
Reggae is a style of music developed in Jamaica and is closely linked to the Rastafari movement, though not universally popular among Rastafarians. It is founded upon its rhythm style, which is characterized by regular chops on the backbeat, played by the rhythm guitarist and the bass drum often hitting on the third beat of each measure-- this is called the "one drop." ==Origins== Its origins can be found in traditional African Caribbean music as well as United States Rhythm and blues. Ska and rocksteady are 1960s precursors of reggae. In 1963, Jackie Mittoo was asked to run sessions and compose original music by record producer Coxsone Dodd at his Studio One record studio. Mittoo turned the traditional ska beat into reggae. Bob Marley, who later popularized the style on a world-wide basis, also recorded rocksteady records early in his career. By the late 1960's reggae was already getting radio play in the UK on John Peel's radio show. ==Styles== In Jamaica however, new styles are nowadays becoming more popular, among them, dancehall and raggamuffin reggae (or raggamuffin reggae). Dub (music) is an instrumental sub-style of reggae. Mixing techniques employed in dub probably influenced Hip hop, drum and bass and other styles. In any case, the toasting or dee jaying of raggamuffin reggae — first used by artists such as Dillinger or U-Roy — had a world-wide impact because Jamaican DJ Kool DJ Herc used them as he came up with a new style later called hip hop or rap music. In the Jamaican sense of the word, a "DJ" is an "MC" or List of hip hop musicians, whereas the term "DJ" describes the music selector in the US. Therefore what is called ''dee jaying'', ''toasting'' or ''chatting'' in Jamaica is called ''rapping'' in most other parts of the world. ==Roots== This is the name given to specifically Rastafarian reggae music. It is a spiritual type of music, whose lyrics are predominantly in praise of God or Jah Rastafari, whom they consider to be Haile Selassie of Ethiopia (1892–1975). Recurrent lyrical themes include poverty and resistance to the oppression of government. The creative pinnacle of roots reggae is arguably in the late 1970s, with singers such as Johnny Clarke, Horace Andy, Barrington Levy, and Lincoln Thompson teaming up with studio producers including Lee 'Scratch' Perry, King Tubby, and Coxsone Dodd. The experimental pioneering of such producers within often restricted technological parameters gave birth to dub reggae, and is seen by some music historians as one of the earliest (albeit analogue) contributions to the development of techno. Roots reggae was an important part of Jamaican culture, and whilst other forms of reggae have replaced it in terms of popularity in Jamaica (Dancehall for instance), roots reggae has found a small, but growing, niche globally. ==Rockers== Rockers is a sub-genre of popular in the mid to late 1970s, existing simultaneously. The name is derived from the Rockers sound system, owned by Dub legend Augustus Pablo. Rockers is also sometimes known as Lover's Rock, referring to the romantic subject matter prevalent in some artists' work. Important artists and Musical band include Gregory Isaacs, Horace Andy, Black Uhuru, Junior Murvin and Dennis Brown. Rockers Reggae was also the sub-genre played by United Kingdom-Jamaican groups Steel Pulse, Aswad and Matumbi. *Ref: Muzik Kinda Sweet exhibition by Pogus Caesar includes photographs Rockers Reggae artists including Dennis Brown, Black Uhuru, Augustus Pablo, Junior Reid, Lee 'Scratch' Perry, The Mighty Diamonds ==Social issues== One of the main themes of reggae music has been social liberation. This has both political and religious aspects. ===Political awakening=== The music attempts to raise the political consciousness of the audience:
''The American dream''
''Is not what it seem.''
