
Salvador Allende Gossens#Notes (July 26, 1908–September 11, 1973) was President of Chile of Chile from 1970 until his death during the Chamber of Deputies of Chile-[http://www.economiaysociedad.com/declaration.html''authorized''] military ouster of him from the presidential palace on Sept. 11, 1973. (Chile's coup d'état began two days later, on the 13th, when Augusto Pinochet, head of the armed forces, usurped total power; see Chilean coup of 1973.) ==Early life== Allende was born in 1908 in the port of Valparaíso, Chile, the son of Salvador Allende Castro and Laura Gossens Uribe. He attended high school at the Liceo Eduardo de la Barra in Valparaíso and medical school at the University of Chile, graduating as medical doctor in 1933. He married Hortensia Bussi, and had 3 daughters. He was also an ardent Marxism and, as such, an outspoken critic of capitalism. As president, Allende declared his intention for far-reaching socialist reforms. His political opponents accused him of planning to turn Chile into a Communist dictatorship, but Allende always dismissed such allegations. Allende joined the Socialist Party of Chile when he was very young and became its undisputed leader. He also served at different times as cabinet minister, deputy, senator and finally as president of the Chilean Senate. He ran unsuccessfully for the presidency on three occasions: in the 1952, 1958, and 1964 elections. He used to joke that his epitaph would be "Here lies the next President of Chile." Because of his strong Marxist ideology, Allende was a deeply unpopular figure within the administrations of successive List of Presidents of the United States from John F. Kennedy to Richard Nixon, who foresaw the danger of Chile becoming a Communist state and joining the Soviet Union's sphere of influence. In addition, the United States had substantial economic interests in Chile (through ITT, Anaconda Copper Company, Kennecott Copper Corporation, and other large corporations which could potentially be nationalized or expropriated by a socialist government. The Richard Nixon administration in particular was the most strongly opposed to Allende, a hostility that Nixon admitted openly. During Nixon's presidency, U.S. officials attempted to prevent Allende's election by financing political parties aligned with conservatism candidate Jorge Alessandri. Allende also received financial backing from foreign Communist and socialist organizations. ==Election== ''See 1970 Chilean presidential election.'' Allende finally won the 1970 Chilean presidential election as leader of the ''Unidad Popular'' ("Popular Unity") coalition. He obtained a very narrow plurality of 36,2% to 34,9% over Jorge Alessandri, a former president, with 27,8% going to a third candidate (Radomiro Tomic) of the Christian Democratic Party of Chile (PDC). Since no candidate had obtained a majority of the popular vote, the election was shifted to the Chilean Congress. In this body, the tradition was to vote for the candidate with most popular votes, regardless of margin. After the popular election, the U.S. CIA ran operations attempting to incite Chile's outgoing president, Eduardo Frei Montalva, to persuade his party (PDC) to vote in Congress for the second place-getter, Conservative-Liberal Party candidate Jorge Alessandri. Under the plan, Alessandri would resign his office immediately after assuming it and call new elections. Eduardo Frei would then be constitutionally able to run again (the Chilean Constitution forbidding more than two ''consecutive'' terms), and presumably easily defeat Allende. ''See also: U.S. Intervention in Chile''. However, in the end the Congress rejected the plan and chose to appoint Allende president, on the condition that he would sign a "Statute of Constitutional Guarantees" affirming that he would respect and obey the Chilean Constitution, and that his socialist reforms would not undermine any element of it. ==Presidency== ''See Chilean nationalization of copper.'' After his inauguration, Allende began to carry out his platform of implementing sweeping socialist programs in Chile, called "''La vía chilena al socialismo''" ("The Chilean Way to Socialism"). This included nationalization of large-scale industries (notably copper and banking), a thorough reform of the health care system (including a much-touted program of free milk for children), a reform of the educational system, and a furthering of his predecessor Eduardo Frei Montalva's agrarian reform. [http://icarito.latercera.cl/icarito/2003/912/pag1a.htm]. A new "excess profit tax" was created. The government announced a moratorium on foreign debt payments and defaulted on debts held by international creditors and foreign governments. He also froze all prices while raising salaries at the same time. These moves angered some middle-class and almost all upper-class elements, while greatly increasing Allende's support among the working class and the poorer strata of society. Throughout his presidency, Allende remained at odds with the Chilean Congress, which was dominated by the Christian Democratic Party. The Christian Democrats had campaigned on a left-wing platform in the 1970 elections, but they began to drift more and more towards the right during Allende's presidency, eventually forming a coalition with the right-wing National Party. They continued to accuse Allende of leading Chile toward a Cuban-style dictatorship and sought to overturn many of his more radical reforms. Allende and his opponents in Congress repeatedly accused each other of undermining the Chilean Constitution and acting undemocratically. In 1971, following the re-establishment of diplomatic relations with Cuba, despite a previously established Organization of American States convention that no nation in the Western Hemisphere would do so (the only exception being Mexico, which had refused to adopt that convention), Cuban president Fidel Castro, with whom he had a close friendship, started a month-long visit. This visit, in which president Castro participated actively in the internal politics of the country, holding massive rallies and giving public advice to Allende, did much to alter the public perception of the ''Chilean Way to Socialism''. Allende's increasingly bold socialist policies (partly in response to pressure from some of the more extreme members within his coalition), combined with his close contacts with Cuba, heightened fears in Washington, D.C.. The Nixon administration began exerting economic pressure on Chile via multilateral organizations, and continued to back his opponents in the Chilean Congress. As the economic problems heightened, Allende tried to rule by decree, using what he termed ''resquicios legales'' (legal loopholes), thus ignoring Congress and the office of the General Comptroller. He also angered the Judicial branch when he refused to allow the use of public force to carry out the judicial sentences that he felt were against “the revolutionary process”. His agrarian reform led to a massive shortage of basic foodstuffs. Big rural properties were broken up and handed to peasants, but there was no financial or technical support behind such a move. Without money or knowledge on how to run the properties, production fell to almost nothing. A similar process happened with the nationalized companies, which were supposed to be run by workers' committees. Internal dissent and political appointments led to the collapse of production. Foreign interests had pulled out of Chile out of fear of nationalization. Lack of foreign currency also led to a shortage of spare parts and replacements, and many industries ground to a halt. Runaway inflation led to massive discontent within the middle-classes, that segment of the population most affected by the lack of basic foodstuffs and daily necessities. Allende responded with price control measures and by a constant raising of the minimum wage in order to keep pace with the inflation. For the bottom half of society, which had little, it was a marked improvement to the situation before. But for the middle- and upper-classes, it meant long queues and increased insecurity. Chilean society became highly polarized. This discontent in turn led to two massive strikes that completed the destruction of the economy. Soon Allende began to lose control over the course of events, and what was worse, over his own coalition. Political violence became a daily occurrence. Hyper-inflation and shortages plunged the country into chaos. ==The coup== ''See Chilean coup of 1973.'' The fear of a coup was in the air for a long period before it actually happened; there were rumors since at least 1972. About a week before the coup, a congressional majority call passed, asking the normally apolitical Chilean military to "reestablish the rule of law". This document, signed by Patricio Aylwin as president of the senate, was much-used later on as a justification for the coup, even though at the time it went almost unnoticed. By late 1973, the whole country had come to a complete stop. The national truck drivers', miners', small business', doctors', lawyers', an important part of the workers', and most of the teachers' and the students' unions were all on strike. People were gathering firmly on the streets to ask for the resignation of the president. Ironically, his strongest support was from the army. That changed on August 24 when the army commander-in-chief, General Carlos Prats, resigned, and Allende chose as his replacement General Augusto Pinochet. As a result of his unpopularity (his high-water mark for the popular vote was 42%, versus a 57% for the opposition), and partly as a result of the economic and political chaos and the approaching specter of a civil war, Allende decided to call a plebiscite to settle the basic points of contention, with the promise of resignation if defeated by the popular vote. His speech outlining such a solution was scheduled for September 12, but he was never able to deliver it. On that September 11, the Chilean military, led by General Pinochet, staged the Chilean coup of 1973 against Allende. Allende died during the capture of the Palacio de La Moneda Presidential Palace. According to the junta's official version, he committed suicide with a machine gun. The stock of the gun bore a golden plate with the words ''"To my good friend Salvador Allende from Fidel Castro"'' engraved on it. At the time and for many years after, his supporters nearly uniformly presumed that he was killed by the forces staging the coup; in recent years, the story of his suicide has become more widely (though by no means universally) accepted. Another version says that Allende was killed in combat on the steps outside the Presidential Palace. It is known that the United States played a role in Chilean politics prior to the coup, but its degree of involvement in the coup itself is debated. The CIA was notified by its Chilean contacts of the impending coup two days in advance, but contends it ''"played no direct role in"'' the coup. [http://cbsnews.cbs.com/stories/2000/09/11/world/main232452.shtml] After Pinochet assumed power, U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger told President of the United States Richard Nixon that the U.S. ''"didn't do it"'' (referring to the coup itself) but had ''"created the conditions as great as possible"'' [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB123/index.htm#chile], including leading economic sanctions. Recently declassified documents show that the United States government and the CIA had sought the overthrow of Allende in 1970, immediately before he took office ("Project FUBELT"), through the incident that claimed the life of then Commander-in-Chief, General René Schneider, but claims of their direct involvement in the 1973 coup are not proven by publicly available documentary evidence. Many potentially relevant documents still remain classified. ''See'' U.S. intervention in Chile. ==Legacy and debate== Palacio_de_La_Moneda_palace">Image:Salvador Allende statue.jpg|thumb|250px|Statue of Allende in ''Constitución'' square, in front of Palacio de La Moneda palace More than thirty years after his death, Allende remains a controversial figure. Since his life ended before his presidential term was over, there has been much speculation as to what Chile would have been like had he been able to remain in power. Allende's story is often cited in discussions about whether a Communist government has ever been elected in a democratic election. Allende legitimately won a democratic election, but the significance of this is somewhat open to dispute because he only had a plurality, not a majority, in the popular vote. His supporters say that because Christian Democrat Radomiro Tomic, running on a leftist platform similar to Allende's, polled only eight points behind him, the election showed a clear victory for leftist and socialist principles. Allende's opponents maintain that Allende went much farther to the left than voters could have expected, and point out that the Christian Democratic Party later forged an alliance with the Right and was supportive of military intervention to remove Allende from office. Allende is seen as a hero to many on the left-wing politics. Some view him as a martyr who died for the cause of socialism. His face has even been stylized and reproduced as a symbol of Marxism, similar to the famous images of Che Guevara. Some hold the United States, specifically Henry Kissinger and the CIA, responsible for his death, and view him as a victim of American imperialism. Palacio_de_La_Moneda_palace">Image:Allende.