Actually, SAGE was a centralized, automated air defense system developed by the U.S. in the 1950s to counter a perceived (but largely imaginary) Soviet strategic bombing threat. The BOMARC antiaircraft missile was only one of the weapons systems included in the SAGE system. By the time it was fully operational the Soviet bomber threat had been replaced by the Soviet missile threat, for which SAGE was entirely inadequate. Nevertheless, SAGE was tremendously important; it had an immense influence on the development of interactive computing, computer networking, and computer hardware and software. IBM's role in SAGE was the design and manufacture of the AN/FSQ-7 computer, a vacuum tube computer with ferrite core memory based on the :Whirlwind. This experience was an important factor leading to IBM's domination of the computer industry. ==USENIX: SAGE: System Administrator's Guild== Do we need a disambiguation page to refer to the [http://www.usenix.org/ USENIX] special technical group [http://sageweb.sage.org/ SAGE]? (As a computer nerd this was my first associate with the link I saw RecentChanges). == collecting aircraft? == ''SAGE, the Semi Automated Ground Environment, was an automated control system for collecting, tracking and intercepting enemy bomber aircraft '' Is this the official description? If not, it should be rewritten- surely the USAF aren't collecting bomber aircraft - they're much too large to keep on a closet shelf. -User:Finn-Zoltan 13:17, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC) ==Tube failure rate== Anyone know where the data in this text came from: : ''the daily failure rate was in the hundreds. Each center had staff dedicated to replacing dead tubes by running up and down the racks of machinery with shopping carts filled with replacements.'' The reason I ask is that one of the articles in the ''Annals of the History of Computers'' special issue on SAGE (which I just added to the article) says (pp. 349 if anyone wants to go look) that the ''measured'' MTBF on the tubes (during March 1978 - February 1980) was 50K-100K hours - with each FSQ-7 having about 50K tubes, this gives a failure rate of about 1 tube/hour, hardly the "daily ... hundreds" in the article. User:Jnc User_talk:Jnc 03:44, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC) : The text in question I found in a description of of the system in a book I read many years ago. I believe your number is correct, however, and a combination of poor wording and unintensional inflation has led to the number I posted. What I remember in particular was that the machines included self-test systems that could spot tubes that were about to burn out. Every so often (once a day?) they would run the test, write down the soon-to-fails, and then run around with the shopping carts full of tubes. It's very likely the carts contained hundreds, but only used a small fraction. User:Maury Markowitz 13:14, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC) :: Yes, that was the "voltage margin" system, something the FSQ-7 copied from Whirlwind. Quoting from another article in that issue (by Jay Forrester, pp. 400-401) ''a marginal checking system in which one could, under the control of the machine itself,'' [! - JNC] ''alter the voltage of the screen grids of vacuum tubes that would vary the gain and move the particular set of vacuum tubs up or down with respect to their normal range of operation.'' He goes on to say that they could anticipate deterioration that was occurring gradually, which was about 90% of all ultimate failures, so it gave them a factor of 10 in reliability. :: The one comment you make I'm not sure about is the reference to tubes. The FSQ-7 was built around 6- and 9-tube pluggable units (pp. 345), and I suspect it was more likely those that they swapped. Do you happen to remember the name of the book? User:Jnc User_talk:Jnc 14:54, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC) : BTW, I notice that the test run is very late in the program -- they were taking them out of service at this point in time. Is it possible the 100's figure isn't that innaccurate for early tubes? User:Maury Markowitz 13:16, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC) :: Yes, I wondered about that too. However, Forrester's comments about reliability (above) explicitly refer to the Whirlwind (and he refers to a computer with '20,000 tubes' - clearly not the FSQ-7). He says tubes 'were thought to have about a 500-hour life', which would have been 'quite intolerable', and goes on to say they identified a material processing fault (failure to remove silicon from the nickel of the cathode) which raised the tube life to '500,000 hours' (!). I'm a bit dubious of that number though, because this is from an interview in 1975, and he may have added an extra "0" through a memory glitch. Removing it puts at the lifetime number I quoted in my original note. However, in any event it's clear that tube lifetime had been greatly improved prior to the FSQ-7. Also, with the shift to transistors, I doubt people put a lot of work into improving tube lifetime in e.g. the 1970's. So my presumption is that the number from earlier in the FSQ-7's life would have been similar. I looked for an earlier definite number, but didn't find one, alas. User:Jnc User_talk:Jnc 14:54, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC) == dab? == I just wanted to check if this is something that's been gone through before, but... would it be reasonable to have a disambiguating link, or a see-also, or something, to Sage, the plant genus, or to Sage (disambiguation)? -User:Finn-Zoltan 14:05, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
SAGE is also the name of a SAGE (organization). "SAGE" also means Set A Good Example. ---- SAGE, the ''Semi Automatic Ground Environment'', was an automated control system for collecting, tracking and intercepting enemy bomber aircraft used by North American Aerospace Defense Command from the late 1950s into the 1980s. By the time it was fully operational the Soviet bomber threat had been replaced by the Soviet missile threat, for which SAGE was entirely inadequate. Nevertheless, SAGE was tremendously important; it led to huge advances in online systems and interactive computing, real-time computing, and data communications using modems. It is generally considered to be one of the most advanced and successful large computer systems ever developed. IBM's role in SAGE (the design and manufacture of the AN/FSQ-7 computer, a vacuum tube computer with ferrite core memory based on the Whirlwind (computer)) was an important factor leading to IBM's domination of the computer industry. ==Background== Prior to