''Why do you slumber?'' (Jimmy Cliff, "American Dream" 1983)
===Alternatives to orthodox religious dogma=== It also militates for freedom from religious delusion:
''Most people think''
''Great God will come from the skies''
''Take away everything''
''And make everybody feel high''
''But if you know what life is worth''
''You would look for yours on earth''
''And now you've seen the light''
''You stand up for your rights.'' (Bob Marley, "Get Up, Stand Up")
===Freedom of religious expression=== Repression of many kinds, and especially repression linked with the prohibition of ganja, or marijuana, which is considered a sacrament by Rastafarians, is another recurring theme in the music. ===Homophobia=== In recent years some reggae artists have come under growing criticism and actions for lyrics encouraging homophobia and gay bashing. Homophobic lyrics have been described by J-FLAG, a Jamaican gay right organization, as one aspect of ''"widespread [Jamaican] cultural bias against homosexuals and bisexuals."'' Artists whose music features homophobic lyrics, such as Sizzla, have had concerts cancelled. (Sizzla was also banned from entering Great Britain and investigated by Scotland Yard on the accusation that his lyrics incited the audience to murder gays.) This has given cause to the banned artists to claim that their freedom of speech is being curtailed. == Reggae music festivals == ===Jamaican reggae music festivals=== * Reggae Sunsplash, Ocho Rios, Jamaica, * Sting reggae music festival, Kingston, Jamaica * Reggae Sumfest, Montego Bay, Jamaica ===International reggae music festivals=== * [http://www.rototomsunsplash.com Rototom Sunsplash], Italy * [http://www.two77splash.nl two 77 splash], Amsterdam Netherlands * [http://www.panic.nl Reggae Sundance], Eindhoven Netherlands * LB27 Reggae Camp, Komarom, Hungary * Reggae on the Rocks, Morrison, Colorado, Colorado, United States, * Soca Reggae Riversplash, Tolmin, Slovenia, * Chiemsee Reggae Summer, Übersee, Germany * Summerjam, Cologne, Germany * MIDEM Reggae Showcase, Cannes, France * Notting Hill Carnival, London, United Kingdom * Bob Marley Outernational Day, Perth, Western Australia, Western Australia * [http://www.reggaeseen.com International Reggae Festivals at ReggaeSeen] * [http://www.reggae-news.net Spanish Reggae Festivals at Reggae News] * Uppsala Reggae Festival, Sweden ==Music samples== {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" |- ! style="background:#ffdead;" | Music Samples |- |Media:Buffalo_Soldier.ogg |- |} ==See also== * List of reggae musicians * Marcus Mosiah Garvey * Haile Selassie * Bob Marley * Rastafari movement * Music of Jamaica * Kingston, Jamaica ==External links== *[http://www.reggaephotos.de www.REGGAEPHOTOS.de] more than 30.000 reggae photos! *[http://www.rastafarian.nl RASTAFARIAN.NL] rastafarian.nl, all about rasta and reggae! *[http://www.crosscurrents.org/murrell.htm Article] — examines the use of psalms in Rasta lyrics *http://www.oomgallery.net/gallery.asp?location=36&c=251 *[http://niceup.com/ Niceup.com] Oldest Reggae Portal *[http://www.vibez-net.com/ Vibez-Net.com] Reggae Community als:Reggae Reggae
{| style="margin:0 auto" align=center class="toccolours" !style="background:purple" align="center" |Reggae | List of genres of reggae |- |align=center| Mento - Rocksteady - Ska |- |align=center| Dub music - Dub poetry - Dee jaying - Dancehall - Ragga - Raggamuffin - Reggaeton - Rockers reggae - Roots reggae - Trojan Records - Two Tone |- !align=center|Other topics |- |align=center|Haile_Selassie_of_Ethiopia - Jamaica - Marcus Garvey - Rastafari movement - Skinheads |}
