The Togolese Republic is a country in West Africa, bordering Ghana in the west, Benin in the east and Burkina Faso in the north. In the south, it has a short Gulf of Guinea coast, on which the capital Lomé, Togo is located. {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+République Togolaise |- |- | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan="2" | {| border="0" style="text-align: center;" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" | width="130px" | | width="130px" | |- | (Flag of Togo) |} |- | align=center style="vertical-align: top;" colspan=2 | ''List of state mottos: Travail, Liberté, Patrie
(French language: Work, Liberty, Homeland)'' |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background: #ffffff;" | |- | Official language | French language |- | Capital | Lomé, Togo |- | List of Presidents of Togo | Faure Gnassingb |- | Heads of Government of Togo | Edem Kodjo |- | Area
- Total
- % water | List of countries by area
56,785 square kilometre
4.2 |- | Population
- Total
- Population density | List of countries by population
5,556,812 (2002)
98/km² |- | Independence
- Date | From France
April 27, 1960 |- | Currency | CFA franc |- | Time zone | Coordinated Universal Time |- | National anthem | ''Salut à toi, pays de nos aïeux'' (Hail to thee, land of our forefathers) |- | Top-level domain | .tg |- | List of country calling codes | 228 |} == History == ''Main Article: History of Togo'' No one is quite sure what was happening in Togo before the Portuguese arrived in the late 15th century. Various tribes moved into the country from all sides - the Ew from Nigeria and Benin and the Mina and Guin from Ghana. All of them settled on the coast. When the slave trade began in earnest in the 16th century, several of the tribes - especially the Mina - became agents for the European traders, travelling inland to buy slaves from the Kaby and other northern tribes. Denmark staked a claim on Togo in the 18th century, but in 1884, Germany signed a deal with a local king, Mlapa, and 'Togoland' became a German colony. The Germans brought scientific cultivation to the country's main export crops (cacao, coffee and cotton) and developed its infrastructure to the highest level in Africa. Still in 1914, Togo was occupied by French and British forces. Togo was split between the British and the French by League of Nations mandates after World War I ended in 1918. During the colonial period, the Mina grew in political and economic influence by virtue of their coastal position and long association with Europeans. The Ew, by contrast, were divided with the dissection of Togoland, and political groups on both sides began to agitate for reunification. Hopes for unity were dashed when British Togoland voted to be incorporated into Ghana, then on the brink of independence. After the expiration of the France-administered UN trusteeship on April 27, 1960, the French side declared its independence, with French Togoland becoming Togo. In 1963, Togo became the first country on the continent to experience a military coup following independence (Africa has averaged at least two a year since then, plus many more unsuccessful attempts). President Sylvanus Olympio, who took office as soon as Togo gained independence in 1960, was overthrown by 626 Togolese veterans of the French army. When Olympio refused to allow the veterans, many of whom had fought in Indochina and Algeria, to join Togo's army, they deposed him in a military coup on January 13, 1963. He was killed the next day, shot by Sgt. Etienne Eyadema. Olympio's brother-in-law, Nicolas Grunitzky, returned from exile and was put in charge, but he too was deposed in January 1967 by then Lt Colonel (later General) tienne Eyadma who became president. Since then, despite the faade of multiparty rule instituted in the early 1990s, the government continues to be dominated by the military, which has maintained its power continuously since 1967 and is loyal to Eyadma and his family. Eyadma set out to unify the country, insisting on one trade union confederation and one political party. After nearly losing his life in a plane crash that he (at least publicly) chalked up to an assassination attempt, Eyadma nationalised the country's phosphate mines and ordered all Togolese to take an African name. He renamed himself Gnassingb Eyadma. It was, however, only a perfunctory strike against colonialism: Togo remained heavily dependent on the West. From the late 1960s to 1980, Togo experienced a booming economy, built largely on its phosphate reserves, and Eyadma tried to mould the country into a traveller's and investor's paradise. His plans proved overly ambitious, and when the recession of the early 1980s hit and phosphate prices plummeted, Togo's economy fell into ruin. The government was plagued by numerous coup attempts. Eyadma himself fired many of the shots that killed 13 attackers in a 1986 coup. In the early 1990s, the international community began putting pressure on Eyadma to democratise, a notion he resisted with a few waves of his trademark iron fist. Pro-democracy activists - mainly southern Mina and Ew - were met with armed troops, killing scores of protesters in several clashes. The people of France and Togo were furious, and under their backlash Eyadma gave in. He was summarily stripped of all powers and