the introduction of SAGE, the task of intercepting bombers was becoming increasingly difficult. In World War II radar had pushed the advantage in favour of the defender, detecting a raid at long range and thus giving defenders plenty of time to launch their interceptor aircraft. The RAF could leave their fighters on the ground until the raid was detected, guiding them over radio towards the bombers, calculating directions "by hand". In the post-war era, jet-powered aircraft decreased the detection time, but also the time needed to intercept the bombers. But while the speed of the aircraft increased, the time taken to direct a particular interceptor to a particular bomber remained largely constant. This included tasks such as collecting information about the targets, figuring out where they were going (developing a ''track''), deciding what planes should intercept them, telling everyone, and then tracking both the interceptors and the bombers to an interception point. A study in the 1950s by the RCAF concluded that it would take on the order of one minute per interception. With flight times on the order of an hour by several hundred aircraft, some were bound to escape interception due to operator overload. With nuclear bombs onboard, this was unacceptable. The problem became even more acute if the bombers attacked at low level. Radar is line-of-sight, so by approaching close to the ground they would remain hidden behind the curvature of the Earth until approaching to within a few tens of miles (tens of km). With a jet bomber, this meant the defenders had only a few minutes to react, far too little time to launch an interceptor. ==Automation== It was this problem that particularly bothered Dr. George Valley, an Massachusetts Institute of Technology physics professor. In order to provide any sort of protection for the entire US, a series of radar stations would have to span both coasts and across Canada. In the event of a raid, there would simply be far too many reports to be able to successfully guide interception. His solution was automation, connecting all of the radar sites to a computer which would then control all of the incoming and outgoing flow of information. The interception operator's workload would be greatly reduced; they simply had to tell the computer which targets to attack, and perhaps choose what assets to use. All of the communications would be handled by the computer, and would be effectively instantaneous. This would require the system to update the operators in real time, and the only system in the world capable of doing this in 1948 when Valley studied the problem was the Whirlwind (computer) computer at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The Whirlwind project, originally intended to control a US Navy flight simulator to train bomber crews, had run into problems and the Navy was losing interest. Valley talked to Jay Forrester, leader of the Whirlwind project, and together they wrote a study proposal to use Whirlwind for air defense. The US Air Force was interested, and in 1949 they provided funding under the name Project Charles to develop a demonstration system. Information from several radars in the Cape Cod area was forwarded to the Whirlwind, which then developed tracks for the targets being reported. The project was a qualified success, and the Air Force took over the project under Project Claude, moving development to the new MIT Lincoln Laboratory in 1954. Making a military-grade version of the Whirlwind was a massive project that required close connections between Lincoln Labs, industrial partners who would build the machines and communications, and the military. In order to provide oversight and management during the deployment phase, MITRE was formed in 1958 to take over the project. Production of the resulting machines, known technically as the AN/FSQ-7 but almost always referred to as the Whirlwind II, was initially awarded to RCA but later given to International Business Machines, who started production in 1958. The buildings and internal power supply and communications were provided by Western Electric, phone lines by the Bell System, and the software, 500,000 lines of assembler, by a spin-off of RAND Corporation called SDC. ==Description== The AN/FSQ-7 used 55,000 vacuum tubes, about 1/2 acre (2,000 m²) of floor space, weighted 275 tons and used up to three megawatts of power. Although the failure rate of an individual tube was low due to efforts in quality control, so many were used that the daily failure rate was in the hundreds. Each center had staff dedicated to replacing dead tubes by running up and down the racks of machinery with shopping carts filled with replacements. The AN/FSQ-7s remain the largest computers ever built, and will likely hold that record in the future. Each SAGE site included two computers for redundancy, with one processor on "hot standby" at all times. In spite of the poor reliability of the tubes, this dual-processor design made for remarkably high overall system uptime. 99% availability was not unusual. SAGE sites were connected to a number of tracking stations which sent in sighting reports over a teletype system connected over normal telephone lines. Reports were typed in by operators in a specific format, which the SAGE computers then collected and displayed on a cathode ray tube as icons. Operators at the center could select any of the "targets" on the display with a light gun, and then display additional information about the contact reported by the tracking stations. Up to 150 operators could be supported from each center. When a target turned out to be interesting, SAGE also helped him select a proper response. Reports similar to those from the radar sites kept the SAGE system up to date with information on the availability and status of various weapons and aircraft, including all airfields, BOMARC and Nike Hercules anti-aircraft missile sites. When the operator chose one of these to intercept the target, orders would automatically be sent via teletype to local controllers who would take over from there. Additional messages would also be sent to higher headquarters, as well as other SAGE centers. A massive building program started along with continued work on the computer systems and communications, with the first groundbreaking at McChord AFB in 1957. The buildings were huge above-ground concrete bricks that were often placed near cities without the residents being aware of what they were. The first SAGE Division became operational in Syracuse, New York in January 1959, and by 1963 the system was already complete with 22 ''Sector Direction Centers'' and three similar ''Combat Centers''. When North