__TOC__ ==knowledge presupposed== Quote: "the capture of towns or villages accompanied, it might be, with destruction of the houses and the massacre of the inhabitants, the battle before Delhi and the easy victory, the triumphal entry into the doomed city, with its outcome of horrorsall these circumstances belong to the annals of India." This is written like a discussion about things that are already known by the reader, and therefore don't need further explanation. An easy victory before Delhi? In what sense? Didn't they fight? And what about 'the triumphal entry into the doomed city, with its outcome of horrors'; is this assumed to be known by the reader, or doesn't it need further explanation because it belongs 'to the annals of India'? ==Spellings== I'm just going to clean up some of the spellings here. Those interested can read my work on Timur, along with the sources for it, at http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1417500 . ==Timur versus Timur Lenk== I moved the article back from Timur Lenk: "Lenk" is a not-too-common title, and a derogatory one at that; it means "cripple". He's usually called Timur when he's not called Tamerlane. --User:Mirv 07:11, 1 Dec 2003 (UTC) ==Mongol?== Isn't Timur a Mongol? Or shouldn't he has at least Mongolian blood? Someone should work out his ancestry. Far as I know, Timur is of Mongol ancestry, who adopted Turkic customs since birth, since the Barlas tribe is heavily influenced by the Turks. User:Mandel 14:19, 21 May 2004 (UTC) :We need to "work out" the ancestry of one the most famous rulers in history? Excuse the impolite tone, but I find that odd. Doesn't the first para address ancestry: :''His father Teragai was head of the tribe of Barlas. Great-grandson of Karachar Nevian (minister of Chagatai Khan, son of Genghis Khan, and commander-in-chief of his forces)...'' :Or am I missing something?User:IFaqeer—User:IFaqeer User talk:IFaqeer ::Hmm, I would have thought the first paragraph mentioned he was Turkish rather than Mongolian. Or is the two terms interchangeable? User:Mandel 22:12, Nov 25, 2004 (UTC) :::They are related. The "Turkish" did not exist back then, but evolved from that background. Notice the first line says "Turkic", not "Turkish".User:IFaqeer—User:IFaqeer User talk:IFaqeer 11:07, Nov 26, 2004 (UTC) ::::How related are they, racially? How possible is it that any modern-day Turks be mistaken for a Mongolian? User:Mandel 14:47, Nov 28, 2004 (UTC) Some sources say Timur claimed to be descended from Genghis Khan, to support his legitimacy. His primary background traceable is to Turkic tribes, but maybe the tribes had ties to Genghis or Genghis' family. There are many branches of Turkic people, many have Asian background, and all Turkic ancestors shared the nomadic lifestyle of the ancient Mongolians, and other Eurasian tribes. ==Other meanings of the word== this is off topic, but 'timur' (non-capital 't') means 'east (direction)' in Indonesian (Malay ?) language, which absorbed numerous words from Arabic. but, i dont know whether it's related to Timurlank. (andi_surya [at] yahoo [dot] kom) 2004/11/23 10:49 (GMT+7) == Questions about his lame foot == The articile here states that Timur's left foot was lame from birth, but the work done on the Everything2.com website [(http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1417500)] states that he was either wounded or deformed in his right leg. Plus he may have had other physical problems as well in his elbow. Is there a way to know for certain which source is wrong, since apparently his skeletal remains were exhumed not so long ago? :As the one who wrote the Everything2 article some time ago, I believe the source for that statement was Hookham's ''Tamburlaine the Conqueror''. I don't have it handy, nor do I recall what source it cited, but I do remember that it reported on an examination of his skeleton which ascribed his lameness to injuries rather than congenital defects. —User:MirvUser talk:MirvSpecial:Emailuser/Mirv 00:13, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC) He was lame because because her mother was stabbed when she was pregnant for Timur. He was wounded before birth. His fierce character is explained with this event as he was seeking to fullfil his revenge in his campaigns. == Tamerlane vs. Timur vs. Timur Lenk == I think even Tamerlane was a derogatory name because it derived from Timur