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Statue of Allende in ''Constitución'' square, in front of Palacio de La Moneda palace Others view Allende much less favorably. He is criticized for his government's mass nationalization of private industry, alleged friendliness with more militant groups such as the Movement of the Revolutionary Left, and the supply shortages and hyperinflation that occurred during the latter years of his presidency; all these had combined to cause a significant decline in his popularity and the committed opposition of the Christian Democratic Party at the time of the coup. He is also accused of having an autocracy style, attempting to circumvent the Congress and having a hostile attitude toward critical media. A common and more severe criticism is that because of his closeness with Fidel Castro and Communist state countries, he was planning to convert Chile into a totalitarianism state. Such allegations are controversial, and the supposed "Plan Z" disclosed by the military junta (in which Allende's government was said to have planned to preempt the military by launching a bloody coup of their own and installing him as dictator) was false propaganda. Recent controversy has surrounded Allende's 1933 doctoral dissertation "Mental Hygiene and Delinquency", the subject of a recent book by Victor Farías of the Free University of Berlin. In his book, Farías claims that Allende held racist and anti-semitic views. However, these allegations were recently proved wrong after Allende's dissertation was published on the internet (http://www.elclarin.cl/hemeroteca.html). It turns out that Allende was merely quoting Italian scientist Cesare Lombroso, whereas he himself was critical of these theories. After the publication of the dissertation along with other documents, it became clear that Farías took certain statements out of context, and that all available evidence contradicts his allegations. The nature of U.S. involvement in the coup that deposed Allende remains a heated debate topic in the context of U.S. conduct during the Cold War. While there were several coups in Latin America during this period, Allende's downfall remains one of the most controversial. ''See also: Chilean coup of 1973''. ==Quotes== ===By Salvador Allende=== *''"Symbol of peace and construction, flagship of the revolution, of creating execution, of human feeling expanded until its plenitude."'' — Speaking with ocassion of the death of Joseph Stalin. *''"As for the bourgeois state, we are seeking to overcome it, to overthrow it."'' — In an interview with French Journalist Regis Debray in 1970. *''"I am not the president of all the Chileans. I am not a hypocrite that says so."'' — At a public rally, quoted by all Chilean newspapers, January 17, 1971 *''"¡Viva Chile! ¡Viva el pueblo! ¡Vivan los trabajadores!" ("Long live Chile! Long live the people! Long live the workers!")'' — last known words (in a radio broadcast on the morning of September 11, 1973) ===About Salvador Allende=== *''"I don't see why we need to stand by and watch a country go communist due to the irresponsibility of its own people. The issues are much too important for the Chilean voters to be left to decide for themselves."'' — Henry Kissinger *''"Make the economy scream [in Chile to] prevent Allende from coming to power or to unseat him"'' — Richard Nixon *''"It is firm and continuing policy that Allende be overthrown by a coup. It would be much preferable to have this transpire prior to 24 October but efforts in this regard will continue vigorously beyond this date. We are to continue to generate maximum pressure toward this end, utilizing every appropriate resource. It is imperative that these actions be implemented clandestinely and securely so that the USG and American hand be well hidden..."'' — [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/ch05-01.htm A communique] to the CIA base in Chile, issued on October 16, 1970 *''"Not a nut or bolt shall reach Chile under Allende. Once Allende comes to power we shall do all within our power to condemn Chile and all Chileans to utmost deprivation and poverty."'' — Edward M. Korry, U.S. Ambassador to Chile, upon hearing of Allende's election. *''"Allende is seeking the totality of power, which means Communist tyranny disguised as the dictatorship of the proletariat."'' — Statement from the National Assembly of the Chilean Christian Democratic party, May 15, 1973. *''"Of all of the leaders in the region, we considered Allende the most inimical to our interests. He was vocally pro-Castro and opposed to the United States. His internal policies were a threat to Chilean democratic liberties and human rights."'' — Henry Kissinger, ''Years of Renewal''. *''"The Popular Unity government represented the first attempt anywhere to build a genuinely democratic transition to socialism — a socialism that, owing to its origins, might be guided not by authoritarian bureaucracy, but by democratic self-rule."'' — North American Council on Latin America (NACLA) editorial, July 2003. ==See also== *History of Chile *1970 Chilean presidential election *Chilean coup of 1973 *Augusto Pinochet *U.S. intervention in Chile *Carlos Prats *René Schneider *Project Cybersyn * wikisource:Salvador_Allende:_First_speech_to_the_Chilean_parliament_after_his_election *wikisource:Salvador Allende's Last Speech (English translation) *Isabel Allende, niece of Salvador Allende (an author) *Isabel Allende (politician), daughter of Salvador Allende (a Chilean politician) ==Notes== 1 Pronunciation: SAMPA_Chart: [salvaDor aj\EndE]; International Phonetic Alphabet: salƀaðoɽ aʝεnde.
2[http://www.presidencia.cl/view/viewGaleriaPresidentes.asp?id=31&seccion=Galeria%20Presidentes&interfazseccion=Galeria%20Presidentes#a31 Biography of Allende] from the official website of the Presidency of Chile. The current administration is headed by socialist Ricardo Lagos a former Allende supporter. (See last paragraph) ==External links== * [http://www.economiaysociedad.com/declaration.html Declaration of the Breakdown of Chile’s Democracy] (resolution of Chile’s Chamber of Deputies}, English. * [http://www.economiaysociedad.com/declaracion_camara.html Declaration of the Breakdown of Chile’s Democracy] (resolution of Chile’s Chamber of Deputies}, Spanish. * [http://val.dorta.com/archives/000343.html The Myth of Allende] * [http://www.geocities.com/educhile_1970s/ History of Chile under Salvador Allende and the Popular Unity] by Ewin Martinez * [http://www.presidencia.gob.cl/view/viewGaleriaPresidentes.asp?id=31&seccion=Presidencia%20por%20Dentro&interfazseccion=Galeria%20Presidentes#a31 Official Government biography] (in Spanish) * [http://www.salvador-allende.cl Allende Memorial Site] (in Spanish) * [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/05/12/wallen12.xml&sSheet=/portal/2005/05/12/ixportal.html Allende: Fascist and Anti-Semite] * [http://www.elclarin.cl/temas/18.html Rebuttal to claims of anti-semitism from Allende Foundation] * [http://www.elclarin.cl/hemeroteca.html Caso Pinochet] (in Spanish). While nominally a page about the Pinochet case, this large collection of links includes Allende's dissertation and numerous documents (mostly PDFs) related to the dissertation and to the controversy about it, ranging from the Cesare Lombroso material discussed in Allende's dissertation to a collective telegram of protest over Kristallnacht signed by Allende. * [http://www.abacq.net/imagineria/ Popular Unity of Salvador Allende] (in Spanish) 1908 births 1973 deaths Presidents of Chile Cold War people minnan:Salvador Allende zh-min-nan:Salvador Allende simple:Salvador Allende
==NPOV== I added some revisions in an attempt to make the article more NPOV. I've read a lot about Allende, and I'm quite confident that there were failings on both sides. However, this page is supposed to be about Allende, and not the coup, don't forget. I too would like to see that quote by the ambassador sourced. user:J.J. I agree about still no NPOV - there needs to be a balance but on this issue things tend to quickly degenerate into partisanship :( -- AC Um... what isn't NPOV? It doesn't say, "the US defeated the evil Allende" nor that "the evil US helped the nasty and corrupt Pinochet, and then helped stymie attempts by families of Americans disappeared by the Pinochet regime to learn what had happened to them..." It is a historical fact that the US helped to overthrow Allende after the nationalization of the copper industry. Even in a detente kind of world, the US continued attempts at stalemating and sometimes replacing socialist governments in the Western Hemisphere. The article passes no judgement on these actions, so why isn't it NPOV? user:JHK ----- ==CIA== Because people dispute the facts of the situation. The CIA to this day denies that it instigated the coup and claims that it only knew about it. Also, the article makes it sound like the coup would not have happened without United States, which looks to me to be a bit dubious. -- AC Interesting question...would it have? So mention that the CIA still denies it -- but that it's generally held to be true (and by this, I mean throughout the world) user:JHK When I said the article wasn't NPOV, I meant it the other way. The way the article was before, it read like chaos and inflation was an inevitable result of nefarious socialists implementing their evil Secret Plan. For example, when a country is dominated by a few people who subjugate the rest of the population, this is called "united" (a vague term with undeserved but positive connotations) and when the oppressed masses decide to do something about their lot and put someone in power whom they hope will be sympathetic to their cause, then that person has "divided" the country. As if the class war was the invention, or fabrication, of Allende! Bullshit, the class-war is and was always an everyday fact of life in every third ... every society. It's just that with the near-win of the poor against the rich in Chile, it went from a cold war to a hot (and eventually shooting) war. There's something similar on the Augusto Pinochet page; a seeming "even-handedness" that's not fair at all. That page says that some Chileans thought Pinochet was a brutal mass murderer protecting the interests of the rich, while others think he "saved" Chile from communism and "transformed" its economy into a modern form. Never mind what "modern" means, what I want to know is who are those "others" who care so much about Chile being "saved" from communism? I'd lay 10:1 odds that these "others" are all, or nearly all, rich people. ''The CIA to this day denies that it instigated the coup and claims that it only knew about it.'' Yeah, and when a convicted murderer says he isn't responsible for the dead body that showed up next to his house two days ago, then this is sufficient to generate "controversy" about the likely suspect. Give me a break! The CIA has admitted, gloated in fact, to lots of evil plots and we have enough evidence for the CIA's involvement in the region that no thinking person should have any doubt on the matter. -- Ark :Right. So let's present the facts and let thinking people form their conclusions. Fact: the CIA denies involvement. Fact: no one believes them. --user:Stephen Gilbert ::I was under the impression that the CIA recently released documentary evidence of their involvement. Or was that just documents saying they knew about it? Or am I confusing it with something else? User:Tzartzam Not exactly NPOV, is it? - Zoe ''"Not a nut or bolt shall reach Chile under Allende. Once Allende comes to power we shall do all within our power to condemn Chile and all Chileans to utmost deprivation and poverty." US Ambassador to Chile, Korry in 1970 upon hearing of Allende's election'' Does anyone have a source for this quotation? If so, we should include it. --user:Stephen Gilbert ----- ==Revertion== I reverted the changes by an anonymous user by the following reasons: -He cites the "Plan Z", a story that has been admited as a fabrication of the military regime. -added some "cases" of torture without citing sources -in general the changes were all oriented towards a against Allende point of view. I think there is room for improvement in the article, but these changes were not it.--User:AstroNomer 21:56 Feb 19, 2003 (UTC) ----- ==Brazilian== I'm Brazilian, not Chilean, but I know people who lived there at the time. The interesting assertion that leftists fled the country, "but were never forced to", is true only in the sense that the chilean government wouldn't expel them. If the government got its hands on them, they would be killed, after torture. Just see what happened at the Estadio Nacional. On the involvement of the US, it is probably already declassified (its role in the case of Brazil already is: the US government didn't directly plot the coup, but planned to give logistical support). So, there is no need to argue about this, people just have to find those documents. ----- ==Link== There is a link provided for a future article on the "international communist conspiracy". I think there is a strong likelihood that this article, by its mere existence, will not be NPOV. --User:Daniel C. Boyer ---- == Moved from article body == It is not that I don't agree with the gist of the following text, but, quite simply, it is not NPOV. If anyone would care to reinsert material from it, please do it judiciously. -- User:Viajero 16:37, 30 Jul 2003 (UTC) '''Alleged US Involvement in Allende's Overthrow''' The United States has long been the dominant economic and military power in North and South America, and it is known that the American CIA assisted the Chilean opposition with money and propaganda. Many people believe American support went much further and see Pinochet as essentially a proxy for the CIA. Officially, the United States opposed President Allende's policies because he was an agent of the international communist conspiracy and represented a threat to the US, as well as a would-be tyrant seeking to undermine Chilean democracy. In this respect he was regarded much as controversial Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez is today. Some have suggested the real motivations were related to American corporations such as Pepsi, or extensive Chilean investments by the Kennedy political family. Others believe that US policy on Chile had more to do with a long-term desire to prevent democracy and popular movements in the hemisphere to ensure the hegemony of capitalism and protect the interests of the rich. Journalism Greg Palast estimates that, at the time of the coup, American corporations controlled over 85% of Chile's industry, and that it was in the interests of these corporations that the US overthrew the Chilean government. ''(The Best Democracy Money Can Buy)'' '''Alleged Soviet/Cuban Involvement in Allende's Presidency''' Many people opposed to Salvador Allende have claimed that he intended to bring Chile into the Soviet orbit as the tip of a Communist spear aimed at subjugating the hemisphere. These accusations are widespread but most do not bear scrutiny. Just before the coup, the Chilean Congress passed a resolution accusing Allende of numerous illegal, unconstitutional, and dictatorial actions and calling for his removal. They did not make any mention of Cuba or the Soviet Union. No Cuban or Soviet troops were ever stationed in the country. The extent of Allende's official dealings with Communist countries were normal diplomatic and trade ties. Though the Soviet threat is gone, present day accusations against Venezeulan President Hugo Chavez bear a striking resemblance to those made in the late 1970s about Salvador Allende. References: # ''The Best Democracy Money Can Buy'' by Greg Palast (2002) See also: *ITT Corporation == Coup not bloody!?!?! == 66.101.169.187 added the line: :The coup itself wasn't actually bloody, but during the afthermath many were killed in a campaign to exterminate Marxism. How so not bloody? The army bombed the presidential palace... -- User:Viajero 10:32, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC) :It was actually the Air Force...Probably the anonymous user meant that the number of dead in the coup itself was much smaller that the deaths in the aftermath. In any case, usually coups are bloody, unless ''bloodless'' is specified, so probably it is unnecessary. Just an opinion.