American Aerospace Defense Command was set up another site added in North Bay, Ontario in Canada, although in this case the entire SAGE system was buried deep underground in what became known as "the hole". The total engineering effort for SAGE was immense. Total project cost remains unknown, but estimates place it between 8 and 12 billion 1964 dollars, more than the Manhattan Project that developed the nuclear bomb SAGE defended against. The SAGE system was operational until 1979, when it was replaced by newer systems and airborne control. However, the North Bay system ran until 1983 when it was dismantled and sent to ''The Computer Museum'' in Boston. In 1996 the remainder was moved to Moffett Field, California for storage and is now in the collection of the ''[http://www.computerhistory.org Computer History Museum]'' in Mountain View, Santa Clara County, California. Questions about the ability of the SAGE system to actually handle a "hot war" situation were continuous. On one occasion SAC was able to penetrate the defenses, and on other occasions huge flocks of seabirds were tracked as a potential bomber attack. A more serious problem was that by the time the system was fully operational, the Soviet Union had already started deploying ICBMs, making SAGE largely useless. SAGE was, for all intents, an air-traffic control system. This was not lost on the Federal Aviation Administration, who used SAGE systems in their own automated control systems, many of which remained in service until recently. The system also gave IBM valuable insight, and it was not long after that the CEO of American Airlines met one of the IBM people involved in SAGE by accident on a flight, and soon the two companies were developing the Sabre_Airline_Reservations_System airline reservation system. Other major SAGE developments included: * CRT-based real-time user interface * use of wide-area communications via modems ==Further reading== * John F. Jacobs, ''The SAGE Air Defense System: A Personal History'' (MITRE Corporation, 1986) * Robert R. Everett (editor), ''Special Issue: SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment)'', ''Annals of the History of Computing'', Vol. 5 (No. 4), 1983 ==See also== * Ground-controlled interception (GCI) == External links == *[http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/airdef/sage.htm Federation of American Scientists - Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE)] *[http://www.mitre.org/about/sage.html MITRE History - Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE)] *[http://www.mitre.org/about/photo_archives/sage_photo.html MITRE History - Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) - Photo Archives] *[http://www.archive.org/movies/details-db.php?collection=prelinger&collectionid=06855 On Guard! The story of SAGE (12 minute film at the Prelinger Archives, currently mislaid)] *[http://www.radomes.org/museum/sagedocs.html SAGE Documents (including aerial photographs, emblems, call signs, etc. of the SAGE sites)] Radar networks Early computers Mainframe computers Military computers
: ''This article is about the plant genus called sage. For the herb and spice ''Salvia officinalis'' see Common sage. For other meanings see Sage (disambiguation).'' see List of Salvia species Sage is a term used for plants of the genus ''Salvia'' of the mint family, Lamiaceae. When used without modifiers, sage generally refers to common sage (''Salvia officinalis''); however, it can be used with modifiers to refer to any member of the genus. This genus includes shrubs, herbaceous perennials, and annual plant. Different species of sage are grown as herbs and as ornamental plants. The ornamental species are commonly referred to by their scientific name ''Salvia''. The closely related genera ''Perovskia'' and ''Phlomis'' are also known as sage; Russian Sage, (''Perovskia atriplicifolia''), native to the Crimea south to Afganistan and Pakistan, is grown as an ornamental plant because of its blue-violet sprays of flowers and its adaptability to either sun or part shade. It has a pleasant smell and is also grown as a nectar source, but is not consumed by humans. Phlomis refers to ''Phlomis fruticosa'' and other species of ''Phlomis''. Some species of the unrelated genus ''Artemisia (plant)'' are also referred to as sages, a shortened version of ''sagebrush'', which is a more appropriate term for them. They generally taste vile and are not used in food preparation, although many of them are used medicinally. Smudge bundles are made with various grey-leaved species of ''Artemisia'' and are misrepresented as "whitesage" smudges. The true whitesage is ''Salvia apiana'', which has a delightful scent when burned. == History == The sage varieties used as herbs stem from the Mediterranean and Asia Minor and Sage has been grown in Central Europe since the Middle Ages. The name ''Salvia'' derives from the Latin 'salveo', which means 'to heal'. Indeed this herb is highly regarded for its healing qualities. An ancient proverb states, "Why should a man die who has sage in his garden?". The ancient Greeks used it to treat consumption, ulcers and snake bites. The Romans considered sage to be a sacred herb and concocted a whole elaborate ceremony just to pick it. A sage gatherer would have to use a special knife (not made of iron as it reacts with the sage), have to have clean clothes and clean feet and a sacrifice of food would have to be made before he could begin. The Romans would use it for toothpaste; they also believed it to be good for the brain, senses and memory. The China also were quite partial to this herb. 17th century Netherlands merchants found that they would trade one chest of sage leaves for three of their tea [http://www.selfsufficientish.com/sage.htm]. == Notable species == === Aromatic sages === * ''Salvia apiana'', White sage, California white sage, a perennial at home in the mountains of Southern California, sometimes found in the desert of southern Arizona * ''Salvia candelabrum'', a blue-flowering scented sage * ''Salvia clevelandii'', Blue sage, Cleveland sage, Fragrant sage, with a very strong scent, found either delightful or disgusting * ''Salvia clevelandii x pachyphylla x leucophylla'' Celestial Blue, Celestial Sage, Musk Sage. Hybrid between Cleveland Sage, Rose Sage, and Pozo Blue Sage * ''Salvia fulgens'', Cardinal sage, Mexican red sage, a red-flowering perennial * ''Salvia greggii'', Autumn sage, a red-flowered sage with a very strong scent * ''Salvia lyrata'', Lyre-leaved sage, Lyreleaf sage, Cancerweed, a purple-flowering perennial * ''Salvia officinalis'', Common sage; this is the best-known species of sage. There are several varieties * ''Salvia pratensis'', Meadow clary, Meadow sage, a blue-flowering species * ''Salvia sclarea'', Clary (or Clary sage), a biennial sage with enormous (for sages) flower spikes, quite showy, used in teas * ''Salvia spathacea'', Hummingbird sage, a magenta-flowering annual with huge leaves * ''Salvia verticillata'', Whorled clary, Lilac sage, a white- or blue-flowering perennial with the scent of Clary [[Image:Blue Salvia-KayEss-1.JPG|thumb|right|Blue sage]] ===Non-aromatic sages=== * ''Salvia argentea'', Silver sage, usually a showy-flowered biennial, named for the color of its foliage * ''Salvia azurea'', Blue sage, Azure blue sage; this species has very big bright blue flowers * ''Salvia coccinea'', Blood sage, a scarlet-flowered tender perennial * ''Salvia divinorum'', Diviner's sage, a highly psychoactive variety * ''Salvia farinacea'', Mealycup sage, grown as an annual in temperate climates will survive mild winters * ''Salvia guaranitica'', grown as an ornamental plant and a bee plant, has brilliantly saturated blue flowers and is perennial to zone 7. It is one of the sages often known as hummingbird sage. * ''Salvia horminum'', (synonymy.: ''S. viridis'') Painted sage, an annual with showy blue, pink or white flower bracts * ''Salvia patens'', a blue-flowering annual * ''Salvia splendens'', Scarlet sage, a red-flowering annual * ''Salvia x superba'', a purple-flowering perennial ===Chia sages=== * ''Salvia arizonica'', Arizona sage, Desert indigo sage, a purple-flowering annual, native to Texas * ''Salvia carnosa'', a blue-flowering annual, native to the Arizona desert * ''Salvia columbariae'', Chia, Chia sage, California chia, a blue-flowering annual native to California desert * ''Salvia polystachya'', Chia sage, Chia seed * ''Salvia potus'', Chia. == Medicinal uses == Several types of ''Salvia'' are used medicinally: * aromatic varieties (usually strongly scented Leaf, also used as herbs) * non-aromatic varieties (not considered medicinal, but many still have a scent) * Chia sages * ''Divinorum'' (Diviner's sage) is drug used for spiritual and recreational purposes. === Aromatic sages === The aromatic sages strengthen the lungs and can be used in teas or tinctures to prevent coughs. Less aromatic species of ''Salvia'' are run-of-the-mill mint-family anti-inflammatories, which means that they can be used for pretty much any infection or inflammation, and will give at least some relief. Common sage (''Salvia officinalis'') drunk as a cold tea will stop sweating, while the same tea drunk hot will produce sweating. Cold and hot teas will also either stop or enhance milk production. White sage (''Salvia apiana'') is a very strong general anti-inflammatory, used as tea or tincture. The tincture has a very nice scent and can be used as a perfume. This species is the famous whitesage of smudge sticks. Pineapple sage (''Salvia elegans'', old: ''S. rutilans'') is a tender perennial with pineapple-scented leaves. Medicinally, this is perhaps closest to the scented geraniums, a sweet-smelling ''Pelargonium'' species. Red sage (''Salvia miltiorrhiza'') is used medicinally in Traditional Chinese medicine. Chia sages. The seeds of these species are used as bulk laxatives, much like the seeds of Psyllium (''Plantago'' spp.) or linseed. Chia has been important in the diet of desert Indians. It is still used for its Mucilage qualities by Mexican natives. Diviner's sage (''Salvia divinorum'') also called Yerba de la Pastora or sometimes just ''Salvia'', is a plant that differs from all the other sages. It is a Mexico visionary herb and there is some evidence it is a true cultivar. It is known to have strong psychoactive properties. ==References== * ''A Book of Salvias: Sages for Every Garden'' by Betsy Clebsch, Timber Press, 1997, ISBN 0881923699 An excellent reference on salvias, and has been updated in 2004 == External links == * [http://www.selfsufficientish.com/sage.htm selfsufficientish Sage - Salvia Officinalis] Organic growing advice * [http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=32680 ITIS 32680] 2002-09-06 Lamiaceae
Hello, Wikipedia:Welcome, newcomers to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them: *Wikipedia:How to edit a page *Wikipedia:How to write a great article *Wikipedia:Naming conventions *Wikipedia:Manual of Style If you have any questions, see the Wikipedia:Help, add a question to the Wikipedia:village pump or ask me on User_talk:snoyes. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedia:Wikipedians! ''Tip: you can sign your name with~~~~ ''
User:Snoyes 16:36, 27 Dec 2003 (UTC)
==Salvia Divinorum== I love smoking salvia and laying on my bed with my eyes shut, in the dark, in total silence... its really fun! and legal in america! :Smoking in bed -- one of the major causes of house fires. Good luck! I hope that you don't live in shared accommodation. -- User:Derek Ross | User talk:Derek Ross 20:53, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC) Well, on the rare occasion that I smoke salvia, I burn the entire amount I plan to ingest at one time, and inhale all of the smoke in one breath, out of a pipe. Therefore, no smoldering embers or burning matter remain that are able to ignite something... just a tiny amount of ash. Oh, are you the one who edited the comments under "salvia divinorum"? I am new to wikipedia, was it removed for a lack of sources? The information is true, what do I need to do to contribute what I know about it to this article? :Nope, not guilty. I haven't edited the article at all. I just don't think that fire and bedclothes make a good combination. Glad to hear that there's no risk in your case -- User:Derek Ross | User talk:Derek Ross 00:59, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
Words begining with SAGE:
SAGE
SAGE
Sage
Sage
Sage
Sagebrush
Sagebrush_rebels
Sagebrush_steppe
Sagebrush_Vole
Sagecock
Sagehen
Sageika
SAGEM
SAGEM_Sperwer
Sagene
Sagene-Torshov
Sagenepal
Sagenepal
Sagepe
Sageretia_Theezans
Sageretia_theezans
Sager_House
Sager_house
Sages
Sages
SageSoft
Sagesund
Sageville
Sageville,_IA
Sageville,_Iowa
Sage_(Book)
Sage_(comics)
Sage_(disambiguation)
Sage_(disambiguation)
SAGE_(organization)
Sage_(superhero)
Sage_Baluchi
Sage_baluchi
Sage_chicken
Sage_Cock
Sage_Erk
Sage_Erk
Sage_Francis
Sage_Francis
Sage_Gateshead
Sage_Group
Sage_Group_plc
Sage_Grouse
Sage_grouse
Sage_Hill_School
Sage_Justin
Sage_Molnar
Sage_Narada
Sage_of_Monticello
SAGE_Project
SAGE_Project
Sage_Thrasher
Sage_thrasher
Sage_Township,_MI
Sage_Township,_Michigan
Sage_Weil
SAGE
