
Surgery (from the Greek ''cheirourgia'' - lit. "hand work") is the medical specialty that treats disease or injuries by operative manual and instrumental treatment. Surgeons are physician who specialize in surgery. A surgery can also refer to the place where surgery is performed, or simply the office of a physician, dentist, or veterinarian. == History of surgery == The history of surgery dates back to at least the 3rd millennium BC in Ancient Egypt. Researchers have also uncovered a mandible, dated to approximately 2800 BC, having two perforations just below the root of the first molar, indicating the draining of an abscessed tooth. Recent excavations of the construction workers of the Egyptian pyramids also led to the discovery of evidence of brain surgery on a labourer, who continued living for two years afterwards. The Edwin Smith papyrus is the oldest known surgical text, dating back to the 1600s BC, although it contains information dating back to 3000 BC. It is an ancient Egyptian textbook on surgery, and describes in exquisite detail the examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of numerous ailments. Trepanation, also known as trephinning or trepanning, is an ancient form of surgery where a hole is drilled or scraped into the skull, leaving the membrane around the brain intact. It attempts to address health problems that relate to abnormal intracranial pressure, and has been found in cultures around the world. Modern surgery has been largely abandoned this practice, however. Although surgeons are now considered to be specialised physicians, the profession of surgeon and that of physician have different historical roots. For example, the Hippocratic Oath warns physicians against practicing surgery (in particular to relieve kidney stones), which was to be left to specialized craftsmen. Among the first modern surgeons were battlefield doctors in the Napoleonic Wars who were primarily concerned with amputation. Naval surgeons were often barber-surgeons, who combined surgery with their main jobs as barbers. In London, an operating theatre or emergency room from the day before modern anaesthesia or antiseptic surgery still exists, and is open to the public. It is found in the roof space of St Thomas Church, Southwark, London and is called the Old Operating Theatre. == Development of modern surgery == In the United Kingdom and some other places, male surgeons are distinguished from physicians by being referred to as "Mister." This tradition has its origins in the 18th century, when surgeons were barber-surgeons and did not have a degree (or indeed any formal qualification), unlike physicians, who were doctors with a university medical degree. By the beginning of the 19th century, surgeons had obtained high status, and in 1800, the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) in London began to offer surgeons a formal status via RCS membership. The title ''Mister'' became a badge of honour, and today only surgeons who hold the Membership or Fellowship of one of the Royal Colleges of Surgery are entitled to call themselves Mister, Miss, Mrs or Ms.. In contrast, American physicians and surgeons are always addressed as "Doctor." == Common surgical procedures == Of the eight most common surgical procedures in the United States, four are obstetrics: * episiotomy, * repair of obstetric laceration, * cesarean section, and * artificial rupture of the amnion. According to 1996 data from the US National Center for Health Statistics, 40.3 million inpatient surgical procedures were performed in the United States in 1996, followed closely by 31.5 million outpatient surgeries. == Noted surgeons == : ''For a more complete list, see List of surgeons.'' * Christiaan Barnard (cardiac surgery, first heart transplantation) * Walter Freeman (lobotomy) * Sir Victor Horsley (neurosurgery) * Lars Leksell (neurosurgery, inventor of radiosurgery) * Joseph Lister (discoverer of surgical sepsis, Listerine named in his honour) ==See also== * medicine, biomaterial * General Surgery, plastic surgery, Abdominal surgery, Laparoscopic surgery, Traumatology, Sexual reassignment surgery, dental surgery, eye surgery * List of surgical procedures * FACS * Remote surgery ==External links== * [http://www.idakerala.org/dentistryhome.asp#a1b History of Dentistry] * [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/pyramid/excavation/hawass.html Interview with Dr. Zahi Hawass, Director of the Pyramids] * [http://www.wikiservice.at/wikimed/wiki.cgi?Chirurgie WikiMed], a wiki with substatial information about surgery (in German language) Surgery Professions ga:Máinliacht nds:Kirurgie
"The first surgeons were battlefield doctors in the Napoleonic Wars". This seems improbable. The article itself hints that there were surgeons already in antiquity.