Lenk. The name he used, which is known as his full name in Central Asia today is 'Amir Timur/Temur'. This should probably be included in the names list for political correctness. == Death toll == The article ought to say more about the human cost of Timur's empire. The massacres at Baghdad and Delhi are mentioned, but it ought to be said that there were many other massacres, Isfahan, Sabzavar, Siva, Sus, Crimea, Sarai, Syria, and other conquered cities and countries. He wiped out the Christians of Mesopotamia and Central Asia. Estimates of the total dead in his wars and persecutions range from 7 million to 17 million [http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat0.htm#Timur]. Worth mentioning. User:Gdr 20:07, 2005 Mar 22 (UTC) Trying to write something about the Nestorians I came across information that Timur is the main person responsible for the almost complete annihilation of the Curch of the East. Can anyone comment to that? :nl:Gebruiker:Jcwf :The Catholic Encyclopedia says [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11712a.htm]: ::The whole structure of the Nestorian Church, unequal to the trial, crumbled under the persecutions and wars of the Tatars. With Timur-Leng (1379-1405) came their utter ruin. He was a bigoted Moslem, and put to the sword all who did not escape to the recesses of the mountains. Thus did Central Asia, once open to Christian missions, see the utter extermination of the Christians, not a trace of them being left east of the Kurdish Mountains. The Christian faith was thrown back upon its last defenses in the West, where hunted and despised, its feeble remnant of adherents continued to retain, as it were, a death-grip on their churches and worship :(Clearly not a 100% neutral source, but perhaps still true.) User:Gdr 20:52, 2005 Apr 14 (UTC) :::Thank you Gdr. It is good enough for me. I'll add a remark to the nl. version of Timur. (and leave it to the locals here to decide what to do). :nl:Gebruiker:Jcwf --Yeah, probably partly true except the emphasis on "bigoted muslim". This is the difference... you can't find in any official islamic resource such a sentence for Hitler: "He was a bigoted Christian." Actually I would expect from the resource above a bit supportive attitude :))), as Timur caused such a big damage in Ottoman Empire, that otherwise it could advance much faster into Europe. == Consistency?? == This article uses both Chinggis Khan (once) and Genghis Khan (twice). Both spellings link to Genghis Khan so perhaps it would be best to make them all say "Genghis Khan"? User:Anichan 17:23, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
: ''For the List of chess engines Tamerlane, see Tamerlane (chess)''. [[Image:timur.jpg|thumb|200px|right| statue of Timur in Samarkand, Uzbekistan]] Timur, (also known as Temur, Taimur, Timur Lenk, Timur i Leng, Tamerlane, Tamburlaine, or Taimur-e-Lang, which translates to Timur the Lame, as he was lame in the left foot since birth) (1336–February 1405) was a renowned 14th century Tatar peoples/Turco-Persian conqueror, ruler of the Timurid Empire (1370–1405) in Central Asia, and founder of the Timurid dynasty, which survived until 1506. ==Early life== He was born at Kesh, better known as Shahr-e Sabz, 'the green city,' situated some 50 miles south of Samarkand in modern Uzbekistan. Timur placed much of his early legitimacy on his genealogical roots to the great Mongol conqueror, Chinggis Khan, although there is no data to support this. His father Teragai was head of the tribe of Barlas. He was the great-grandson of Karachar Nevian and, distinguished among his fellow-clansmen as the first convert to Islam, Teragai might have assumed the high military rank which fell to him by right of inheritance; but like his father Burkul he preferred a life of retirement and study. Under the paternal eye the education of young Timur was such that at the age of twenty he had not only become an adept in manly outdoor exercises but had earned the reputation of being an attentive reader of the Qur'an. At this period, if we may credit the ''Memoirs'' (''Malfu'at''), he exhibited proofs of a tender and sympathetic nature. ==Military leader== [[Image:Mongol_dominions.jpg|thumb|300px|right| Map of the Timurid Empire in 1405]] About 1358, however, he came before the world as a military leader. His career for the next ten or eleven years may be thus briefly summarized