Ska and rocksteady are actually the precursors to reggae. Can they really be qualified as sub-genres? :Hi, I asked myself the very same question when I first put the box together. See here: Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Music_genres for my question about this. The thing is though, I think the box is about reggae in its broadest sense, and in that sense Ska and Rocksteady are a type of reggae music. I asked myself, when I'm filing my music, where do Ska and Rocksteady go? In my collection, they go in amongst all the other Reggae records. Do feel free to change this though - I'm still unsure about this myself --User:Bwmodular 14:47, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC) I'm pretty new to wiki, and I am defender of the ska, but hey, most people associate ska & rocksteady as being a form of reggae. In retrospect, I say let it stand, because if you go to Ska, it does say that it was the origin of reggae. I'm not familiar enough with Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Music_genres, so it has given me something new to learn --User:Isol8d 08:48, 7 Apr 2004 There are two meanings of the word ''reggae'', one being essentially a synonym for Jamaican music, and the other referring to a specific genre that evolved out of ska and rocksteady. Since there's already an article on Jamaican music in general, the first paragraph should make it clear how the word is used and then focus on the more specific term, IMO. User:TUF-KAT 16:28, Apr 7, 2004 (UTC) :Whenever I get the chance, I will make this change unless someone convinces me not to. Another question: Is the piano really typical in reggae? Doesn't strike me as being very common at all, but I may be out of touch... User:TUF-KAT 05:13, Apr 8, 2004 (UTC) : I've moved Ska and Rocksteady from the sub-genres section of the info box to the influences section. However, I've left them in the genres section of the box which appears at the bottom of the all the Reggae genre pages - I think in that context it still makes sense to have them linked along with the other genres, even if they're not reggae in the strictest sense of the word. :Re. Piano - well, maybe it would be better to replace both piano and organ with the more generic 'keyboards' as there are plenty of albums with Piano, Electric Piano, Organ, Clavinet, Synths, etc, but the Wiki page for musical keyboards really doesn't convey what would be needed here. It's unusual for a reggae album not to have keyboards of some sort, but I've removed Piano for now, as you're right - organ is really the keyboard sound one most associated with reggae. --User:Bwmodular 10:25, 8 Apr 2004 (UTC) re: Piano - Look no further than the classic album Double Barrel... yeah, keyboards would make more sense, as they play the offbeat with the guitar....User:Isol8d 10:57, 8 Apr 2004 == Reggae Festivals == Reggae Sunsplash has not been held for a few years now. The festival is defunct. It has been replaced by Reggae Sumfest, which is held in Montego Bay, Jamaica each year. The website is www.reggaesumfest.com == Homophobia in reggae music == what about homophobia in reggae music and - inspired by reggae and rastafari - queerbashing and murder (esp. in Jamaica)? : By all means write something up about this - either start a new page, or add to existing ones where appropriate. There is a less positive side of Jamaican music which should be acknowledged - homophobia, misogyny, gun culture have all been features of some artists' work, and how many jamaican artists have been murdered? Go ahead and write an article about this if you feel inspired to do so.--User:Bwmodular 15:17, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,,1263245,00.html Police seek Jamaican singer after armed attack on gay men] [http://www.outinamerica.com/home/news.asp?articleid=6573 Sports Giant Threatens Antigay Reggae Singers] [http://uk.gay.com/headlines/6710 Puma threatens sponsorship withdrawal over anti-gay reggae row] [http://www.365gay.com/newscon04/08/081604beenie.htm Police Begin Criminal Probe Of Beenie Man, Three Other Anti-Gay Singers] :I think you'll find that Reggae's often homophobic lyrics are a result of the homophobic culture on jamaica, not the other way around. Don't beleive everythying Peter Thatchell tells you. User:Birdseed 19:22, 2004 Sep 24 (UTC) == Closely realted to... == Rastafarianism? Surely not. A small minority of Reggae artists have been rastafarians. User:Birdseed 19:24, 2004 Sep 24 (UTC) == Origins of the word Reggae == Since it seems to be a fairly new word, I'd assume we'd know where it came from etymologically. However, there is no mention of it in the Reggae article. Can someone amend it with that information please?