--User:AstroNomer 19:36, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC) Umm, right directly as the coup was going on, death squads rounded up a large number of leading intellectuals, activists, and supporters of the Allende reforms, took them to the main stadium in Santiago, and murdered them. It wasn't a country-wide bloodbath but it certainly wasn't "bloodless" either. If we are going to call this "bloodless" we'd have to call basically every coup ever "bloodless". -- User:Wji 7 Sep Mmmm...that's not what I said. I said that if a coup is bloodless it is worth mentioning it, because it is against the "norm" for coups, if it is bloody, as most are and this certainly was, telling so is as rather superflous. About the national stadium, telling "took them to the main stadium in Santiago, and murdered them" is a not completely precise. There were thousands taken to the stadium, most of them mistreated, probably hundreds tortured, but, according to the Retig Commission, 40 ejecuted (or murdered).--User:AstroNomer 19:09, Sep 8, 2003 (UTC) ----- ==Revisioning== This article needs revisioning. See: http://val.dorta.com/archives/000343.html ---- ==POV== This article takes the point of view: *Allende was democratically elected, and *that no democratically elected leader should EVER be deposed by a coup *that therefore any US support to overthrow Allende was "anti-democratic" and therefore BAD Other POVs exist: *a narrow plurality of 36% is not a mandate for socialism *socialism ruined the economy in only 3 years' time *Allende was plotting to take the country into a dictatorship *the Chilean people did NOT vote for dictatorship *that therefore Allende himself was anti-democratic and therefore BAD I would like the article to clarify the distinction between the "US is bad" point of view and the "Allende was bad" point of view -- rather than assuming or implying that the US is bad. --User:Ed Poor 15:53, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC) ---- I'm sorry, there are no proofs that Allende would take the country into a dictatorship but it is a fact that Allende was democratically elected and deposed by a coup that took the country into a dictatorship lasted 17 years. Nevertheless, that fact should not be turned into bias. ==Balance== Former Assistant Secretary of State William D. Rogers argues: :It was rather "Allende's ... disastrous economic policies, his attack on Chile's democratic institutions, [and] the wave of popular resentment that swept the Chilean military to power. [http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20040101faresponse83116/william-d-rogers-kenneth-maxwell/fleeing-the-chilean-coup-the-debate-over-u-s-complicity.html] ---- ==Factual error== The mention that the comunist party was in the oposition of Allende is a factual error, In fact, the comunist party was part of Allende coallition. The idea of the CIA finncing this party is really a novelty,,,,, please show your source User:Cuye 20:42, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC) ---- ==Democracy vs. Marxism== For a quarter century, Marxists have been accusing the US of using anti-democratic methods to stop the "free and fair" democratic aspirations of the poor downtrodden masses to vote for Marxist-style socialism. Chile is their best example, but they're going to try using Haiti too. :U.S. overthrows Chilean democracy (1963-1973) [http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/42a/index-dg.html] :Well, this is not the first time the US has removed a democratically elected leader from power (only to be replaced by a dictator) and it looks like it won't be the last. [http://www.onrelease.org/index.php?p=79770343] Supporters of democracy and free markets, on the other hand deny the Marxist accusations, saying that ''no people has ever voted for a Marxist dictatorship''. Allende tried to trick his people the same way Hitler tricked the Germans. Whether you agree or disagree with these two points of view (POV), they are the most widely held among scholars and politicians. So they should BOTH be in the article, along with any other creditable POVs. Please don't try to make the article support only the Marxist POV. --User:Ed Poor 15:35, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC) My latest research makes him look like history's first "democratically-elected Marxist president". :Marxist President Salvador Allende's pledge to bring socialism, constitutionally and without violence ... [http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:rjSChYFnOY4J:www.library.pitt.edu/subject_guides/latinamerican/films.pdf+Allende+introduce+Socialist+ideals+Roman+Catholic+education+system&hl=en&lr=lang_en&ie=UTF-8] :On September 4, 1970, Salvador Allende became the first Marxist to be democratically elected the leader of a Latin-American nation. Because he received only a plurality of votes in the presidential election, his election had to be confirmed by the Chilean Congress. U.S. President Richard Nixon ordered the CIA to prevent Allende's confirmation, but the CIA's attempts to foment a coup ultimately failed: On October 24, the Chilean Congress voted to confirm Allende after he pledged support of 10 libertarian constitutional amendments. As president of Chile, Allende promoted democratic socialism, governing by elections and legislation rather than violent change. He redistributed land and, to the chagrin of the United States, nationalized foreign-owned businesses. The CIA worked to destabilize his government, and international economic agencies denied loans and capital to Chile. On September 11, 1973, economic turmoil resulted in a military coup led by General Augusto Pinochet. With the military in revolt, Allende retreated with his supporters to the presidential palace in Santiago, which was surrounded by tanks and infantry and bombed by air force jets. Allende survived the aerial attack but then allegedly shot himself to death as troops stormed the burning palace. --History Channel [http://www.historychannel.com/speeches/archive/speech_531.html] Did Allende miscalculate? Looks like taking over the copper industry would be the logical first step in setting up a successful socialist economy (according to Marxist theory). But he didn't count on the reaction of the export market. Foreign customers refused to buy copper! I wonder if he had any idea they would do that.... :In 1970, Dr. Salvador Allende Gossens became president after an intense Congressional debate. Allende proceeded to nationalize the country's vital copper industry and the international community responded with a boycott that helped cripple the economy, particularly as the government also nationalized the coal and steel industries and much of the banks. Unhappiness in the country reached such levels that the military took action in 1973, taking over the government and killing Allende. General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte became president and the next years saw thousands of Chileans arrested and killed by the junta. Pinochet lasted until 1988 as calls for the end of the Pinochet dictatorship became impossible to resist. He was replaced by a member of the Christian Democratic Party in 1990, bringing to a close 17 years of military rule. [http://www.multied.com/nationbynation/Chile/History1.html] 3 quotes and 2 comments above by User:Ed Poor 14:24, 19 Apr 2004 (UTC) ---- ==Did Allende Shoot himself?== ''Just a note:'' This is also a POV which is Controversial on the Left. Some of my Comrades, particularly from the Chilean community are absolutely against the theory that he shot himself. I am partial on this, because I have not seen any evidence to the contrary, but perhaps it should be metioned that many do not believe this to be what happened.--User:Mista-X 20:15, 21 Apr 2004 (UTC) :His own family believes he shot himself. --User:Cantus 02:46, 22 Apr 2004 (UTC) Cantus: Can you confirm this with quotes? I remember hearing his duaghter say in a documentary "They said that he had shot himself.", not that she necessarily believed that herself. I also remember various of his Comrades say that he would never do such a thing, and that that day he fought like the bravest of any soldier could, and cursed and swore at anyone who tried to stop him from fighting. They say he would have died fighting rather than shoot himself. I guess it could be a bit of romaticism; and personally I don't blaim him or think any less of him if he did shoot himself. --User:Mista-X 05:03, 22 Apr 2004 (UTC) I thought the fact that he committed suicide was pretty well-confirmed. User:Trey Stone 06:05, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC) I eliminated the sentence that stated that he "probably" killed himself, as almost all other UNBIASED sources accept that Allende killed himself. I added, however, that some of his supporters still believe that he was killed. ==Articles about Allende/Pinochet regime change in Chile== *Salvador Allende - deposed by 1973 coup *Augusto Pinochet - took power in 1973 coup *History of Chile - long article with section on 1970-1973 events *Chilean coup of 1973 - about the 1973 coup itself (also linked via 1973 coup in Chile *U.S. intervention in Chile ==Marxist-style socialism and democratic processes== Cantus deleted this sentence of mine 3 months ago, calling it part of a "POV edit": :Ever since, Allende has been at the focus of intense controversy over whether a Marxist-style socialist government has ever come into power via democratic processes. I wonder two things: *Is there anything inaccurate or biased about this sentence? *If not, which article is the best place for it? I'm leaning toward 1973 coup in Chile, with "the coup" as the subject of the sentence in place of "Allende". --User:Ed Poor 15:23, 9 Jun 2004 (UTC) :"Marxist-style" is an essentially meaningless phrase, since Marx was first and foremost a political economist, not a political leader. In addition, there are many shades of socialism, and also things that look like socialism -- or are called socialism -- but are not. For those of us with nuanced views of the matter, the question is a highly tendentious one. -- User:Viajero 15:58, 9 Jun 2004 (UTC) == mispronounciation-guides == It is a common trait of English, particularly American, mispronounciations of Roman languages such as French and Spanish to put a gliding 'y' at the end of words ending with -e (or with -e+silent consonant). Wikipedia ought better not contribute to the proliferartion of this error[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Salvador_Allende&diff=4068007&oldid=4064773]. Maybe it would be the best to use a standardized phonetic alphabet, such as SAMPA, for pronounciation guides – but if not, here are a couple of non-standard pronounciation guides for the surname Allende: * http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entries/92/a0209200.html * http://www.infoplease.com/ce5/CE001508.html * http://www.loc.gov/nls/other/sayhow.html /User:Tuomas 09:38, 13 Jun 2004 (UTC) == Question == I haven't read back through all the past comments on this page - and surely, there were many - but why do all the headings about additional articles use this ridiculous "regime change" euphemism which is, by my recollection, barely three years old, if that? It was a coup d'etat - ''un golpe'', if you want to be more regional - so why can't it be called just that? "Regime change" probably has poorer connotations than coup anyways after the events of the last two years. User:Wally 04:15, 16 Jun 2004 (UTC) :I don't much care about the wording of headings in Talk. In the article itself, there's only one "regime change" heading. The references listed under that heading include information about the coup but also information about the developments preceding it. I think "regime change" is more accurate because it seems more inclusive, covering the background to the coup as well as the coup itself. The word "coup" is used in the first sentence of the article and extensively thereafter, so there's certainly no attempt to substitute a euphemism. User:JamesMLane 16:43, 16 Jun 2004 (UTC) ::To me, however, the use of "regime change" at all is a poor attempt to sub in a neologism that oughn't be there, especially a neologism of such differing connotations by political view. Frankly, given that the term was never used before the Iraq situation, and is associated closely ''with it'' (thus immediately polarizing the issue), I just think it oughn't be included at all, even in a heading. Coup, if anything, is matter-of-fact and doesn't of necessity mean anything negative. User:Wally 21:43, 16 Jun 2004 (UTC) :Sorted on this article. Shall now go and check the others. User:Hajor 21:53, 16 Jun 2004 (UTC) ::Just to note, on the other articles (Augusto Pinochet, at least), it seems that "See further" is all that's used. That works for me, if there aren't objections. Short, sweet, purposeful. User:Wally 06:04, 18 Jun 2004 (UTC) == Allende's Last Speech == I have added a link to a wikisource version of Allende's Last Speech [http://sources.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Allende%27s_Last_Speech_%28English_translation%29]. The page was copied from wikipedia, but the translation had been listed as a possible copyright violation. [http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/sociology/staff/academic/daniel_chernilo/index/mis/allende_en/ Here] is daniel chernilo's web site. It contains both the disputed text and an audio recording of the speech. We could ask him for permission to use his translation -- though it clearly needs some work. Or, I was wondering if some Spanish speaker here would be willing to quickly re-translate the speech for wikisource to avoid copyvio issues (it's not very long). I'm very skeptical that there are copyvio problems with the speech itself, but the translation is another matter. User:Wolfman 01:10, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC) * Can you please provide a link to the original Spanish-language speech so I (or someone) can do an "unpolluted" translation? -- User:Jmabel 23:37, Sep 20, 2004 (UTC) :The following links are from the page referenced above (on the left hand side navigation bar) [http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/sociology/staff/academic/daniel_chernilo/index/mis/audio_allende.mp3 mp3], [http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/sociology/staff/academic/daniel_chernilo/index/mis/allende/ spanish text]. Thanks. User:Wolfman 23:47, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC) Hideous, because all accented letters are FUBAR, but here goes. This in ''not'' a verbatim, literal translation: I'm trying to get the tone accurate and in many cases one would make different word choices in different languages. In particular, I have chosen to translate the Spanish-language ''Patria'' as "Nation", rather than the more literal "Fatherland", because the latter is almost nonexistent in English except as a translation from German. I do not think it has the right connotation, I do not think any native English-speaker would opt for "Fatherland" in a similar context. -- User:Jmabel 01:27, Sep 21, 2004 (UTC) :A million thanks; have wikisourced it. User:Wolfman 01:37, 21 Sep 2004 (UTC)
