SoCrates

#REDIRECT Socrates

Socrates

: ''This article is about the ancient Greek philosopher, for all other uses see: Socrates (disambiguation)'' Socrates (June 4, c.470 BC – May 7, 399 BC) (Greek language Sōkr�tēs) was a Greek (Athens) philosophy. ==His life== According to accounts from antiquity, Socrates' father was Sophroniscus, a sculptor, and his mother Phaenarete, a midwife. He was married to Xanthippe, who bore him three sons. By the cultural standards of the time (and perhaps all time), she was considered a shrew. Socrates himself attested that he, having learned to live with Xanthippe, would be able to cope with any other human being, just as a horse trainer accustomed to wilder horses might be more competent than one not. Socrates enjoyed going to Symposium, drink-talking sessions. He was a legendary drinker, remaining sober even after everyone else in the party had become senselessly drunk; this helped him obtain his reputation as a formidable conversationalist. He also saw military action, fighting at the Battle of Potidaea, the Battle of Delium and the Battle of Amphipolis. We know from Symposium (Plato) that Socrates was decorated for bravery. In one instance he stayed with his wounded lover Alcibiades, and probably saved his life; despite the objections of Alcibiades, Socrates refused any sort of official recognition and instead encouraged the decoration of Alcibiades. During such campaigns, he also showed his extraordinary hardiness, walking without shoes and a coat in winter. It is unknown what Socrates did for a living; in Plato's accounts he explicitly denies accepting money for teaching and does not seem to have any source of income, spending all his time engaged in conversation. However, it is unlikely that Socrates was able to live off of family inheritance, given his father's occupation as an artisan; in Xenophon's ''Symposium'', Socrates explicitly states that he teaches for a living, paid by his students, and that he thinks this is the most important art or occupation. According to Aristophanes, he managed a scientific institute with his friend Chaerophon; Plato has Socrates tell us that he once spent all of his time on scientific research, but gave up on it when he came to see that it was ''philosophy'' that was truly important for study. Socrates lived during the time of the transition from the height of the Athenian Empire to its decline after its defeat by Sparta and its allies in the Peloponnesian War. At a time when Athens was seeking to recover from humiliating defeat, the Athenian public court was induced by three leading public figures to try Socrates for impiety and for corrupting the youth of Athens. According to Dr Will Beldam he was the first person to question everything and everyone, and apparently it offended the leaders of this time. He was found guilty as charged, and sentenced to drink Cicuta virosa, which cost him his life. According to the version of his defense speech presented in Plato's ''Apology'', Socrates' life as the "gadfly" of Athens began when his friend Chaerephon asked the Sibyl if anyone was wiser than Socrates; the Oracle responded negatively. Socrates, denying that he knew anything, was unable to accept this and began to seek out the wise men of Athens, questioning them about their knowledge of good, beauty, and virtue; finding that they knew nothing yet believed they knew much led Socrates to the conclusion that he was wise only in so far as he ''knew'' he knew nothing and strived for knowledge. Historical accounts from varied sources, while questionable, suggest that Socrates had been studying philosophy for much longer than this and include Parmenides, Anaxagoras, Prodicus, the priestess Diotima and others as his teachers. Socrates is probably the most influential thinker and philosopher of his time. Although no written accounts of his real life have been located, he is idolized by his disciples and thinkers that reflect on his accomplishments through their writing. See Trial of Socrates for more detail and background about Socrates' trial and execution. ==Quotes== The following quotes are attributed to Socrates in Plato's and Xenophon's writings: :''The unexamined life is not worth living.'' (''The Apology of Socrates'', 38. In Greek, "ho de anexetastos bios ou bi�tos anthor�p�i".) :''False words are not only evil in themselves, but they infect the soul with evil.'' (''Phaedo'', 91) :''So now, Athenian men, more than on my own behalf must I defend myself, as some may think, but on your behalf, so that you may not make a