made president in name only. An interim prime minister was elected to take over command, but not four months later his residence was shelled with heavy artillery by Eyadma's army. Their hardball tactics continued into 1993. Terror strikes against the independent press and political assassination attempts became commonplace, while the promised 'transition' to democracy came to a standstill. The opposition continued to call general strikes, leading to further violence by the army and the exodus of hundreds of thousands of southerners to Ghana and Benin. Using intimidation tactics and clever political machinations that disqualified one opposition party and caused another to refuse to participate, Eyadma won the 1993 presidential elections with more than 96% of the vote. In the years following, opposition parties have lost most of their steam and Eyadma's control has become almost as firm as before the crisis began. In August 1996, Prime Minister Edem Kodjo resigned, and the planning minister, Kwassi Klutse, was appointed prime minister. Eyadma won another five-year term in June 1998 with 52% of the vote, nearly being defeated by Gilchrist Olympio, son of Sylvanus Olympio. Later investigations revealed widespread human rights abuses. In 2002, in what critics called a 'constitutional coup', the national assembly voted unanimously to change the constitution and allow Eyadma to 'sacrifice himself again' and run for a third term during the 2003 presidential elections. The constitutional change eliminated presidential term limits. Meanwhile, Gilchrist Olympio's attempts to beat the man who overthrew his father were scuppered yet again when he was banned from running on a tax-law technicality. Despite allegations of electoral fraud, Eyadma won 57% of the votes in the 2003 elections, which international observers from the African Union described as generally free and transparent. For many Togolese, there was little optimism for the future and a prevailing sense of dj vu as Eyadma extended his record as Africa's longest-serving ruler. On February 5 2005, Eyadma died of a heart attack. Shortly afterwards, his son Faure Gnassingb was named by Togo's military as the country's leader, raising numerous eyebrows. The constitution of Togo declared that in the case of the president's death, the speaker of Parliament takes his place, and has 60 days to call new elections. However, on February 6th, Parliament retroactively changed the Constitution, declaring that Faure would hold office for the rest of his father's term, with elections deferred until 2008. The African Union described the takeover as a military coup d'tat. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4241001.stm] International pressure came also from the United Nations. Within Togo, opposition to the takeover culminated in riots in which four people died. In response, Gnassingb agreed to hold Togo presidential election, 2005 in April 2005. On February 25, Gnassingb resigned as president, soon after accepting nomination to run for the office in April. Parliament designated Deputy Speaker Bonfoh Abbass as interim president until the inauguration of the election winner. [http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/n/a/2005/02/25/international/i180735S60.DTL] On May 3, 2005, Gnassingb was sworn in as the new president garnering 60% of the vote according to official results. == Geography == ''Main article: Geography of Togo'' Togo is located in Western Africa. It is a small sub-Saharan nation. It borders the Bight of Benin in the south. Ghana lies to the west, Benin to the east. To the north Togo is bound by Burkina Faso. In the north the land is characterized by a gently rolling savannah in contrast to the centre of the country which is characterized by hills. The south of Togo is characterized by a plateau which reaches to a coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes. The land size is a little bit smaller than West Virginia with 21 927 mi2, with a density of 232 people/mi2. == Economy == ''Main article: Economy of Togo'' This small Sub-Saharan_Africa economy is heavily dependent on both commercial and subsistence agriculture, which provides employment for 65% of the labor force. Cocoa, coffee, and cotton together generate about 30% of export earnings. Togo is self-sufficient in basic foodstuffs when harvests are normal, with occasional regional supply difficulties. In the industrial sector, phosphate mining is by far the most important activity, although it has suffered from the collapse of world phosphate prices and increased foreign competition. Togo serves as a regional commercial and trade center. The government's decade-long effort, supported by the World Bank and the IMF, to implement economic reform measures, encourage foreign investment, and bring revenues in line with expenditures has stalled. Political unrest, including private and public sector strikes throughout 1992 and 1993, jeopardized the reform program, shrunk the tax base, and disrupted vital economic activity. The 12 January 1994 devaluation of the currency by 50% provided an important impetus to renewed structural adjustment; these efforts were facilitated by the end of strife in 1994 and a return to overt political calm. Progress depends on following through on privatization, increased openness in government financial