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
Words begining with Salvador_Allende:
Salvador_Allende
Salvador_Allende
Salvador_Allende_Gossens
Salvador_Allende_Local
Salvador Allende
Salvador Allende Gossens#Notes (July 26, 1908–September 11, 1973) was President of Chile of Chile from 1970 until his death during the Chamber of Deputies of Chile-[http://www.economiaysociedad.com/declaration.html''authorized''] military ouster of him from the presidential palace on Sept. 11, 1973. (Chile's coup d'état began two days later, on the 13th, when Augusto Pinochet, head of the armed forces, usurped total power; see Chilean coup of 1973.) ==Early life== Allende was born in 1908 in the port of Valparaíso, Chile, the son of Salvador Allende Castro and Laura Gossens Uribe. He attended high school at the Liceo Eduardo de la Barra in Valparaíso and medical school at the University of Chile, graduating as medical doctor in 1933. He married Hortensia Bussi, and had 3 daughters. He was also an ardent Marxism and, as such, an outspoken critic of capitalism. As president, Allende declared his intention for far-reaching socialist reforms. His political opponents accused him of planning to turn Chile into a Communist dictatorship, but Allende always dismissed such allegations. Allende joined the Socialist Party of Chile when he was very young and became its undisputed leader. He also served at different times as cabinet minister, deputy, senator and finally as president of the Chilean Senate. He ran unsuccessfully for the presidency on three occasions: in the 1952, 1958, and 1964 elections. He used to joke that his epitaph would be "Here lies the next President of Chile." Because of his strong Marxist ideology, Allende was a deeply unpopular figure within the administrations of successive List of Presidents of the United States from John F. Kennedy to Richard Nixon, who foresaw the danger of Chile becoming a Communist state and joining the Soviet Union's sphere of influence. In addition, the United States had substantial economic interests in Chile (through ITT, Anaconda Copper Company, Kennecott Copper Corporation, and other large corporations which could potentially be nationalized or expropriated by a socialist government. The Richard Nixon administration in particular was the most strongly opposed to Allende, a hostility that Nixon admitted openly. During Nixon's presidency, U.S. officials attempted to prevent Allende's election by financing political parties aligned with conservatism candidate Jorge Alessandri. Allende also received financial backing from foreign Communist and socialist organizations. ==Election== ''See 1970 Chilean presidential election.'' Allende finally won the 1970 Chilean presidential election as leader of the ''Unidad Popular'' ("Popular Unity") coalition. He obtained a very narrow plurality of 36,2% to 34,9% over Jorge Alessandri, a former president, with 27,8% going to a third candidate (Radomiro Tomic) of the Christian Democratic Party of Chile (PDC). Since no candidate had obtained a majority of the popular vote, the election was shifted to the Chilean Congress. In this body, the tradition was to vote for the candidate with most popular votes, regardless of margin. After the popular election, the U.S. CIA ran operations attempting to incite Chile's outgoing president, Eduardo Frei Montalva, to persuade his party (PDC) to vote in Congress for the second place-getter, Conservative-Liberal Party candidate Jorge Alessandri. Under the plan, Alessandri would resign his office immediately after assuming it and call new elections. Eduardo Frei would then be constitutionally able to run again (the Chilean Constitution forbidding more than two ''consecutive'' terms), and presumably easily defeat Allende. ''See also: U.S. Intervention in Chile''. However, in the end the Congress rejected the plan and chose to appoint Allende president, on the condition that he would sign a "Statute of Constitutional Guarantees" affirming that he would respect and obey the Chilean Constitution, and that his socialist reforms would not undermine any element of it. ==Presidency== ''See Chilean nationalization of copper.'' After his inauguration, Allende began to carry out his platform of implementing sweeping socialist programs in Chile, called "''La vía chilena al socialismo''" ("The Chilean Way to Socialism"). This included nationalization of large-scale industries (notably copper and banking), a thorough reform of the health care system (including a much-touted program of free milk for children), a reform of the educational system, and a furthering of his predecessor Eduardo Frei Montalva's agrarian reform. [http://icarito.latercera.cl/icarito/2003/912/pag1a.htm]. A new "excess profit tax" was created. The government announced a moratorium on foreign debt payments and defaulted on debts held by international creditors and foreign governments. He also froze all prices while raising salaries at the same time. These moves angered some middle-class and almost all upper-class elements, while greatly increasing Allende's support among the working class and the poorer strata of society. Throughout his presidency, Allende remained at odds with the Chilean Congress, which was dominated by the Christian Democratic Party. The Christian Democrats had campaigned on a left-wing platform in the 1970 elections, but they began to drift more and more towards the right during Allende's presidency, eventually forming a coalition with the right-wing National Party. They continued to accuse Allende of leading Chile toward a Cuban-style dictatorship and sought to overturn many of his more radical reforms. Allende and his opponents in Congress repeatedly accused each other of undermining the Chilean Constitution and acting undemocratically. In 1971, following the re-establishment of diplomatic relations with Cuba, despite a previously established Organization of American States convention that no nation in the Western Hemisphere would do so (the only exception being Mexico, which had refused to adopt that convention), Cuban president Fidel Castro, with whom he had a close friendship, started a month-long visit. This visit, in which president Castro participated actively in the internal politics of the country, holding massive rallies and giving public advice to Allende, did much to alter the public perception of the ''Chilean Way to Socialism''. Allende's increasingly bold socialist policies (partly in response to pressure from some of the more extreme members within his coalition), combined with his close contacts with Cuba, heightened fears in Washington, D.C.. The Nixon administration began exerting economic pressure on Chile via multilateral organizations, and continued to back his opponents in the Chilean Congress. As the economic problems heightened, Allende tried to rule by decree, using what he termed ''resquicios legales'' (legal loopholes), thus ignoring Congress and the office of the General Comptroller. He also angered the Judicial branch when he refused to allow the use of public force to carry out the judicial sentences that he felt were against “the revolutionary process”. His agrarian reform led to a massive shortage of basic foodstuffs. Big rural properties were broken up and handed to peasants, but there was no financial or technical support behind such a move. Without money or knowledge on how to run the properties, production fell to almost nothing. A similar process happened with the nationalized companies, which were supposed to be run by workers' committees. Internal dissent and political appointments led to the collapse of production. Foreign interests had pulled out of Chile out of fear of nationalization. Lack of foreign currency also led to a shortage of spare parts and replacements, and many industries ground to a halt. Runaway inflation led to massive discontent within the middle-classes, that segment of the population most affected by the lack of basic foodstuffs and daily necessities. Allende responded with price control measures and by a constant raising of the minimum wage in order to keep pace with the inflation. For the bottom half of society, which had little, it was a marked improvement to the situation before. But for the middle- and upper-classes, it meant long queues and increased insecurity. Chilean society became highly polarized. This discontent in turn led to two massive strikes that completed the destruction of the economy. Soon Allende began to lose control over the course of events, and what was worse, over his own coalition. Political violence became a daily occurrence. Hyper-inflation and shortages plunged the country into chaos. ==The coup== ''See Chilean coup of 1973.'' The fear of a coup was in the air for a long period before it actually happened; there were rumors since at least 1972. About a week before the coup, a congressional majority call passed, asking the normally apolitical Chilean military to "reestablish the rule of law". This document, signed by Patricio Aylwin as president of the senate, was much-used later on as a justification for the coup, even though at the time it went almost unnoticed. By late 1973, the whole country had come to a complete stop. The national truck drivers', miners', small business', doctors', lawyers', an important part of the workers', and most of the teachers' and the students' unions were all on strike. People were gathering firmly on the streets to ask for the resignation of the president. Ironically, his strongest support was from the army. That changed on August 24 when the army commander-in-chief, General Carlos Prats, resigned, and Allende chose as his replacement General Augusto Pinochet. As a result of his unpopularity (his high-water mark for the popular vote was 42%, versus a 57% for the opposition), and partly as a result of the economic and political chaos and the approaching specter of a civil war, Allende decided to call a plebiscite to settle the basic points of contention, with the promise of resignation if defeated by the popular vote. His speech outlining such a solution was scheduled for September 12, but he was never able to deliver it. On that September 11, the Chilean military, led by General Pinochet, staged the Chilean coup of 1973 against Allende. Allende died during the capture of the Palacio de La Moneda Presidential Palace. According to the junta's official version, he committed suicide with a machine gun. The stock of the gun bore a golden plate with the words ''"To my good friend Salvador Allende from Fidel Castro"'' engraved on it. At the time and for many years after, his supporters nearly uniformly presumed that he was killed by the forces staging the coup; in recent years, the story of his suicide has become more widely (though by no means universally) accepted. Another version says that Allende was killed in combat on the steps outside the Presidential Palace. It is known that the United States played a role in Chilean politics prior to the coup, but its degree of involvement in the coup itself is debated. The CIA was notified by its Chilean contacts of the impending coup two days in advance, but contends it ''"played no direct role in"'' the coup. [http://cbsnews.cbs.com/stories/2000/09/11/world/main232452.shtml] After Pinochet assumed power, U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger told President of the United States Richard Nixon that the U.S. ''"didn't do it"'' (referring to the coup itself) but had ''"created the conditions as great as possible"'' [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB123/index.htm#chile], including leading economic sanctions. Recently declassified documents show that the United States government and the CIA had sought the overthrow of Allende in 1970, immediately before he took office ("Project FUBELT"), through the incident that claimed the life of then Commander-in-Chief, General René Schneider, but claims of their direct involvement in the 1973 coup are not proven by publicly available documentary evidence. Many potentially relevant documents still remain classified. ''See'' U.S. intervention in Chile. ==Legacy and debate== Palacio_de_La_Moneda_palace">Image:Salvador Allende statue.jpg|thumb|250px|Statue of Allende in ''Constitución'' square, in front of Palacio de La Moneda palace More than thirty years after his death, Allende remains a controversial figure. Since his life ended before his presidential term was over, there has been much speculation as to what Chile would have been like had he been able to remain in power. Allende's story is often cited in discussions about whether a Communist government has ever been elected in a democratic election. Allende legitimately won a democratic election, but the significance of this is somewhat open to dispute because he only had a plurality, not a majority, in the popular vote. His supporters say that because Christian Democrat Radomiro Tomic, running on a leftist platform similar to Allende's, polled only eight points behind him, the election showed a clear victory for leftist and socialist principles. Allende's opponents maintain that Allende went much farther to the left than voters could have expected, and point out that the Christian Democratic Party later forged an alliance with the Right and was supportive of military intervention to remove Allende from office. Allende is seen as a hero to many on the left-wing politics. Some view him as a martyr who died for the cause of socialism. His face has even been stylized and reproduced as a symbol of Marxism, similar to the famous images of Che Guevara. Some hold the United States, specifically Henry Kissinger and the CIA, responsible for his death, and view him as a victim of American imperialism. Palacio_de_La_Moneda_palace">Image:Allende.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Statue of Allende in ''Constitución'' square, in front of Palacio de La Moneda palace Others view Allende much less favorably. He is criticized for his government's mass nationalization of private industry, alleged friendliness with more militant groups such as the Movement of the Revolutionary Left, and the supply shortages and hyperinflation that occurred during the latter years of his presidency; all these had combined to cause a significant decline in his popularity and the committed opposition of the Christian Democratic Party at the time of the coup. He is also accused of having an autocracy style, attempting to circumvent the Congress and having a hostile attitude toward critical media. A common and more severe criticism is that because of his closeness with Fidel Castro and Communist state countries, he was planning to convert Chile into a totalitarianism state. Such allegations are controversial, and the supposed "Plan Z" disclosed by the military junta (in which Allende's government was said to have planned to preempt the military by launching a bloody coup of their own and installing him as dictator) was false propaganda. Recent controversy has surrounded Allende's 1933 doctoral dissertation "Mental Hygiene and Delinquency", the subject of a recent book by Victor Farías of the Free University of Berlin. In his book, Farías claims that Allende held racist and anti-semitic views. However, these allegations were recently proved wrong after Allende's dissertation was published on the internet (http://www.elclarin.cl/hemeroteca.html). It turns out that Allende was merely quoting Italian scientist Cesare Lombroso, whereas he himself was critical of these theories. After the publication of the dissertation along with other documents, it became clear that Farías took certain statements out of context, and that all available evidence contradicts his allegations. The nature of U.S. involvement in the coup that deposed Allende remains a heated debate topic in the context of U.S. conduct during the Cold War. While there were several coups in Latin America during this period, Allende's downfall remains one of the most controversial. ''See also: Chilean coup of 1973''. ==Quotes== ===By Salvador Allende=== *''"Symbol of peace and construction, flagship of the revolution, of creating execution, of human feeling expanded until its plenitude."'' — Speaking with ocassion of the death of Joseph Stalin. *''"As for the bourgeois state, we are seeking to overcome it, to overthrow it."'' — In an interview with French Journalist Regis Debray in 1970. *''"I am not the president of all the Chileans. I am not a hypocrite that says so."'' — At a public rally, quoted by all Chilean newspapers, January 17, 1971 *''"¡Viva Chile! ¡Viva el pueblo! ¡Vivan los trabajadores!" ("Long live Chile! Long live the people! Long live the workers!")'' — last known words (in a radio broadcast on the morning of September 11, 1973) ===About Salvador Allende=== *''"I don't see why we need to stand by and watch a country go communist due to the irresponsibility of its own people. The issues are much too important for the Chilean voters to be left to decide for themselves."'' — Henry Kissinger *''"Make the economy scream [in Chile to] prevent Allende from coming to power or to unseat him"'' — Richard Nixon *''"It is firm and continuing policy that Allende be overthrown by a coup. It would be much preferable to have this transpire prior to 24 October but efforts in this regard will continue vigorously beyond this date. We are to continue to generate maximum pressure toward this end, utilizing every appropriate resource. It is imperative that these actions be implemented clandestinely and securely so that the USG and American hand be well hidden..."'' — [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/ch05-01.htm A communique] to the CIA base in Chile, issued on October 16, 1970 *''"Not a nut or bolt shall reach Chile under Allende. Once Allende comes to power we shall do all within our power to condemn Chile and all Chileans to utmost deprivation and poverty."'' — Edward M. Korry, U.S. Ambassador to Chile, upon hearing of Allende's election. *''"Allende is seeking the totality of power, which means Communist tyranny disguised as the dictatorship of the proletariat."'' — Statement from the National Assembly of the Chilean Christian Democratic party, May 15, 1973. *''"Of all of the leaders in the region, we considered Allende the most inimical to our interests. He was vocally pro-Castro and opposed to the United States. His internal policies were a threat to Chilean democratic liberties and human rights."'' — Henry Kissinger, ''Years of Renewal''. *''"The Popular Unity government represented the first attempt anywhere to build a genuinely democratic transition to socialism — a socialism that, owing to its origins, might be guided not by authoritarian bureaucracy, but by democratic self-rule."'' — North American Council on Latin America (NACLA) editorial, July 2003. ==See also== *History of Chile *1970 Chilean presidential election *Chilean coup of 1973 *Augusto Pinochet *U.S. intervention in Chile *Carlos Prats *René Schneider *Project Cybersyn * wikisource:Salvador_Allende:_First_speech_to_the_Chilean_parliament_after_his_election *wikisource:Salvador Allende's Last Speech (English translation) *Isabel Allende, niece of Salvador Allende (an author) *Isabel Allende (politician), daughter of Salvador Allende (a Chilean politician) ==Notes== 1 Pronunciation: SAMPA_Chart: [salvaDor aj\EndE]; International Phonetic Alphabet: salƀaðoɽ aʝεnde.
2[http://www.presidencia.cl/view/viewGaleriaPresidentes.asp?id=31&seccion=Galeria%20Presidentes&interfazseccion=Galeria%20Presidentes#a31 Biography of Allende] from the official website of the Presidency of Chile. The current administration is headed by socialist Ricardo Lagos a former Allende supporter. (See last paragraph) ==External links== * [http://www.economiaysociedad.com/declaration.html Declaration of the Breakdown of Chile’s Democracy] (resolution of Chile’s Chamber of Deputies}, English. * [http://www.economiaysociedad.com/declaracion_camara.html Declaration of the Breakdown of Chile’s Democracy] (resolution of Chile’s Chamber of Deputies}, Spanish. * [http://val.dorta.com/archives/000343.html The Myth of Allende] * [http://www.geocities.com/educhile_1970s/ History of Chile under Salvador Allende and the Popular Unity] by Ewin Martinez * [http://www.presidencia.gob.cl/view/viewGaleriaPresidentes.asp?id=31&seccion=Presidencia%20por%20Dentro&interfazseccion=Galeria%20Presidentes#a31 Official Government biography] (in Spanish) * [http://www.salvador-allende.cl Allende Memorial Site] (in Spanish) * [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/05/12/wallen12.xml&sSheet=/portal/2005/05/12/ixportal.html Allende: Fascist and Anti-Semite] * [http://www.elclarin.cl/temas/18.html Rebuttal to claims of anti-semitism from Allende Foundation] * [http://www.elclarin.cl/hemeroteca.html Caso Pinochet] (in Spanish). While nominally a page about the Pinochet case, this large collection of links includes Allende's dissertation and numerous documents (mostly PDFs) related to the dissertation and to the controversy about it, ranging from the Cesare Lombroso material discussed in Allende's dissertation to a collective telegram of protest over Kristallnacht signed by Allende. * [http://www.abacq.net/imagineria/ Popular Unity of Salvador Allende] (in Spanish) 1908 births 1973 deaths Presidents of Chile Cold War people minnan:Salvador Allende zh-min-nan:Salvador Allende simple:Salvador Allende
Salvador Allende
==NPOV== I added some revisions in an attempt to make the article more NPOV. I've read a lot about Allende, and I'm quite confident that there were failings on both sides. However, this page is supposed to be about Allende, and not the coup, don't forget. I too would like to see that quote by the ambassador sourced. user:J.J. I agree about still no NPOV - there needs to be a balance but on this issue things tend to quickly degenerate into partisanship :( -- AC Um... what isn't NPOV? It doesn't say, "the US defeated the evil Allende" nor that "the evil US helped the nasty and corrupt Pinochet, and then helped stymie attempts by families of Americans disappeared by the Pinochet regime to learn what had happened to them..." It is a historical fact that the US helped to overthrow Allende after the nationalization of the copper industry. Even in a detente kind of world, the US continued attempts at stalemating and sometimes replacing socialist governments in the Western Hemisphere. The article passes no judgement on these actions, so why isn't it NPOV? user:JHK ----- ==CIA== Because people dispute the facts of the situation. The CIA to this day denies that it instigated the coup and claims that it only knew about it. Also, the article makes it sound like the coup would not have happened without United States, which looks to me to be a bit dubious. -- AC Interesting question...would it have? So mention that the CIA still denies it -- but that it's generally held to be true (and by this, I mean throughout the world) user:JHK When I said the article wasn't NPOV, I meant it the other way. The way the article was before, it read like chaos and inflation was an inevitable result of nefarious socialists implementing their evil Secret Plan. For example, when a country is dominated by a few people who subjugate the rest of the population, this is called "united" (a vague term with undeserved but positive connotations) and when the oppressed masses decide to do something about their lot and put someone in power whom they hope will be sympathetic to their cause, then that person has "divided" the country. As if the class war was the invention, or fabrication, of Allende! Bullshit, the class-war is and was always an everyday fact of life in every third ... every society. It's just that with the near-win of the poor against the rich in Chile, it went from a cold war to a hot (and eventually shooting) war. There's something similar on the Augusto Pinochet page; a seeming "even-handedness" that's not fair at all. That page says that some Chileans thought Pinochet was a brutal mass murderer protecting the interests of the rich, while others think he "saved" Chile from communism and "transformed" its economy into a modern form. Never mind what "modern" means, what I want to know is who are those "others" who care so much about Chile being "saved" from communism? I'd lay 10:1 odds that these "others" are all, or nearly all, rich people. ''The CIA to this day denies that it instigated the coup and claims that it only knew about it.'' Yeah, and when a convicted murderer says he isn't responsible for the dead body that showed up next to his house two days ago, then this is sufficient to generate "controversy" about the likely suspect. Give me a break! The CIA has admitted, gloated in fact, to lots of evil plots and we have enough evidence for the CIA's involvement in the region that no thinking person should have any doubt on the matter. -- Ark :Right. So let's present the facts and let thinking people form their conclusions. Fact: the CIA denies involvement. Fact: no one believes them. --user:Stephen Gilbert ::I was under the impression that the CIA recently released documentary evidence of their involvement. Or was that just documents saying they knew about it? Or am I confusing it with something else? User:Tzartzam Not exactly NPOV, is it? - Zoe ''"Not a nut or bolt shall reach Chile under Allende. Once Allende comes to power we shall do all within our power to condemn Chile and all Chileans to utmost deprivation and poverty." US Ambassador to Chile, Korry in 1970 upon hearing of Allende's election'' Does anyone have a source for this quotation? If so, we should include it. --user:Stephen Gilbert ----- ==Revertion== I reverted the changes by an anonymous user by the following reasons: -He cites the "Plan Z", a story that has been admited as a fabrication of the military regime. -added some "cases" of torture without citing sources -in general the changes were all oriented towards a against Allende point of view. I think there is room for improvement in the article, but these changes were not it.