mistake concerning the gift of god by condemning me. For if you kill me, you will not easily find another such person at all, even if to say in a ludicrous way, attached on the city by the god, like on a large and well-bred horse, by its size and laziness both needing arousing by some gadfly; in this way the god seems to have fastened me on the city, some such one who arousing and persuading and reproaching each one of you I do not stop the whole day settling down all over. Thus such another will not easily come to you, men, but if you believe me, you will spare me; but perhaps you might possibly be offended, like the sleeping who are awakened, striking me, believing Anytus, you might easily kill, then the rest of your lives you might continue sleeping, unless the god caring for you should send you another.'' (''Apology'') :''Crito, I owe a cock to Asclepius; will you remember to pay the debt?'' (Last words, according to the ''Phaedo'' — Asclepius was the god of medicine and healing, to whom such a sacrifice might be made upon the curing of a disease.) :''Really, Ischomachus, I am disposed to ask: "Does teaching consist in putting questions?" Indeed, the secret of your system has just this instant dawned upon me. I seem to see the principle in which you put your questions. You lead me through the field of my own knowledge, and then by pointing out analogies to what I know, persuade me that I really know some things which hitherto, as I believed, I had no knowledge of.'' (''Oeconomicus'' by Xenophon, translated: ''The Economist'' by Henry Graham Dakyns) ==See also== *''Socrate'', a symphonic drama by Erik Satie ==Further reading and external links== link(s) for other Socrates information sources: * http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/GREECE/SOCRATES.HTM ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Project Gutenberg e-texts on Socrates, amongst others: ** [http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/authrec?fk_authors=93 The Dialogues of Plato] (see also Wikipedia articles on :Category:Dialogues of Plato) ** [http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/authrec?fk_authors=543 The writings of Xenophon], such as the ''Memorablia'' and ''Hellenica''. ** [http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/authrec?fk_authors=965 The satirical plays by Aristophanes] ** [http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/authrec?fk_authors=2747 Aristotle's writings] ** [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/4683 Voltaire's ''Socrates''] ** [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/254 The Second Story of Meno; a continuation of Socrates' dialogue with Meno in which the boy proves root 2 is irrational (by an anonymous author)] * ''An Introduction to Greek Philosophy'', J. V. Luce, Thames & Hudson, NY, l992. * ''Introduction to Philosophy'', Jacques Maritain * ''Greek Philosophers--Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle'', C. C. W. Taylor, R. M. Hare, and Jonathan Barnes, Oxford University Press, NY, 1998. * Taylor, C. C. W. (2001). ''Socrates: A very short introduction''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 470 BC births 399 BC deaths Ancient Greek philosophers Ancient Athenians bn:সক্রেটিস la:Socrates ms:Socrates nds:Sokrates

Socrates

(Content moved to talk:Trial of Socrates) Do we know for CERTAIN that Socrates existed? My understanding was that that issue was still up in the air. --User:Dante Alighieri 01:05 Dec 5, 2002 (UTC) Not at all. Perahps it would be if he was only known from Plato's dialogues, but he's discussed by the historian Xenophon and mocked by the comic Aristophanes, possibly among others. :Unless there was another Socrates, he's also mentioned by Thucydides. User:Adam Bishop 00:56, 11 Oct 2003 (UTC) Now this is ridiculous. One might as well question whether Ren� Descartes existed. And then, how can we be certain ''you'' exist? --User:Eequor 02:45, 22 May 2004 (UTC) ---- Not a critical point, but regarding Socrates' marriage, I guess there are some conflicting views. Namely, Xanthippe may or may not be the only wife. The following page discusses the issue rather in detail. http://www.chss.montclair.edu/english/furr/socrates/wpages39toendpt1.html See also: http://www.cnu.edu/academics/phil/carr/SocraBio.htm http://www.san.beck.org/Plato-Intro.html User:Tomos 17:37 Jan 31, 2003 (UTC) === Demos and democracy === What is the basis for the claim that Socrates supported the democracy? :Nonexistent, IMO. -- User:Cimon avaro 12:42, Oct 28, 2003 (UTC) He