from the ''Memoirs''. Allying himself both in cause and by family connection with Kurgan, the dethroner and destroyer of Kazan, he was to invade Khorasan at the head of a thousand horsemen. This was the second warlike expedition in which he was the chief actor, and the accomplishment of its objects led to further operations, among them the subjection of Khwarizm and Urganj. After the murder of Kurgan the contentions which arose among the many claimants to sovereign power were halted by the invasion of Tughluk Timur of Kashgar, a descendant of Genghis Khan. Timur was despatched on a mission to the invader's camp, the result of which was his own appointment to the government of Mawaranahr. By the death of his father he was also left hereditary head of the Barlas. The exigencies of his quasi-sovereign position compelled him to have recourse to his formidable patron, whose reappearance on the banks of the Syr Darya created a consternation not easily allayed. Mawaranahr was taken from Timur and entrusted to a son of Tughluk; but he was defeated in battle by the bold warrior he had replaced at the head of a numerically far inferior force. ==Rise to power== Tughluk's death facilitated the work of reconquest, and a few years of perseverance and energy sufficed for its accomplishment, as well as for the addition of a vast extent of territory. During this period Timr and his brother-in-law Husayn, at first fellow fugitives and wanderers in joint adventures full of interest and romance, became rivals and antagonists. At the close of 1369 Husayn was assassinated and Timur, having been formally proclaimed sovereign at Balkh, mounted the throne at Samarkand, the capital of his dominions. It is notable that Timr never claimed for himself the title of khan, styling himself amir and acting in the name of the Chagatai ruler of Transoxiana. This is because he was not descended from Genghis Khan during a period when that ruler's political myth still dominated the area, and actual relation to the great khan was for the most part required to legitimate a ruler's right to power. As the Chaghatayid and Turkic lineages intertwined over time, this restriction became less important. ==Period of expansion== The next thirty years or so were spent in various wars and expeditions. Timur not only consolidated his rule at home by the subjugation of his foes, but sought extension of territory by encroachments upon the lands of foreign potentates. His conquests to the west and north-west led him among the Mongols of the Caspian Sea and to the banks of the Ural River and the Volga; those to the south and south-West encompassed almost every province in Persia, including Baghdad, Karbala and Kurdistan. One of the most formidable of his opponents was Toktamish, who after having been a refugee at the court of Timur became ruler both of the eastern Kipchak and the Golden Horde, and quarrelled with Timur over the possession of Khwarizm. It was not until 1395 that the power of Toktamish was finally broken. ==India== In 1398, when Timur was more than sixty years of age, Farishta tells us that, "informed of the commotions and civil wars of India," he "began his expedition into that country," and on the September 12, 1398 "arrived on the banks of the Indus River." His passage of the river and upward march along the left bank, the reinforcement he provided for his grandson Pir Muhammad (who was invested in Multan), the capture of towns or villages accompanied, it might be, with destruction of the houses and the massacre of the inhabitants, the battle before Delhi and the easy victory, the triumphal entry into the doomed city, with its outcome of horrors—all these circumstances belong to the annals of India. It is said that the devastation of Delhi was not Timur's intent, but that his men could simply not be controlled after arriving inside the city gates. ==Last campaigns== In April 1399, some three months after quitting the capital of Mahmd Toghluk, Timur was back in his own capital beyond the Oxus (Amu Darya). It need scarcely be added that an immense quantity of spoil was conveyed away. According to Ruy Gonzles de Clavijo, ninety captured elephants were employed merely to carry stones from certain quarries to enable the conqueror to erect a mosque at Samarkand. [[Image:Samarkand-moschee.jpg|thumb|180px|right| Timur's mausoleum Gur-e Amir at Samarkand]] The war with the History