automatically translate texts.) ===Economic translation=== The translation of texts in the fields of economics. ===Financial translation=== The translation of texts of a finance nature. ===General translation=== The translation of "general" texts. In practice, few texts are really "general"; most fall into a specialisation but are not seen as such. ===Legal translation=== ''See also full article: Legal translation.'' The translation of legal documents (laws, contracts, treaty, etc.). A skilled legal translator is normally as adept at the law (often with in-depth legal training) as with translation, since inaccuracies in legal translations can have serious results. (One example of problematic translation is the Treaty of Waitangi, where the English language and Maori language versions differ in certain important areas.) Sometimes, to prevent such problems, one language will be declared authoritative, with the translations not being considered legally binding, although in many cases this is not possible, as one party does not want to be seen as subservient to the other. ===Literary translation=== The translation of literature (novels, short story, theatre, poetry, etc.) If the translation of non-literary works is regarded as a skill, the translation of fiction and poetry is much more of an art. In multilingual countries such as Canada, translation is often considered a literary pursuit in its own right. Figures such as Sheila Fischman, Robert Dickson (writer) and Linda Gaboriau are notable in Canadian literature ''specifically'' as translators, and the Governor General's Awards present prizes for the year's best English-to-French and French-to-English literary translations with the same standing as more conventional literary awards. Writers such as Vladimir Nabokov have also made a name for themselves as literary translators. Many consider poetry the most difficult genre to translate, given the difficulty in rendering both the form and the content in the target language. In 1974 the American poet James Merrill wrote a poem, "Lost in Translation (poem)," which in part explores this subject. This question was also explored in Douglas Hofstadter's 1997 book, ''Le Ton beau de Marot''. ===Medical translation=== The translation of works of a medicine. Like pharmaceutical translation, medical translation is specialisation where a mistranslation can have grave consequences. ===Pedagogical translation=== Translation practised as a means of learning a second language. Pedagogical translation is used to enrich (and to assess) the student's vocabulary in the second language, to help assimilate new syntax and to verify the student's understanding. Unlike other types of translation, pedagogical translation takes place in the student's native language (or dominant language) language as well as the second language. That is to say that the student will translate both to and from the second language. Another difference between this mode of translation and other modes is that the goal is often literal translation of phrases taken out of context, and of text fragments, which may be completed fabricated for the purposes of the exercise. Pedagogical translation should not be confused with scholarly translation. ===Pharmaceutical translation=== The translation of works in the pharmaceutics. Like medical translation, pharmaceutical translation is specialisation where a mistranslation can have grave consequences. ===Scientific translation=== The translation of scientific texts. ===Scholarly translation=== The translation of specialised texts written in an academic environment. Scholarly translation should not be confused with pedagogical translation. ===Technical translation=== The translation of technical texts (manuals, instructions, etc.). More specifically, texts that contain a high amount of jargon, for example words or expressions that are used (almost) only within a specific field, or that describe that field in a great deal of detail. ==History== ===Translation of religious texts=== The translation of religious works has played an important role in world history. For instance the Buddhist monks who translated the Indian sutras into the Chinese language would often skew the translation to better adapt to China's very different culture. Thus notions such as filial piety were stressed. The translation of the Christianity Bible has long been of great import. St. Jerome, the patron saint of translation, is still considered one of the greatest translators in history for his work on translating the Bible into Latin. The Catholic Church used this translation (known as the Vulgate) for centuries, but even his translation met much controversy when it was released. The Protestant Reformation saw the translation of the Bible into the local languages of Europe, an act condemned by the Catholic Church and one that had a great impact on the split between Protestantism and Catholicism. Martin Luther's Bible in German language and the King James Bible in English had immense impacts on the religion, culture, and language of those countries. See also: Bible translations ==Trends in translation== ===Machine translation=== ''See also full article: Machine translation''. Machine translation (MT) is a form of translation where a computer program analyses the source text and produces a target text without human intervention. In recent years machine translation, a major goal of natural language processing, has met with limited success. Most machine translation is such involves some human intervention, as it requires a pre-editing and a post-editing phase. Note that in machine translation, the translator supports the machine. Tools available on the Internet, such as Alta Vista's Babel Fish, and low-cost translation programs, have brought machine translation technologies to a large public. These tools produce what is called a "gisting translation"—a rough translation that gives the "gist" of the source text, but is not otherwise usable. However, in fields with highly limited ranges of vocabulary and simple sentence structure, for example meteorology, machine translation can deliver useful results. ===Computer-assisted translation=== ''See also full article: Computer-assisted translation.'' Computer-assisted translation (CAT), also called computer-aided translation, is a form of translation where a human translator creates a target text with the assistance of a computer program. Note that in computer-assisted translation, the machine supports the translator. Computer-assisted translation can be seen to include standard dictionary and grammar software; however, the term is normally used to refer to a range of specialised programs available for the translator. For example, translation memory (TM) programs store and align previously translated source texts and their equivalent target texts in a database. They split the source text into manageable units known as "segments." Typically, each sentence of the source text is considered a segment, although texts are sometimes segmented into paragraphs instead of sentences. As the translator works through a document, the translation memory displays a source segment and a previous translation for re-use, if such a previous translation exists, or prompts the translator to enter a new translation. After the translation for a segment is completed, the program stores the new translation and moves onto the next segment. The translation memory, in principle, is a simple database with a pair of entries for each segment: an entry for the source segment and the corresponding entry for the segment translation provided by the translator. ===Cultural translation=== This is a new area of interest in the field of translation studies. Cultural translation is a concept used in cultural study to denote the process of transformation, linguistic or otherwise, in a given culture. The concept uses linguistic translation as a tool or metaphor in