
Russians (Russian:Русские - ''Russkiye'') are an East Slavs ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries. The English language term ''Russians'' is also used to refer to citizens of Russia, regardless of their ethnicity (see ''demographics of Russia'' for information on other nationalities inhabiting Russia); in Russian language, this meaning is covered by the recently revived politically correct term ''Rossiyanin'' (Россиянин, plural ''Rossiyane''). Ethnic Russians make up about 80% of the population of Russia. ==Population== Russians are one of the largest ethnic groups in the world with a population of about 145 million people worldwide. Roughly 116 million ethnic Russians live in Russia and 25 million more live in neighboring countries. A relatively small number of Russians, around 2 million, live elsewhere in the world, mostly in North America and Western Europe. ==Religion== Russians are predominantly of the Eastern Orthodoxy faith. More specifically, the vast majority of believers belong to the Russian Orthodox Church, which played an important role in the development of Russian national identity. Some Russians are Old Believers: a relatively small schismatic group of the Russian Orthodoxy that rejected the liturgical reforms introduced in the 17th century. Despite continuing growth in religious observance since Soviet times, church attendance rates in Russia are still low. Besides Orthodoxy, Buddhism, Judaism, and Islam enjoy special status in Russia, although they are practiced largely by non-Russian minorities. ==Russians outside of Russia== The largest ethnic Russian diasporas outside of Russia live in former Soviet states such as Ukraine (about 10 million), Kazakhstan (about 5 million), the Baltic states (about 2 million), Belarus (about 1 million), Uzbekistan (about 1 million), Kyrgyzstan (about 600,000), and Moldova (about 500,000). There are also small Russian communities in the Balkans, Eastern and Central European nations such as the Czech Republic, as well as in China and Latin America. These communities may identify themselves either as Russians or citizens of these countries, or both, to varying degrees. Although not among the largest immigrant groups, significant numbers of Russians emigrated to Canada, Australia, and the United States. Brighton Beach, in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, is an example of a large community of recent Russian immigrants. At the same time, many ethnic Russians from former Soviet territories have emigrated to Russia itself since the 1990s. Many of them became refugees from a number of states of Central Asia and Caucasus (as well as from the separatist Chechen Republic), forced to flee during political unrest and hostilities towards Russians. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, some ethnic Russians complained of discrimination in a number of newly independent countries. The government of Latvia, with the largest share of ethnic Russians in the Baltics, responded to these charges by claiming that many of the ethnic Russians or their ancestors had arrived as part of a Soviet-era colonization and deliberate Russification by changing the countries' ethnic balance. It should be noted, however, that among the many Russians who arrived during the Soviet era were those who were there for economic reasons, or in some cases, because they were ordered there. In line with this thinking, in post-independence Latvia and Estonia, many Baltic Russians (technically, anyone whose ancestors arrived after the first Occupation of Baltic Republics in 1940) were not granted automatic citizenship, but were first required to pass a test demonstrating knowledge of the national language, as well as knowledge of the country's history and customs. The language issue is still contentious, particularly in Latvia, where ethnic Russians have protested against plans to require 60 percent of school subjects to be taught in the national language instead of Russian. (In Lithuania, where the number of ethnic Russians was between 10 and 20 percent of the population, citizenship was granted automatically.) Although accepting the need to redress the Soviet-era policies, both the European Union and the Council of Europe, as well as the Russian government, expressed their concern during the 1990s about minority rights in several countries, most notably the Baltics. In Moldova, the Russian-dominated Transnistria region broke away from government control amid fears the country would soon reunite with Romania. === Russian Chinese === Russians (俄罗斯族) are one of the Nationalities of China officially recognized by the People's Republic of China (as ''the Russ''), and there are approximately 15,600 Russian Chinese living mostly in northern Xinjiang, and also in Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang. See