#redirect Template:Reggae
Jamaican styles of music Popular music
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
Words begining with Reggae:
Reggae
Reggae
Reggae
Reggae
Reggae
Reggaedelgado
Reggaeton
Reggaeton
Reggaeton
Reggaetón
Reggaeton_musicians
Reggae_(music)
Reggae_(music)
Reggae_(music)/Delete
Reggae_albums
Reggae_music
Reggae_musical_groups
Reggae_musicians
Reggae_songs
Reggae_Sumfest
Reggae
Reggae is a style of music developed in Jamaica and is closely linked to the Rastafari movement, though not universally popular among Rastafarians. It is founded upon its rhythm style, which is characterized by regular chops on the backbeat, played by the rhythm guitarist and the bass drum often hitting on the third beat of each measure-- this is called the "one drop." ==Origins== Its origins can be found in traditional African Caribbean music as well as United States Rhythm and blues. Ska and rocksteady are 1960s precursors of reggae. In 1963, Jackie Mittoo was asked to run sessions and compose original music by record producer Coxsone Dodd at his Studio One record studio. Mittoo turned the traditional ska beat into reggae. Bob Marley, who later popularized the style on a world-wide basis, also recorded rocksteady records early in his career. By the late 1960's reggae was already getting radio play in the UK on John Peel's radio show. ==Styles== In Jamaica however, new styles are nowadays becoming more popular, among them, dancehall and raggamuffin reggae (or raggamuffin reggae). Dub (music) is an instrumental sub-style of reggae. Mixing techniques employed in dub probably influenced Hip hop, drum and bass and other styles. In any case, the toasting or dee jaying of raggamuffin reggae — first used by artists such as Dillinger or U-Roy — had a world-wide impact because Jamaican DJ Kool DJ Herc used them as he came up with a new style later called hip hop or rap music. In the Jamaican sense of the word, a "DJ" is an "MC" or List of hip hop musicians, whereas the term "DJ" describes the music selector in the US. Therefore what is called ''dee jaying'', ''toasting'' or ''chatting'' in Jamaica is called ''rapping'' in most other parts of the world. ==Roots== This is the name given to specifically Rastafarian reggae music. It is a spiritual type of music, whose lyrics are predominantly in praise of God or Jah Rastafari, whom they consider to be Haile Selassie of Ethiopia (1892–1975). Recurrent lyrical themes include poverty and resistance to the oppression of government. The creative pinnacle of roots reggae is arguably in the late 1970s, with singers such as Johnny Clarke, Horace Andy, Barrington Levy, and Lincoln Thompson teaming up with studio producers including Lee 'Scratch' Perry, King Tubby, and Coxsone Dodd. The experimental pioneering of such producers within often restricted technological parameters gave birth to dub reggae, and is seen by some music historians as one of the earliest (albeit analogue) contributions to the development of techno. Roots reggae was an important part of Jamaican culture, and whilst other forms of reggae have replaced it in terms of popularity in Jamaica (Dancehall for instance), roots reggae has found a small, but growing, niche globally. ==Rockers== Rockers is a sub-genre of popular in the mid to late 1970s, existing simultaneously. The name is derived from the Rockers sound system, owned by Dub legend Augustus Pablo. Rockers is also sometimes known as Lover's Rock, referring to the romantic subject matter prevalent in some artists' work. Important artists and Musical band include Gregory Isaacs, Horace Andy, Black Uhuru, Junior Murvin and Dennis Brown. Rockers Reggae was also the sub-genre played by United Kingdom-Jamaican groups Steel Pulse, Aswad and Matumbi. *Ref: Muzik Kinda Sweet exhibition by Pogus Caesar includes photographs Rockers Reggae artists including Dennis Brown, Black Uhuru, Augustus Pablo, Junior Reid, Lee 'Scratch' Perry, The Mighty Diamonds ==Social issues== One of the main themes of reggae music has been social liberation. This has both political and religious aspects. ===Political awakening=== The music attempts to raise the political consciousness of the audience:
''The American dream''
''Is not what it seem.''