--User:AstroNomer 21:56 Feb 19, 2003 (UTC) ----- ==Brazilian== I'm Brazilian, not Chilean, but I know people who lived there at the time. The interesting assertion that leftists fled the country, "but were never forced to", is true only in the sense that the chilean government wouldn't expel them. If the government got its hands on them, they would be killed, after torture. Just see what happened at the Estadio Nacional. On the involvement of the US, it is probably already declassified (its role in the case of Brazil already is: the US government didn't directly plot the coup, but planned to give logistical support). So, there is no need to argue about this, people just have to find those documents. ----- ==Link== There is a link provided for a future article on the "international communist conspiracy". I think there is a strong likelihood that this article, by its mere existence, will not be NPOV. --User:Daniel C. Boyer ---- == Moved from article body == It is not that I don't agree with the gist of the following text, but, quite simply, it is not NPOV. If anyone would care to reinsert material from it, please do it judiciously. -- User:Viajero 16:37, 30 Jul 2003 (UTC) '''Alleged US Involvement in Allende's Overthrow''' The United States has long been the dominant economic and military power in North and South America, and it is known that the American CIA assisted the Chilean opposition with money and propaganda. Many people believe American support went much further and see Pinochet as essentially a proxy for the CIA. Officially, the United States opposed President Allende's policies because he was an agent of the international communist conspiracy and represented a threat to the US, as well as a would-be tyrant seeking to undermine Chilean democracy. In this respect he was regarded much as controversial Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez is today. Some have suggested the real motivations were related to American corporations such as Pepsi, or extensive Chilean investments by the Kennedy political family. Others believe that US policy on Chile had more to do with a long-term desire to prevent democracy and popular movements in the hemisphere to ensure the hegemony of capitalism and protect the interests of the rich. Journalism Greg Palast estimates that, at the time of the coup, American corporations controlled over 85% of Chile's industry, and that it was in the interests of these corporations that the US overthrew the Chilean government. ''(The Best Democracy Money Can Buy)'' '''Alleged Soviet/Cuban Involvement in Allende's Presidency''' Many people opposed to Salvador Allende have claimed that he intended to bring Chile into the Soviet orbit as the tip of a Communist spear aimed at subjugating the hemisphere. These accusations are widespread but most do not bear scrutiny. Just before the coup, the Chilean Congress passed a resolution accusing Allende of numerous illegal, unconstitutional, and dictatorial actions and calling for his removal. They did not make any mention of Cuba or the Soviet Union. No Cuban or Soviet troops were ever stationed in the country. The extent of Allende's official dealings with Communist countries were normal diplomatic and trade ties. Though the Soviet threat is gone, present day accusations against Venezeulan President Hugo Chavez bear a striking resemblance to those made in the late 1970s about Salvador Allende. References: # ''The Best Democracy Money Can Buy'' by Greg Palast (2002) See also: *ITT Corporation == Coup not bloody!?!?! == 66.101.169.187 added the line: :The coup itself wasn't actually bloody, but during the afthermath many were killed in a campaign to exterminate Marxism. How so not bloody? The army bombed the presidential palace... -- User:Viajero 10:32, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC) :It was actually the Air Force...Probably the anonymous user meant that the number of dead in the coup itself was much smaller that the deaths in the aftermath. In any case, usually coups are bloody, unless ''bloodless'' is specified, so probably it is unnecessary. Just an opinion.--User:AstroNomer 19:36, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC) Umm, right directly as the coup was going on, death squads rounded up a large number of leading intellectuals, activists, and supporters of the Allende reforms, took them to the main stadium in Santiago, and murdered them. It wasn't a country-wide bloodbath but it certainly wasn't "bloodless" either. If we are going to call this "bloodless" we'd have to call basically every coup ever "bloodless". -- User:Wji 7 Sep Mmmm...that's not what I said. I said that if a coup is bloodless it is worth mentioning it, because it is against the "norm" for coups, if it is bloody, as most are and this certainly was, telling so is as rather superflous. About the national stadium, telling "took them to the main stadium in Santiago, and murdered them" is a not completely precise. There were thousands taken to the stadium, most of them mistreated, probably hundreds tortured, but, according to the Retig Commission, 40 ejecuted (or murdered).--User:AstroNomer 19:09, Sep 8, 2003 (UTC) ----- ==Revisioning== This article needs revisioning. See: http://val.dorta.com/archives/000343.html ---- ==POV== This article takes the point of view: *Allende was democratically elected, and *that no democratically elected leader should EVER be deposed by a coup *that therefore any US support to overthrow Allende was "anti-democratic" and therefore BAD Other POVs exist: *a narrow plurality of 36% is not a mandate for socialism *socialism ruined the economy in only 3 years' time *Allende was plotting to take the country into a dictatorship *the Chilean people did NOT vote for dictatorship *that therefore Allende himself was anti-democratic and therefore BAD I would like the article to clarify the distinction between the "US is bad" point of view and the "Allende was bad" point of view -- rather than assuming or implying that the US is bad. --User:Ed Poor 15:53, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC) ---- I'm sorry, there are no proofs that Allende would take the country into a dictatorship but it is a fact that Allende was democratically elected and deposed by a coup that took the country into a dictatorship lasted 17 years. Nevertheless, that fact should not be turned into bias. ==Balance== Former Assistant Secretary of State William D. Rogers argues: :It was rather "Allende's ... disastrous economic policies, his attack on Chile's democratic institutions, [and] the wave of popular resentment that swept the Chilean military to power. [http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20040101faresponse83116/william-d-rogers-kenneth-maxwell/fleeing-the-chilean-coup-the-debate-over-u-s-complicity.html] ---- ==Factual error== The mention that the comunist party was in the oposition of Allende is a factual error, In fact, the comunist party was part of Allende coallition. The idea of the CIA finncing this party is really a novelty,,,,, please show your source User:Cuye 20:42, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC) ---- ==Democracy vs. Marxism== For a quarter century, Marxists have been accusing the US of using anti-democratic methods to stop the "free and fair" democratic aspirations of the poor downtrodden masses to vote for Marxist-style socialism. Chile is their best example, but they're going to try using Haiti too. :U.S. overthrows Chilean democracy (1963-1973) [http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/42a/index-dg.html] :Well, this is not the first time the US has removed a democratically elected leader from power (only to be replaced by a dictator) and it looks like it won't be the last. [http://www.onrelease.org/index.php?p=79770343] Supporters of democracy and free markets, on the other hand deny the Marxist accusations, saying that ''no people has ever voted for a Marxist dictatorship''. Allende tried to trick his people the same way Hitler tricked the Germans. Whether you agree or disagree with these two points of view (POV), they are the most widely held among scholars and politicians. So they should BOTH be in the article, along with any other creditable POVs. Please don't try to make the article support only the Marxist POV. --User:Ed Poor 15:35, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC) My latest research makes him look like history's first "democratically-elected Marxist president". :Marxist President Salvador Allende's pledge to bring socialism, constitutionally and without violence ... [http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:rjSChYFnOY4J:www.library.pitt.edu/subject_guides/latinamerican/films.pdf+Allende+introduce+Socialist+ideals+Roman+Catholic+education+system&hl=en&lr=lang_en&ie=UTF-8] :On September 4, 1970, Salvador Allende became the first Marxist to be democratically elected the leader of a Latin-American nation. Because he received only a plurality of votes in the presidential election, his election had to be confirmed by the Chilean Congress. U.S. President Richard Nixon ordered the CIA to prevent Allende's confirmation, but the CIA's attempts to foment a coup ultimately failed: On October 24, the Chilean Congress voted to confirm Allende after he pledged support of 10 libertarian constitutional amendments. As president of Chile, Allende promoted democratic socialism, governing by elections and legislation rather than violent change. He redistributed land and, to the chagrin of the United States, nationalized foreign-owned businesses. The CIA worked to destabilize his government, and international economic agencies denied loans and capital to Chile. On September 11, 1973, economic turmoil resulted in a military coup led by General Augusto Pinochet. With the military in revolt, Allende retreated with his supporters to the presidential palace in Santiago, which was surrounded by tanks and infantry and bombed by air force jets. Allende survived the aerial attack but then allegedly shot himself to death as troops stormed the burning palace. --History Channel [http://www.historychannel.com/speeches/archive/speech_531.html] Did Allende miscalculate? Looks like taking over the copper industry would be the logical first step in setting up a successful socialist economy (according to Marxist theory). But he didn't count on the reaction of the export market. Foreign customers refused to buy copper! I wonder if he had any idea they would do that.... :In 1970, Dr. Salvador Allende Gossens became president after an intense Congressional debate. Allende proceeded to nationalize the country's vital copper industry and the international community responded with a boycott that helped cripple the economy, particularly as the government also nationalized the coal and steel industries and much of the banks. Unhappiness in the country reached such levels that the military took action in 1973, taking over the government and killing Allende. General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte became president and the next years saw thousands of Chileans arrested and killed by the junta. Pinochet lasted until 1988 as calls for the end of the Pinochet dictatorship became impossible to resist. He was replaced by a member of the Christian Democratic Party in 1990, bringing to a close 17 years of military rule. [http://www.multied.com/nationbynation/Chile/History1.html] 3 quotes and 2 comments above by User:Ed Poor 14:24, 19 Apr 2004 (UTC) ---- ==Did Allende Shoot himself?== ''Just a note:'' This is also a POV which is Controversial on the Left. Some of my Comrades, particularly from the Chilean community are absolutely against the theory that he shot himself. I am partial on this, because I have not seen any evidence to the contrary, but perhaps it should be metioned that many do not believe this to be what happened.--User:Mista-X 20:15, 21 Apr 2004 (UTC) :His own family believes he shot himself. --User:Cantus 02:46, 22 Apr 2004 (UTC) Cantus: Can you confirm this with quotes? I remember hearing his duaghter say in a documentary "They said that he had shot himself.", not that she necessarily believed that herself. I also remember various of his Comrades say that he would never do such a thing, and that that day he fought like the bravest of any soldier could, and cursed and swore at anyone who tried to stop him from fighting. They say he would have died fighting rather than shoot himself. I guess it could be a bit of romaticism; and personally I don't blaim him or think any less of him if he did shoot himself. --User:Mista-X 05:03, 22 Apr 2004 (UTC) I thought the fact that he committed suicide was pretty well-confirmed. User:Trey Stone 06:05, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC) I eliminated the sentence that stated that he "probably" killed himself, as almost all other UNBIASED sources accept that Allende killed himself. I added, however, that some of his supporters still believe that he was killed. ==Articles about Allende/Pinochet regime change in Chile== *Salvador Allende - deposed by 1973 coup *Augusto Pinochet - took power in 1973 coup *History of Chile - long article with section on 1970-1973 events *Chilean coup of 1973 - about the 1973 coup itself (also linked via 1973 coup in Chile *U.S. intervention in Chile ==Marxist-style socialism and democratic processes== Cantus deleted this sentence of mine 3 months ago, calling it part of a "POV edit": :Ever since, Allende has been at the focus of intense controversy over whether a Marxist-style socialist government has ever come into power via democratic processes. I wonder two things: *Is there anything inaccurate or biased about this sentence? *If not, which article is the best place for it? I'm leaning toward 1973 coup in Chile, with "the coup" as the subject of the sentence in place of "Allende". --User:Ed Poor 15:23, 9 Jun 2004 (UTC) :"Marxist-style" is an essentially meaningless phrase, since Marx was first and foremost a political economist, not a political leader. In addition, there are many shades of socialism, and also things that look like socialism -- or are called socialism -- but are not. For those of us with nuanced views of the matter, the question is a highly tendentious one. -- User:Viajero 15:58, 9 Jun 2004 (UTC) == mispronounciation-guides == It is a common trait of English, particularly American, mispronounciations of Roman languages such as French and Spanish to put a gliding 'y' at the end of words ending with -e (or with -e+silent consonant). Wikipedia ought better not contribute to the proliferartion of this error[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Salvador_Allende&diff=4068007&oldid=4064773]. Maybe it would be the best to use a standardized phonetic alphabet, such as SAMPA, for pronounciation guides – but if not, here are a couple of non-standard pronounciation guides for the surname Allende: * http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entries/92/a0209200.html * http://www.infoplease.com/ce5/CE001508.html * http://www.loc.gov/nls/other/sayhow.html /User:Tuomas 09:38, 13 Jun 2004 (UTC) == Question == I haven't read back through all the past comments on this page - and surely, there were many - but why do all the headings about additional articles use this ridiculous "regime change" euphemism which is, by my recollection, barely three years old, if that? It was a coup d'etat - ''un golpe'', if you want to be more regional - so why can't it be called just that? "Regime change" probably has poorer connotations than coup anyways after the events of the last two years. User:Wally 04:15, 16 Jun 2004 (UTC) :I don't much care about the wording of headings in Talk. In the article itself, there's only one "regime change" heading. The references listed under that heading include information about the coup but also information about the developments preceding it. I think "regime change" is more accurate because it seems more inclusive, covering the background to the coup as well as the coup itself. The word "coup" is used in the first sentence of the article and extensively thereafter, so there's certainly no attempt to substitute a euphemism. User:JamesMLane 16:43, 16 Jun 2004 (UTC) ::To me, however, the use of "regime change" at all is a poor attempt to sub in a neologism that oughn't be there, especially a neologism of such differing connotations by political view. Frankly, given that the term was never used before the Iraq situation, and is associated closely ''with it'' (thus immediately polarizing the issue), I just think it oughn't be included at all, even in a heading. Coup, if anything, is matter-of-fact and doesn't of necessity mean anything negative. User:Wally 21:43, 16 Jun 2004 (UTC) :Sorted on this article. Shall now go and check the others. User:Hajor 21:53, 16 Jun 2004 (UTC) ::Just to note, on the other articles (Augusto Pinochet, at least), it seems that "See further" is all that's used. That works for me, if there aren't objections. Short, sweet, purposeful. User:Wally 06:04, 18 Jun 2004 (UTC) == Allende's Last Speech == I have added a link to a wikisource version of Allende's Last Speech [http://sources.