also Harbin Russians and China Far East Railway. ==Emergence of Russian ethnicity== Russians began to be recognized as a distinct ethnic group in the 15th century, when they were referred to Muscovy, during the consolidation of Muscovy as a regional power. This distinguished them both from the earlier Rus' (people), and from the western peoples who became the modern-day Belarusians and Ukrainians. Some ethnologists maintain that Russians were a distinct Slavic group even before the time of Kievan Rus. Others believe that the distinguishing feature of the Russians is not primarily their separation from Western Rus, but that the ''Russkiye'' are a mix of East Slavic and non-Slavic tribes. However, the origin of the Slavic peoples is itself a matter of on which there is no consensus. ==See also == * List of Russians * Russians in Japan * Baltic Russians * Russian colonization of the Americas Slavic nations Ethnic groups of Europe Ethnic groups of Russia Ethnic groups of China Ethnic groups of Dagestan ka:რუსები
"Russians are characterized by warmth, sincerity, high intelligence, pride, and poor self-esteem" -- Woa, The Russians sound so beautiful and artistic. --User:Menchi 12:53, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC) : are characterized. Noone says that it must be true. User:Nikola Smolenski 07:30, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC) It's pretty weird that the page on Russians is part of the Ethnic minorities in China series. Or was part of it - somebody with the IP address 210.240.188.81 just rewrote completely in some not-so-good English: User:Apoivre 00:50, 5 May 2004 (UTC) That was I. I just corrected some of the typos I made in the first run as well. :I restored the Chinese part. User:Olivier 19:28, May 23, 2004 (UTC) ==Russian vs Rossiyanin== QUOTE Note: sometimes the term Russian is used to refer to any citizen of Russia. In the Russian language there are two separate words, one for an ethnic Russian and one for a person of any ethnicity that holds a Russian citizenship UNQUOTE This is not true. There is no clear difference between statehood and ethnic belonging in modern Russian language. Русский - Russki or Russkij (sometimes used as substitute for Velikoross - see below) and Российский Rossijski (mainly pertaining to the State) are interchangeable terms. The term Великоросс - Velikoross (Great Russian) pertaining to ethnicity or to the descendants of the population of greater Novgorodian and Muscovite duchies and their vassal states has been suppressed by the Soviets in the 1920s and 1930s (since the term supposedly belittled other people) and is not generally used. : Russkij and Rossijskij are adjectives. What he was talking about was Russkij/Rossijanin User:Apoivre 13:06, 14 Jun 2004 (UTC) 210.240.188.81 changed former Soviet republics to the ''near abroad'' stating that it is not the same (see his comment in the ppage history). I am reverting it back - first of all, because ''near abroad'' doesn't sound very English and anyway the Russian phrase only applies to the ex-USSR republics. Russia does border on a few countries which were not in the USSR but nowhere do ethnic Russians constitute a sizeable minority, possibly apart from the USA (which falls into North America and is thus covered in the article): PDRK, China, Mongolia, Poland, Finland and Norway. User:Apoivre 13:06, 14 Jun 2004 (UTC) There is nothing wrong with the term near abroad. You can google for it and find a number of articles, in English, which use the expression. But, if someone doesn’t like it, I’m not going to insist on using it. However, I am going to change, former Soviet republics to neighboring countries. It’s not clear to all readers, which countries were former Soviet republics and there are a significant number of Russians that live in other neighboring countries. To the readers above, there is a clear difference between Russkij and Rossijanin. Russkij refers only to ethnic Russians, Rossijanin refers collectively to all citizens of Russia. :The difference is rather political. "Rossijanin" is a recently invented politically correct term for denoting citizens of Russia. However, "Russkij" is still used in both sences of ethnicity and of citizenship. And also for denoting citizenship, "Russkij" is more widely used than "Rossijanin". [[User:Drbug|User:Drbug[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=User_talk:Drbug&action=edit§ion=new ]]] 08:12, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC) ::Rossijanin dates at least from the eighteenth century in the present meaning of subject -- or citizen -- of the Russian state. Lomonosov and Karamzin use it in that meaning. User:A. Shetsen 05:24, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC) :::I agree, I was not aware about use of this word by