S. Yes, this is a wrong assertion. Even the ancient egyptians practiced successful brain surgery. Successful,in that their patients survived the procedures, at least sometimes. One ancient skull shows three healed trepannings, with rounded edges, and one fresh trepanning, with recent, square edges, indicating the patient died during, or soon after, surgery. Where is Ben Carson on your list of noted surgeons?! What about Levi Watkins, the Cardiovascular surgeon?! And what about the surgical pioneer--the first surgeon to successfully perform open-heart surgery on a patient--Dr. Daniel Hale Williams? Your list is corrupt and incomplete Wouldn't many surgeons object to surgery being called a sub-branch of medicine? In hospitals medicine and surgery are the two largest branchs of healthcare (with say occupational health, alternative healthcare etc being the others). User:BozMoUser talk:BozMo :I'm sure some surgeons would object as you suggest. However, if you want to become a surgeon today, you have to qualify in – yes, medicine: a branch of health science concerned with restoring and maintaining health and wellness. The distinction that you draw is actually between surgery and "general" medicine (also termed "internal" medicine in some countries). --User:Soundray 23:38, 16 May 2004 (UTC) == An ancient Practice == Inserted modern to clarify that Napolean's battlefield doctors were not the first surgeons...for surgery is an ancient practice dating back to prehistorical times, as the archeological evidence shows.User:Icut4you == Practice and reputation section == The Surgery#Practice and reputation section is full of non-NPOV and either needs to be brought up to encyclopaedic standard or removed. --User:Daveb 14:26, 23 May 2005 (UTC) :Removed. --User:Daveb 09:22, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC) :: Hey, I contributed most of that section---except for the last sentence, which was definitely way too POV. Anyway, what was POV about the rest of the section? Every single factual assertion in it is true, at least with regard to surgeons in the United States. :: Have you ever worked in the healthcare industry? Do you personally know any surgeons? Have you ever watched a television or a movie with a surgeon as an important character? If you feel that some assertions are untrue if applied to non-American surgeons, please be specific and perhaps we can compromise by adding geographic limitations to qualify my statements. ::Otherwise, I'll put the parts that I contributed back into the article in a few days. ::--User:Coolcaesar 01:22, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC) :::Let's see: :::*''Among all physicians, surgeons tend to be the most highly respected and the highest paid.'' Really? Do we have a reference to support that statement? :::*''This could be attributed to the fact that they literally hold a person's life in their hands, while MRI scans and small incisions are the closest that most physicians will get to seeing the insides of their patients.'' "Hold person's life in their hands" any more so than an intensivist, anesthesiologist, interventional cardiologist, other proceduralist? :::*''Surgery requires a sound grasp of anatomy, fast diagnostic instincts, steady hands, and superhuman stamina, since one cannot simply drop everything to visit the restroom while performing a heart transplant.'' Superhuman stamnia? As someone who has spent countless hours at the operating table, I can assure you that the feat is hardly superhuman! :::*''The top surgery programs in the world reportedly test the stamina of new students by asking them to observe an entire operation from start to end; anyone who leaves early leaves the program.'' I have never seen or heard of this in practice; again, do you have any real reference to support this statement? :::*''Unfortunately, because they are members of an elite group, surgeons have a universal reputation for arrogance.'' Could you define "elite group"? And again, could you somehow support the "universal reputation for arrogance"? :::*''The stereotype of the "arrogant surgeon" has become a stock figure in entertainment scripts set in hospitals.'' I will agree that such a figure is often used in fictional entertainment, though what you see on TV is hardly basis for making sweeping and unsupported statements in an encyclopedia. :::Summary: Let's stick to the facts. :::Cheers, --User:Daveb 05:45, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC) == List of Surgeons == I'm not really happy with the current list of surgeons just growing unchecked; my opinion is that every Joe Random Surgeon gets added to the list, without any basis for notoriety. I'm not sure how to approach it, though — can we maybe