fought for his country (rather, his polis) when it was under military attack, but his scorn for democracy would seem to have come out again and again. Is his admiration for the life of Sparta and Crete universally consdiered to be a fabrication? Again, "enemy" would seem rather a strong term for Critias' attitude toward him: that fellow's enemies tended to suffer something rather worse than being allowed to go home and keep their mouths shut. :That phrasing is from my keyboard, and I agonized over it. I don't think "estranged" covers it, nor "disfavour". Finally I plumped for "enemy", half in frustration, half in the hope that someone would come and moderate the statement with a more apposite phrasing, because I could not. The fact remains that he (Critias) did not remain part of Socrates' circle, and there was some degree of animus between them due to the (lack of) Socrates' role in the 30 tyrants fracas. -- CAoap While we're up, is "satirical distortions" (of Aristophanes) a reasonable term? All satire tends to distort, after all; the reader, knowing this, is invited to think that these were more distorted than those of, say, Voltaire or Swift—a highly debatable view. User:Dandrake 01:45, Oct 28, 2003 (UTC) :Hope my recent edits addressed this problem. If not, feel free to adjust the phrasing. What this article lacks BTW is coverage of the whole 30 tyrants thing, and also Socrates as the prytanie (sp?) during the judicial murder of the generals of the Sicilian campaign. I've been meaning to get to it for a long time. I've got most of my sources pretty well organized, but this article is just so central, that I a a bit intimidated of making an extensive addition. I know I shouldn't, but the fact remains. -- CAoap : And perhaps someone can speak to the association b/t Plato's family and one of the Tyrants? User:SjUser Talk:Sj === Apostrophes' Troublemaking === Looks as if we're in for an apostrophe dispute. I reverted a change that added back an ''s'' to ''Socrates' ''after another person had removed them all. It is traditional in many places to use the form '' Socrates' '', so much so that the Chicago Manual of Style used to list Jesus, Moses, and Socrates as exceptions to the usual rule of adding '' 's '' to words and names ending in ''s''. The latest edition goes further: generally, Greek names in ''s'' get only the apostrophe. Perhaps this is a trans-Atlantic difference in usage. But before the international incidents get under way, will supporters of '' Socrates's'' please give some citations? User:Dandrake 17:39, Mar 4, 2004 (UTC) :No desire for a dispute here! Hi, ''Beowulf king''. I didn't notice that just before my edit you had removed all the final possessive esses; good to know Chicago has a special category for Greek names. [I was browsing the recent changes list b/c the last editor before B.k. was an anon IP formerly used to vandalize other pages...] As a proofreader, I'm most glad to have learned another acceptable usage case. User:SjUser Talk:Sj 08:40, 2004 Mar 8 (UTC) ::Actually, I got it wrong, from memory, though close enough for this purpose. What they really say: "Names of more than one syllable with an unaccented ending pronounced ''-eez''"; and then there are Jesus' and Moses' cases as well. User:Dandrake 22:28, Mar 8, 2004 (UTC) ::: Thanks for the double-check. I suppose Moses and Jesus both have unaccended last syllables. So if a hispanic user named JeSUS starts posting, we can safely have this argument again? User:SjUser Talk:Sj 08:16, 2004 Mar 9 (UTC) === And more and more === However, the person whose unacceptable user name has been canceled (thanks, Ed) was right in the substance of the personal-attack comment that has been deleted per policy (thanks again): there are ''four'' Cardinal Virtues in Christian tradition, and I've never heard of the existence of a comparable earlier list with any number of entries. So I'm changing the text, subject to correction by anyone who have find a calssic Greek list of five. User:Dandrake 19:55, Mar 5, 2004 (UTC) == Socrates and Hemlock == The article on Hemlock contains the following statement: :The Greek philosopher Socrates supposedly drank one of above toxic hemlocks to fulfil his execution sentence. However, this story is now known to be a myth, although Socrates is commonly linked to this form of suicide. Does anyone have any modern references which can verify or disprove this statement that the story is a myth? User:WormRunner | User talk:WormRunner 03:48, 13 Apr 2004 (UTC) :See Cicuta virosa. --User:Eequor 03:25, 22 