Lomonosov and Karamzin (and Pushkin), but thinking a bit, I found that "revived" maybe is a bit misleading word, because it wasn't used as official denoting of Russian citizens. User:Drbug[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=User_talk:Drbug&action=edit§ion=new ] User:Drbug 06:28, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC) ::*From the "ОСНОВНЫЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЕ ЗАКОНЫ РОССИЙСКОЙ ИМПЕРИИ", (Fundamental laws of the Russian Empire" [http://proftek.narod.ru/zar_russ_konst.htm 1], 1906: ::::"29. Российские подданные обязаны платить установленные законом налоги и пошлины, а также отбывать повинности согласно постановлениям закона." ::*From Karamzin's treatment of the treaty between Kievan Rus and the Byzantine Empire, 907 AD ::::"Если подозрение Олегво, как говорит Нестор, было справедливо: то не Россиян, а Греков должно назвать истинными варварами Х века. Победитель требовал 12 гривен на каждого человека во флоте своем, и Греки согласились с тем условием, чтобы он, прекратив неприятельские действия, мирно возвратился в отечество. Войско Российское отступило далее от города, и Князь отправил Послов к Императору. Летопись сохранила Норманские имена сих вельмож: Карла, Фарлафа, Веремида, Рулава, Стемида. Они заключили с Константинополем следующий договор [в 907 г.]: ::::I. "Греки дают по 12 гривен на человека, сверх того уклады на города Киев, Чернигов, Переяславль, Полтеск, Ростов, Любеч и другие, где властвуют Князья, Олеговы подданные". Война была в сии времена народным промыслом: Олег, соблюдая обычай Скандинавов и всех народов Германских, долженствовал разделить свою добычу с воинами и Полководцами, не забывая и тех, которые оставались в России. ::::II. "Послы, отправляемые Князем Русским в Царьград, будут там всем довольствованы из казны Императорской. Русским гостям или торговым людям, которые приедут в Грецию, Император обязан на шесть месяцев давать хлеба, вина, мяса, рыбы и плодов; они имеют также свободный вход в народные бани и получают на возвратный путь съестные припасы, якоря, снасти, паруса и все нужное". ::::Греки с своей стороны предложили такие условия: "1. ''Россияне'', которые будут в Константинополе не для торговли, не имеют права требовать месячного содержания. - II. Да запретит Князь Послам своим..." :::I think the bolded words, especially the last one in bold italics, prove my point that the words were used in its "politically correct modern meaning": the adjective by 1906, the noun as far back as c. 1800, when Karamzin was writing his history. Keep in mind that the Primary Chronicle, which Karamzin was examining in the now-burned Trinity Codex, distinguishes between the tribes under control of Kievan Rus at the time ([http://litopys.narod.ru/pvlyar/yar01.htm Hypatian Codex, c. 1425]): :::*І се суть инии языцЂ, иже дань дають Руси: Чюдь, Весь, Меря, Мурома, Черемись, Мордва, ПЂрмь, Печера, Ямь, Литва, ЗимЂгола, Корсь, Норома, Либь; си суть свой языкъ имуще, отъ колЂна Афетова, иже живуть на странахъ полунощныхъ. :::The word Rossiyanin used in the discussion of a treaty between sovereign states can, I think have only the connotation of "subject" or "citizen". Karamzin wrote in c. 1800. I can see the objection: a "subject" is not a "citizen". Hmmm. Really, now! Are you convinced? I am! User:A. Shetsen 17:05, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC) ==Alaskan Russians== It's a pity that they are not even mentioned. They have been living in Alaska for more than 150 years. == Russian-dominated Transnistria == :''Russian-dominated Transnistria separatist region'' According to the last census, Transnistria has no Russian majority and they are only the third ethnic group, after Romanians and Ukrainians. They surely dominate the politics of Transnistria, but, the affirmation is not very clear. User:Bogdangiusca | User talk:Bogdangiusca 08:20, 13 May 2005 (UTC) == Ideological motivation + Australia == I removed some of your edits back to my old version. Russians who migrated to the Baltics were not "ideologically motivated" or anymore loyal to the Soviet Union than Latvians were. Most were simple people who migrated to the region because of economic benefits, for example they were given jobs and/or housing there. In many cases Russians filled the jobs (factory workers etc.) which the locals were less willing to do. You nationalist propaganda aside, it was the Soviet KGB (with both ethnic Latvians and ethnic Russian members) who were killing/deporting ethnic Latvians (as well as ethnic Russians) in the Baltics, not Russian immigrants who settled there. I have also added Australia back to the list of countries with Russian communities; Russians immigrants in USA, Canada,Germany etc. are already mentioned in population section under North America and Western Europe