Actually, SAGE was a centralized, automated air defense system developed by the U.S. in the 1950s to counter a perceived (but largely imaginary) Soviet strategic bombing threat. The BOMARC antiaircraft missile was only one of the weapons systems included in the SAGE system. By the time it was fully operational the Soviet bomber threat had been replaced by the Soviet missile threat, for which SAGE was entirely inadequate. Nevertheless, SAGE was tremendously important; it had an immense influence on the development of interactive computing, computer networking, and computer hardware and software. IBM's role in SAGE was the design and manufacture of the AN/FSQ-7 computer, a vacuum tube computer with ferrite core memory based on the :Whirlwind. This experience was an important factor leading to IBM's domination of the computer industry. ==USENIX: SAGE: System Administrator's Guild== Do we need a disambiguation page to refer to the [http://www.usenix.org/ USENIX] special technical group [http://sageweb.sage.org/ SAGE]? (As a computer nerd this was my first associate with the link I saw RecentChanges). == collecting aircraft? == ''SAGE, the Semi Automated Ground Environment, was an automated control system for collecting, tracking and intercepting enemy bomber aircraft '' Is this the official description? If not, it should be rewritten- surely the USAF aren't collecting bomber aircraft - they're much too large to keep on a closet shelf. -User:Finn-Zoltan 13:17, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC) ==Tube failure rate== Anyone know where the data in this text came from: : ''the daily failure rate was in the hundreds. Each center had staff dedicated to replacing dead tubes by running up and down the racks of machinery with shopping carts filled with replacements.'' The reason I ask is that one of the articles in the ''Annals of the History of Computers'' special issue on SAGE (which I just added to the article) says (pp. 349 if anyone wants to go look) that the ''measured'' MTBF on the tubes (during March 1978 - February 1980) was 50K-100K hours - with each FSQ-7 having about 50K tubes, this gives a failure rate of about 1 tube/hour, hardly the "daily ... hundreds" in the article. User:Jnc User_talk:Jnc 03:44, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC) : The text in question I found in a description of of the system in a book I read many years ago. I believe your number is correct, however, and a combination of poor wording and unintensional inflation has led to the number I posted. What I remember in particular was that the machines included self-test systems that could spot tubes that were about to burn out. Every so often (once a day?) they would run the test, write down the soon-to-fails, and then run around with the shopping carts full of tubes. It's very likely the carts contained hundreds, but only used a small fraction. User:Maury Markowitz 13:14, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC) :: Yes, that was the "voltage margin" system, something the FSQ-7 copied from Whirlwind. Quoting from another article in that issue (by Jay Forrester, pp. 400-401) ''a marginal checking system in which one could, under the control of the machine itself,'' [! - JNC] ''alter the voltage of the screen grids of vacuum tubes that would vary the gain and move the particular set of vacuum tubs up or down with respect to their normal range of operation.'' He goes on to say that they could anticipate deterioration that was occurring gradually, which was about 90% of all ultimate failures, so it gave them a factor of 10 in reliability. :: The one comment you make I'm not sure about is the reference to tubes. The FSQ-7 was built around 6- and 9-tube pluggable units (pp. 345), and I suspect it was more likely those that they swapped. Do you happen to remember the name of the book? User:Jnc User_talk:Jnc 14:54, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC) : BTW, I notice that the test run is very late in the program -- they were taking them out of service at this point in time. Is it possible the 100's figure isn't that innaccurate for early tubes? User:Maury Markowitz 13:16, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC) :: Yes, I wondered about that too. However, Forrester's comments about reliability (above) explicitly refer to the Whirlwind (and he refers to a computer with '20,000 tubes' - clearly not the FSQ-7). He says tubes 'were thought to have about a 500-hour life', which would have been 'quite intolerable', and goes on to say they identified a material processing fault (failure to remove silicon from the nickel of the cathode) which raised the tube life to '500,000 hours' (!). I'm a bit dubious of that number though, because this is from an interview in 1975, and he may have added an extra "0" through a memory glitch. Removing it puts at the lifetime number I quoted in my original note. However, in any event it's clear that tube lifetime had been greatly improved prior to the FSQ-7. Also, with the shift to transistors, I doubt people put a lot of work into improving tube lifetime in e.g. the 1970's. So my presumption is that the number from earlier in the FSQ-7's life would have been similar. I looked for an earlier definite number, but didn't find one, alas. User:Jnc User_talk:Jnc 14:54, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC) == dab? == I just wanted to check if this is something that's been gone through before, but... would it be reasonable to have a disambiguating link, or a see-also, or something, to Sage, the plant genus, or to Sage (disambiguation)? -User:Finn-Zoltan 14:05, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
SAGE
SAGE is also the name of a SAGE (organization). "SAGE" also means Set A Good Example. ---- SAGE, the ''Semi Automatic Ground Environment'', was an automated control system for collecting, tracking and intercepting enemy bomber aircraft used by North American Aerospace Defense Command from the late 1950s into the 1980s. By the time it was fully operational the Soviet bomber threat had been replaced by the Soviet missile threat, for which SAGE was entirely inadequate. Nevertheless, SAGE was tremendously important; it led to huge advances in online systems and interactive computing, real-time computing, and data communications using modems. It is generally considered to be one of the most advanced and successful large computer systems ever developed. IBM's role in SAGE (the design and manufacture of the AN/FSQ-7 computer, a vacuum tube computer with ferrite core memory based on the Whirlwind (computer)) was an important factor leading to IBM's domination of the computer industry. ==Background== Prior to the introduction of SAGE, the task of intercepting bombers was becoming increasingly difficult. In World War II radar had pushed the advantage in favour