''Why do you slumber?'' (Jimmy Cliff, "American Dream" 1983)
===Alternatives to orthodox religious dogma=== It also militates for freedom from religious delusion:
''Most people think''
''Great God will come from the skies''
''Take away everything''
''And make everybody feel high''
''But if you know what life is worth''
''You would look for yours on earth''
''And now you've seen the light''
''You stand up for your rights.'' (Bob Marley, "Get Up, Stand Up")
===Freedom of religious expression=== Repression of many kinds, and especially repression linked with the prohibition of ganja, or marijuana, which is considered a sacrament by Rastafarians, is another recurring theme in the music. ===Homophobia=== In recent years some reggae artists have come under growing criticism and actions for lyrics encouraging homophobia and gay bashing. Homophobic lyrics have been described by J-FLAG, a Jamaican gay right organization, as one aspect of ''"widespread [Jamaican] cultural bias against homosexuals and bisexuals."'' Artists whose music features homophobic lyrics, such as Sizzla, have had concerts cancelled. (Sizzla was also banned from entering Great Britain and investigated by Scotland Yard on the accusation that his lyrics incited the audience to murder gays.) This has given cause to the banned artists to claim that their freedom of speech is being curtailed. == Reggae music festivals == ===Jamaican reggae music festivals=== * Reggae Sunsplash, Ocho Rios, Jamaica, * Sting reggae music festival, Kingston, Jamaica * Reggae Sumfest, Montego Bay, Jamaica ===International reggae music festivals=== * [http://www.rototomsunsplash.com Rototom Sunsplash], Italy * [http://www.two77splash.nl two 77 splash], Amsterdam Netherlands * [http://www.panic.nl Reggae Sundance], Eindhoven Netherlands * LB27 Reggae Camp, Komarom, Hungary * Reggae on the Rocks, Morrison, Colorado, Colorado, United States, * Soca Reggae Riversplash, Tolmin, Slovenia, * Chiemsee Reggae Summer, Übersee, Germany * Summerjam, Cologne, Germany * MIDEM Reggae Showcase, Cannes, France * Notting Hill Carnival, London, United Kingdom * Bob Marley Outernational Day, Perth, Western Australia, Western Australia * [http://www.reggaeseen.com International Reggae Festivals at ReggaeSeen] * [http://www.reggae-news.net Spanish Reggae Festivals at Reggae News] * Uppsala Reggae Festival, Sweden ==Music samples== {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" |- ! style="background:#ffdead;" | Music Samples |- |Media:Buffalo_Soldier.ogg |- |} ==See also== * List of reggae musicians * Marcus Mosiah Garvey * Haile Selassie * Bob Marley * Rastafari movement * Music of Jamaica * Kingston, Jamaica ==External links== *[http://www.reggaephotos.de www.REGGAEPHOTOS.de] more than 30.000 reggae photos! *[http://www.rastafarian.nl RASTAFARIAN.NL] rastafarian.nl, all about rasta and reggae! *[http://www.crosscurrents.org/murrell.htm Article] — examines the use of psalms in Rasta lyrics *http://www.oomgallery.net/gallery.asp?location=36&c=251 *[http://niceup.com/ Niceup.com] Oldest Reggae Portal *[http://www.vibez-net.com/ Vibez-Net.com] Reggae Community als:Reggae Reggae
Reggae
{| style="margin:0 auto" align=center class="toccolours" !style="background:purple" align="center" |Reggae | List of genres of reggae |- |align=center| Mento - Rocksteady - Ska |- |align=center| Dub music - Dub poetry - Dee jaying - Dancehall - Ragga - Raggamuffin - Reggaeton - Rockers reggae - Roots reggae - Trojan Records - Two Tone |- !align=center|Other topics |- |align=center|Haile_Selassie_of_Ethiopia - Jamaica - Marcus Garvey - Rastafari movement - Skinheads |}
Reggae
Ska and rocksteady are actually the precursors to reggae. Can they really be qualified as sub-genres? :Hi, I asked myself the very same question when I first put the box together. See here: Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Music_genres for my question about this. The thing is though, I think the box is about reggae in its broadest sense, and in that sense Ska and Rocksteady are a type of reggae music. I asked myself, when I'm filing my music, where do Ska and Rocksteady go? In my collection, they go in amongst all the other Reggae records. Do feel free to change this though - I'm still unsure about this myself --User:Bwmodular 14:47, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC) I'm pretty new to wiki, and I am defender of the ska, but hey, most people associate ska & rocksteady as being a form of