May 2004 (UTC) ::But this doesn't have to do with Socrates. -User:SocratesJedi | User_talk:SocratesJedi 07:26, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC) At least one ancient source that is good evidence that he did is Plato's ''Phaedo''. Also, this was common practise for someone sentenced to death in 5th cen. Athens. == His claims == It does Socrates an injustice to say that he ''claimed'' that it is better to suffer an injustice than to commit one; he argued it clearly and (some would say) convincingly. But may we have a statement of why it merely seems at first glance to be paradoxical when he claims to be wiser than others on the basis of his understanding that he knows nothing? It's a clever paradox, in fact. User:Dandrake 08:25, May 22, 2004 (UTC) :It isn't really a paradox. The idea that one's knowledge includes the knowledge that one lacks knowledge does not conflict with a claim that one possesses knowledge; by such a statement, one demonstrates that one possesses knowledge beyond that of a person who lacks the knowledge that they lack knowledge. --User:Eequor 12:56, 22 May 2004 (UTC) == Greek form of name == I've put in the Greek language form of his name with a romanisation. Does anyone have any opinions on whenther this is a Good Thing? If it is, I might do the same to other entries. Greek form checked in LSJ. User:M.e 12:40, 11 Jun 2004 (UTC) == joints == There are a couple of places where socrates mentions the problem of the joints. It seems linked to the problem of definition and categories. I've let this act as a core for which to form associations. Have you thought about it? I have some answers but would like to hear ideas unaffected by mine. Thanks. WblakesxUser:Wblakesx 05:36, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC) == Beliefs Section == The whole section on Philosophical Beliefs came straight from my senior research paper. Here is the works cited page from that report: Chin, Beverly, et. al., eds. Glencoe World Literature. New York: Glencoe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000. Gross, Ronald. �Socrates: Mentor for humanists.� Free Inquiry Spring 2003: p. 57. Expanded Academic ASAP. The Gale Group. Newark High School Library, Newark, DE. 1 Dec 2004. . �Socrates.� Discovering Biography. Online Edition 2003. Student Resource Center. The Gale Group. Newark High Library, Newark, DE. December 1, 2004. . Solomon, Robert C., and Kathleen M. Higgins. A Short History of Philosophy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. �The Religion of Socrates.� Ancient Philosophy Spring 1998: p. 174-177. SIRS Renaissance. SIRS Mandarin, Inc. Newark High School Library, Newark, DE. 1 Dec 2004. . Thomas, Henry. Understanding the Great Philosophers. Gorden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1962. ---- Should it really be states that Socrates is ugly ? Isn't that more for tabloids and magazines and not encyclopedias. == Garlic dildo? == "It is not known whether or not Socrates had a fully-functional phallos, but it's been proven by historians that he used one carved out of garlic, instead." Um, WTF? This is a) enough of a shocking claim to warrant at least a citation, and preferably more explanation, and b) a bit of a non-sequitur. :Wikipedia:I WILL SUE YOU IN A COURT OF LAW IN TRENTON, NEW JERSEY -- and other bad jokes and deleted nonsense --User:Fubar Obfusco 05:52, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC) ::Damn, I was hoping it would turn out to be true. --User:Teucer == Beleifs revisited == I have some MAJOR issues with the "philosophical beleifs" section of this article. to being with, it in no way mentions that it is difficult to ascertain what Socrates beleived as opposed to Plato, where we get most of our accounts of Socrates. More importantly, it states as fact what are actually non-neutral stands on hotly debated issues of platonic/socratic philosophy. imo they miss the depth of the Platonic drama. It is very debatable as to whether or not Socrates thought philosophers shold actually rule as kings- notice his constant mention of how he CANNOT go to politics, as his deamon always tells him it is wrong; notice the irony of a rhetorical/dramatic masterpeice going on and on about how art is bad because the author doesn't using his own voice when Plato is having Socrates narate the entire Republic. and etc. It seems to me, if there is going to be a philosophical beleifs of Socrates section, it should make clear the difficulty of ascertaining his thoughts and should use PRIMARY sources to provide some