of the defender, detecting a raid at long range and thus giving defenders plenty of time to launch their interceptor aircraft. The RAF could leave their fighters on the ground until the raid was detected, guiding them over radio towards the bombers, calculating directions "by hand". In the post-war era, jet-powered aircraft decreased the detection time, but also the time needed to intercept the bombers. But while the speed of the aircraft increased, the time taken to direct a particular interceptor to a particular bomber remained largely constant. This included tasks such as collecting information about the targets, figuring out where they were going (developing a ''track''), deciding what planes should intercept them, telling everyone, and then tracking both the interceptors and the bombers to an interception point. A study in the 1950s by the RCAF concluded that it would take on the order of one minute per interception. With flight times on the order of an hour by several hundred aircraft, some were bound to escape interception due to operator overload. With nuclear bombs onboard, this was unacceptable. The problem became even more acute if the bombers attacked at low level. Radar is line-of-sight, so by approaching close to the ground they would remain hidden behind the curvature of the Earth until approaching to within a few tens of miles (tens of km). With a jet bomber, this meant the defenders had only a few minutes to react, far too little time to launch an interceptor. ==Automation== It was this problem that particularly bothered Dr. George Valley, an Massachusetts Institute of Technology physics professor. In order to provide any sort of protection for the entire US, a series of radar stations would have to span both coasts and across Canada. In the event of a raid, there would simply be far too many reports to be able to successfully guide interception. His solution was automation, connecting all of the radar sites to a computer which would then control all of the incoming and outgoing flow of information. The interception operator's workload would be greatly reduced; they simply had to tell the computer which targets to attack, and perhaps choose what assets to use. All of the communications would be handled by the computer, and would be effectively instantaneous. This would require the system to update the operators in real time, and the only system in the world capable of doing this in 1948 when Valley studied the problem was the Whirlwind (computer) computer at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The Whirlwind project, originally intended to control a US Navy flight simulator to train bomber crews, had run into problems and the Navy was losing interest. Valley talked to Jay Forrester, leader of the Whirlwind project, and together they wrote a study proposal to use Whirlwind for air defense. The US Air Force was interested, and in 1949 they provided funding under the name Project Charles to develop a demonstration system. Information from several radars in the Cape Cod area was forwarded to the Whirlwind, which then developed tracks for the targets being reported. The project was a qualified success, and the Air Force took over the project under Project Claude, moving development to the new MIT Lincoln Laboratory in 1954. Making a military-grade version of the Whirlwind was a massive project that required close connections between Lincoln Labs, industrial partners who would build the machines and communications, and the military. In order to provide oversight and management during the deployment phase, MITRE was formed in 1958 to take over the project. Production of the resulting machines, known technically as the AN/FSQ-7 but almost always referred to as the Whirlwind II, was initially awarded to RCA but later given to International Business Machines, who started production in 1958. The buildings and internal power supply and communications were provided by Western Electric, phone lines by the Bell System, and the software, 500,000 lines of assembler, by a spin-off of RAND Corporation called SDC. ==Description== The AN/FSQ-7 used 55,000 vacuum tubes, about 1/2 acre (2,000 m²) of floor space, weighted 275 tons and used up to three megawatts of power. Although the failure rate of an individual tube was low due to efforts in quality control, so many were used that the daily failure rate was in the hundreds. Each center had staff dedicated to replacing dead tubes by running up and down the racks of machinery with shopping carts filled with replacements. The AN/FSQ-7s remain the largest computers ever built, and will likely hold that record in the future. Each SAGE site included two computers for redundancy, with one processor on "hot standby" at all times. In spite of the poor reliability of the tubes, this dual-processor design made for remarkably high overall system uptime. 99% availability was not unusual. SAGE sites were connected to a number of tracking stations which sent in sighting reports over a teletype system connected over normal telephone lines. Reports were typed in by operators in a specific format, which the SAGE computers then collected and displayed on a cathode ray tube as icons. Operators at the center could select any of the "targets" on the display with a light gun, and then display additional information about the contact reported by the tracking stations. Up to 150 operators could be supported from each center. When a target turned out to be interesting, SAGE also helped him select a proper response. Reports similar to those from the radar sites kept the SAGE system up to date with information on the availability and status of various weapons and aircraft, including all airfields, BOMARC and Nike Hercules anti-aircraft missile sites. When the operator chose one of these to intercept the target, orders would automatically be sent via teletype to local controllers who would take over from there. Additional messages would also be sent to higher headquarters, as well as other SAGE centers. A massive building program started along with continued work on the computer systems and communications, with the first groundbreaking at McChord AFB in 1957. The buildings were huge above-ground concrete bricks that were often placed near cities without the residents being aware of what they were. The first SAGE Division became operational in Syracuse, New York in January 1959, and by 1963 the system was already complete with 22 ''Sector Direction Centers'' and three similar ''Combat Centers''. When North American Aerospace Defense Command was set up another site added in North Bay, Ontario in Canada, although in this case the entire SAGE system was