reggae. In retrospect, I say let it stand, because if you go to Ska, it does say that it was the origin of reggae. I'm not familiar enough with Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Music_genres, so it has given me something new to learn --User:Isol8d 08:48, 7 Apr 2004 There are two meanings of the word ''reggae'', one being essentially a synonym for Jamaican music, and the other referring to a specific genre that evolved out of ska and rocksteady. Since there's already an article on Jamaican music in general, the first paragraph should make it clear how the word is used and then focus on the more specific term, IMO. User:TUF-KAT 16:28, Apr 7, 2004 (UTC) :Whenever I get the chance, I will make this change unless someone convinces me not to. Another question: Is the piano really typical in reggae? Doesn't strike me as being very common at all, but I may be out of touch... User:TUF-KAT 05:13, Apr 8, 2004 (UTC) : I've moved Ska and Rocksteady from the sub-genres section of the info box to the influences section. However, I've left them in the genres section of the box which appears at the bottom of the all the Reggae genre pages - I think in that context it still makes sense to have them linked along with the other genres, even if they're not reggae in the strictest sense of the word. :Re. Piano - well, maybe it would be better to replace both piano and organ with the more generic 'keyboards' as there are plenty of albums with Piano, Electric Piano, Organ, Clavinet, Synths, etc, but the Wiki page for musical keyboards really doesn't convey what would be needed here. It's unusual for a reggae album not to have keyboards of some sort, but I've removed Piano for now, as you're right - organ is really the keyboard sound one most associated with reggae. --User:Bwmodular 10:25, 8 Apr 2004 (UTC) re: Piano - Look no further than the classic album Double Barrel... yeah, keyboards would make more sense, as they play the offbeat with the guitar....User:Isol8d 10:57, 8 Apr 2004 == Reggae Festivals == Reggae Sunsplash has not been held for a few years now. The festival is defunct. It has been replaced by Reggae Sumfest, which is held in Montego Bay, Jamaica each year. The website is www.reggaesumfest.com == Homophobia in reggae music == what about homophobia in reggae music and - inspired by reggae and rastafari - queerbashing and murder (esp. in Jamaica)? : By all means write something up about this - either start a new page, or add to existing ones where appropriate. There is a less positive side of Jamaican music which should be acknowledged - homophobia, misogyny, gun culture have all been features of some artists' work, and how many jamaican artists have been murdered? Go ahead and write an article about this if you feel inspired to do so.--User:Bwmodular 15:17, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,,1263245,00.html Police seek Jamaican singer after armed attack on gay men] [http://www.outinamerica.com/home/news.asp?articleid=6573 Sports Giant Threatens Antigay Reggae Singers] [http://uk.gay.com/headlines/6710 Puma threatens sponsorship withdrawal over anti-gay reggae row] [http://www.365gay.com/newscon04/08/081604beenie.htm Police Begin Criminal Probe Of Beenie Man, Three Other Anti-Gay Singers] :I think you'll find that Reggae's often homophobic lyrics are a result of the homophobic culture on jamaica, not the other way around. Don't beleive everythying Peter Thatchell tells you. User:Birdseed 19:22, 2004 Sep 24 (UTC) == Closely realted to... == Rastafarianism? Surely not. A small minority of Reggae artists have been rastafarians. User:Birdseed 19:24, 2004 Sep 24 (UTC) == Origins of the word Reggae == Since it seems to be a fairly new word, I'd assume we'd know where it came from etymologically. However, there is no mention of it in the Reggae article. Can someone amend it with that information please?
Reggae
#redirect Template:Reggae
Reggae
Jamaican styles of music Popular music
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
R
RA | RB | RC | RD | RE | RF | RG | RH | RI | RJ | RK | RL | RM | RN | RO | RP | RS | RT | RU | RW | RX | RY | RZ |Words begining with Reggae:
Reggae
Reggae
Reggae
Reggae
Reggae
Reggaedelgado
Reggaeton
Reggaeton
Reggaeton
Reggaetón
Reggaeton_musicians
Reggae_(music)
Reggae_(music)
Reggae_(music)/Delete
Reggae_albums
Reggae_music
Reggae_musical_groups
Reggae_musicians
Reggae_songs
Reggae_Sumfest
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