
The rune poems list the letters of a runic alphabet with a short verse characterizing each one. Three different rune poems have been preserved, an Icelandic, a Norwegian and an Anglo-Saxon one. The Icelandic and Norwegian poems both give the order of the sixteen runes of the Younger Futhark, ᚠ ᚢ ᚦ ᚬ ᚱ ᚴ ᚼ ᚾ ᛁ ᛅ ᛋ ᛏ ᛒ ᛘ ᛚ ᛦ, with slightly differing letter names, while the Anglo-Saxon poem has ᚠ ᚢ ᚦ ᚩ ᚱ ᚳ ᚷ ᚹ ᚻ ᚾ ᛁ ᛄ ᛇ ᛈ ᛉ ᛋ ᛏ ᛒ ᛖ ᛗ ᛚ ᛝ ᛟ ᛞ ᚪ ᚫ ᚣ ᛡ ᛠ, i.e. 29 runes, with an order clearly related to the scandinavian ones, but with some runes having variant shapes to the Younger Futhark, some taken from the Older Futhark, and some that have no Scandinavian counterpart at all. There is yet another rune poem, the Abcedarium Nordmanicum, known from a 9th century manuscript. This is sometimes referred to as the ''Old Swiss Rune Poem''. The letter names are related to the younger futhark. ==Fe== *Norwegian. ''Fe'', Icelandic. ''Fé'',Anglo-Saxon ''Feoh'' ᚠ "wealth" The word ''fe'' for wealth is cognate to English ''fee'' and originally meant "cattle" (German ''Vieh'', Sanskrit ''pashu''). ==Ur== *Nor: ''Ur'' ᚢ "iron" *Icel.: ''Úr'' ᚢ "rain" *AS: ''Ur'' ᚢ "aurochs" The name of the rune was preserved, but associated with different meanings. The name of Gothic 𐌿 ''u'' is ''urus''. ==Þurs== *Nor./Icel. ''Thurs'' ᚦ "giant" *AS ''Thorn'' ᚦ The only rune to have entered the Latin alphabet, Þ, for the writing of Old English and Icelandic. It was introduced to Icelandic orthography in the 12th century work ''The First Grammatical Treatise'' (see Icelandic alphabet). ==As== *Nor. ''Óss'' ᚬ "estuary" *Icel. ''Óss'' ᚬ "one of the Aesir, Odin" *AS ''Os'' ᚩ "mouth" *AS''Æsc'' ᚫ "ash tree": one of the additional runes, with both shape and sound similar to the Older Futhark As rune. ==Reidh== *Icel./Nor. ''Reidh'', AS ''Ras'' ᚱ "ride, journey" ==Kaun== *Icel./Nor. ''Kaun'' ᚴ "ulcer" *AS ''Cen'' ᚳ "torch" Similar to the case of ''Ur'', the rune kept its name in Anglo-Saxon, but with a different meaning associated to it. There is no related name in the Gothic alphabet. ==Hagall== *Icel./Nor. ''Hagall'' ᚼ "hail" *AS ''Haegl'' ᚻ "hail" The shape of the Anglo-Saxon rune is closer to the Old Futhark ᚺ. ==Naud== *Icel. ''Naud'', Nor. ''Naudhr'', AS ''Nyd'' ᚾ "need" ==Is== *Icel. ''Iss'', Nor. ''Isa'', AS ''Is'' ᛁ "ice" ==Ar== *Icel. ''Ár'', Nord. ''Ar'' ᛅ "boon, plenty" ==Sol== *Icel. ''Sól'', Nor. ''Sol'', AS ''Sigel'' ᛋ "Sun" See Sol (goddess). ==Tyr== *Icel./Nor. ''Tyr'' ᛏ *AS ''Tir'' ᛏ "polaris" ==Bjarken== *Icel./Nor. ''Bjarken''/''Bjarkan'' ᛒ "birch" *AS ''Beorc'' ᛒ "birch" ("poplar"?) ==Madr== *Icel./Nor. ''Madr''/''Madhr'' ᛘ "man" *AS ''Mann'' ᛗ "man" ==Logr== *Icel. ''Lögr'' ᛚ "waterfall" *Nor. ''Logr'' ᛚ "water" *AS ''Lagu'' ᛚ "ocean" The three names have similar meanings. The corresponding Gothic letter 𐌻 ''l'' is called ''lagus''. ==Yr== *Icel./Nor. ''Yr'' ᛦ "yew" C. f. Anglo-Saxon ''Yr'' ᚣ: one of the additional runes, with the shape a variant of Scandinavian ''Ur''. There is an Anglo-Saxon rune whose name means "yew": ᛇ ''Eoh''. It is taken from the Old Futhark, and neither its shape nor its sound is related to the