analysing the nature of transformation in cultures. For example, ethnography is considered a translated narrative of an abstract living culture. ==Criticism of translation== From time to time, criticism can be made of the act of translation. One such criticism is the lack of "coherence" in translation. The criticism can be stated as follows. If a story originally written in English, and taking place in an English speaking country, is translated into French, for example, it can lose its logic because of sentences like "Do you speak English?" The critic asks what the translation should be. "Parlez-vous anglais?" or "Parlez-vous franais?". According to this criticism, the answer will be self-contradictory. If the answer to the question were yes, for the first translation this would mean something like, "Yes I speak a language you are not using and that is absolutely irrelevant". For the second translation it would mean "Yes, this is an English speaking country, and yet everyone, including myself, is speaking French." The gist of this criticism that one of the main rules in translation is to "keep the context", and that the language of the document is itself the heart of the context. This criticism can be rebutted in several ways. First, this kind of situation arises rarely in real-world translations. When it does, the translator can use techniques to avoid the problem by, for example, translating "Do you speak English?" by "Do you speak my language?" or "Do you understand what I say?" Another point is that a French-speaking reader who is reading a book written by, say, Agatha Christie describing a murder in an English stately home, most likely realises that the characters were speaking English in the original. Another criticism is of a more philosophy nature. It claims that translation can be described as writing what you have read in another language. The question arises whether the reader can know whether the translator understands the original author perfectly. While this is the translator's job, it is the author who is praised for the work; but can a translation of Isaac Asimov be considered as Asimov's work? According to this criticism, translation could even be seen as "legal plagiarism”. Translations can be quite different from the original: for instance, the name of Zaphod Beeblebrox in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams was translated into French Jean Bonnefoiy as Zaphod Beeblebrox. While this is not a huge difference, it is there. Adams may not have been completely happy with this change, and it is by a series of such small changes that a translation becomes an adaptation, according to this criticism. This is a long-time complaint of translation, that is expressed in the Italian language expression ''Traduttore, traditore''—every translation is a betrayal. On the other hand, rarely is a work of fiction translated without a negotiation as to rights, and many an author will be happy to put aside reservations about the names of characters for the opportunity to increase his readership. ==See also== * Computer-assisted translation (CAT) * Cultural identity * Dubbing (filmmaking) * Fan translation * Scanlation * Fansub * Legal translation * List of translators * Machine translation (MT) * Parallel translation * Subtitling * Terminology * Translation theory: **Walter Benjamin **Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis * Untranslatability ==References== *''Nimrod's Sin: Treason and Translation in a Multilingual World'' edited by Norman Simms (1983). *''Translation: agent of communication'' guest-edited by Marilyn Gaddis Rose (a special issue of ''Pacific Moana Quarterly'', 5:1) (1980). *''Translation Review''. *''Towards a Theory of Constraints in Translation'' by Ali Darwish (www.at-turjuman.com) (1999). == External links == ===About translation=== * [http://www.multilingualwebmaster.com/library/puns_translation.html On the Relative (Un)translatability of Puns] * [http://germantranslator.blogs.com The German-English Translator Blog - Everything you ever wanted to know about translation and interpreting] * [http://accurapid.com/journal/ Translation Journal] ===Translation of Hungarian literary works into English=== * [http://translations.bookfinder.hu/indexa.htm A data base and opportunities] ===Translators=== * [http://www.babelfish.org/ List of internet translators] * [http://translation.langenberg.com/ Internet Language Translation -- English, French, German, Danish, Spanish, Finnish, Czech & Italian] * [http://translationbooth.com/ Internet Language Translation -- 900 most popular languages] * [http://www.proz.com ProZ.com - Online Directory of Translators] ===Translation tools=== * [http://www.translation3000.com/tools/templates_instructions.htm Invoice Templates for Translators] * [http://www.catcount.com Computer Assisted Translation Tool for Easy Wordcount] ===Wikipedia and translation=== * Wikipedia Translation—project to aid translation of articles in foreign Wikipedias into English. Sign up at Wikipedia:Translators available, or view a list of pending translations at Wikipedia:Translation into English. * A proposal on how Wikipedia can have an effect on Meta:Wiki Poetry Translation. Communication Linguistics Translation simple:Translation zh-cn:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91 zh-tw:翻譯
Since no one seems to be bothered that no link is included here to the term "meaning", a key issue in translation, may I shout that you should have it here. Having done that, you should then soon find out that meaning is not sasisfactorily defined from a translator's point of view, neither is it properly defined by linguists, by the way, not around here and there and everywhere anyway. Without claiming to know "the answer" may I suggest that you relate it to recursion, a mathematical term as well, which reveals the true nature of the process embedded in various layers of cognitive cience crap. In any case, no linguist is brave enough to relate his/her field of study/principle to subjects covering more materialistic processes in/aspects of life, because s/he would soon find themselves arriving at moral dilemmas, like a photographer witnessing drama in the street and hesitating between taking a picture or rescuing a victim. It may also take you to read John Ciardi' book: Good words for you (Harper and Row, 1987), especially page xix in the foreword where his poem, The Project is found. Recursion explains why, as he puts it: "... How little we really know of how much we fail." User:Apogr 19:01, 12 Feb 2004 (UTC) Problems in/caused by translation (into Hungarian) Translation may also be deemed to be a mental process whereby on the input of a text in L1 you produce an output in L2, usually in writing. The process takes place under several constraints, such as to the purpose, time available, the translator's knowledge, the tools used and the format and media of the text, etc. If the idea is to produce, as a result of the translation process, a mutation of the original text (usually fiction) by complying with the rules of retaining the original format or genre, you create a piece of translation that is recognised as a works of art on its own rights. Therefore, such translations are a subject of literary criticism, rather than seeing it as an information technology product that may be judged on the grounds of properly delivering a particular code/message in terms of accuracy, timeliness, completeness, reliability and authenticity. Most translations from English concern announcements, news and reports on facts, policies, novelties and innovations that may not have their equivalent wording readily available in the target language and thus they have to be created on an ad hoc basis. Since the totality of translation works is done in an unsystematic and uncoordinated fashion, despite various modern CAT tools that emphasise the importance of shared glossaries and dictionaries, the