operations (to accommodate increased social service outlays), and possible downsizing of the military, on which the regime has depended to stay in place. Lack of aid, along with depressed cocoa prices, generated a 1% fall in GDP in 1998, with growth resuming in 1999. Assuming no deterioration of the political atmosphere, growth should rise to 5% a year in 2000 - 2001. == Politics == ''Main article: Politics of Togo'' Togo's transition to democracy is stalled. Its democratic institutions remain nascent and fragile. President Eyadéma, who ruled Togo under a one-party system for nearly 25 of his 37 years in power, died February 5, 2005. Under the constitution, the speaker of parliament, Fambar Ouattara Natchaba, should have become president, pending a new election. Nevertheless, the army announced that Eyadéma's son Faure Gnassingb, also known as Faure Eyadéma, who had been the communications minister, would succeed him. The stated justification was that Natchaba was out of the country. [http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1107659938613]. The government also moved to remove Natchaba as speaker [http://www.republicoftogo.com/fr/news/news.asp?rubID=4&srubID=75&themeID=1&newsID=9170] and replace him with Faure Gnassingbé, who was sworn in on February 7, 2005, despite the international criticism of the succession. [http://news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/afp/20050207/wl_afp/togopolitics_050207180309] Gnassingb resigned on February 25 after controversy erupted over his succession, and ran as a candidate for the presidency. On April 24, 2005, Gnassingb was elected president of Togo, receiving over 60% of the vote according to official results. See the History section of this article for details. == Culture == ''Main article: Culture of Togo'' ''See also:'' Music of Togo, List of African writers (by country)#Togo == See also == * Demographics of Togo * Communications in Togo * Transportation in Togo * Military of Togo * Foreign relations of Togo * List of cities in Togo * List of former German colonies == References == == External links == ===Government=== *[http://www.republicoftogo.com/ Republic of Togo] official site (French) *[http://www.assemblee-nationale.tg/ National Assembly of Togo] official site (French) ===News=== *[http://allafrica.com/togo/ AllAfrica.com - ''Togo''] news headline links *[http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/65/ IFEX - ''Togo''] alerts, news articles and dossiers ===Overviews=== *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1064470.stm BBC News Country Profile - ''Togo''] *[http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/to.html CIA World Factbook - ''Togo''] ===Directories=== *[http://search.looksmart.com/p/browse/us1/us317836/us317916/us559898/us559899/us10065674/us559960/ LookSmart - ''Togo''] directory category *[http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Togo/ Open Directory Project - ''Togo''] directory category *[http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/togo.html Stanford University - Africa South of the Sahara: ''Togo''] directory category *[http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Country_Specific/Togo.html University of Pennsylvania - African Studies Center: ''Togo''] directory category *[http://dir.yahoo.com/Regional/Countries/Togo/ Yahoo! - ''Togo''] directory category ===Tourism=== * Togo African Union member states Peace and Security Council ks:टोगो lv:Togo ms:Togo nds:Togo
Hello I am Tobias and I think I am fast turning into a Wikipedia Enthusiast! Here you can see one of my projects and my recent Photo: [http://www.vems-group.org/index.php?page=MembersPage/TobiasGogolin GoBox Electronic Motor controller] I like to think about the future of Massively_Parallel_Memory_Based_Computation and Computer_Architecture, Renewable_Energy and the potential of Human Consciousness. ==Cool stuff== *http://www.indymedia.org Open Source News *http://snipsnap.org/space/togo Snip Snap is a Java based Wiki Engine *http://www.multikulti.de/ World Music and News in German+14 Languages live from Berlin *http://www.inforadio.de/programm.php 27/7 News in German from Berlin *http://www.abc.net.au/radio/ News from Australia *http://www.free-codecs.com/download/Real_Alternative.htm Real Alternative *http://sourceforge.net/projects/guliverkli/ Media Player Classic ==My Own Opinion Articles== User:Togo/Holomovement ==Unverfied Quotes== "The narrow, no nonsense skeptic is every bit as naive as the breezy-brained New Age believer". -- Tom Robbins "Don't let your preoccupation with reality stifle your imagination" -- Robert A. Cassanova and Sharon M. Garrison of the NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts
''An event in this article is a MediaWiki:April 27 selected anniversaries'' (may be in HTML commment) ---- The History section has been vandalized and needs to be rolled back to the previous edit (22:46, 7 Feb 2005 4.28.136.225). I'd be more than happy to do it but I have now idea how to go about it. :Hmmm...I couldn't find that version, but I reverted the article. Hopefully I got the right version. Let me know if you need more help. Thanks! — User:Knowledge Seeker (User talk:Knowledge Seeker) 07:59, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC) The history could be better. e.g. "The Togolese...didn't appreciate some of Germany's tighter reins on their lives" is an odd way to put it. User:A-giau 19:55, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC) == Strange end to History == What's that thing after the ---- and what's it doing there? Thanx User:68.39.174.39 22:09, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC) :Well previously a user changed the entire history section to his own version. Another user reverted this but kept both versions (the old one and the user's one). The section below the line was longer before but I'm slowly integrating it into the main history article. If you can, please help me in integrating it in one history section, and later, cutting it down and moving some bits and pieces to the history section. --User:Bash 03:54, 5 May 2005 (UTC) ==Discrepency in population== I've checked [http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/to.html the World Factbook] and the [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1064470.stm BBC country profile] on Togo and we have an estimation of 5.1 million from the BBC and 5,681,519 from the factbook. I'm not sure where the 5.5 million figure placed in this article came from. The question is, which one do we use? --User:Bash 04:10, 5 May 2005 (UTC)
==Wikipedia:Welcome, newcomers to the Wikipedia== Here are some links I find useful *Wikipedia:Policy Library *Wikipedia:Cite your sources *Wikipedia:Verifiability *Wikipedia:Wikiquette *Wikipedia:Conflict resolution *Wikipedia:Brilliant prose *Wikipedia:Neutral point of view *Wikipedia:Pages needing attention *Wikipedia:Peer review *Wikipedia:Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense *Wikipedia:Village pump *Wikipedia:Boilerplate text Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, likes this:~~~~ .
Cheers, User:Sam Spade http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=User_talk:Sam_Spade&action=edit§ion=new Spade 06:09, 20 May 2004 (UTC)
==Iridology==
Its sad to observe that there are some very little open minded people not able to creatively compromise. This is why I am proposing a Wikipedia Voting System for Paragrphs that are the center of Posting Wars!
== Post-Roman christianity? ==
Hi, just wanted to query your edit to entheogen. My knowledge of history is terrible but from what I understand, e.g. from the Inquisition entry, is that the persecution of heresies began when Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire, and that nothing particular changed in the structure of the catholic church with the decline of the Empire, indeed even today it is still the "roman catholic church". So I don't really understand what you mean by your qualifying the setence with "post-Roman Christianity", would you mind explaining? User:Rkundalini 09:08, 4 Jun 2004 (UTC)
== Ensenada massacre reverts ==
Why do you keep removing the link to the Ensenada massacres? It is important to understand the situation on the ground in the city. Wikipedia should not be used as a travel brochure.
According to the ''Washington Post'' article:
"The Sept. 17, 1998, Ensenada massacre, with its unprecedented slaughter of women and children, is back on the minds of many people here because of a new wave of brutality by drug traffickers."
This information is important to those who want to learn about Ensenada.User:Salasks 00:59, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)
:Not at all! You could dig up some shit like that about any place and it is absolutely not typical for Ensenada. If you wanted to contribute something valuable about Ensenada it could be about the history, discovery, development or the Ex Hotel Riviera Pacifico. I will continue to remove your old news from the page because it is a freak occurence, however if you want you can place it on the discussion page... I don't mind it there User:Togo 06:32, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
I still think it's relevant. I posted the issue to Wikipedia:Village pump to see what the community thinks. User:Salasks 17:11, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)
==Many worlds==
Many worlds is quite different from possible worlds. Possible worlds is related to Modal logic. User:CSTAR 23:22, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
:How do you know that ? you don't have to excert your mental limit to be everybodies! After all we are talking about a 'see also' recommendation !User:Togo 23:32, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
:: Ola. No quiero crear un conflicto innecesario (porque creo que Ud tambien es Latinoamericano, como lo soy yo); No me opongo a que Ud incluya esto como link; sin embargo como dije anteriormente, "mundos posibles" es una idea totalment distinta a la nocion de la cual estamos hablando aqui! Pues,tambien esto es algo que he estudiado mucho. User:CSTAR 23:53, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
:::Pues quiz t falta entrar en las orillas de este mar. Espero que no me tratas diferente porque soy alemn! Saludos User:Togo 00:09, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
:::: No de manera diferente no. Pero en ese mar no entro! User:CSTAR 00:22, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
:::::Actually your allready in it, but you don't have to become conscious about it, thats true... User:Togo 02:58, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