agree on some criteria to list people, or maybe only keep it down to (say) 5 or so really notable and/or historic surgeons? Wikipedia isn't a list dump. User:Dewet 16:15, 31 May 2005 (UTC) :I'm agree with keeping only a bunch of notable surgeons in this article, but I don't think that the list should be completely removed. I propose to create a new article called List of surgeons or something like that to move the entire current list, leaving in this article only the really notable surgeons. Wikipedia isn't a paper enciclopedia, it don't have space problems. --User:Suruena 20:54, 2005 May 31 (UTC) :: I also think that the List of surgeons is the way forward. Yes, Wikipedia isn't a paper encyclopedia in terms of space, but it also Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links.2C_images.2C_or_media_files in terms of content. But I'll take a stab at it now. User:Dewet 06:31, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC) :::Yes, I had not explained myself correctly. I wanted to say that IMHO this article about surgery shouldn't have a so long list of surgeons, only a few very notable cases, and a long list is OK but if moved to other article. But I forgot to said that that new list should have some added value and not be only an alphabetical list of surgeons, that list already exists at :Category:Surgeons (and with no maintenance problems). I don't know how, but maybe in this new article they could be ordered by date showing their achievements. --User:Suruena 07:55, 2005 Jun 1 (UTC) :::: Good idea. I also thought about the ordering, and considered doing it by country/continent, although it probably would be more useful to do it chronologically. If no-one else tackles this, I'll take a look at it sometime later on... User:Dewet 08:00, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC) :: OK, I've made a few alterations; I have no knowledge of the profession, so I chose a handful of people who have an article with some details, seeming notable (IMO) in some fashion. User:Dewet 07:51, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
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Surgery
Surgery
Surgery_(disambiguation)
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Surgery
Surgery (from the Greek ''cheirourgia'' - lit. "hand work") is the medical specialty that treats disease or injuries by operative manual and instrumental treatment. Surgeons are physician who specialize in surgery. A surgery can also refer to the place where surgery is performed, or simply the office of a physician, dentist, or veterinarian. == History of surgery == The history of surgery dates back to at least the 3rd millennium BC in Ancient Egypt. Researchers have also uncovered a mandible, dated to approximately 2800 BC, having two perforations just below the root of the first molar, indicating the draining of an abscessed tooth. Recent excavations of the construction workers of the Egyptian pyramids also led to the discovery of evidence of brain surgery on a labourer, who continued living for two years afterwards. The Edwin Smith papyrus is the oldest known surgical text, dating back to the 1600s BC, although it contains information dating back to 3000 BC. It is an ancient Egyptian textbook on surgery, and describes in exquisite detail the examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of numerous ailments. Trepanation, also known as trephinning or trepanning, is an ancient form of surgery where a hole is drilled or scraped into the skull, leaving the membrane around the brain intact. It attempts to address health problems that relate to abnormal intracranial pressure, and has been found in cultures around the world. Modern surgery has been largely abandoned this practice, however. Although surgeons are now considered to be specialised physicians, the profession of surgeon and that of physician have different historical roots. For example, the Hippocratic Oath warns physicians against practicing surgery (in particular to relieve kidney stones), which was to be left to specialized craftsmen. Among the first modern surgeons were battlefield doctors in the Napoleonic Wars who were primarily concerned with amputation. Naval surgeons were often barber-surgeons, who combined surgery with their main jobs as barbers. In London, an operating theatre or emergency room from the day before modern anaesthesia or antiseptic surgery still exists, and is open to the public. It is found in the roof space of St Thomas Church, Southwark, London and is called the Old Operating Theatre. == Development of modern surgery == In the United Kingdom and some other places, male surgeons are distinguished from physicians by being referred to as "Mister." This tradition has its