buried deep underground in what became known as "the hole". The total engineering effort for SAGE was immense. Total project cost remains unknown, but estimates place it between 8 and 12 billion 1964 dollars, more than the Manhattan Project that developed the nuclear bomb SAGE defended against. The SAGE system was operational until 1979, when it was replaced by newer systems and airborne control. However, the North Bay system ran until 1983 when it was dismantled and sent to ''The Computer Museum'' in Boston. In 1996 the remainder was moved to Moffett Field, California for storage and is now in the collection of the ''[http://www.computerhistory.org Computer History Museum]'' in Mountain View, Santa Clara County, California. Questions about the ability of the SAGE system to actually handle a "hot war" situation were continuous. On one occasion SAC was able to penetrate the defenses, and on other occasions huge flocks of seabirds were tracked as a potential bomber attack. A more serious problem was that by the time the system was fully operational, the Soviet Union had already started deploying ICBMs, making SAGE largely useless. SAGE was, for all intents, an air-traffic control system. This was not lost on the Federal Aviation Administration, who used SAGE systems in their own automated control systems, many of which remained in service until recently. The system also gave IBM valuable insight, and it was not long after that the CEO of American Airlines met one of the IBM people involved in SAGE by accident on a flight, and soon the two companies were developing the Sabre_Airline_Reservations_System airline reservation system. Other major SAGE developments included: * CRT-based real-time user interface * use of wide-area communications via modems ==Further reading== * John F. Jacobs, ''The SAGE Air Defense System: A Personal History'' (MITRE Corporation, 1986) * Robert R. Everett (editor), ''Special Issue: SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment)'', ''Annals of the History of Computing'', Vol. 5 (No. 4), 1983 ==See also== * Ground-controlled interception (GCI) == External links == *[http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/airdef/sage.htm Federation of American Scientists - Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE)] *[http://www.mitre.org/about/sage.html MITRE History - Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE)] *[http://www.mitre.org/about/photo_archives/sage_photo.html MITRE History - Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) - Photo Archives] *[http://www.archive.org/movies/details-db.php?collection=prelinger&collectionid=06855 On Guard! The story of SAGE (12 minute film at the Prelinger Archives, currently mislaid)] *[http://www.radomes.org/museum/sagedocs.html SAGE Documents (including aerial photographs, emblems, call signs, etc. of the SAGE sites)] Radar networks Early computers Mainframe computers Military computers
Sage
: ''This article is about the plant genus called sage. For the herb and spice ''Salvia officinalis'' see Common sage. For other meanings see Sage (disambiguation).'' see List of Salvia species Sage is a term used for plants of the genus ''Salvia'' of the mint family, Lamiaceae. When used without modifiers, sage generally refers to common sage (''Salvia officinalis''); however, it can be used with modifiers to refer to any member of the genus. This genus includes shrubs, herbaceous perennials, and annual plant. Different species of sage are grown as herbs and as ornamental plants. The ornamental species are commonly referred to by their scientific name ''Salvia''. The closely related genera ''Perovskia'' and ''Phlomis'' are also known as sage; Russian Sage, (''Perovskia atriplicifolia''), native to the Crimea south to Afganistan and Pakistan, is grown as an ornamental plant because of its blue-violet sprays of flowers and its adaptability to either sun or part shade. It has a pleasant smell and is also grown as a nectar source, but is not consumed by humans. Phlomis refers to ''Phlomis fruticosa'' and other species of ''Phlomis''. Some species of the unrelated genus ''Artemisia (plant)'' are also referred to as sages, a shortened version of ''sagebrush'', which is a more appropriate term for them. They generally taste vile and are not used in food preparation, although many of them are used medicinally. Smudge bundles are made with various grey-leaved species of ''Artemisia'' and are misrepresented as "whitesage" smudges. The true whitesage is ''Salvia apiana'', which has a delightful scent when burned. == History == The sage varieties used as herbs stem from the Mediterranean and Asia Minor and Sage has been grown in Central Europe since the Middle Ages. The name ''Salvia'' derives from the Latin 'salveo', which means 'to heal'. Indeed this herb is highly regarded for its healing qualities. An ancient proverb states, "Why should a man die who has sage in his garden?". The ancient Greeks used it to treat consumption, ulcers and snake bites. The Romans considered sage to be a sacred herb and concocted a whole elaborate ceremony just to pick it. A sage gatherer would have to use a special knife (not made of iron as it reacts with the sage), have to have clean clothes and clean feet and a sacrifice of food would have to be made before he could begin. The Romans would use it for toothpaste; they also believed it to be good for the brain, senses and memory. The China also were quite partial to this herb. 17th century Netherlands merchants found that they would trade one chest of sage leaves for three of their tea [http://www.selfsufficientish.com/sage.htm]. == Notable species == === Aromatic sages === * ''Salvia apiana'', White sage, California white sage, a perennial at home in the mountains of Southern California, sometimes found in the desert of southern Arizona * ''Salvia candelabrum'', a blue-flowering scented sage * ''Salvia clevelandii'', Blue sage, Cleveland sage, Fragrant sage, with a very strong scent, found either delightful or disgusting * ''Salvia clevelandii x pachyphylla x leucophylla'' Celestial Blue, Celestial Sage, Musk Sage. Hybrid between Cleveland Sage, Rose Sage, and Pozo Blue Sage * ''Salvia fulgens'', Cardinal sage, Mexican red sage, a red-flowering perennial * ''Salvia greggii'', Autumn sage, a red-flowered sage with a very strong scent * ''Salvia lyrata'', Lyre-leaved sage, Lyreleaf sage, Cancerweed, a purple-flowering perennial * ''Salvia officinalis'', Common sage; this is the best-known species of sage. There are several varieties * ''Salvia pratensis'', Meadow clary, Meadow sage, a blue-flowering species * ''Salvia sclarea'', Clary (or Clary sage), a biennial sage with