of Turkey and History of Egypt, which followed the return from India, was rendered notable by the capture of Aleppo and Damascus. He invaded Baghdad in June of 1401; after the capture of the city, 20,000 of its citizens were massacred. Timur ordered that every soldier should return with at least two severed human heads to show. In 1402, Timur invaded Anatolia and defeated Ottoman Empire Sultan Bayezid I in the Battle of Ankara; Bayezid was captured and subsequently died in captivity. Timur also captured Smyrna from the Knights Hospitaller. This was his last campaign. In December 1404 Timur started military expeditions against China, but the old warrior was attacked by fever and plague when encamped on the farther side of the Sihon (Syr-Daria) and died at Atrar (Otrar) in mid-February 1405. Although his designated successor was his grandson Pir Muhammad b. Jahangir, Temur was ultimately succeeded in power by his son Shah Rukh. Markham, in his introduction to the narrative of Clavijo's embassy, states that his body "was embalmed with mush and rose water, wrapped in linen, laid in an ebony coffin and sent to Samarkand, where it was buried." Timur had carried his victorious arms on one side from the Irtish and the Volga to the Persian Gulf and on the other from the Hellespont to the Ganges River. Timur's skeleton was exhumed on the night of June 19-20, 1941 by a team of Soviet Union scientists under Mikhail Gerasimov. They determined that the conqueror was indeed lame, and Gerasimov constructed a model of Timur's head based on an examination of his skull. There was a local tradition at the time that said that "The War God's sleep must not be disturbed". If it was, then Tamerlane would return from the dead bringing war. Three days after the sarcophagus was opened, on June 22, Adolf Hitler launched Operation Barbarossa against the USSR. ==References== Timur's generally recognized biographers are Ali Vazdl, commonly called Sharif ud-Din, author of the Persian Zafarnãma, translated by Peter de la Croix in 1722, and from French language into English language by J. Darby in the following year; and Ahmed ibis Mohammed ibn Abdallah, al-Dimashici, al-Ajrni, commonly called Ahmed Ibn Arabshah (Arab Shah meaning emperor of the Arabs), author of the Arabic Afaibu al-Makhlnkat, translated by the Dutch Orientalist Colitis in 1636. In the work of the former, as William Jones (philologist) remarks, "the Tartarian conqueror is represented as a liberal, benevolent and illustrious prince", in that of the latter he is "deformed and impious, of a low birth and detestable principles." But the favourable account was written under the personal supervision of Timur's grandson, Ibrahim, while the other was the production of his direst enemy. Among less reputed biographies or materials for biography may be mentioned a second Zafarnãma, by ''?''MavlgnA NjzSmu''?'' ad-Din Shanab Ghãzãni (Nizãm Shami), stated to be the earliest known history of Timur, and the only one written in his lifetime. Vol I of the ''?''Matla?u?s-Sa?dasn?''?'', a choice Persian manuscript work of 1495. Timur's purported autobiography, the Tuzuk-i Temur (Institutes of Temur) is a later fabrication although most of the historical facts are accurate. ==Fiction== Timur Lenk was the subject of two plays (''Tamburlaine the Great, Parts I and II'') by English playwright Christopher Marlowe. Bob Bainborough portrayed Tamerlane in an episode of History Bites. George Frideric Handel made Timur Lenk the title character of his ''Tamerlano'' (HWV 18), an Italian language opera based on the 1675 play ''Tamerlan ou la mort de Bajazet'' by Jacques Pradon. Edgar Allan Poe's first published work was a poem entitled "Tamerlaine". ==External links== *[http://www.oxuscom.com/timursam.htm#timur http://www.oxuscom.com/timursam.htm#timur] *[http://www.advantour.com/uzbekistan/samarkand.htm http://www.advantour.com/uzbekistan/samarkand.htm] *[http://members.core.com/~turgut/ankara.htm http://members.core.com/~turgut/ankara.htm] *[http://www.geocities.com/somasushma/Timur1.html http://www.geocities.com/somasushma/Timur1.html] *[http://www.umid.uz/Main/Uzbekistan/History/Timurid_Dynasty/timurid_dynasty.html http://www.umid.uz/Main/Uzbekistan/History/Timurid_Dynasty/timurid_dynasty.html] 1336 births 1405 deaths Monarchs of Persia Timurid Monarchs ms:Tamerlane
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Timur