respectively. (User:Fisenko 20:56, 16 May 2005 (UTC)) Actually, I'm not a "nationalist," I have no ethnic roots in either Russia or the Baltics, and you should avoid making accusations like these. The original text made a declarative statement along the lines that "ethnic Russians were singled out," which (whether you believe it to be true or not) is not NPOV. You have to qualify a statement like that, and if there is a controversy, you have to provide both sides, which I hoped to do by adding some historical and present-day context, the position held by some of the governments, the concerns expressed by the CE/EU, and the opposing view. If you think some of this was mis-stated or lacked substance, or missed something out, fine, edit it, and add detail to it. But the point of Wikipedia is to provide balanced coverage of issues, not to advance one viewpoint and delete anything that disagrees with it. --User:ProhibitOnions 00:06, 17 May 2005 (UTC) :I agree with the above user. I am on the record of opposing russophobia many times in Wikipedia but for the sake of neutrality and encyclopedicity the position of Baltic governments on how they respond to the discrimination charges should be given. Also, a word or two should be said about the merit of their arguments but not from the POV of WP editors, but from POV of serious publications, European Council and Strasbourg court decisions (there were a couple) and publications in reputable papers. The details should indeed go to the Baltic Russians article. User:Irpen 16:32, May 17, 2005 (UTC) == Church attendence + the Baltic states == Church attendance: Russia is one of the few European countries with rapidly growing church attendance in contrast to much of Western Europe were religious attendance is in decline. Former Communist countries including Russia are experiencing a rather dramatic revival of Christianity nowadays; I seriously doubt any surveys that say the opposite based on my personal experience (I visit Russia regularly). About the Baltics: the language exams are far from being "basic". They are rather complex examinations that include knowledge about national constitutions, history etc. Most native-speakers without secondary education have little chance of passing these kinds of exams. Elderly Russian-speakers or Russians from low-income families with little education have almost ZERO chances of passing them. Compared to standard citizenship exams in let's say Canada or Australia these exams are extremely difficult. That's aside from the fact that nowhere else people who were born and grew up in certain countries are never required to write citizenship exams (regardless of historical reasoning). This practice would be called nothing but discrimination anywhere else. In any case such lengthy paragraph on the Baltic is hardly relevant in the article on ethnic Russians, you should add your comments to "Baltic Russians" article instead.(User:Fisenko 06:07, 17 May 2005 (UTC)) == Religion == We are talking here about religious believes of ethnic Russians not religion in Russia. There are virtually no ethnic Russians who are Buddhists, Judaists, or Muslims. Also very few Russian describe themselves as agnostic or atheists. Most Russians desribe themselves as Orthodox. (User:Fisenko 16:42, 17 May 2005 (UTC)) This is an interesting assertion, even if you include those Russians who might feel themselves to be "culturally Orthodox" but don't actually believe in the religion. I said that "many" Russians regard themselves as atheists, agnostics, or other non-religious; I regard this as an uncontroversial statement. (In my experience, I'd say about a third of them do.) There have been a number of studies done on the subject, for example http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/wtwtgod/3518375.stm, which suggests that the level of religious belief in Russia is around 40 percent. Again, even if this study is off by a significant margin, it's clear that "many" Russians regard themselves as non-religious, as is the case in most European countries. As far as the other religions go, I simply added a clarification, which you can delete if you feel it to be superfluous; however, many Russian Jews I have talked to consider themselves to be ethnic Russians, as do some Buddhists (such as in the Rostov na Donu region) and, possibly, a few Muslims. As the later passage in the article asserts that the absorption of eastern ethnicities is one of the notable features of the Russian ethnicity, and that the Russian government itself has stated that these religions are "essentially Russian," I felt the clarification to be germane. Please note that the removal of a sentence is ''not'' a minor edit. ProhibitOnions
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
Words begining with Russians:
Russians
Russians