enormous (for sages) flower spikes, quite showy, used in teas * ''Salvia spathacea'', Hummingbird sage, a magenta-flowering annual with huge leaves * ''Salvia verticillata'', Whorled clary, Lilac sage, a white- or blue-flowering perennial with the scent of Clary [[Image:Blue Salvia-KayEss-1.JPG|thumb|right|Blue sage]] ===Non-aromatic sages=== * ''Salvia argentea'', Silver sage, usually a showy-flowered biennial, named for the color of its foliage * ''Salvia azurea'', Blue sage, Azure blue sage; this species has very big bright blue flowers * ''Salvia coccinea'', Blood sage, a scarlet-flowered tender perennial * ''Salvia divinorum'', Diviner's sage, a highly psychoactive variety * ''Salvia farinacea'', Mealycup sage, grown as an annual in temperate climates will survive mild winters * ''Salvia guaranitica'', grown as an ornamental plant and a bee plant, has brilliantly saturated blue flowers and is perennial to zone 7. It is one of the sages often known as hummingbird sage. * ''Salvia horminum'', (synonymy.: ''S. viridis'') Painted sage, an annual with showy blue, pink or white flower bracts * ''Salvia patens'', a blue-flowering annual * ''Salvia splendens'', Scarlet sage, a red-flowering annual * ''Salvia x superba'', a purple-flowering perennial ===Chia sages=== * ''Salvia arizonica'', Arizona sage, Desert indigo sage, a purple-flowering annual, native to Texas * ''Salvia carnosa'', a blue-flowering annual, native to the Arizona desert * ''Salvia columbariae'', Chia, Chia sage, California chia, a blue-flowering annual native to California desert * ''Salvia polystachya'', Chia sage, Chia seed * ''Salvia potus'', Chia. == Medicinal uses == Several types of ''Salvia'' are used medicinally: * aromatic varieties (usually strongly scented Leaf, also used as herbs) * non-aromatic varieties (not considered medicinal, but many still have a scent) * Chia sages * ''Divinorum'' (Diviner's sage) is drug used for spiritual and recreational purposes. === Aromatic sages === The aromatic sages strengthen the lungs and can be used in teas or tinctures to prevent coughs. Less aromatic species of ''Salvia'' are run-of-the-mill mint-family anti-inflammatories, which means that they can be used for pretty much any infection or inflammation, and will give at least some relief. Common sage (''Salvia officinalis'') drunk as a cold tea will stop sweating, while the same tea drunk hot will produce sweating. Cold and hot teas will also either stop or enhance milk production. White sage (''Salvia apiana'') is a very strong general anti-inflammatory, used as tea or tincture. The tincture has a very nice scent and can be used as a perfume. This species is the famous whitesage of smudge sticks. Pineapple sage (''Salvia elegans'', old: ''S. rutilans'') is a tender perennial with pineapple-scented leaves. Medicinally, this is perhaps closest to the scented geraniums, a sweet-smelling ''Pelargonium'' species. Red sage (''Salvia miltiorrhiza'') is used medicinally in Traditional Chinese medicine. Chia sages. The seeds of these species are used as bulk laxatives, much like the seeds of Psyllium (''Plantago'' spp.) or linseed. Chia has been important in the diet of desert Indians. It is still used for its Mucilage qualities by Mexican natives. Diviner's sage (''Salvia divinorum'') also called Yerba de la Pastora or sometimes just ''Salvia'', is a plant that differs from all the other sages. It is a Mexico visionary herb and there is some evidence it is a true cultivar. It is known to have strong psychoactive properties. ==References== * ''A Book of Salvias: Sages for Every Garden'' by Betsy Clebsch, Timber Press, 1997, ISBN 0881923699 An excellent reference on salvias, and has been updated in 2004 == External links == * [http://www.selfsufficientish.com/sage.htm selfsufficientish Sage - Salvia Officinalis] Organic growing advice * [http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=32680 ITIS 32680] 2002-09-06 Lamiaceae
Sage
Hello, Wikipedia:Welcome, newcomers to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them: *Wikipedia:How to edit a page *Wikipedia:How to write a great article *Wikipedia:Naming conventions *Wikipedia:Manual of Style If you have any questions, see the Wikipedia:Help, add a question to the Wikipedia:village pump or ask me on User_talk:snoyes. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedia:Wikipedians! ''Tip: you can sign your name with
Sage
==Salvia Divinorum== I love smoking salvia and laying on my bed with my eyes shut, in the dark, in total silence... its really fun! and legal in america! :Smoking in bed -- one of the major causes of house fires. Good luck! I hope that you don't live in shared accommodation. -- User:Derek Ross | User talk:Derek Ross 20:53, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC) Well, on the rare occasion that I smoke salvia, I burn the entire amount I plan to ingest at one time, and inhale all of the smoke in one breath, out of a pipe. Therefore, no smoldering embers or burning matter remain that are able to ignite something... just a tiny amount of ash. Oh, are you the one who edited the comments under "salvia divinorum"? I am new to wikipedia, was it removed for a lack of sources? The information is true, what do I need to do to contribute what I know about it to this article? :Nope, not guilty. I haven't edited the article at all. I just don't think that fire and bedclothes make a good combination. Glad to hear that there's no risk in your case -- User:Derek Ross | User talk:Derek Ross 00:59, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)
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SB | SC | SD | SE | SF | SG | SH | SI | SJ | SK | SL | SM | SN | SO | SP | SR | SS | ST | SU | SW | SX | SY | SZ |Words begining with SAGE:
SAGE
SAGE
Sage
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Sagebrush_rebels
Sagebrush_steppe
Sagebrush_Vole
Sagecock
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Sageika
SAGEM
SAGEM_Sperwer
Sagene
Sagene-Torshov
Sagenepal
Sagenepal
Sagepe
Sageretia_Theezans
Sageretia_theezans
Sager_House
Sager_house
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SageSoft
Sagesund
Sageville
Sageville,_IA
Sageville,_Iowa
Sage_(Book)
Sage_(comics)
Sage_(disambiguation)
Sage_(disambiguation)
SAGE_(organization)
Sage_(superhero)
Sage_Baluchi
Sage_baluchi
Sage_chicken
Sage_Cock
Sage_Erk
Sage_Erk
Sage_Francis
Sage_Francis
Sage_Gateshead
Sage_Group
Sage_Group_plc
Sage_Grouse
Sage_grouse
Sage_Hill_School
Sage_Justin
Sage_Molnar
Sage_Narada
Sage_of_Monticello
SAGE_Project
SAGE_Project
Sage_Thrasher
Sage_thrasher
Sage_Township,_MI
Sage_Township,_Michigan
Sage_Weil
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