Scandinavian ''Yr'' rune. The ''Yr'' rune ᛦ is a modification of the *''Algiz'' rune ᛉ, originally for Proto-Germanic final ''z'', Proto-Norse final ''R'', Old Norse final ''r'' and eventually ''y'' (see Algiz). ==Anglo-Saxon only runes== While the Younger Futhark has reduced the original inventory of 24 runes, the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc has expanded it: to 29 runes in the rune poem, and later to a total of 33. The fact that some Anglo-Saxon runes were given names of trees (ᛇ ''Eoh'' "yew", ᚪ ''Ac'' "oak", ᚫ ''Æsc'' "ash", c. f. also AS ''thorn'' vs. Norse ''thurs'') may be related to the names of the Ogham signs, all of which are called after trees. ===Gyfu, Wynn=== *ᚷ ''Gyfu'' "gift" The rune appears in the Older Futhark with the same shape. The corresponding Gothic letter is 𐌲 ''g'', called ''giba''. *ᚹ ''Wynn'' "joy" Also taken from the Older Futhark. Corresponds to Gothic 𐍅 ''w'' ''winja''. See Wynn (Ƿ). ===Ger, Eoh, Peordh, Eolh=== *ᛄ ''Ger'' "summer" Ger corresponds to ᛃ "jera" of the Older Futhark. The corresponding Gothic letter is 𐌾 ''j'', named ''jer''. *ᛇ ''Eoh'' "yew" (see ''Yr'' above, Gothic 𐌴 ''e'' ''aiƕus'') *ᛈ ''Peordh'' Also in the Older Futhark. The meaning of the name is unclear, and apparently related to 𐍀 ''p'' ''pairþra'' of the Gothic alphabet. It is glossed as: :''Peorð byþ symble plega and hlehter / wlancum [on middum], ðar wigan sittaþ / on beorsele bliþe ætsomne.'' :"Peordh is a source of recreation and amusement to the great, where warriors sit blithely together in the banqueting-hall." Etymologically possible, although not very credible, is a meaning "fart" (interpreting the verse in the sense that farts arouse merriment in the banquet hall). *ᛉ ''Eolh'' a sedge (Cyperaceae). :''Eolh-secg eard hæfþ oftust on fenne / wexeð on wature, wundaþ grimme / blode breneð beorna gehwylcne / ðe him ænigne onfeng gedeþ.'' :"The Eolh-sedge is mostly to be found in a marsh; it grows in the water and makes a ghastly wound, covering with blood every warrior who touches it." In both shape and position, the rune corresponds to Older Futhark ᛉ "algiz". The rune is a special case insofar that the reconstructed name is not acrophonic, because the sound expressed by it in the Old Futhark only appears word-final: continuing Proto-Germanic ''z'', it is transliterated as Proto-Norse ''R'', becoming Old Norse ''r''. For this reason, the rune became superfluous and was dropped in the Young Futhark, while it was assigned a new sound value in Anglo-Saxon. ===Eh=== *ᛖ ''Eh'' "horse" Also in the Older Futhark. ===Ing, Ethel, Daeg=== *ᛝ ''Ing'' Corresponds to Older Futhark ᛜ "ingwaz". *ᛟ ''Ethel'' "estate" Appears as the final rune (after ᛞ) in the Older Futhark. Gothic 𐍉 ''o'' ''oþal''. See Odal. ᛞ ''Daeg'' "day" Also in the Older Futhark. Gothic 𐌳 ''d'' ''dags''. ===Ac, Ash, Yr, Ior, Ear=== Five additional runes expressing Anglo-Saxon vowels: *ᚪ ''Ac'' "oak" *ᚫ ''Æsc'' "ash" (C. f. ''As'' above) *ᚣ ''Yr'' See also ''Yr'' above. :''Yr byþ æþelinga and eorla gehwæs / wyn and wyrþmynd, byþ on wicge fæger / fæstlic on færelde, fyrdgeatewa sum.'' :"Yr is a source of joy and