resulting condition is that L2, the target language is going through an unwanted and uneven transformation in terms of spelling, vocabulary, grammar and usage. Translation business in Hungary is up for grab and the works may be done by numerous, linguistically unqualified people who may not be aware of the problems of non-compliance with the rules of their native tongue. This may be understood better, if you consider that translation is not a listed profession in the Hungarian DOT, and localisation is another sign of not taking the issue seriously. In localisation the efforts made to sell the product abroad dominate the process, making self-defensive linguistic considerations thereby a low priority only. == comment == see also translation memory, comment. Good editing job done! thank you: originator apogr insert: localisation has been with us for a long time. It refelects the basic fact that translation is done under a number of constraints, some of which are difficult to resolve. Remember that the titles of movie films, the tranlation of poems, etc. are all examples of localisation, whereas the translation of software components, including on-screen instructions, user manuals, program specifications, etc., pose new constraints due to the economy on space of writing in the source language and the cut on the occurence of repeated phrases. In contrast to the original defintion and wording of the concept of translation above, I am more inclined to describe this activity at the highest level of abstraction as an activity akin to copying, an other important and universal operation, with the difference that here the resulting copy deemed to be equivalent to the original has no resemblance to the original, yet believed to be equivalent for use in lieu of the source (primarily text) on the agreement by people that have sufficient insigth into and undersatnding of the universes of both languages. User:Apogr 09:31, 9 Jan 2004 (UTC) " Computer and video games usually have Japanese as the source language and English as the target language." seems to be pretty centered around english speakers. It seems likely to me, that more people play computer games translated from English than from Japanase. Generally I think that sentence doesn't belong there -- User:Fuqnbastard 14:46, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC) == miscellaneous == This strikes me as needlessly snarky:User:Aranel/Sarah\")">User:Aranel|User:Aranel (\"User:Aranel/Sarah\") 17:13, 11 Sep 2004 (UTC)
== Removed Links==
I have removed the following links as they are in my opinion redundant (be bold!). My reasons are listed. If you think the reasoning is invalid or irrelevant then by all means re-instate the link, but I would appreciate if you could justify it here... --User:HappyDog 01:55, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)
* [http://www.translationtown.com Translation Services] — A portal for translators and people looking for resources in translation.
*: This is advertising, and not relevant to the article.
* [http://babelfish.altavista.com The Altavista Babelfish], online machine translation software
*: This is one of the links in 'list of on-line translation resources'
* [http://www.google.com/language_tools?hl=en Google language tools]
*: One of the items on the page is a translator, but we already have a list of on-line translators. Rest of page is Google-specific (e.g. view site in other languages)
* [http://www.translate.org.za/ Open Source translation tools for South African languages]
*: This doesn't seem relevant, particularly on an English language site.
* [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/translation-english/ Translation Dictionaries]
*: A hard-to-navigate site that has no instructions. I don't think we should link here even if it's relevant. Too confusing.
* [http://www.online-dictionary.biz Online dictionary] of English and 7 other European and Asian languages
*: Seems too specific to include in the article. This is one of the borderline cases though. At the moment it might be useful, but a list of on-line dictionaries would be better and fairer.
The following links I have left. I have included them below, along with my reasoning.
* [http://www.babelfish.org/ List of internet translators]
*: A more complete list would be better, but until then this gives a good selection of translation resources to the reader.
* [http://translation.langenberg.com/ Internet Language Translation -- English, French, German, Danish, Spanish, Finnish, Czech & Italian]
*: This appears to be a meta-page which uses other translation engines. Very useful, though a better title could probably be found. Can this replace the first entry? Or is it favouring one site too much?
* [http://www.accurapid.com/journal Translation Journal]
*: One for professional translators, I think. Don't know whether to keep or not, but have left for now.
* [http://www.multilingualwebmaster.com/library/puns_translation.html On the Relative (Un)translatability of Puns]
*: An article about translation. Quite appropriate to an article on translation. Could do with some more examples like this.
* [http://www.proz.com/ Directory of Translation Agencies & Freelance Translators]
*: Can't tell if this is a commercial site or not. If it is a directory of translators and agencies it may have a place here.
* Wikipedia Translation — project to aid translation of articles in foreign Wikipedias into English. Sign up at Wikipedia:Translators available, or view a list of pending translations at Wikipedia:Translation into English.
*: Useful to get people involved with translating Wikipedia.
== Untranslatable words ==
It's rather disingenuous to fall back on word borrowing in an attempt to show that difficult-to-translate words can often be easily translated. The article additionally seems to have forgotten the criteria it set in the previous section, namely ''fidelity'' and ''transparency'' — ''pt de foie gras'' meets neither of these. The argument that this is better than "inflamed liver paste" is a strawman: nobody would present the latter as an accurate translation. --[[User:Eequor|η">User:Eequor[ υωρ]]] 01:06, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)
: I also wonder why it was translated as "inflamed", which seems to have little to do with either the product or the French name. I have changed it to "fat liver paste", in the hopes that someone later will try to fit in better with the explanation. I do think it's useful, however, to indicate that the names of typically foreign items are usually not translated. User:Lesgles 18:03, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
#REDIRECT Wikipedia:Translation_into_English
#REDIRECT Wikipedia_talk:Translation_into_English
{| class="Talk-Notice" |align="center"|This article should be [{{localurl:|action=edit}} translated] (or additional material should be added) from material at {}. Translation requests |}
Articles dealing with translation, interpreting and related fields. Linguistics