Russians_are_coming
Russians_in_Japan
Russians
Russians (Russian:Русские - ''Russkiye'') are an East Slavs ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries. The English language term ''Russians'' is also used to refer to citizens of Russia, regardless of their ethnicity (see ''demographics of Russia'' for information on other nationalities inhabiting Russia); in Russian language, this meaning is covered by the recently revived politically correct term ''Rossiyanin'' (Россиянин, plural ''Rossiyane''). Ethnic Russians make up about 80% of the population of Russia. ==Population== Russians are one of the largest ethnic groups in the world with a population of about 145 million people worldwide. Roughly 116 million ethnic Russians live in Russia and 25 million more live in neighboring countries. A relatively small number of Russians, around 2 million, live elsewhere in the world, mostly in North America and Western Europe. ==Religion== Russians are predominantly of the Eastern Orthodoxy faith. More specifically, the vast majority of believers belong to the Russian Orthodox Church, which played an important role in the development of Russian national identity. Some Russians are Old Believers: a relatively small schismatic group of the Russian Orthodoxy that rejected the liturgical reforms introduced in the 17th century. Despite continuing growth in religious observance since Soviet times, church attendance rates in Russia are still low. Besides Orthodoxy, Buddhism, Judaism, and Islam enjoy special status in Russia, although they are practiced largely by non-Russian minorities. ==Russians outside of Russia== The largest ethnic Russian diasporas outside of Russia live in former Soviet states such as Ukraine (about 10 million), Kazakhstan (about 5 million), the Baltic states (about 2 million), Belarus (about 1 million), Uzbekistan (about 1 million), Kyrgyzstan (about 600,000), and Moldova (about 500,000). There are also small Russian communities in the Balkans, Eastern and Central European nations such as the Czech Republic, as well as in China and Latin America. These communities may identify themselves either as Russians or citizens of these countries, or both, to varying degrees. Although not among the largest immigrant groups, significant numbers of Russians emigrated to Canada, Australia, and the United States. Brighton Beach, in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, is an example of a large community of recent Russian immigrants. At the same time, many ethnic Russians from former Soviet territories have emigrated to Russia itself since the 1990s. Many of them became refugees from a number of states of Central Asia and Caucasus (as well as from the separatist Chechen Republic), forced to flee during political unrest and hostilities towards Russians. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, some ethnic Russians complained of discrimination in a number of newly independent countries. The government of Latvia, with the largest share of ethnic Russians in the Baltics, responded to these charges by claiming that many of the ethnic Russians or their ancestors had arrived as part of a Soviet-era colonization and deliberate Russification by changing the countries' ethnic balance. It should be noted, however, that among the many Russians who arrived during the Soviet era were those who were there for economic reasons, or in some cases, because they were ordered there. In line with this thinking, in post-independence Latvia and Estonia, many Baltic Russians (technically, anyone whose ancestors arrived after the first Occupation of Baltic Republics in 1940) were not granted automatic citizenship, but were first required to pass a test demonstrating knowledge of the national language, as well as knowledge of the country's history and customs. The language issue is still contentious, particularly in Latvia, where ethnic Russians have protested against plans to require 60 percent of school subjects to be taught in the national language instead of Russian. (In Lithuania, where the number of ethnic Russians was between 10 and 20 percent of the population, citizenship was granted automatically.) Although accepting the need to redress the Soviet-era policies, both the European Union and the Council of Europe, as well as the Russian government, expressed their concern during the 1990s about minority rights in several countries, most notably the Baltics. In Moldova, the Russian-dominated Transnistria region broke away from government control amid fears the country would soon reunite with Romania. === Russian Chinese === Russians (俄罗斯族) are one of the Nationalities of China officially recognized by the People's Republic of China (as ''the Russ''), and there are approximately 15,600 Russian Chinese living mostly in northern Xinjiang, and also in Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang. See also Harbin Russians and China Far East Railway. ==Emergence of Russian ethnicity== Russians began to be recognized as a distinct ethnic group in the 15th century, when they were referred to Muscovy, during the consolidation of Muscovy as a regional power. This distinguished them both from the earlier Rus' (people), and from the western peoples who became the modern-day Belarusians and Ukrainians. Some ethnologists maintain that Russians were a distinct Slavic group even before the time of Kievan Rus. Others believe that the distinguishing feature of the Russians is not primarily their separation from Western Rus, but that the ''Russkiye'' are a mix of East Slavic and non-Slavic tribes. However, the origin of the Slavic peoples is itself a matter of on which there is no consensus. ==See also == * List of Russians * Russians in Japan * Baltic Russians * Russian colonization of the Americas Slavic nations Ethnic groups of Europe Ethnic groups of Russia Ethnic groups of China Ethnic groups of Dagestan ka:რუსები
Russians
"Russians are characterized by warmth, sincerity, high intelligence, pride, and poor self-esteem" -- Woa, The Russians sound so beautiful and artistic. --User:Menchi 12:53, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC) : are characterized. Noone says that it must be true. User:Nikola Smolenski 07:30, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC) It's pretty weird that the page on Russians is part of the Ethnic minorities in China series. Or was part of it - somebody with the IP address 210.240.188.81 just rewrote completely in some not-so-good English: User:Apoivre 00:50, 5 May 2004 (UTC) That was I. I just corrected some of the typos I made in the first run as well. :I restored the Chinese part. User:Olivier 19:28, May 23, 2004 (UTC) ==Russian vs Rossiyanin== QUOTE Note: sometimes the term Russian is used to refer to any citizen of Russia. In the Russian language there are two separate words, one for an ethnic Russian and one for a person of any ethnicity that holds a Russian citizenship UNQUOTE This is not true. There is no clear difference between statehood and ethnic belonging in modern Russian language. Русский - Russki or Russkij (sometimes used as substitute for Velikoross - see below) and Российский Rossijski (mainly pertaining to the State) are interchangeable terms. The term Великоросс - Velikoross (Great Russian) pertaining to ethnicity or to the descendants of the population of greater Novgorodian and Muscovite duchies and their vassal states has been suppressed by the Soviets in the 1920s and 1930s (since the term supposedly belittled other people) and is not generally used. : Russkij and Rossijskij are adjectives. What he was talking about was Russkij/Rossijanin User:Apoivre 13:06, 14 Jun 2004 (UTC) 210.240.188.81 changed former Soviet republics to the ''near abroad'' stating that it is not the same (see his comment in the ppage history). I am reverting it back - first of all, because ''near abroad'' doesn't sound very English and anyway the Russian phrase only applies to the ex-USSR republics. Russia does border on a few countries which were not in the USSR but nowhere do ethnic Russians constitute a sizeable minority, possibly apart from the USA (which falls into North America and is thus covered in the article): PDRK, China, Mongolia, Poland, Finland and Norway. User:Apoivre 13:06, 14 Jun 2004 (UTC) There is nothing wrong with the term near abroad. You can google for it and find a number of articles, in English, which use the expression. But, if someone doesn’t like it, I’m not going to insist on using it. However, I am going to change, former Soviet republics to neighboring countries. It’s not clear to all readers, which countries were former Soviet republics and there are a significant number of Russians that live in other neighboring countries. To the readers above, there is a clear difference between Russkij and Rossijanin. Russkij refers only to ethnic Russians, Rossijanin refers collectively to all citizens of Russia. :The difference is rather political. "Rossijanin" is a recently invented politically correct term for denoting citizens of Russia. However, "Russkij" is still used in both sences of ethnicity and of citizenship. And also for denoting citizenship, "Russkij" is more widely used than "Rossijanin". [[User:Drbug|User:Drbug[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=User_talk:Drbug&action=edit§ion=new ]]] 08:12, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC) ::Rossijanin dates at least from the eighteenth century in the present meaning of subject -- or citizen -- of the Russian state. Lomonosov and Karamzin use it in that meaning. User:A. Shetsen 05:24, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC) :::I