honour to every prince and knight; it looks well on a horse and is a reliable equipment for a journey." *ᛡ ''Ior'' a fish? :''Iar byþ eafix and ðeah a bruceþ / fodres on foldan, hafaþ fægerne eard / wætre beworpen, ðær he wynnum leofaþ.'' : "Iar is a river fish and yet it always / feeds on land; it has a fair abode / encompassed by water, where it lives in happiness." *ᛠ ''Ear'' "grave" ==Abecedarium Nordmanicum== A short poem found in the monastery of St. Gallen, probably originating in Fulda, written down in the 9th century. :''Feu froma / Ur anmot / Thurs thri staba / Os obana / Rat rinnit / Can cliuvit / Hagal hardo / Naut nagal / Is / Ar /Sol skinit / Tir / Birka bivit / Lagu liohto / Manna middi /Yr al'' :"Cattle first / Aurochs / Thurs three staves / Os upmost / Rat runs / Cancre cleaves / hail is hard / Naut nail / ice / year / Sol shines / Tir / birch trembles / lake is bright / man in the middle / Yr all" ==See also== *Runic alphabet *Gothic alphabet *Ogham ==External links== *http://www.sunnyway.com/runes/rune_poems.html *http://www.ragweedforge.com/poems.html Runology Scandinavia Anglo-Saxon England Poetry
Is there a reason no one has put up a copy of the rune poems yet? Yasha :apart from the copy, prominently linked, on wikisource? User:Dbachmann User_talk:Dbachmann "Prominently" might be a bit overstated. But thanks for the clue by four. ;-)
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
Words begining with Rune_poem:
Rune_poem
Rune_poem
Rune poem
The rune poems list the letters of a runic alphabet with a short verse characterizing each one. Three different rune poems have been preserved, an Icelandic, a Norwegian and an Anglo-Saxon one. The Icelandic and Norwegian poems both give the order of the sixteen runes of the Younger Futhark, ᚠ ᚢ ᚦ ᚬ ᚱ ᚴ ᚼ ᚾ ᛁ ᛅ ᛋ ᛏ ᛒ ᛘ ᛚ ᛦ, with slightly differing letter names, while the Anglo-Saxon poem has ᚠ ᚢ ᚦ ᚩ ᚱ ᚳ ᚷ ᚹ ᚻ ᚾ ᛁ ᛄ ᛇ ᛈ ᛉ ᛋ ᛏ ᛒ ᛖ ᛗ ᛚ ᛝ ᛟ ᛞ ᚪ ᚫ ᚣ ᛡ ᛠ, i.e. 29 runes, with an order clearly related to the scandinavian ones, but with some runes having variant shapes to the Younger Futhark, some taken from the Older Futhark, and some that have no Scandinavian counterpart at all. There is yet another rune poem, the Abcedarium Nordmanicum, known from a 9th century manuscript. This is sometimes referred to as the ''Old Swiss Rune Poem''. The letter names are related to the younger futhark. ==Fe== *Norwegian. ''Fe'', Icelandic. ''Fé'',Anglo-Saxon ''Feoh'' ᚠ "wealth" The word ''fe'' for wealth is cognate to English ''fee'' and originally meant "cattle" (German ''Vieh'', Sanskrit ''pashu''). ==Ur== *Nor: ''Ur'' ᚢ "iron" *Icel.: ''Úr'' ᚢ "rain" *AS: ''Ur'' ᚢ "aurochs" The name of the rune was preserved, but associated with different meanings. The name of Gothic 𐌿 ''u'' is ''urus''. ==Þurs== *Nor./Icel. ''Thurs'' ᚦ "giant" *AS ''Thorn'' ᚦ The only rune to have entered the Latin alphabet, Þ, for the writing of Old English and Icelandic. It was introduced to Icelandic orthography in the 12th century work ''The First Grammatical Treatise'' (see Icelandic alphabet). ==As== *Nor. ''Óss'' ᚬ "estuary" *Icel. ''Óss'' ᚬ "one of the Aesir, Odin" *AS ''Os'' ᚩ "mouth" *AS''Æsc'' ᚫ "ash tree": one of the additional runes, with both shape and sound similar to the Older Futhark As rune. ==Reidh== *Icel./Nor. ''Reidh'', AS ''Ras'' ᚱ "ride, journey" ==Kaun== *Icel./Nor. ''Kaun'' ᚴ "ulcer" *AS ''Cen'' ᚳ "torch" Similar to the case of ''Ur'', the rune kept its name in Anglo-Saxon, but with a different meaning associated to it. There is no related name in the Gothic alphabet. ==Hagall== *Icel./Nor. ''Hagall'' ᚼ "hail" *AS ''Haegl'' ᚻ "hail" The shape of the Anglo-Saxon rune is closer to the Old Futhark ᚺ. ==Naud== *Icel. ''Naud'', Nor. ''Naudhr'', AS ''Nyd'' ᚾ "need" ==Is== *Icel. ''Iss'', Nor. ''Isa'', AS ''Is'' ᛁ "ice" ==Ar== *Icel. ''Ár'', Nord. ''Ar'' ᛅ "boon, plenty" ==Sol== *Icel. ''Sól'', Nor. ''Sol'', AS ''Sigel'' ᛋ "Sun" See Sol (goddess). ==Tyr== *Icel./Nor. ''Tyr'' ᛏ *AS ''Tir'' ᛏ "polaris" ==Bjarken== *Icel./Nor. ''Bjarken''/''Bjarkan'' ᛒ "birch" *AS ''Beorc'' ᛒ "birch" ("poplar"?) ==Madr== *Icel./Nor. ''Madr''/''Madhr'' ᛘ "man" *AS ''Mann'' ᛗ "man" ==Logr== *Icel. ''Lögr'' ᛚ "waterfall" *Nor. ''Logr'' ᛚ "water" *AS ''Lagu'' ᛚ "ocean" The three names have similar meanings. The corresponding Gothic letter 𐌻 ''l'' is called ''lagus''. ==Yr== *Icel./Nor. ''Yr'' ᛦ "yew" C. f. Anglo-Saxon ''Yr'' ᚣ: one of the additional runes, with the shape a variant of Scandinavian ''Ur''. There is an Anglo-Saxon rune whose name means "yew": ᛇ ''Eoh''. It is taken from the Old Futhark, and neither its shape nor its sound is related to the Scandinavian ''Yr'' rune. The ''Yr'' rune ᛦ is a modification of the *''Algiz'' rune ᛉ, originally for Proto-Germanic final ''z'', Proto-Norse final ''R'', Old Norse final ''r'' and eventually ''y'' (see Algiz). ==Anglo-Saxon only runes== While the Younger Futhark has reduced the original inventory of 24 runes, the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc has expanded it: to 29 runes in the rune poem, and later to a total of 33. The fact that some Anglo-Saxon runes were given names of trees (ᛇ ''Eoh'' "yew", ᚪ ''Ac'' "oak", ᚫ ''Æsc'' "ash", c. f. also AS ''thorn'' vs. Norse ''thurs'') may be related to the names of the Ogham signs, all of which are called after trees. ===Gyfu, Wynn=== *ᚷ ''Gyfu'' "gift" The rune appears in the Older Futhark with the same shape. The corresponding Gothic letter is 𐌲 ''g'', called ''giba''. *ᚹ ''Wynn'' "joy" Also taken from the Older Futhark. Corresponds to Gothic 𐍅 ''w'' ''winja''. See Wynn (Ƿ). ===Ger, Eoh, Peordh, Eolh=== *ᛄ ''Ger'' "summer" Ger corresponds to ᛃ "jera" of the Older Futhark. The corresponding Gothic letter is 𐌾 ''j'', named ''jer''. *ᛇ ''Eoh'' "yew" (see ''Yr'' above, Gothic 𐌴 ''e'' ''aiƕus'') *ᛈ ''Peordh'' Also in the Older Futhark. The meaning of the name is unclear, and apparently related to 𐍀 ''p'' ''pairþra'' of the Gothic alphabet. It is glossed as: :''Peorð byþ symble plega and hlehter / wlancum [on middum], ðar wigan sittaþ / on beorsele bliþe ætsomne.'' :"Peordh is a source of recreation and amusement to the great, where warriors sit blithely together in the banqueting-hall." Etymologically possible, although not very credible, is a meaning "fart" (interpreting the