I don't see the point of this template. We have a good process for requesting translation in place at Wikipedia:Translation into English. What does this template add to it? At the very least, can't we somehow integrate the two? -- User:Jmabel 22:05, Aug 30, 2004 (UTC) :I'm concerned by the statement that untranslated articles will be deleted within a week. This template is for articles currently located on a server for a different language but not on ''en:''. Freely available text shouldn't be simply copied to ''en:'' without translation, but its existence ought to be noted somehow. A complaint on International Tibet Independence Movement was that there didn't appear to be any information about the subject, despite the presence of a language link. This template makes it clear that information is available, but simply in a different language. --[[User:Eequor|User:Eequor[ υωρ]]] 00:09, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC) I'm not suggesting that you integrate this with Wikipedia:Pages needing translation into English. I'm suggesting you integrate it with Wikipedia:Translation into English. -- User:Jmabel 03:42, Aug 31, 2004 (UTC) :Oh, I see! That page is much more useful. Thanks for adding the entry there. --[[User:Eequor|User:Eequor[ υωρ]]] 05:10, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC) I've changed the category and added explanatory text to the category pages. -- User:Jmabel 07:46, Sep 5, 2004 (UTC) This new version is not very useful either. Information only for editors should not appear in perfectly good articles. - User:SimonP 03:40, Oct 16, 2004 (UTC) :Well, we do something analogous with merge. I wouldn't mind seeing this gone: if you put it on VfD, I will not oppose, but I think at least this is less harmful than what it had originally. Frankly, I wish all of these requests would just get made at Wikipedia:Translation into English, because how the heck will the translators ever find these? I'm unaware of anyone monitoring the resulting category. -- User:Jmabel | User talk:Jmabel 05:40, Oct 16, 2004 (UTC) ::Remember that everything in the article namespace is for readers, not editors. Merge is important to readers as it tells them that more content is under available another title. However, almost every alternate language version of an article has some information that is not in the English version, and we already have interlanguage links for people who are interested. - User:SimonP 06:27, Oct 16, 2004 (UTC) :::As I said, I have no problem getting rid of it, but if you want to do so I suggest first pinging User:Eequor, who created the template in the first place. -- User:Jmabel | User talk:Jmabel 19:37, Oct 16, 2004 (UTC) ==A strong request== I am willing to live with this template despite my not finding it useful, but please use it on the talk page rather than the article page. But, really, I recommend adding an entry to Wikipedia:Translation into English rather than using this template. Translators monitor that page on their watchlists. Only by coincidence will a translator find this templated request. -- User:Jmabel | User talk:Jmabel 06:08, Oct 26, 2004 (UTC)
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
Words begining with Translation:
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Translation
Translation
Translation
Translation
Translation
Translation
Translation-invariant_metric
Translation-Lookaside_Buffer
Translation-lookaside_buffer
Translational_symmetry
Translationlang
Translations
Translations
Translations_from_the_Elvish
Translations_into_English
Translations_of_Gott_erhalte_Franz_den_Kaiser
Translations_of_Gott_erhalte_Franz_den_Kaiser
Translations_of_Lithuanian_administrative_divisions
Translations_of_Lithuanian_administrative_divisions
Translations_of_the_Koran
Translation_(biology)
Translation_(disambiguation)
Translation_(genetics)
Translation_(genetics)
Translation_(geometry)
Translation_(math)
Translation_(mathematics)
Translation_(maths)
Translation_(physics)
Translation_(rhetoric_device)
Translation_archive
Translation_Associations
Translation_Control_Entry
Translation_into_English
Translation_into_English
Translation_invariant_metric
Translation_Lookaside_Buffer
Translation_lookaside_buffer
Translation_made_by_Machine
Translation_matrix
Translation_memory
Translation_memory
Translation_memory_manager
Translation_of_the_Koran
Translation_of_the_Qur'an
Translation_of_the_Qur'an
Translation_of_the_Quran
Translation_of_the_week
Translation_operator
Translation_process
Translation_process
Translation_relay
Translation_relay
Translation_requests
Translation_studies
Translation_technology
Translation_unit
Translation
Translation is an activity comprising the interpretation of the meaning of a text in one language—the ''source text''—and the production of a new, equivalent text in another language—called the ''target text'', or the ''translation''. Traditionally, translation has been a human activity, although attempts have been made to automate and computerise the translation of natural language texts—machine translation—or to use computers as an aid to translation—computer-assisted translation. The goal of translation is to establish a relationship of ''equivalence'' between the source and the target texts (that is to say to ensure that both texts communicate the same message), while taking into account a number of constraints. These constraints include context, the rules of grammar of the source language, its writing conventions, its idioms and the like. ==Translation vs. interpreting== A distinction is made between translation, which consists of transferring ideas expressed in ''writing'' from one language to another, from interpreting, which consists of transferring ideas expressed ''orally'', or by the use of ''gestures'' (as in the case of sign language), from one language to another. Although interpreting can be considered a subcategory of translation as far as the analysis of the processes involved is concerned (translation studies), in practice the talents required for these two activities are quite different. ==Translation process== The translation process, whether it be for translation or interpreting, can be described simply as: # Decoding the meaning of the source text, and # Re-encoding this meaning in the target language. To decode the meaning of a text the translator must first identify its component "translation unit", that is to say the segments of the text to be treated as a cognitive unit. A translation unit may be a word, a phrase or even one or more Sentence (linguistics)s. Behind this seemingly simple procedure lies a complex cognitive operation. To decode the complete meaning of the source text, the translator must consciously and methodically interpret and analyse all its features. This process requires thorough knowledge of the grammar, semantics, syntax, idioms and the like of the source language, as well as the culture of its speakers. The translator needs the same in-depth knowledge to re-encode the meaning in the target language. In fact, often translators' knowledge of the target language is more important, and needs to be deeper, than their knowledge of the source language. For this reason, most translators translate into a language of which they are native speakers. In addition, knowledge of the subject matter being discussed is essential. In recent years studies in cognitive linguistics have been able to provide valuable insights into the cognitive process of translation. ==Measuring success in translation== As the goal of translation is to ensure that the source and the target texts communicate the same message while taking into account the various constraints placed on the translator, a successful translation can be judged by two criteria: # ''Faithfulness'', also called ''fidelity'', which is the extent to which the translation accurately renders the meaning of the source text, without adding to it or subtracting from it, and without intensifying or weakening any part of the meaning; and # ''Transparency'', which is the extent to which the translation appears to a native speaker of the target language to have originally been written in that language, and conforms to the language's grammatical, syntactic and idiomatic conventions. A translation meeting the first criterion is said to be a "faithful translation"; a translation meeting the second criterion is said to be an "idiomatic translation". The criteria used to judge the faithfulness of a translation vary according to the subject, the precision of the original contents, the type, function and use of the text, its literary qualities, its social or historical context, and so forth. The criteria for judging the transparency of a translation would appear more straightforward: an unidiomatic translation "sounds" wrong, and in the extreme case of word-for-word translations