origins in the 18th century, when surgeons were barber-surgeons and did not have a degree (or indeed any formal qualification), unlike physicians, who were doctors with a university medical degree. By the beginning of the 19th century, surgeons had obtained high status, and in 1800, the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) in London began to offer surgeons a formal status via RCS membership. The title ''Mister'' became a badge of honour, and today only surgeons who hold the Membership or Fellowship of one of the Royal Colleges of Surgery are entitled to call themselves Mister, Miss, Mrs or Ms.. In contrast, American physicians and surgeons are always addressed as "Doctor." == Common surgical procedures == Of the eight most common surgical procedures in the United States, four are obstetrics: * episiotomy, * repair of obstetric laceration, * cesarean section, and * artificial rupture of the amnion. According to 1996 data from the US National Center for Health Statistics, 40.3 million inpatient surgical procedures were performed in the United States in 1996, followed closely by 31.5 million outpatient surgeries. == Noted surgeons == : ''For a more complete list, see List of surgeons.'' * Christiaan Barnard (cardiac surgery, first heart transplantation) * Walter Freeman (lobotomy) * Sir Victor Horsley (neurosurgery) * Lars Leksell (neurosurgery, inventor of radiosurgery) * Joseph Lister (discoverer of surgical sepsis, Listerine named in his honour) ==See also== * medicine, biomaterial * General Surgery, plastic surgery, Abdominal surgery, Laparoscopic surgery, Traumatology, Sexual reassignment surgery, dental surgery, eye surgery * List of surgical procedures * FACS * Remote surgery ==External links== * [http://www.idakerala.org/dentistryhome.asp#a1b History of Dentistry] * [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/pyramid/excavation/hawass.html Interview with Dr. Zahi Hawass, Director of the Pyramids] * [http://www.wikiservice.at/wikimed/wiki.cgi?Chirurgie WikiMed], a wiki with substatial information about surgery (in German language) Surgery Professions ga:Máinliacht nds:Kirurgie
Surgery
"The first surgeons were battlefield doctors in the Napoleonic Wars". This seems improbable. The article itself hints that there were surgeons already in antiquity.
S. Yes, this is a wrong assertion. Even the ancient egyptians practiced successful brain surgery. Successful,in that their patients survived the procedures, at least sometimes. One ancient skull shows three healed trepannings, with rounded edges, and one fresh trepanning, with recent, square edges, indicating the patient died during, or soon after, surgery. Where is Ben Carson on your list of noted surgeons?! What about Levi Watkins, the Cardiovascular surgeon?! And what about the surgical pioneer--the first surgeon to successfully perform open-heart surgery on a patient--Dr. Daniel Hale Williams? Your list is corrupt and incomplete Wouldn't many surgeons object to surgery being called a sub-branch of medicine? In hospitals medicine and surgery are the two largest branchs of healthcare (with say occupational health, alternative healthcare etc being the others). User:BozMoUser talk:BozMo :I'm sure some surgeons would object as you suggest. However, if you want to become a surgeon today, you have to qualify in – yes, medicine: a branch of health science concerned with restoring and maintaining health and wellness. The distinction that you draw is actually between surgery and "general" medicine (also termed "internal" medicine in some countries). --User:Soundray 23:38, 16 May 2004 (UTC) == An ancient Practice == Inserted modern to clarify that Napolean's battlefield doctors were not the first surgeons...for surgery is an ancient practice dating back to prehistorical times, as the archeological evidence shows.User:Icut4you == Practice and reputation section == The Surgery#Practice and reputation section is full of non-NPOV and either needs to be brought up to encyclopaedic standard or removed. --User:Daveb 14:26, 23 May 2005 (UTC) :Removed. --User:Daveb 09:22, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC) :: Hey, I contributed most of that section---except for the last sentence, which was definitely way too POV. Anyway, what was POV about the rest of the section? Every single factual assertion in it is true, at least with regard to surgeons in the United States. :: Have you ever worked in the healthcare industry? Do you personally know any surgeons? Have you ever watched a television or a movie with a surgeon as an important character? If you feel that some assertions are untrue if applied to non-American surgeons, please be specific and perhaps we can compromise by adding geographic