==Holomovement → Implicate and Explicate Order==
I decided, rather than to have the holomovement article deleted outright, to be more sympathetic and do some research into the subject matter myself. I recently put together the Implicate and Explicate Order article which I think, and I also think most people would agree, discusses the subject to the extent desired of an encyclopedia article. Unless you object, I'll redirect the holomovement article to this one tomorrow at which point we can hopefully put this issue behind us. If you object to this course of action or you decide to edit my article in any way that I think damages it, we will be discussing the matter with an authority. –User:Floorsheim 11:20, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
:No I have no problem with your article. As long as you dont't redirect Holomovement! Holomovement brings in even more information and it will be even further improved. There is no reason to belive that Holomovement will not eventually evolve into a great Article! Congratulations on your decision to study the issue! Thats very progrssive and you know I'll take part of the credit for all great discoveries you may make ;^) User:Togo 18:12, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
Please make further comments on Talk:Holomovement as that's where the community will be discussing this issue. –User:Floorsheim 05:11, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
== Delete How to learn a language? ==
Hi! I would like to invite you to participate in the vote for deletion of the How to learn a language. (I am Not asking to keep or delete just vote) . Thanks--User:Jondel 07:48, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)
==three phase==
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Three-phase_electric_power&curid=38829&diff=0&oldid=0
im rather unsure of this edit. The new text just doesn't feel right to me i've never heared of the term "transfer point" used in such a context before and it is normal to refer to something as a source even if it is not the ultimate source.
== Categories on user pages ==
Would you mind deactivating the categories on your user pages? In particular, User:Togo/Holomovement has a couple of "live" categories that result in your page appearing in lists of articles. Categories can easily be deactivated by dropping a bracket or by adding a colon in front of the word "category". Thanks, -User:Willmcw 09:57, May 3, 2005 (UTC)
African countries Western Africa German colonies Former French colonies
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Togo
Togo
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Togo/Communications
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Togo/Geography
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Togo/History
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Togodumnus
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TOGoS
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Togouchi,_Hiroshima
Togou_Heihachirou
Togou_Heihatirou
Togoville
Togo_(disambiguation)
Togo_(disambiguation)
Togo_(dog)
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Togo_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics
Togo_D._West,_Jr.
Togo_fa
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Tog_Heihatir
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Togo_presidential_election,_2005
Togo_Shigenori
Togo
The Togolese Republic is a country in West Africa, bordering Ghana in the west, Benin in the east and Burkina Faso in the north. In the south, it has a short Gulf of Guinea coast, on which the capital Lomé, Togo is located. {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+République Togolaise |- |- | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan="2" | {| border="0" style="text-align: center;" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" | width="130px" | | width="130px" | |- | (Flag of Togo) |} |- | align=center style="vertical-align: top;" colspan=2 | ''List of state mottos: Travail, Liberté, Patrie
(French language: Work, Liberty, Homeland)'' |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background: #ffffff;" | |- | Official language | French language |- | Capital | Lomé, Togo |- | List of Presidents of Togo | Faure Gnassingb |- | Heads of Government of Togo | Edem Kodjo |- | Area
- Total
- % water | List of countries by area
56,785 square kilometre
4.2 |- | Population
- Total
- Population density | List of countries by population
5,556,812 (2002)
98/km² |- | Independence
- Date | From France