agree, I was not aware about use of this word by Lomonosov and Karamzin (and Pushkin), but thinking a bit, I found that "revived" maybe is a bit misleading word, because it wasn't used as official denoting of Russian citizens. User:Drbug[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=User_talk:Drbug&action=edit§ion=new ] User:Drbug 06:28, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC) ::*From the "ОСНОВНЫЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЕ ЗАКОНЫ РОССИЙСКОЙ ИМПЕРИИ", (Fundamental laws of the Russian Empire" [http://proftek.narod.ru/zar_russ_konst.htm 1], 1906: ::::"29. Российские подданные обязаны платить установленные законом налоги и пошлины, а также отбывать повинности согласно постановлениям закона." ::*From Karamzin's treatment of the treaty between Kievan Rus and the Byzantine Empire, 907 AD ::::"Если подозрение Олегво, как говорит Нестор, было справедливо: то не Россиян, а Греков должно назвать истинными варварами Х века. Победитель требовал 12 гривен на каждого человека во флоте своем, и Греки согласились с тем условием, чтобы он, прекратив неприятельские действия, мирно возвратился в отечество. Войско Российское отступило далее от города, и Князь отправил Послов к Императору. Летопись сохранила Норманские имена сих вельмож: Карла, Фарлафа, Веремида, Рулава, Стемида. Они заключили с Константинополем следующий договор [в 907 г.]: ::::I. "Греки дают по 12 гривен на человека, сверх того уклады на города Киев, Чернигов, Переяславль, Полтеск, Ростов, Любеч и другие, где властвуют Князья, Олеговы подданные". Война была в сии времена народным промыслом: Олег, соблюдая обычай Скандинавов и всех народов Германских, долженствовал разделить свою добычу с воинами и Полководцами, не забывая и тех, которые оставались в России. ::::II. "Послы, отправляемые Князем Русским в Царьград, будут там всем довольствованы из казны Императорской. Русским гостям или торговым людям, которые приедут в Грецию, Император обязан на шесть месяцев давать хлеба, вина, мяса, рыбы и плодов; они имеют также свободный вход в народные бани и получают на возвратный путь съестные припасы, якоря, снасти, паруса и все нужное". ::::Греки с своей стороны предложили такие условия: "1. ''Россияне'', которые будут в Константинополе не для торговли, не имеют права требовать месячного содержания. - II. Да запретит Князь Послам своим..." :::I think the bolded words, especially the last one in bold italics, prove my point that the words were used in its "politically correct modern meaning": the adjective by 1906, the noun as far back as c. 1800, when Karamzin was writing his history. Keep in mind that the Primary Chronicle, which Karamzin was examining in the now-burned Trinity Codex, distinguishes between the tribes under control of Kievan Rus at the time ([http://litopys.narod.ru/pvlyar/yar01.htm Hypatian Codex, c. 1425]): :::*І се суть инии языцЂ, иже дань дають Руси: Чюдь, Весь, Меря, Мурома, Черемись, Мордва, ПЂрмь, Печера, Ямь, Литва, ЗимЂгола, Корсь, Норома, Либь; си суть свой языкъ имуще, отъ колЂна Афетова, иже живуть на странахъ полунощныхъ. :::The word Rossiyanin used in the discussion of a treaty between sovereign states can, I think have only the connotation of "subject" or "citizen". Karamzin wrote in c. 1800. I can see the objection: a "subject" is not a "citizen". Hmmm. Really, now! Are you convinced? I am! User:A. Shetsen 17:05, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC) ==Alaskan Russians== It's a pity that they are not even mentioned. They have been living in Alaska for more than 150 years. == Russian-dominated Transnistria == :''Russian-dominated Transnistria separatist region'' According to the last census, Transnistria has no Russian majority and they are only the third ethnic group, after Romanians and Ukrainians. They surely dominate the politics of Transnistria, but, the affirmation is not very clear. User:Bogdangiusca | User talk:Bogdangiusca 08:20, 13 May 2005 (UTC) == Ideological motivation + Australia == I removed some of your edits back to my old version. Russians who migrated to the Baltics were not "ideologically motivated" or anymore loyal to the Soviet Union than Latvians were. Most were simple people who migrated to the region because of economic benefits, for example they were given jobs and/or housing there. In many cases Russians filled the jobs (factory workers etc.) which the locals were less willing to do. You nationalist propaganda aside, it was the Soviet KGB (with both ethnic Latvians and ethnic Russian members) who were killing/deporting ethnic Latvians (as well as ethnic Russians) in the Baltics, not Russian immigrants who settled there. I have also added Australia back to the list of countries with Russian communities; Russians immigrants in USA, Canada,Germany etc. are already mentioned in population