generated by many machine translation systems, often result in patent nonsense. Nevertheless, in certain contexts a translator may knowingly strive to produce a literal translation. For example, literary translators and translators of religious works often adhere to the source text as much as possible. To do this they deliberately "stretch" the boundaries of the target language to produce an unidiomatic text. Likewise, a literary translator may wish to adopt words or expressions from the source language to provide "local colour" in the translation. The concepts of ''fidelity'' and ''transparency'' are looked at differently in recent translation theories. The idea that acceptable translations can be as creative and original as their source text is gaining momentum in some quarters. The concepts of ''fidelity'' and ''transparency'' remain strong in Western traditions, however. They are not necessarily as prevalent in non-Western traditions. For example, the Indian epic ''Ramayana'' has numerous versions in many Languages of India and the stories in each are different from one another. If one looks into the words used for translation in Indian (either Aryan or Dravidian) languages, the freedom given to the translators is evident. ==Translation problems== ===General problems=== Translation is inherently a difficult activity. Translators can face additional problems which make the process even more difficult, such as: *Problems with the source text: **Changes made to the text during the translation process **Illegible text **Misspelt text **Incomplete text **Poorly written text **Missing references in the text (e.g. the translator is to translate captions to missing photos) *Language problems **Dialect terms and neologisms **Unexplained acronyms and abbreviations **Obscure jargon *Other **Rhymes, puns and Meter (poetry). **Highly specific cultural references ===The problem of "untranslatability"=== ''See also full article: Untranslatability .'' The question of whether particular words are untranslatability is often debated, with lists of "untranslatable" words being produced from time to time. These lists often include words such as ''saudade'', a Portuguese language word (also used in Spanish language) as an example of an "untranslatable". It translates quite neatly however as "sorrowful longing", but does have some nuances that are hard to include in a translation; for instance, it is a positive-valued concept, a subtlety which is not clear in this basic translation. Some words are hard to translate only if one wishes to remain in the same grammatical category. For example, it is hard to find a noun corresponding to the Russian language почемучка (''pochemuchka'') or the Yiddish שלימזל (''shlimazl''), but the English language adjectives "inquisitive" and "jinxed" correspond just fine. Linguists are naturally enthusiastic about obscure words with local flavour, and are wont to declare them "untranslatable", but in reality these incredibly culture-laden terms are the easiest of all to translate, even more so than universal concepts such as "mother". This is because it is standard practice to translate these words by the same word in the other language, borrowing it for the first time if necessary. For example, an English version of a menu in a French restaurant would rarely translate ''pt de foie gras'' as "fat liver paste", although this is a good description. Instead, the accepted translation is simply ''pt de foie gras'', or, at most, ''foie gras pt''. In some cases, only transcription is required: Japanese 山葵 translates into English as wasabi. A short description or parallel with a familiar concept is also often acceptable: わさび may also be translated as "Japanese horseradish" or "Japanese mustard". The more obscure and specific to a culture the term is, the simpler it is to translate. For example, the name of an insignificant settlement such as Euroa in Australia is automatically just "Euroa" in every language in the world that uses the Roman alphabet, whilst it takes some knowledge to be aware that Saragossa is ''Zaragoza'', ''Saragosse'', etc. or that China is 中国, ''Cina'', ''Chine'', and so forth. ===The problem of common words=== The words that are truly difficult to translate are often the small, common words. For example, the verb "to get" in all its various uses covers nearly seven columns of the most recent version of the ''Robert-Collins'' French-English dictionary. The same is true for most apparently simple, common words, such as "go" (seven columns), "come" (four and a half columns), and so forth. Cultural aspects can complicate translation. Consider the example of a word like "bread". At first glance, it is a very simple word, referring in everyday use to just one thing, with obvious translations in other languages. But ask people from England, France or China to describe or draw "bread", ''du pain'' or 包 (''bāo''), and they will describe different things, based on their individual cultures. Differing levels of precision inherent in a language also play a role. What does "there" mean? Even discounting idiomatic uses such as "there, there, don't cry", we can be confronted by several possibilities. If something is "there" but not very far away, a Spaniard will say ''ah''; if it is further away he or she will say ''all'', unless there are connotations of "near there", "over yonder" or "on that side", in which case the word is likely to be ''all''. Conversely, in colloquial French, all three "there" concepts plus the concept of "here" all tend to be expressed with the word ''l''. Expressions may also exist in one language which refer to concepts that don't exist in another language. For example, the French language "tutoyer"' and "vouvoyer" would both be translated into English as "to address as 'you'", since the singular informal second person pronoun is archaic in English. The problem often lies in failure to distinguish between translation and glossing. Glossing is what a glossary does: give a short (usually one-word) equivalent for each term. Translation, as explained above, is decoding meaning and intent at the text level (not the word level or even sentence level) and then re-encoding them in a target language. Words like ''saudade'' and שלימזל are hard to "gloss" into a single other word, but given two or more words they can be perfectly adequately "translated". Similarly, depending on the context, the meaning of the French word "tutoyer", or Spanish "tutear", could be translated as "to be on first name terms with". "Bread" has perhaps a better claim to being untranslatable, since even if we resort to saying "French bread", "Chinese bread", "Algerian bread", etc. we are relying on our audience knowing what these are like. ==Specialised types of translation== Any type of written text can be a candidate for translation, however, the translation industry is often categorised by a number of areas of specialisation. Each specialisation has its own challenges and difficulties. An incomplete list of these specialised types of translation includes: ===Administrative translation=== The translation of administration. ===Commercial translation=== The translation of commercial (business) texts. ===Computer translation=== The translation of computer programs and related documents (manuals, help files, web sites.) The notion of internationalization and localization, that is the adaptation of the translation to the target language and culture, is gaining prevalence in this area of specialisation. (Note that the term "computer translation" is sometimes used to refer to the practice of machine translation, using computers to automatically translate texts.) ===Economic translation=== The translation of texts in the fields of economics. ===Financial translation=== The translation of texts of a finance nature. ===General translation=== The translation of "general" texts. In practice, few texts are really "general"; most fall