__TOC__ ==knowledge presupposed== Quote: "the capture of towns or villages accompanied, it might be, with destruction of the houses and the massacre of the inhabitants, the battle before Delhi and the easy victory, the triumphal entry into the doomed city, with its outcome of horrorsall these circumstances belong to the annals of India." This is written like a discussion about things that are already known by the reader, and therefore don't need further explanation. An easy victory before Delhi? In what sense? Didn't they fight? And what about 'the triumphal entry into the doomed city, with its outcome of horrors'; is this assumed to be known by the reader, or doesn't it need further explanation because it belongs 'to the annals of India'? ==Spellings== I'm just going to clean up some of the spellings here. Those interested can read my work on Timur, along with the sources for it, at http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1417500 . ==Timur versus Timur Lenk== I moved the article back from Timur Lenk: "Lenk" is a not-too-common title, and a derogatory one at that; it means "cripple". He's usually called Timur when he's not called Tamerlane. --User:Mirv 07:11, 1 Dec 2003 (UTC) ==Mongol?== Isn't Timur a Mongol? Or shouldn't he has at least Mongolian blood? Someone should work out his ancestry. Far as I know, Timur is of Mongol ancestry, who adopted Turkic customs since birth, since the Barlas tribe is heavily influenced by the Turks. User:Mandel 14:19, 21 May 2004 (UTC) :We need to "work out" the ancestry of one the most famous rulers in history? Excuse the impolite tone, but I find that odd. Doesn't the first para address ancestry: :''His father Teragai was head of the tribe of Barlas. Great-grandson of Karachar Nevian (minister of Chagatai Khan, son of Genghis Khan, and commander-in-chief of his forces)...'' :Or am I missing something?User:IFaqeer—User:IFaqeer User talk:IFaqeer ::Hmm, I would have thought the first paragraph mentioned he was Turkish rather than Mongolian. Or is the two terms interchangeable? User:Mandel 22:12, Nov 25, 2004 (UTC) :::They are related. The "Turkish" did not exist back then, but evolved from that background. Notice the first line says "Turkic", not "Turkish".User:IFaqeer—User:IFaqeer User talk:IFaqeer 11:07, Nov 26, 2004 (UTC) ::::How related are they, racially? How possible is it that any modern-day Turks be mistaken for a Mongolian? User:Mandel 14:47, Nov 28, 2004 (UTC) Some sources say Timur claimed to be descended from Genghis Khan, to support his legitimacy. His primary background traceable is to Turkic tribes, but maybe the tribes had ties to Genghis or Genghis' family. There are many branches of Turkic people, many have Asian background, and all Turkic ancestors shared the nomadic lifestyle of the ancient Mongolians, and other Eurasian tribes. ==Other meanings of the word== this is off topic, but 'timur' (non-capital 't') means 'east (direction)' in Indonesian (Malay ?) language, which absorbed numerous words from Arabic. but, i dont know whether it's related to Timurlank. (andi_surya [at] yahoo [dot] kom) 2004/11/23 10:49 (GMT+7) == Questions about his lame foot == The articile here states that Timur's left foot was lame from birth, but the work done on the Everything2.com website [(http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1417500)] states that he was either wounded or deformed in his right leg. Plus he may have had other physical problems as well in his elbow. Is there a way to know for certain which source is wrong, since apparently his skeletal remains were exhumed not so long ago? :As the one who wrote the Everything2 article some time ago, I believe the source for that statement was Hookham's ''Tamburlaine the Conqueror''. I don't have it handy, nor do I recall what source it cited, but I do remember that it reported on an examination of his skeleton which ascribed his lameness to injuries rather than congenital defects. —User:MirvUser talk:MirvSpecial:Emailuser/Mirv 00:13, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC) He was lame because because her mother was stabbed when she was pregnant for Timur. He was wounded before birth. His fierce character is explained with this event as he was seeking to fullfil his revenge in his campaigns. == Tamerlane vs. Timur vs. Timur Lenk == I think even Tamerlane was a derogatory name because it derived from Timur