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Allende%27s_Last_Speech_%28English_translation%29]. The page was copied from wikipedia, but the translation had been listed as a possible copyright violation. [http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/sociology/staff/academic/daniel_chernilo/index/mis/allende_en/ Here] is daniel chernilo's web site. It contains both the disputed text and an audio recording of the speech. We could ask him for permission to use his translation -- though it clearly needs some work. Or, I was wondering if some Spanish speaker here would be willing to quickly re-translate the speech for wikisource to avoid copyvio issues (it's not very long). I'm very skeptical that there are copyvio problems with the speech itself, but the translation is another matter. User:Wolfman 01:10, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC) * Can you please provide a link to the original Spanish-language speech so I (or someone) can do an "unpolluted" translation? -- User:Jmabel 23:37, Sep 20, 2004 (UTC) :The following links are from the page referenced above (on the left hand side navigation bar) [http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/sociology/staff/academic/daniel_chernilo/index/mis/audio_allende.mp3 mp3], [http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/sociology/staff/academic/daniel_chernilo/index/mis/allende/ spanish text]. Thanks. User:Wolfman 23:47, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC) Hideous, because all accented letters are FUBAR, but here goes. This in ''not'' a verbatim, literal translation: I'm trying to get the tone accurate and in many cases one would make different word choices in different languages. In particular, I have chosen to translate the Spanish-language ''Patria'' as "Nation", rather than the more literal "Fatherland", because the latter is almost nonexistent in English except as a translation from German. I do not think it has the right connotation, I do not think any native English-speaker would opt for "Fatherland" in a similar context. -- User:Jmabel 01:27, Sep 21, 2004 (UTC) :A million thanks; have wikisourced it. User:Wolfman 01:37, 21 Sep 2004 (UTC)
Santiago de Chile, 11 September 1973, 9:10 A.M. This will surely be my last opportunity to address you. The Air Force has bombed the antennas of Radio Magallanes. My words have neither bitterness nor deception. They should stand as a moral castigation of those who have been traitors to their oaths: Chilean soldiers, titular commanders-in-chief, Admiral Merino, who has designated himself commander of the Navy, even more señor Mendoza, the cringing general who only yesterday manifested his fidelity and loyalty to the Government, and who also has named himself Director General of the Carabineros. In the face of these deeds it only falls to me to say to the workers: I shall not resign!Hope that helps -- User:Jmabel 01:28, Sep 21, 2004 (UTC) == recently cut == The following passages were recently cut from the article. Offhand, I'm not convinced these cuts are beneficial (although the second one was, perhaps, poorly placed and belongs more in the "legacy" section):
Standing at a historic point, I will repay with my life the loyalty of the people. And I say to you that I am certain that the seed we have surrendered into the worthy conscience of thousands and thousands of Chileans, will not be able to be reaped at one stroke. They have the power, they can make us their vassals, but not stop the social processes, neither by crime nor by force. History is ours and is made by the people.
Workers of my Nation: I want to thank you for the loyalty you have always had, the confidence you placed in a man who only was the interperter of great yearnings for justice, who pledged his word to respect the Constitution and the law, and who did so. In this final moment, the last in which I will be able to address myself to you, I want you to take advantage of the lesson: foreign capital, imperialism, united with reaction, created the climate for the Armed Forces to break their tradition, that which they were taught by general Schneider which was reaffirmed by commander Araya, victims of the same social sector that today will be be expecting with an alien hand to reconquer the power to continue defending their profits and their privileges.
I address myself to you, above all to the modest woman of our land, to the ''campesina'' who believed in us, the mother who knew of our concern for the children. I address myself to the professionals of the Nation, to the patriotic professionals who continued working against the sedition overseen by their professional academies, classist academies that also defended the advantages of a capitalist society.
I address myself to the youth, to those who sang and who brought their happiness and their spirit to the fight. I address myself to the man of Chile, to the worker, to the ''campesino'', to the intellectual, to those who will be percecuted, because in our country fascism has now been present for several hours; in the terrorist assassinations, blowing up the bridges, cutting the railways, destroying the oil and gas pipelines, in the face of the silence of those who had the obligation to behave.
They are in jeopardy. History will judge them.
Radio Magallanes will surely be silenced and the tranquil metal of my voice will no longer reach you. It is not important. You will continue to hear it. I will always be together with you. At least my memory will be that of an upright man who was loyal to the Nation.
The people ought to defend themselves, but not sacrifice themselves. The people ought not let themselves be subdued or persecuted, but neither should they humble themselves.
Workers of my Nation, I have faith in Chile and its destingy. Other men will go beyond this gray and bitter moment when treason tries to impose itself upon us. Continue to know that, muchsooner than later, we will reopen the great promenades down which free men pass, to construct a better society.
Long live Chile! Long live the people! Long live the workers!
These are my last words and I have certainty that my sacrifice will not be in vain, I have certainty that, at the least, I will be a moral lesson to castigate felony, cowardice, and treason.
As provided in the Chilean constitution, the national legislature had to choose between Allende and the next-highest vote-getter (Alessandri), and they voted for Allende. This was quite ironic for him, since he had actually obtained a higher percentage of the vote in the previous presidential election, six years earlier (however, in that election, there had been no strong third candidate like the one in 1970).
The coup that many Chileans hoped would protect the constitution actually resulted in its destruction. Pinochet ruled, unelected, for seventeen years. His government's human rights abuses left more than three thousand Chileans dead or missing during the long period of dictatorship.Without the first passage, the article now has no explanation at all of how he became president without a majority; this is as notable as (say) how Rutherford B. Hayes became president of the United States, but the article now glosses it over. As for the second passage, I would think it should be expanded upon (and relevant citations found) rather than removed: many people, including many Chilean politicians, who supported the coup became rapidly disillusioned with Pinochet, and, inevitably, some also revised their opinion of Allende either in a more favorable direction (by contrast) or less favorable (as a contibutor to a crisis that laid the country low). I'd also think there should be mention of the fact that a generation grew up in the Pinchet years hearing only anti-Allende propaganda in school, but as Pinchet's image had become more and more tarnished, Allende's reputation among that generation is on the rise. I'd like to hear what some other people have to say before I edit: also, I consider myself knowledgable but not expert on this, and would be very happy if someone genuinely expert would take it on. -- User:Jmabel 03:43, Sep 27, 2004 (UTC) :I have no opinion on the first paragraph, and agree this issue should be mentioned. I removed the second because it's a highly incomplete summary of a complex issue. Pinochet's legacy is debated today both in Chile and abroad, and he has supporters. None of this has anything do with ''Salvador Allende'', however, and he is the subject of the article. There is an article Augusto Pinochet where this controversy is collected (and fought over viciously). Any supposed "give-and-take" between Pinochet's reputation and Allende's is speculative at best and certainly minor; one would think he'd be evaluated on his own merits. User:VeryVerilyUser talk:VeryVerily 04:43, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC) == "It has been suggested" == Recent anonymous addition: "It has been suggested that the CIA aided Pinochet by allowing him to study the outdated documents explaining military tactics and the formation of the CIA itself." I suppose this statement makes itself trivially true, but has it been suggested by someone of any significance? If so, cite. If not, it should not be in the article. -- User:Jmabel 17:14, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC) : Could be true, but I don't know of any source for it either. Probably should be removed for now. User:Cadr 17:42, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC) ::I agree and I've removed it. User:JamesMLane 03:24, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC) == Moved a link == I moved a link from the "External links" section to the "Also see..." section. Regards. User:Johdl 04:54, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC) == reverting two edits == I'm reverting two recent anoymous edits not because they are necessarily wrong, but because they are confusing. If someone can clarify, the infomation in these may well belong in the article. # "...but Allende dismissed such allegations" became "...but Allende dismissed such allegations and even enforced the Senats [sic] power to overrule or delay his decisions and plans." Obviously "Senats" is "Senate's", but what does this mean that he "enforced" their power? Maybe "abided by"? And why should this be singled out in the second paragraph of the article? #"This included nationalization of certain large-scale industries (notably copper)" became "This included nationalization of certain large-scale industries (notably copper) meaning 150 workers employed or more". Two problems here: (1) this edit suggests, I believe falsely, that all businesses over 150 employees were nationalized. (2) the sentence doesn't flow. Given that the exact meaning isn't clear (just what was nationalized?), I'd hope to see a citation. If you are the person who wrote the reverted passages and if you can express yourself more clearly in Spanish than in English, feel free to respond in Spanish & I can translate for you. -- User:Jmabel | User talk:Jmabel 21:31, Nov 3, 2004 (UTC) ==Did he shoot himself (revisited)== While I think it is perfectly likely that Allende killed himself with a machine gun, there is still no cited source for the claim that his personal doctor said that he committed suicide. As I understand it, that doctor was, himself, a victim of the Pinochet government not long after. I'm not saying this is false, I'm just saying no one seems to have a citation. Also, even if the doctor said this, it is unclear (1) whether he made this statement on the basis of first-hand knowledge or just hearsay (i.e. did he actually see the death scene and/or the body) and (2) made this assertion in a context where he could be presumed free of coercion. The autopsy, presumably by the victorious forces, would do little to settle the matter. As for the circumstantial detail that follows this in the article, "On the stock of the gun was a gold plate with the words "To my good friend Salvador Allende from Fidel Castro" engraved in it," yes, there was such a gun, but again, this was added separately without citation. Why should anyone believe, even if he killed himself, that he did it with this particular gun? Again, I have seen no citation. -- User:Jmabel | User talk:Jmabel 21:49, Nov 23, 2004 (UTC) * "'''also, no one has been able to produce any citation on the claim that his personal doctor said that he committed suicide. I've asked'''." ''You can find the interview with the eye-witness, Dr. Patricio Guijón (who by the way, was not Allende's personal doctor, but just one of the doctors that happened to be assigned to La Moneda Palace's infirmary) in pag. 282 and followings of the book "El dia en que murio Allende" ("The day that Allende Died") compiled by Mr Ignacio Gonzalez Camus, the Chilean Institute of Humanistic Studies (ICHEH) and the CESOC, in 1988.'' ''As to the questions, Dr. Guijón has declared: (1) that he made this statement on the basis of first-hand knowledge (he was actually present at the instant of death and he remained next