into a specialisation but are not seen as such. ===Legal translation=== ''See also full article: Legal translation.'' The translation of legal documents (laws, contracts, treaty, etc.). A skilled legal translator is normally as adept at the law (often with in-depth legal training) as with translation, since inaccuracies in legal translations can have serious results. (One example of problematic translation is the Treaty of Waitangi, where the English language and Maori language versions differ in certain important areas.) Sometimes, to prevent such problems, one language will be declared authoritative, with the translations not being considered legally binding, although in many cases this is not possible, as one party does not want to be seen as subservient to the other. ===Literary translation=== The translation of literature (novels, short story, theatre, poetry, etc.) If the translation of non-literary works is regarded as a skill, the translation of fiction and poetry is much more of an art. In multilingual countries such as Canada, translation is often considered a literary pursuit in its own right. Figures such as Sheila Fischman, Robert Dickson (writer) and Linda Gaboriau are notable in Canadian literature ''specifically'' as translators, and the Governor General's Awards present prizes for the year's best English-to-French and French-to-English literary translations with the same standing as more conventional literary awards. Writers such as Vladimir Nabokov have also made a name for themselves as literary translators. Many consider poetry the most difficult genre to translate, given the difficulty in rendering both the form and the content in the target language. In 1974 the American poet James Merrill wrote a poem, "Lost in Translation (poem)," which in part explores this subject. This question was also explored in Douglas Hofstadter's 1997 book, ''Le Ton beau de Marot''. ===Medical translation=== The translation of works of a medicine. Like pharmaceutical translation, medical translation is specialisation where a mistranslation can have grave consequences. ===Pedagogical translation=== Translation practised as a means of learning a second language. Pedagogical translation is used to enrich (and to assess) the student's vocabulary in the second language, to help assimilate new syntax and to verify the student's understanding. Unlike other types of translation, pedagogical translation takes place in the student's native language (or dominant language) language as well as the second language. That is to say that the student will translate both to and from the second language. Another difference between this mode of translation and other modes is that the goal is often literal translation of phrases taken out of context, and of text fragments, which may be completed fabricated for the purposes of the exercise. Pedagogical translation should not be confused with scholarly translation. ===Pharmaceutical translation=== The translation of works in the pharmaceutics. Like medical translation, pharmaceutical translation is specialisation where a mistranslation can have grave consequences. ===Scientific translation=== The translation of scientific texts. ===Scholarly translation=== The translation of specialised texts written in an academic environment. Scholarly translation should not be confused with pedagogical translation. ===Technical translation=== The translation of technical texts (manuals, instructions, etc.). More specifically, texts that contain a high amount of jargon, for example words or expressions that are used (almost) only within a specific field, or that describe that field in a great deal of detail. ==History== ===Translation of religious texts=== The translation of religious works has played an important role in world history. For instance the Buddhist monks who translated the Indian sutras into the Chinese language would often skew the translation to better adapt to China's very different culture. Thus notions such as filial piety were stressed. The translation of the Christianity Bible has long been of great import. St. Jerome, the patron saint of translation, is still considered one of the greatest translators in history for his work on translating the Bible into Latin. The Catholic Church used this translation (known as the Vulgate) for centuries, but even his translation met much controversy when it was released. The Protestant Reformation saw the translation of the Bible into the local languages of Europe, an act condemned by the Catholic Church and one that had a great impact on the split between Protestantism and Catholicism. Martin Luther's Bible in German language and the King James Bible in English had immense impacts on the religion, culture, and language of those countries. See also: Bible translations ==Trends in translation== ===Machine translation=== ''See also full article: Machine translation''. Machine translation (MT) is a form of translation where a computer program analyses the source text and produces a target text without human intervention. In recent years machine translation, a major goal of natural language processing, has met with limited success. Most machine translation is such involves some human intervention, as it requires a pre-editing and a post-editing phase. Note that in machine translation, the translator supports the machine. Tools available on the Internet, such as Alta Vista's Babel Fish, and low-cost translation programs, have brought machine translation technologies to a large public. These tools produce what is called a "gisting translation"—a rough translation that gives the "gist" of the source text, but is not otherwise usable. However, in fields with highly limited ranges of vocabulary and simple sentence structure, for example meteorology, machine translation can deliver useful results. ===Computer-assisted translation=== ''See also full article: Computer-assisted translation.'' Computer-assisted translation (CAT), also called computer-aided translation, is a form of translation where a human translator creates a target text with the assistance of a computer program. Note that in computer-assisted translation, the machine supports the translator. Computer-assisted translation can be seen to include standard dictionary and grammar software; however, the term is normally used to refer to a range of specialised programs available for the translator. For example, translation memory (TM) programs store and align previously translated source texts and their equivalent target texts in a database. They split the source text into manageable units known as "segments." Typically, each sentence of the source text is considered a segment, although texts are sometimes segmented into paragraphs instead of sentences. As the translator works through a document, the translation memory displays a source segment and a previous translation for re-use, if such a previous translation exists, or prompts the translator to enter a new translation. After the translation for a segment is completed, the program stores the new translation and moves onto the next segment. The translation memory, in principle, is a simple database with a pair of entries for each segment: an entry for the source segment and the corresponding entry for the segment translation provided by the translator. ===Cultural translation=== This is a new area of interest in the field of translation studies. Cultural translation is a concept used in cultural study to denote the process of transformation, linguistic or otherwise, in a given culture. The concept uses linguistic translation as a tool or metaphor in analysing the nature of transformation in cultures. For example, ethnography is considered a translated narrative of an abstract living culture. ==Criticism of translation== From time to time, criticism can be made of the act of translation. One such criticism is the lack of "coherence" in translation. The