Lenk. The name he used, which is known as his full name in Central Asia today is 'Amir Timur/Temur'. This should probably be included in the names list for political correctness. == Death toll == The article ought to say more about the human cost of Timur's empire. The massacres at Baghdad and Delhi are mentioned, but it ought to be said that there were many other massacres, Isfahan, Sabzavar, Siva, Sus, Crimea, Sarai, Syria, and other conquered cities and countries. He wiped out the Christians of Mesopotamia and Central Asia. Estimates of the total dead in his wars and persecutions range from 7 million to 17 million [http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat0.htm#Timur]. Worth mentioning. User:Gdr 20:07, 2005 Mar 22 (UTC) Trying to write something about the Nestorians I came across information that Timur is the main person responsible for the almost complete annihilation of the Curch of the East. Can anyone comment to that? :nl:Gebruiker:Jcwf :The Catholic Encyclopedia says [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11712a.htm]: ::The whole structure of the Nestorian Church, unequal to the trial, crumbled under the persecutions and wars of the Tatars. With Timur-Leng (1379-1405) came their utter ruin. He was a bigoted Moslem, and put to the sword all who did not escape to the recesses of the mountains. Thus did Central Asia, once open to Christian missions, see the utter extermination of the Christians, not a trace of them being left east of the Kurdish Mountains. The Christian faith was thrown back upon its last defenses in the West, where hunted and despised, its feeble remnant of adherents continued to retain, as it were, a death-grip on their churches and worship :(Clearly not a 100% neutral source, but perhaps still true.) User:Gdr 20:52, 2005 Apr 14 (UTC) :::Thank you Gdr. It is good enough for me. I'll add a remark to the nl. version of Timur. (and leave it to the locals here to decide what to do). :nl:Gebruiker:Jcwf --Yeah, probably partly true except the emphasis on "bigoted muslim". This is the difference... you can't find in any official islamic resource such a sentence for Hitler: "He was a bigoted Christian." Actually I would expect from the resource above a bit supportive attitude :))), as Timur caused such a big damage in Ottoman Empire, that otherwise it could advance much faster into Europe. == Consistency?? == This article uses both Chinggis Khan (once) and Genghis Khan (twice). Both spellings link to Genghis Khan so perhaps it would be best to make them all say "Genghis Khan"? User:Anichan 17:23, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
Timur
: ''For the List of chess engines Tamerlane, see Tamerlane (chess)''. [[Image:timur.jpg|thumb|200px|right| statue of Timur in Samarkand, Uzbekistan]] Timur, (also known as Temur, Taimur, Timur Lenk, Timur i Leng, Tamerlane, Tamburlaine, or Taimur-e-Lang, which translates to Timur the Lame, as he was lame in the left foot since birth) (1336–February 1405) was a renowned 14th century Tatar peoples/Turco-Persian conqueror, ruler of the Timurid Empire (1370–1405) in Central Asia, and founder of the Timurid dynasty, which survived until 1506. ==Early life== He was born at Kesh, better known as Shahr-e Sabz, 'the green city,' situated some 50 miles south of Samarkand in modern Uzbekistan. Timur placed much of his early legitimacy on his genealogical roots to the great Mongol conqueror, Chinggis Khan, although there is no data to support this. His father Teragai was head of the tribe of Barlas. He was the great-grandson of Karachar Nevian and, distinguished among his fellow-clansmen as the first convert to Islam, Teragai might have assumed the high military rank which fell to him by right of inheritance; but like his father Burkul he preferred a life of retirement and study. Under the paternal eye the education of young Timur was such that at the age of twenty he had not only become an adept in manly outdoor exercises but had earned the reputation of being an attentive reader of the Qur'an. At this period, if we may credit the ''Memoirs'' (''Malfu'at''), he exhibited proofs of a tender and sympathetic nature. ==Military leader== [[Image:Mongol_dominions.jpg|thumb|300px|right| Map of the Timurid Empire in 1405]] About 1358, however, he came before the world as a military leader. His career for the next ten or eleven years may be thus briefly