verse in the sense that farts arouse merriment in the banquet hall). *ᛉ ''Eolh'' a sedge (Cyperaceae). :''Eolh-secg eard hæfþ oftust on fenne / wexeð on wature, wundaþ grimme / blode breneð beorna gehwylcne / ðe him ænigne onfeng gedeþ.'' :"The Eolh-sedge is mostly to be found in a marsh; it grows in the water and makes a ghastly wound, covering with blood every warrior who touches it." In both shape and position, the rune corresponds to Older Futhark ᛉ "algiz". The rune is a special case insofar that the reconstructed name is not acrophonic, because the sound expressed by it in the Old Futhark only appears word-final: continuing Proto-Germanic ''z'', it is transliterated as Proto-Norse ''R'', becoming Old Norse ''r''. For this reason, the rune became superfluous and was dropped in the Young Futhark, while it was assigned a new sound value in Anglo-Saxon. ===Eh=== *ᛖ ''Eh'' "horse" Also in the Older Futhark. ===Ing, Ethel, Daeg=== *ᛝ ''Ing'' Corresponds to Older Futhark ᛜ "ingwaz". *ᛟ ''Ethel'' "estate" Appears as the final rune (after ᛞ) in the Older Futhark. Gothic 𐍉 ''o'' ''oþal''. See Odal. ᛞ ''Daeg'' "day" Also in the Older Futhark. Gothic 𐌳 ''d'' ''dags''. ===Ac, Ash, Yr, Ior, Ear=== Five additional runes expressing Anglo-Saxon vowels: *ᚪ ''Ac'' "oak" *ᚫ ''Æsc'' "ash" (C. f. ''As'' above) *ᚣ ''Yr'' See also ''Yr'' above. :''Yr byþ æþelinga and eorla gehwæs / wyn and wyrþmynd, byþ on wicge fæger / fæstlic on færelde, fyrdgeatewa sum.'' :"Yr is a source of joy and honour to every prince and knight; it looks well on a horse and is a reliable equipment for a journey." *ᛡ ''Ior'' a fish? :''Iar byþ eafix and ðeah a bruceþ / fodres on foldan, hafaþ fægerne eard / wætre beworpen, ðær he wynnum leofaþ.'' : "Iar is a river fish and yet it always / feeds on land; it has a fair abode / encompassed by water, where it lives in happiness." *ᛠ ''Ear'' "grave" ==Abecedarium Nordmanicum== A short poem found in the monastery of St. Gallen, probably originating in Fulda, written down in the 9th century. :''Feu froma / Ur anmot / Thurs thri staba / Os obana / Rat rinnit / Can cliuvit / Hagal hardo / Naut nagal / Is / Ar /Sol skinit / Tir / Birka bivit / Lagu liohto / Manna middi /Yr al'' :"Cattle first / Aurochs / Thurs three staves / Os upmost / Rat runs / Cancre cleaves / hail is hard / Naut nail / ice / year / Sol shines / Tir / birch trembles / lake is bright / man in the middle / Yr all" ==See also== *Runic alphabet *Gothic alphabet *Ogham ==External links== *http://www.sunnyway.com/runes/rune_poems.html *http://www.ragweedforge.com/poems.html Runology Scandinavia Anglo-Saxon England Poetry
Rune poem
Is there a reason no one has put up a copy of the rune poems yet? Yasha :apart from the copy, prominently linked, on wikisource? User:Dbachmann User_talk:Dbachmann "Prominently" might be a bit overstated. But thanks for the clue by four. ;-)
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
R
RA | RB | RC | RD | RE | RF | RG | RH | RI | RJ | RK | RL | RM | RN | RO | RP | RS | RT | RU | RW | RX | RY | RZ |Words begining with Rune_poem:
Rune_poem
Rune_poem
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