criticism can be stated as follows. If a story originally written in English, and taking place in an English speaking country, is translated into French, for example, it can lose its logic because of sentences like "Do you speak English?" The critic asks what the translation should be. "Parlez-vous anglais?" or "Parlez-vous franais?". According to this criticism, the answer will be self-contradictory. If the answer to the question were yes, for the first translation this would mean something like, "Yes I speak a language you are not using and that is absolutely irrelevant". For the second translation it would mean "Yes, this is an English speaking country, and yet everyone, including myself, is speaking French." The gist of this criticism that one of the main rules in translation is to "keep the context", and that the language of the document is itself the heart of the context. This criticism can be rebutted in several ways. First, this kind of situation arises rarely in real-world translations. When it does, the translator can use techniques to avoid the problem by, for example, translating "Do you speak English?" by "Do you speak my language?" or "Do you understand what I say?" Another point is that a French-speaking reader who is reading a book written by, say, Agatha Christie describing a murder in an English stately home, most likely realises that the characters were speaking English in the original. Another criticism is of a more philosophy nature. It claims that translation can be described as writing what you have read in another language. The question arises whether the reader can know whether the translator understands the original author perfectly. While this is the translator's job, it is the author who is praised for the work; but can a translation of Isaac Asimov be considered as Asimov's work? According to this criticism, translation could even be seen as "legal plagiarism”. Translations can be quite different from the original: for instance, the name of Zaphod Beeblebrox in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams was translated into French Jean Bonnefoiy as Zaphod Beeblebrox. While this is not a huge difference, it is there. Adams may not have been completely happy with this change, and it is by a series of such small changes that a translation becomes an adaptation, according to this criticism. This is a long-time complaint of translation, that is expressed in the Italian language expression ''Traduttore, traditore''—every translation is a betrayal. On the other hand, rarely is a work of fiction translated without a negotiation as to rights, and many an author will be happy to put aside reservations about the names of characters for the opportunity to increase his readership. ==See also== * Computer-assisted translation (CAT) * Cultural identity * Dubbing (filmmaking) * Fan translation * Scanlation * Fansub * Legal translation * List of translators * Machine translation (MT) * Parallel translation * Subtitling * Terminology * Translation theory: **Walter Benjamin **Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis * Untranslatability ==References== *''Nimrod's Sin: Treason and Translation in a Multilingual World'' edited by Norman Simms (1983). *''Translation: agent of communication'' guest-edited by Marilyn Gaddis Rose (a special issue of ''Pacific Moana Quarterly'', 5:1) (1980). *''Translation Review''. *''Towards a Theory of Constraints in Translation'' by Ali Darwish (www.at-turjuman.com) (1999). == External links == ===About translation=== * [http://www.multilingualwebmaster.com/library/puns_translation.html On the Relative (Un)translatability of Puns] * [http://germantranslator.blogs.com The German-English Translator Blog - Everything you ever wanted to know about translation and interpreting] * [http://accurapid.com/journal/ Translation Journal] ===Translation of Hungarian literary works into English=== * [http://translations.bookfinder.hu/indexa.htm A data base and opportunities] ===Translators=== * [http://www.babelfish.org/ List of internet translators] * [http://translation.langenberg.com/ Internet Language Translation -- English, French, German, Danish, Spanish, Finnish, Czech & Italian] * [http://translationbooth.com/ Internet Language Translation -- 900 most popular languages] * [http://www.proz.com ProZ.com - Online Directory of Translators] ===Translation tools=== * [http://www.translation3000.com/tools/templates_instructions.htm Invoice Templates for Translators] * [http://www.catcount.com Computer Assisted Translation Tool for Easy Wordcount] ===Wikipedia and translation=== * Wikipedia Translation—project to aid translation of articles in foreign Wikipedias into English. Sign up at Wikipedia:Translators available, or view a list of pending translations at Wikipedia:Translation into English. * A proposal on how Wikipedia can have an effect on Meta:Wiki Poetry Translation. Communication Linguistics Translation simple:Translation zh-cn:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91 zh-tw:翻譯
Translation
Since no one seems to be bothered that no link is included here to the term "meaning", a key issue in translation, may I shout that you should have it here. Having done that, you should then soon find out that meaning is not sasisfactorily defined from a translator's point of view, neither is it properly defined by linguists, by the way, not around here and there and everywhere anyway. Without claiming to know "the answer" may I suggest that you relate it to recursion, a mathematical term as well, which reveals the true nature of the process embedded in various layers of cognitive cience crap. In any case, no linguist is brave enough to relate his/her field of study/principle to subjects covering more materialistic processes in/aspects of life, because s/he would soon find themselves arriving at moral dilemmas, like a photographer witnessing drama in the street and hesitating between taking a picture or rescuing a victim. It may also take you to read John Ciardi' book: Good words for you (Harper and Row, 1987), especially page xix in the foreword where his poem, The Project is found. Recursion explains why, as he puts it: "... How little we really know of how much we fail." User:Apogr 19:01, 12 Feb 2004 (UTC) Problems in/caused by translation (into Hungarian) Translation may also be deemed to be a mental process whereby on the input of a text in L1 you produce an output in L2, usually in writing. The process takes place under several constraints, such as to the purpose, time available, the translator's knowledge, the tools used and the format and media of the text, etc. If the idea is to produce, as a result of the translation process, a mutation of the original text (usually fiction) by complying with the rules of retaining the original format or genre, you create a piece of translation that is recognised as a works of art on its own rights. Therefore, such translations are a subject of literary criticism, rather than seeing it as an information technology product that may be judged on the grounds of properly delivering a particular code/message in terms of accuracy, timeliness, completeness, reliability and authenticity. Most translations from English concern announcements, news and reports on facts, policies, novelties and innovations that may not have their equivalent wording readily available in the target language and thus they have to be created on an ad hoc basis. Since the totality of translation works is done in an unsystematic and uncoordinated fashion, despite various modern CAT tools that emphasise the importance of shared glossaries and dictionaries, the resulting condition is that L2, the target language is going through an unwanted and uneven transformation in terms of spelling, vocabulary, grammar and usage. Translation business in Hungary is up for grab and the works may be done by numerous, linguistically unqualified people who may