summarized from the ''Memoirs''. Allying himself both in cause and by family connection with Kurgan, the dethroner and destroyer of Kazan, he was to invade Khorasan at the head of a thousand horsemen. This was the second warlike expedition in which he was the chief actor, and the accomplishment of its objects led to further operations, among them the subjection of Khwarizm and Urganj. After the murder of Kurgan the contentions which arose among the many claimants to sovereign power were halted by the invasion of Tughluk Timur of Kashgar, a descendant of Genghis Khan. Timur was despatched on a mission to the invader's camp, the result of which was his own appointment to the government of Mawaranahr. By the death of his father he was also left hereditary head of the Barlas. The exigencies of his quasi-sovereign position compelled him to have recourse to his formidable patron, whose reappearance on the banks of the Syr Darya created a consternation not easily allayed. Mawaranahr was taken from Timur and entrusted to a son of Tughluk; but he was defeated in battle by the bold warrior he had replaced at the head of a numerically far inferior force. ==Rise to power== Tughluk's death facilitated the work of reconquest, and a few years of perseverance and energy sufficed for its accomplishment, as well as for the addition of a vast extent of territory. During this period Timr and his brother-in-law Husayn, at first fellow fugitives and wanderers in joint adventures full of interest and romance, became rivals and antagonists. At the close of 1369 Husayn was assassinated and Timur, having been formally proclaimed sovereign at Balkh, mounted the throne at Samarkand, the capital of his dominions. It is notable that Timr never claimed for himself the title of khan, styling himself amir and acting in the name of the Chagatai ruler of Transoxiana. This is because he was not descended from Genghis Khan during a period when that ruler's political myth still dominated the area, and actual relation to the great khan was for the most part required to legitimate a ruler's right to power. As the Chaghatayid and Turkic lineages intertwined over time, this restriction became less important. ==Period of expansion== The next thirty years or so were spent in various wars and expeditions. Timur not only consolidated his rule at home by the subjugation of his foes, but sought extension of territory by encroachments upon the lands of foreign potentates. His conquests to the west and north-west led him among the Mongols of the Caspian Sea and to the banks of the Ural River and the Volga; those to the south and south-West encompassed almost every province in Persia, including Baghdad, Karbala and Kurdistan. One of the most formidable of his opponents was Toktamish, who after having been a refugee at the court of Timur became ruler both of the eastern Kipchak and the Golden Horde, and quarrelled with Timur over the possession of Khwarizm. It was not until 1395 that the power of Toktamish was finally broken. ==India== In 1398, when Timur was more than sixty years of age, Farishta tells us that, "informed of the commotions and civil wars of India," he "began his expedition into that country," and on the September 12, 1398 "arrived on the banks of the Indus River." His passage of the river and upward march along the left bank, the reinforcement he provided for his grandson Pir Muhammad (who was invested in Multan), the capture of towns or villages accompanied, it might be, with destruction of the houses and the massacre of the inhabitants, the battle before Delhi and the easy victory, the triumphal entry into the doomed city, with its outcome of horrors—all these circumstances belong to the annals of India. It is said that the devastation of Delhi was not Timur's intent, but that his men could simply not be controlled after arriving inside the city gates. ==Last campaigns== In April 1399, some three months after quitting the capital of Mahmd Toghluk, Timur was back in his own capital beyond the Oxus (Amu Darya). It need scarcely be added that an immense quantity of spoil was conveyed away. According to Ruy Gonzles de Clavijo, ninety captured elephants were employed merely to carry stones from certain quarries to enable the conqueror to erect a mosque at Samarkand. [[Image:Samarkand-moschee.jpg|thumb|180px|right| Timur's mausoleum Gur-e Amir at Samarkand]] The war with the