April 27, 1960 |- | Currency | CFA franc |- | Time zone | Coordinated Universal Time |- | National anthem | ''Salut à toi, pays de nos aïeux'' (Hail to thee, land of our forefathers) |- | Top-level domain | .tg |- | List of country calling codes | 228 |} == History == ''Main Article: History of Togo'' No one is quite sure what was happening in Togo before the Portuguese arrived in the late 15th century. Various tribes moved into the country from all sides - the Ew from Nigeria and Benin and the Mina and Guin from Ghana. All of them settled on the coast. When the slave trade began in earnest in the 16th century, several of the tribes - especially the Mina - became agents for the European traders, travelling inland to buy slaves from the Kaby and other northern tribes. Denmark staked a claim on Togo in the 18th century, but in 1884, Germany signed a deal with a local king, Mlapa, and 'Togoland' became a German colony. The Germans brought scientific cultivation to the country's main export crops (cacao, coffee and cotton) and developed its infrastructure to the highest level in Africa. Still in 1914, Togo was occupied by French and British forces. Togo was split between the British and the French by League of Nations mandates after World War I ended in 1918. During the colonial period, the Mina grew in political and economic influence by virtue of their coastal position and long association with Europeans. The Ew, by contrast, were divided with the dissection of Togoland, and political groups on both sides began to agitate for reunification. Hopes for unity were dashed when British Togoland voted to be incorporated into Ghana, then on the brink of independence. After the expiration of the France-administered UN trusteeship on April 27, 1960, the French side declared its independence, with French Togoland becoming Togo. In 1963, Togo became the first country on the continent to experience a military coup following independence (Africa has averaged at least two a year since then, plus many more unsuccessful attempts). President Sylvanus Olympio, who took office as soon as Togo gained independence in 1960, was overthrown by 626 Togolese veterans of the French army. When Olympio refused to allow the veterans, many of whom had fought in Indochina and Algeria, to join Togo's army, they deposed him in a military coup on January 13, 1963. He was killed the next day, shot by Sgt. Etienne Eyadema. Olympio's brother-in-law, Nicolas Grunitzky, returned from exile and was put in charge, but he too was deposed in January 1967 by then Lt Colonel (later General) tienne Eyadma who became president. Since then, despite the faade of multiparty rule instituted in the early 1990s, the government continues to be dominated by the military, which has maintained its power continuously since 1967 and is loyal to Eyadma and his family. Eyadma set out to unify the country, insisting on one trade union confederation and one political party. After nearly losing his life in a plane crash that he (at least publicly) chalked up to an assassination attempt, Eyadma nationalised the country's phosphate mines and ordered all Togolese to take an African name. He renamed himself Gnassingb Eyadma. It was, however, only a perfunctory strike against colonialism: Togo remained heavily dependent on the West. From the late 1960s to 1980, Togo experienced a booming economy, built largely on its phosphate reserves, and Eyadma tried to mould the country into a traveller's and investor's paradise. His plans proved overly ambitious, and when the recession of the early 1980s hit and phosphate prices plummeted, Togo's economy fell into ruin. The government was plagued by numerous coup attempts. Eyadma himself fired many of the shots that killed 13 attackers in a 1986 coup. In the early 1990s, the international community began putting pressure on Eyadma to democratise, a notion he resisted with a few waves of his trademark iron fist. Pro-democracy activists - mainly southern Mina and Ew - were met with armed troops, killing scores of protesters in several clashes. The people of France and Togo were furious, and under their backlash Eyadma gave in. He was summarily stripped of all powers and made president in name only. An interim prime minister was elected to take over command, but not four months later his residence was shelled with heavy artillery by Eyadma's army. Their hardball tactics continued into 1993. Terror strikes against the independent press and political assassination attempts became commonplace, while the promised 'transition' to democracy came to a standstill. The opposition continued to call general strikes, leading to further violence by the army and the exodus of hundreds of thousands of southerners to Ghana and Benin. Using intimidation tactics and clever political machinations that disqualified one opposition party and caused another to refuse to participate, Eyadma won the 1993 presidential elections with more than 96% of the vote. In the years following, opposition parties have lost most of their steam and Eyadma's control has become almost as firm as before the crisis began. In August 1996, Prime Minister Edem Kodjo resigned, and the planning minister, Kwassi Klutse, was appointed prime minister. Eyadma won another five-year term in June 1998 with 52% of the vote, nearly being defeated by Gilchrist Olympio, son of Sylvanus Olympio. Later investigations revealed widespread human rights abuses. In 2002, in what critics called a 'constitutional coup', the national assembly voted unanimously to change the constitution and allow Eyadma to 'sacrifice himself again' and run for a third term during the 2003 presidential elections. The constitutional change eliminated presidential term limits. Meanwhile, Gilchrist Olympio's attempts to beat the man who overthrew his father were scuppered yet again when he was banned from running on a tax-law technicality. Despite allegations of electoral fraud, Eyadma won 57% of the votes in the 2003 elections, which international observers from the African Union described as generally free and transparent. For many Togolese, there was little optimism for the future and a prevailing sense of dj vu as Eyadma extended his record as Africa's longest-serving ruler. On February 5 2005, Eyadma died of a heart attack. Shortly afterwards, his son Faure Gnassingb was named by Togo's military as the country's leader, raising numerous eyebrows. The constitution of Togo declared that in the case of the president's death, the speaker of Parliament takes his place, and has 60 days to call new elections. However, on February 6th, Parliament retroactively changed the Constitution, declaring that Faure would hold office for the rest of his father's term, with elections deferred until 2008. The African Union described the takeover as a military coup d'tat. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4241001.stm] International pressure came also from the United Nations. Within Togo, opposition to the takeover culminated in riots in which four people died. In response, Gnassingb agreed to hold Togo presidential election, 2005 in April 2005. On February 25, Gnassingb resigned as president, soon after accepting nomination to run for the office in April. Parliament designated Deputy Speaker Bonfoh Abbass as interim president until the inauguration of the election winner. [http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/n/a/2005/02/25/international/i180735S60.DTL] On May 3, 2005, Gnassingb was sworn in as the new president garnering 60% of the vote according to official results. == Geography == ''Main article: Geography of Togo'' Togo is located in Western Africa. It is a small sub-Saharan nation. It borders the Bight of Benin in the south. Ghana lies to the west, Benin to the east. To the north Togo is bound by Burkina Faso. In the north the land is characterized by a gently rolling savannah in contrast to the centre of the country which is characterized by hills. The south of Togo is characterized by a plateau which reaches to a coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes. The land size is a little bit smaller than West Virginia with 21 927 mi2, with a density of 232 people/mi2. == Economy == ''Main article: Economy of Togo'' This small Sub-Saharan_Africa economy is heavily dependent on both commercial and subsistence agriculture, which provides employment for 65% of the labor force. Cocoa, coffee, and cotton together generate about 30% of export earnings. Togo is self-sufficient in basic foodstuffs when harvests are normal, with occasional regional supply difficulties. In the industrial sector, phosphate mining is by far the most important activity, although it has suffered from the collapse of world phosphate prices and increased foreign competition. Togo serves as a regional commercial and trade center. The government's decade-long effort, supported by the World Bank and the IMF, to implement economic reform measures, encourage foreign investment, and bring revenues in line with expenditures has stalled. Political unrest, including private and public sector strikes throughout 1992 and 1993, jeopardized the reform program, shrunk the tax base, and disrupted vital economic activity. The 12 January 1994 devaluation of the currency by 50% provided an important impetus to renewed structural adjustment; these efforts were facilitated by the end of strife in 1994 and a return to overt political calm. Progress depends on following through on privatization, increased openness in government financial operations (to accommodate increased social service outlays), and possible downsizing of the military, on which the regime has depended to stay in place. Lack of aid, along with depressed cocoa prices, generated a 1% fall in GDP in 1998, with growth resuming in 1999. Assuming no deterioration of the political atmosphere, growth should rise to 5% a year in 2000 - 2001. == Politics == ''Main article: Politics of Togo'' Togo's transition to democracy is stalled. Its democratic institutions remain nascent and fragile. President Eyadéma, who ruled Togo under a one-party system for nearly 25 of his 37 years in power, died February 5, 2005. Under the constitution, the speaker of parliament, Fambar Ouattara Natchaba, should have become president, pending a new election. Nevertheless, the army announced that Eyadéma's son Faure Gnassingb, also known as Faure Eyadéma, who had been the communications minister, would succeed him. The stated justification was that Natchaba was out of the country. [http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1107659938613]. The government also moved to remove Natchaba as speaker [http://www.republicoftogo.com/fr/news/news.asp?rubID=4&srubID=75&themeID=1&newsID=9170] and replace him with Faure Gnassingbé, who was sworn in on February 7, 2005, despite the international criticism of the succession. [http://news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/afp/20050207/wl_afp/togopolitics_050207180309] Gnassingb resigned on February 25 after controversy erupted over his succession, and ran as a candidate for the presidency. On April 24, 2005, Gnassingb was elected president of Togo, receiving over 60% of the vote according to official results. See the History section of this article for details. == Culture == ''Main article: Culture of Togo'' ''See also:'' Music of Togo, List of African writers (by country)#Togo == See also == * Demographics of Togo * Communications in Togo * Transportation in Togo * Military of Togo * Foreign relations of Togo * List of cities in Togo * List of former German colonies == References == == External links == ===Government=== *[http://www.republicoftogo.com/ Republic of Togo] official site (French) *[http://www.assemblee-nationale.tg/ National Assembly of Togo] official site (French) ===News=== *[http://allafrica.com/togo/ AllAfrica.com - ''Togo''] news headline links *[http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/65/ IFEX - ''Togo''] alerts, news articles and dossiers ===Overviews=== *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1064470.stm BBC News Country Profile - ''Togo''] *[http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/to.html CIA World Factbook - ''Togo''] ===Directories=== *[http://search.looksmart.com/p/browse/us1/us317836/us317916/us559898/us559899/us10065674/us559960/ LookSmart - ''Togo''] directory category *[http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Togo/ Open Directory Project - ''Togo''] directory category *[http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/togo.html Stanford University - Africa South of the Sahara: ''Togo''] directory category *[http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Country_Specific/Togo.html University of Pennsylvania - African Studies Center: ''Togo''] directory category *[http://dir.yahoo.com/Regional/Countries/Togo/ Yahoo! - ''Togo''] directory category ===Tourism=== * Togo African Union member states Peace and Security Council ks:टोगो lv:Togo ms:Togo nds:Togo
Togo
Hello I am Tobias and I think I am fast turning into a Wikipedia Enthusiast! Here you can see one of my projects and my recent Photo: [http://www.vems-group.org/index.php?page=MembersPage/TobiasGogolin GoBox Electronic Motor controller] I like to think about the future of Massively_Parallel_Memory_Based_Computation and Computer_Architecture, Renewable_Energy and the potential of Human Consciousness. ==Cool stuff== *http://www.indymedia.org Open Source News *http://snipsnap.org/space/togo Snip Snap is a Java based Wiki Engine *http://www.multikulti.de/ World Music and News in German+14 Languages live from Berlin *http://www.inforadio.de/programm.php 27/7 News in German from Berlin *http://www.abc.net.au/radio/ News from Australia *http://www.free-codecs.com/download/Real_Alternative.htm Real Alternative *http://sourceforge.net/projects/guliverkli/ Media Player Classic ==My Own Opinion Articles== User:Togo/Holomovement ==Unverfied Quotes== "The narrow, no nonsense skeptic is every bit as naive as the breezy-brained New Age believer". -- Tom Robbins "Don't let your preoccupation with reality stifle your imagination" -- Robert A. Cassanova and Sharon M. Garrison of the NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts
Togo
''An event in this article is a MediaWiki:April 27 selected anniversaries'' (may be in HTML commment) ---- The History section has been vandalized and needs to be rolled back to the previous edit (22:46, 7 Feb 2005 4.28.136.225). I'd be more than happy to do it but I have now idea how to go about it. :Hmmm...I couldn't find that version, but I reverted the article. Hopefully I got the right version. Let me know if you need more help. Thanks! — User:Knowledge Seeker (User talk:Knowledge Seeker) 07:59, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC) The history could be better. e.g. "The Togolese...didn't appreciate some of Germany's tighter reins on their lives" is an odd way to put it. User:A-giau 19:55, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC) == Strange end to History == What's that thing after the ---- and what's it doing there? Thanx User:68.39.174.39 22:09, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC) :Well previously a user changed the entire history section to his own version. Another user reverted this but kept both versions (the old one and the user's one). The section below the line was longer before but I'm slowly integrating it into the main history article. If you can, please help me in integrating it in one history section, and later, cutting it down and moving some bits and pieces to the history section. --User:Bash 03:54, 5 May 2005 (UTC) ==Discrepency in population== I've checked [http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/to.html the World Factbook] and the [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1064470.stm BBC country profile] on Togo and we have an estimation of 5.1 million from the BBC and 5,681,519 from the factbook. I'm not sure where the 5.5 million figure placed in this article came from. The question is, which one do we use? --User:Bash 04:10, 5 May 2005 (UTC)
Togo
==Wikipedia:Welcome, newcomers to the Wikipedia== Here are some links I find useful *Wikipedia:Policy Library *Wikipedia:Cite your sources *Wikipedia:Verifiability *Wikipedia:Wikiquette *Wikipedia:Conflict resolution *Wikipedia:Brilliant prose *Wikipedia:Neutral point of view *Wikipedia:Pages needing attention *Wikipedia:Peer review *Wikipedia:Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense *Wikipedia:Village pump *Wikipedia:Boilerplate text Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, likes this:
Togo
African countries Western Africa German colonies Former French colonies
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