not be aware of the problems of non-compliance with the rules of their native tongue. This may be understood better, if you consider that translation is not a listed profession in the Hungarian DOT, and localisation is another sign of not taking the issue seriously. In localisation the efforts made to sell the product abroad dominate the process, making self-defensive linguistic considerations thereby a low priority only. == comment == see also translation memory, comment. Good editing job done! thank you: originator apogr insert: localisation has been with us for a long time. It refelects the basic fact that translation is done under a number of constraints, some of which are difficult to resolve. Remember that the titles of movie films, the tranlation of poems, etc. are all examples of localisation, whereas the translation of software components, including on-screen instructions, user manuals, program specifications, etc., pose new constraints due to the economy on space of writing in the source language and the cut on the occurence of repeated phrases. In contrast to the original defintion and wording of the concept of translation above, I am more inclined to describe this activity at the highest level of abstraction as an activity akin to copying, an other important and universal operation, with the difference that here the resulting copy deemed to be equivalent to the original has no resemblance to the original, yet believed to be equivalent for use in lieu of the source (primarily text) on the agreement by people that have sufficient insigth into and undersatnding of the universes of both languages. User:Apogr 09:31, 9 Jan 2004 (UTC) " Computer and video games usually have Japanese as the source language and English as the target language." seems to be pretty centered around english speakers. It seems likely to me, that more people play computer games translated from English than from Japanase. Generally I think that sentence doesn't belong there -- User:Fuqnbastard 14:46, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC) == miscellaneous == This strikes me as needlessly snarky:
the translation of literary works, which are characterized by more "artistic" pretensionsA friend who is an interpreter for the deaf educated me regarding a subtle problem with this phrasing:
a distinction is made between translation, where both the source and target texts are writtenBecause there can be sign-language translations of taped performances, which are in turn taped, he prefers "fixed text to fixed text" for translation. == placement of reference to fan translation == I found "fan translation" listed under the "see also" under "Translation of religious texts". I suspect that was a mistake, perhaps an artifact of an earlier version of the page. I wasn't sure where to put it, though, so I just stuck it under the main "see also" heading, since, as far as I know, no one really considers video games to be "religious texts" (although, come to think of it, I know some people who might appreciate the irony). --User:Aranel_(\"
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{| class="Talk-Notice" |align="center"|This article should be [{{localurl:|action=edit}} translated] (or additional material should be added) from material at {}. Translation requests |}
Translation
Articles dealing with translation, interpreting and related fields. Linguistics
Translation
I don't see the point of this template. We have a good process for requesting translation in place at Wikipedia:Translation into English. What does this template add to it? At the very least, can't we somehow integrate the two? -- User:Jmabel 22:05, Aug 30, 2004 (UTC) :I'm concerned by the statement that untranslated articles will be deleted within a week. This template is for articles currently located on a server for a different language but not on ''en:''. Freely available text shouldn't be simply copied to ''en:'' without translation, but its existence ought to be noted somehow. A complaint on International Tibet Independence Movement was that there didn't appear to be any information about the subject, despite the presence of a language link. This template makes it clear that information is available, but simply in a different language. --[[User:Eequor|User:Eequor[ υωρ]]] 00:09, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC) I'm not suggesting that you integrate this with Wikipedia:Pages needing translation into English. I'm suggesting you integrate it with Wikipedia:Translation into English. -- User:Jmabel 03:42, Aug 31, 2004 (UTC) :Oh, I see! That page is much more useful. Thanks for adding the entry there. --[[User:Eequor|User:Eequor[ υωρ]]] 05:10, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC) I've changed the category and added explanatory text to the category pages. -- User:Jmabel 07:46, Sep 5, 2004 (UTC) This new version is not very useful either. Information only for editors should not appear in perfectly good articles. - User:SimonP 03:40, Oct 16, 2004 (UTC) :Well, we do something analogous with merge. I wouldn't mind seeing this gone: if you put it on VfD, I will not oppose, but I think at least this is less harmful than what it had originally. Frankly, I wish all of these requests would just get made at Wikipedia:Translation into English, because how the heck will the translators ever find these? I'm unaware of anyone monitoring the resulting category. -- User:Jmabel | User talk:Jmabel 05:40, Oct 16, 2004 (UTC) ::Remember that everything in the article namespace is for readers, not editors. Merge is important to readers as it tells them that more content is under available another title. However, almost every alternate language version of an article has some information that is not in the English version, and we already have interlanguage links for people who are interested. - User:SimonP 06:27, Oct 16, 2004 (UTC) :::As I said, I have no problem getting rid of it, but if you want to do so I suggest first pinging User:Eequor, who created the template in the first place. -- User:Jmabel | User talk:Jmabel 19:37, Oct 16, 2004 (UTC) ==A strong request== I am willing to live with this template despite my not finding it useful, but please use it on the talk page rather than the article page. But, really, I recommend adding an entry to Wikipedia:Translation into English rather than using this template. Translators monitor that page on their watchlists. Only by coincidence will a translator find this templated request. -- User:Jmabel | User talk:Jmabel 06:08, Oct 26, 2004 (UTC)
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
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TA | TB | TC | TD | TE | TF | TG | TH | TI | TJ | TK | TL | TŁ | TM | TN | TO | TP | TR | TS | TU | TW | TX | TY | TZ |Words begining with Translation:
Translation
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Translations_into_English
Translations_of_Gott_erhalte_Franz_den_Kaiser
Translations_of_Gott_erhalte_Franz_den_Kaiser
Translations_of_Lithuanian_administrative_divisions
Translations_of_Lithuanian_administrative_divisions
Translations_of_the_Koran
Translation_(biology)
Translation_(disambiguation)
Translation_(genetics)
Translation_(genetics)
Translation_(geometry)
Translation_(math)
Translation_(mathematics)
Translation_(maths)
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Translation_archive
Translation_Associations
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Translation_into_English
Translation_into_English
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Translation_memory_manager
Translation_of_the_Koran
Translation_of_the_Qur'an
Translation_of_the_Qur'an
Translation_of_the_Quran
Translation_of_the_week
Translation_operator
Translation_process
Translation_process
Translation_relay
Translation_relay
Translation_requests
Translation_studies
Translation_technology
Translation_unit
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