limitations to qualify my statements. ::Otherwise, I'll put the parts that I contributed back into the article in a few days. ::--User:Coolcaesar 01:22, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC) :::Let's see: :::*''Among all physicians, surgeons tend to be the most highly respected and the highest paid.'' Really? Do we have a reference to support that statement? :::*''This could be attributed to the fact that they literally hold a person's life in their hands, while MRI scans and small incisions are the closest that most physicians will get to seeing the insides of their patients.'' "Hold person's life in their hands" any more so than an intensivist, anesthesiologist, interventional cardiologist, other proceduralist? :::*''Surgery requires a sound grasp of anatomy, fast diagnostic instincts, steady hands, and superhuman stamina, since one cannot simply drop everything to visit the restroom while performing a heart transplant.'' Superhuman stamnia? As someone who has spent countless hours at the operating table, I can assure you that the feat is hardly superhuman! :::*''The top surgery programs in the world reportedly test the stamina of new students by asking them to observe an entire operation from start to end; anyone who leaves early leaves the program.'' I have never seen or heard of this in practice; again, do you have any real reference to support this statement? :::*''Unfortunately, because they are members of an elite group, surgeons have a universal reputation for arrogance.'' Could you define "elite group"? And again, could you somehow support the "universal reputation for arrogance"? :::*''The stereotype of the "arrogant surgeon" has become a stock figure in entertainment scripts set in hospitals.'' I will agree that such a figure is often used in fictional entertainment, though what you see on TV is hardly basis for making sweeping and unsupported statements in an encyclopedia. :::Summary: Let's stick to the facts. :::Cheers, --User:Daveb 05:45, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC) == List of Surgeons == I'm not really happy with the current list of surgeons just growing unchecked; my opinion is that every Joe Random Surgeon gets added to the list, without any basis for notoriety. I'm not sure how to approach it, though — can we maybe agree on some criteria to list people, or maybe only keep it down to (say) 5 or so really notable and/or historic surgeons? Wikipedia isn't a list dump. User:Dewet 16:15, 31 May 2005 (UTC) :I'm agree with keeping only a bunch of notable surgeons in this article, but I don't think that the list should be completely removed. I propose to create a new article called List of surgeons or something like that to move the entire current list, leaving in this article only the really notable surgeons. Wikipedia isn't a paper enciclopedia, it don't have space problems. --User:Suruena 20:54, 2005 May 31 (UTC) :: I also think that the List of surgeons is the way forward. Yes, Wikipedia isn't a paper encyclopedia in terms of space, but it also Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links.2C_images.2C_or_media_files in terms of content. But I'll take a stab at it now. User:Dewet 06:31, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC) :::Yes, I had not explained myself correctly. I wanted to say that IMHO this article about surgery shouldn't have a so long list of surgeons, only a few very notable cases, and a long list is OK but if moved to other article. But I forgot to said that that new list should have some added value and not be only an alphabetical list of surgeons, that list already exists at :Category:Surgeons (and with no maintenance problems). I don't know how, but maybe in this new article they could be ordered by date showing their achievements. --User:Suruena 07:55, 2005 Jun 1 (UTC) :::: Good idea. I also thought about the ordering, and considered doing it by country/continent, although it probably would be more useful to do it chronologically. If no-one else tackles this, I'll take a look at it sometime later on... User:Dewet 08:00, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC) :: OK, I've made a few alterations; I have no knowledge of the profession, so I chose a handful of people who have an article with some details, seeming notable (IMO) in some fashion. User:Dewet 07:51, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
Surgery
Medical specialties
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SB | SC | SD | SE | SF | SG | SH | SI | SJ | SK | SL | SM | SN | SO | SP | SR | SS | ST | SU | SW | SX | SY | SZ |Words begining with Surgery:
Surgery
Surgery
Surgery
Surgery_(disambiguation)
Surgery_(politics)
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