of socrates' beleifs. There is much that i personally beleive is of greater significance and should go in this section, eg the philosophic path as laid out in the symposium and the phaedrus, the search for the GOOD (not necessarily as a "Form"), etc. so lets all talk about before i single handedly enforce my opinions on the article. we should be able to come to some concensus about what should be there and what should not. but what is there now is only one possible interpretation of his thought, cited only through secondary sources with their own interpretations. we should make clear the variety of possible interpretation and try to use primary source material as much as possible, as this is an encyclopedia.User:Heah 18:11, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC) *Ok nobody said anything so i've gone ahead and done a preliminary edit of the section, trying to be fair and impartial. Citations will be forthcoming where needed and/or requested; it all comes from the text. at the moment i've only noted the dialogue from which something was taken and not the Stephanus pages.User:Heah 18:56, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC) == vandals == somebody just vandalized a lot of stuff as i was in the middle of editing, so i couldn't just revert. i think i cleaned it all up but everyone should double check . . . User:Heah 19:38, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC) == method == does anyone know why "socratic method" was merged with this page? it really should have its own entry, as it isn't about socrates, but a teaching style we have named after him.User:Heah 20:00, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC) :since there haven't been any objections and User:ALoan consented, I've merged "socratic method" back to Socratic method. Please help with the reorganization and clarification of that page. User:Heah 21:26, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC) == Birthdate and Deathdate == The article has been edited to include his birthday as June 7th, 470 BC, but has not yet been edited in regards to his death: May 7th, 399 BC. http://www.born-today.com/Today/06-04.htm
http://quotes.tubegator.com/socrates.php
http://members.aol.com/kitecd/c_hmay.htm
I'll add the month and day, and if someone else feels it necessary to update more than that, I would appreciate it. :I saw an anon change the birth year to 469 BC, and there are some references on the web to that. My copy of the Britannica gives c.470, so I reverted to 470 and added the c. Experts feel free to modify.-User:Gadfium 05:58, 22 May 2005 (UTC) == Redirection == Why does Daimonion redirect here? :See Trial of Socrates; but I made it redirect to Daemon, which seems better in any case. User:Pmanderson 20:22, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

S�crates

S�crates Brasileiro Sampaio de Souza Vieira de Oliveira (born February 19, 1954), more commonly known as simply S�crates, was a superlative Brazilian football (soccer) player. In the Brazilian tradition of endowing footballers with pseudonyms, he was nicknamed "S�crates" due to his penchant for reading books, a habit considered sufficiently eccentric by his team-mates to warrant naming him for it. His ability to read the game was highly valued, but his touch on the ball was impeccable as well. His signature was the blind heel pass. S�crates is a physician, probably a unique case of a professional soccer player having such a high degree of education. He is also a noted intellectual, and a heavy smoker. As one of the best midfielders in football history, S�crates played for Brazil national football team in the Football World Cup 1982 and s. He began playing football professionally in 1974 in his hometown of Riber�o Preto in S�o Paulo (state), but spent the majority of his career (1978 to 1984) with Sport Club Corinthians Paulista in S�o Paulo (city), where he became famous for using football to challenge the existing History of Brazil (1964-present). S�crates also played for the Italian club ACF Fiorentina and the Brazilian clubs Clube de Regatas Flamengo and Santos Futebol Clube towards the end of his career. In 2004, more than a decade after retiring, S�crates agreed a one month player-coaching deal with Garforth Town F.C. Football Club of the Northern Counties East Football League in England. ==External links== *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/funny_old_game/3957519.stm S�crates joins Garforth Town] 1954 births Brazilian footballers

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