section under North America and Western Europe respectively. (User:Fisenko 20:56, 16 May 2005 (UTC)) Actually, I'm not a "nationalist," I have no ethnic roots in either Russia or the Baltics, and you should avoid making accusations like these. The original text made a declarative statement along the lines that "ethnic Russians were singled out," which (whether you believe it to be true or not) is not NPOV. You have to qualify a statement like that, and if there is a controversy, you have to provide both sides, which I hoped to do by adding some historical and present-day context, the position held by some of the governments, the concerns expressed by the CE/EU, and the opposing view. If you think some of this was mis-stated or lacked substance, or missed something out, fine, edit it, and add detail to it. But the point of Wikipedia is to provide balanced coverage of issues, not to advance one viewpoint and delete anything that disagrees with it. --User:ProhibitOnions 00:06, 17 May 2005 (UTC) :I agree with the above user. I am on the record of opposing russophobia many times in Wikipedia but for the sake of neutrality and encyclopedicity the position of Baltic governments on how they respond to the discrimination charges should be given. Also, a word or two should be said about the merit of their arguments but not from the POV of WP editors, but from POV of serious publications, European Council and Strasbourg court decisions (there were a couple) and publications in reputable papers. The details should indeed go to the Baltic Russians article. User:Irpen 16:32, May 17, 2005 (UTC) == Church attendence + the Baltic states == Church attendance: Russia is one of the few European countries with rapidly growing church attendance in contrast to much of Western Europe were religious attendance is in decline. Former Communist countries including Russia are experiencing a rather dramatic revival of Christianity nowadays; I seriously doubt any surveys that say the opposite based on my personal experience (I visit Russia regularly). About the Baltics: the language exams are far from being "basic". They are rather complex examinations that include knowledge about national constitutions, history etc. Most native-speakers without secondary education have little chance of passing these kinds of exams. Elderly Russian-speakers or Russians from low-income families with little education have almost ZERO chances of passing them. Compared to standard citizenship exams in let's say Canada or Australia these exams are extremely difficult. That's aside from the fact that nowhere else people who were born and grew up in certain countries are never required to write citizenship exams (regardless of historical reasoning). This practice would be called nothing but discrimination anywhere else. In any case such lengthy paragraph on the Baltic is hardly relevant in the article on ethnic Russians, you should add your comments to "Baltic Russians" article instead.(User:Fisenko 06:07, 17 May 2005 (UTC)) == Religion == We are talking here about religious believes of ethnic Russians not religion in Russia. There are virtually no ethnic Russians who are Buddhists, Judaists, or Muslims. Also very few Russian describe themselves as agnostic or atheists. Most Russians desribe themselves as Orthodox. (User:Fisenko 16:42, 17 May 2005 (UTC)) This is an interesting assertion, even if you include those Russians who might feel themselves to be "culturally Orthodox" but don't actually believe in the religion. I said that "many" Russians regard themselves as atheists, agnostics, or other non-religious; I regard this as an uncontroversial statement. (In my experience, I'd say about a third of them do.) There have been a number of studies done on the subject, for example http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/wtwtgod/3518375.stm, which suggests that the level of religious belief in Russia is around 40 percent. Again, even if this study is off by a significant margin, it's clear that "many" Russians regard themselves as non-religious, as is the case in most European countries. As far as the other religions go, I simply added a clarification, which you can delete if you feel it to be superfluous; however, many Russian Jews I have talked to consider themselves to be ethnic Russians, as do some Buddhists (such as in the Rostov na Donu region) and, possibly, a few Muslims. As the later passage in the article asserts that the absorption of eastern ethnicities is one of the notable features of the Russian ethnicity, and that the Russian government itself has stated that these religions are "essentially Russian," I felt the clarification to be germane. Please note that the removal of a sentence is ''not'' a minor edit. ProhibitOnions
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