History of Turkey and History of Egypt, which followed the return from India, was rendered notable by the capture of Aleppo and Damascus. He invaded Baghdad in June of 1401; after the capture of the city, 20,000 of its citizens were massacred. Timur ordered that every soldier should return with at least two severed human heads to show. In 1402, Timur invaded Anatolia and defeated Ottoman Empire Sultan Bayezid I in the Battle of Ankara; Bayezid was captured and subsequently died in captivity. Timur also captured Smyrna from the Knights Hospitaller. This was his last campaign. In December 1404 Timur started military expeditions against China, but the old warrior was attacked by fever and plague when encamped on the farther side of the Sihon (Syr-Daria) and died at Atrar (Otrar) in mid-February 1405. Although his designated successor was his grandson Pir Muhammad b. Jahangir, Temur was ultimately succeeded in power by his son Shah Rukh. Markham, in his introduction to the narrative of Clavijo's embassy, states that his body "was embalmed with mush and rose water, wrapped in linen, laid in an ebony coffin and sent to Samarkand, where it was buried." Timur had carried his victorious arms on one side from the Irtish and the Volga to the Persian Gulf and on the other from the Hellespont to the Ganges River. Timur's skeleton was exhumed on the night of June 19-20, 1941 by a team of Soviet Union scientists under Mikhail Gerasimov. They determined that the conqueror was indeed lame, and Gerasimov constructed a model of Timur's head based on an examination of his skull. There was a local tradition at the time that said that "The War God's sleep must not be disturbed". If it was, then Tamerlane would return from the dead bringing war. Three days after the sarcophagus was opened, on June 22, Adolf Hitler launched Operation Barbarossa against the USSR. ==References== Timur's generally recognized biographers are Ali Vazdl, commonly called Sharif ud-Din, author of the Persian Zafarnãma, translated by Peter de la Croix in 1722, and from French language into English language by J. Darby in the following year; and Ahmed ibis Mohammed ibn Abdallah, al-Dimashici, al-Ajrni, commonly called Ahmed Ibn Arabshah (Arab Shah meaning emperor of the Arabs), author of the Arabic Afaibu al-Makhlnkat, translated by the Dutch Orientalist Colitis in 1636. In the work of the former, as William Jones (philologist) remarks, "the Tartarian conqueror is represented as a liberal, benevolent and illustrious prince", in that of the latter he is "deformed and impious, of a low birth and detestable principles." But the favourable account was written under the personal supervision of Timur's grandson, Ibrahim, while the other was the production of his direst enemy. Among less reputed biographies or materials for biography may be mentioned a second Zafarnãma, by ''?''MavlgnA NjzSmu''?'' ad-Din Shanab Ghãzãni (Nizãm Shami), stated to be the earliest known history of Timur, and the only one written in his lifetime. Vol I of the ''?''Matla?u?s-Sa?dasn?''?'', a choice Persian manuscript work of 1495. Timur's purported autobiography, the Tuzuk-i Temur (Institutes of Temur) is a later fabrication although most of the historical facts are accurate. ==Fiction== Timur Lenk was the subject of two plays (''Tamburlaine the Great, Parts I and II'') by English playwright Christopher Marlowe. Bob Bainborough portrayed Tamerlane in an episode of History Bites. George Frideric Handel made Timur Lenk the title character of his ''Tamerlano'' (HWV 18), an Italian language opera based on the 1675 play ''Tamerlan ou la mort de Bajazet'' by Jacques Pradon. Edgar Allan Poe's first published work was a poem entitled "Tamerlaine". ==External links== *[http://www.oxuscom.com/timursam.htm#timur http://www.oxuscom.com/timursam.htm#timur] *[http://www.advantour.com/uzbekistan/samarkand.htm http://www.advantour.com/uzbekistan/samarkand.htm] *[http://members.core.com/~turgut/ankara.htm http://members.core.com/~turgut/ankara.htm] *[http://www.geocities.com/somasushma/Timur1.html http://www.geocities.com/somasushma/Timur1.html] *[http://www.umid.uz/Main/Uzbekistan/History/Timurid_Dynasty/timurid_dynasty.html http://www.umid.uz/Main/Uzbekistan/History/Timurid_Dynasty/timurid_dynasty.html] 1336 births 1405 deaths Monarchs of Persia Timurid Monarchs ms:Tamerlane
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