to the body); (2) he made his statement inmediately (within minutes) of the death, repeated it several times to his fellow inmates while in a prison camp (Isla Dawson Prison Camp) while he was confined there (there are several witnesses, including present Education Minister, Mr. Sergio Bitar, who has included the version in his own account of his prison days) in a moment in which he could be presumed free of coercion, and has repeated it without changes up to today.'' ''At the time of Mr Allende's reinterment in Santiago, in 1990, there was a medical examination of his remains, in order to confirm the identity, and to dispel rumors about his end. At that time it was confirmed that the only physical injury apreciable was a massive head injury that is compatible with a suicide wound.'' ''I recommend Mr. Camus's book as being probably the only book that is completely based on personal interviews with the "then" (1988) survivors, from both sides of the coup, and probably one of the more impartial ones written to date. By the way, I am also trying to find the newspaper interview with Mrs. Isabel Allende, surviving daughter of Mr. Allende, and a member of the Chilean Congress to date, in which she acknowledges the fact that Mr. Allende committed suicide. That interview happened when she took office as president of the Chamber of Deputies a couple of years back, and caused quite a stir on the leftist political parties at the time.'' User:Melromero 00:49, 3 Jan 2005 (UTC) :That explains some of the discrepancy. I assumed that "Allende's personal doctor" could only mean Enrique Paris Roa. -- User:Jmabel | User talk:Jmabel 03:45, Jan 3, 2005 (UTC) ==Interview with Allende== After reading a recent column by Georgie Anne Geyer, I was intrigued by the following: :''When I interviewed Allende just before he became "the world's first elected Marxist president," I asked him whether, if he were elected, there would be elections again. "You must understand," he answered carefully but revealingly, "that by the next elections, everything will have changed." This threat of Marxist change in a country unprepared to deal with it assured that his regime would not last.'' http://www.uexpress.com/georgieannegeyer/?uc_full_date=20030131 How and or should this be incorporated into the article? User:TDC 22:26, Dec 23, 2004 (UTC) : Cautiously, at best: after all, we have only Geyer's impression that this implied that Allende would avoid having a next round of elections. Nothing in his conduct as president particularly suggests that, and it seems extremely unlikely that the Christian Democrats would have voted in congress to let him take office if they agreed with Geyer's estimation. I think it would be OK (but not terribly useful) to indicate here that Geyer held this opinion, and she's certainly a respectable foreign correspondent, but it's just one opinion among many, and I'm not sure it's particularly worth putting in an encyclopedia article on Allende. Certainly worth putting in an article on Geyer, who probably deserves one. -- User:Jmabel | User talk:Jmabel 23:40, Dec 23, 2004 (UTC) == Wages == I notice that "Allende responded with massive price control measures and by a constant raising of the basic salaries..." was recently changed to "Allende responded with massive price control measures and by a constant raising of the minimum wage..." without any citation. Was the old information wrong or are these two terms equivalent? Were only ''minimum'' wages raised? -- User:Jmabel | User talk:Jmabel 00:06, Jan 6, 2005 (UTC) == Comments == I just think it's interesting that the person praised as a democratic visionary by socialists was an admirer of Joseph Stalin. Not that he enacted any kind of Stalinist police state, but it kinda makes you wonder. User:Trey Stone 03:57, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC) == Suicide, again == I notice there has been quite an edit war recently over the question of whether Allende is definitively known to have committed suicide. I'm not goint to participate in the edit war, but I strongly suggest the parties move the issue to the talk page rather than the article, or I am liable to ask for page protection. For whatever it is worth: I long presumed that the reports of Allende's suicide were false, and that he had been murdered during the coup. As I understand it (and it would be good if someone had a citation for this), at this point his own family seems satisfied with the evidence of suicide, and that seems pretty solid to me. The matter has been greatly complicated by false claims that his "personal physician" attested the suicide, which appears not to be true. However, just as you can present false evidence against a guilty person, you can present false evidence for a truth. -- User:Jmabel | User talk:Jmabel 15:55, Mar 29, 2005 (UTC) == 3RR == I blocked the anon user User:200.30.222.170 (User talk:200.30.222.170 · Special:Contributions/200.30.222.170) for violating the 3RR, but it was pointed out to me that no-one had bothered to tell him about the rule, or warned him of the consequences of breaking it — despite the fact that he reverted eleven times in a row. I've unblocked him, explaining why. In future, it would be better to warn the User in question before lodging a complaint on the Administrator's Noticeboard; the 3RR isn't knowable ''a prior''... --User:Mel Etitis (Μελ_Ετητης)">User talk:Mel Etitis 22:01, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC) I am convinced 200.30.222.170 was , who did the same reverts 4 times and was warned by me about the 3RR rule. I can't believe they are not the same person, in the light of which I think he should be reblocked? --User:SqueakBox 22:39, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC). :Ruopollo, who had clearly taken over from 200.30.222.170 in the edit war stopped after I sent him my note, but 200.30.222.170 then comes back later to revert 5 more tiimes. Unless 200.30.222.170 is not Ruopollo he can have no justification for not knowing the rules, --User:SqueakBox 22:54, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC) :You're almost certainly right (identical changes kind of give that away), but I'd be inclined to let the matter drop now. Neither has edited for a couple of hours. And they've both been warned. So, if and when they come back, we can start afresh. Perhaps he/she/they'll engage in some dialogue next time round. User:Hajor 23:48, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC) ::Well, in that case you still need to give a formal warning to 200.30.222.170 (in case you're wrong, and to make any block justified and legitimate), and then you need to inform Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents as well as the 3RR page (in both cases giving the full details). User:Mel Etitis (Μελ_Ετητης)">User talk:Mel Etitis 09:11, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC) I have been the one doing the changes. I am Chilean, there is not a single serious complaint that Allende was murdered. His daughter, Isabel Allende, currently president of the chamber of deputies has accepted this, two of his personal doctors and life long friends, Drs. Soto and Jiron (http://www.estocolmo.se/chile/jiron.htm), have talked about the same. I can provide links to books and films if needed. The official biography from the Presidency of Chile, in the current administration of Socialist Ricardo Lagos, says he commited suicide. (http://www.presidencia.cl/view/viewGaleriaPresidentes.asp?id=31&seccion=Galeria%20Presidentes&interfazseccion=Galeria%20Presidentes#a31) So who are those supporters who claim he was murdered? Nobody serious. His closest people all admit it was suicide. But in wikipedia apparently you guys are more worried to put personal views rather than facts. Of course some might say Allende was killed. Some people say the holocaust didn't happen. I don't think anybody here thinks there is any "discussion" about that one too. Instead of putting he commited suicide at the top of the page as I have been doing, I will put all these FACTS in the discussion of the SUICIDE. Is that OK or is that also too much and needs to be deleted? (unsigned, User:Ruopollo 19 April 2005) == Translation == Somebody can translate the Spanish article that is more complete that this (anon 29 April 2005) * Feel free to put in a request at WP:TIE. -- User:Jmabel | User talk:Jmabel 05:39, Apr 30, 2005 (UTC) == Sucide one last time == How does one kill oneself with a machine gun? Wouldn't the recoil act against that? User:Watsonladd 21:35, May 5, 2005 (UTC) * I imagine you'd be dead from the first bullet or two before recoil became an issue. -- User:Jmabel | User talk:Jmabel 00:23, May 24, 2005 (UTC) OK, it's obviously not "one last time". Recently, anonymously added: "Another version says that Allende was killed in combat on the steps outside the Presidential Palace." No citation. Is there any reason to keep this in the article? I'm inclined to delete, but not unilaterally. -- User:Jmabel | User talk:Jmabel 00:23, May 24, 2005 (UTC) If someone is looking for a moderately small research project, it might be worth assembling who said what at what date about the mode of Allende's death. This obviously keeps coming up, so we might as well gather what is out there. -- User:Jmabel | User talk:Jmabel 00:23, May 24, 2005 (UTC) == "Antisemitism and Euthanasia" == Literally every other reference I can find on the web to ''Salvador Allende: Antisemitism and Euthanasia'' by Víctor Farías is a repetition of one identical item, according to which the book isn't even published yet. So let me ask: has the person who is citing it here seen an advance copy? Is there any basis to consider it a credible source? Is it actually published somewhere (in which case please add publication information)? -- User:Jmabel | User talk:Jmabel 02:29, May 20, 2005 (UTC) : Ah, I see, it has come out in Spanish. Then it should be cited by its Spanish title an publication information, no? And I still ask, have those who are citing it actually read it, or are they just repeating what they saw on a blog someplace? -- User:Jmabel | User talk:Jmabel 02:31, May 20, 2005 (UTC) :: [http://libros.libertaddigital.com/articulo.php/1276230118 Here's a review], in Spanish, from someone obviously very anti-Allende, but much more substantive than the one thing that's been floating around in English. By the way, this remarks that Farías does ''not'' assert that the Nazi Walter Rauff financed Allende's 1969 parliamentary campaign, although remarks on "some believing" this. Quoting from that review: :::"''Higiene mental y delincuencia'' (''Mental Hygiene and Delinquency''), which is the title of the book written by Allende in 1933, according to the exhumation and revelation by Víctor Farías, defends the thesis of the most blatant antisemitism. The Jews, according to Allende, are characterized by determined forms of crime: "''fraud, falsehood, calumny, and, above all, usury". Allende was an antisemite who intelectually promoted the massive sterilization and "eugenic science" of the Nazis not only in this book, but in the initiative which, later, in 1939, he led as minister of health in the Unidad Popular government of president Aguirre-Cerda (1939-1941)." :: For whatever it's worth, I've looked at this and a few other things on line and suspect that Farías' "euthanasia" may be an exaggeration: lots of people writing, most of them hostile to Allende, none citing any actual endorsement of euthanasia, just of eugenics. :: So what are we left with? I haven't seen the book, so I'm just going by reviews, but if the gist of the reviews is accurate, then Allende in the 1930s was an antisemite and a supporter of eugenics. -- User:Jmabel | User talk:Jmabel 02:53, May 20, 2005 (UTC) ::The book is quite good. It is short and the author pretty much let's Allende's thesis do the talking. The Allende Foundation is going to publish the thesis to try to prove Farias wrong, but his project of law whe he was minister of health still stands. Anyway, I want to know something. Someone put on a footnote that Allende's mother was jewish. According to who? The Gossens family came to Chile from Belgium and were devouted catholics. From what source do we know they were jewish? In fact I would say that affirmation is wrong. (anon, 2 June 2005) Here is a rebuttal to Farias's claims from the Allende Foundation: [http://www.elclarin.cl/temas/18.html] They accuse Farias of conflating Allende's summaries of then-current theories about crime with his actual beliefs. They include specific quotes from the thesis, rejecting the theory that Jews and other races are predisposed to various crimes, and quote the conclusion of the thesis where Allende concludes that criminal nature stems both from human nature and from the influence of society (and not from . It is clear, in any case, that Farias's research is not NPOV and his allegations should not be repeated uncritically in the Allende article. I also believe that this POV disqualifies his 'fascism' slur from appearing in this article -- if we're going to "teach the controversy" it should probably be in an article about Farias or his book. I took a first stab at the paragraph, but I doubt that it will be the last one. User:Rebrane 23:05, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC) The thesis itself has been released, so now we can use primary sources in the construction of this article. [http://www.elclarin.cl/zip/p_270505.zip] User:Rebrane 23:06, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC) == Needing at least an improved citation == From the current state of the article:
After Pinochet assumed power, U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger told President of the United States Richard Nixon that the U.S. ''"didn't do it"'' (referring to the coup itself) but had ''"created the conditions as great as possible"'' [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB123/index.htm#chile], including leading economic sanctions.The quoted phrase is not on the referenced web page (though the reference is clearly relevant to the article in general), and the quoted phrase is not good English, which makes it unlikely that it is an accurate quote of Kissinger, whose use of English is generally correct, if not always inspired. Does anyone have an accurate quotation and a citation? -- User:Jmabel | User talk:Jmabel 05:30, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC)
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