Reason

:''For alternate uses see Reason (disambiguation) In philosophy, reason (from Latin ''ratio'', by way of French ''raison'') is the faculty by means of which or the process through which human beings perform thought, especially abstract thought. Many thinkers have pondered reason, and the various views on the nature of reason may not be compatible with one another. Reason is sometimes narrowly defined as the faculty or process of drawing logical inferences. From Aristotle onwards, such reasoning has been classified as either ''deductive reasoning'', meaning "from the general to the particular", or ''inductive reasoning'', meaning "from the particular to the general". In the 19th century, Charles Peirce, an United States philosopher, added a third classification, ''abductive reasoning'', by which he meant "from the best available information to the best explanation", which has become an important component of the scientific method. In modern usage, "inductive reasoning" sometimes includes almost all non-deductive reasoning, including what Peirce would call "abductive". (See also logic, term logic.) Reason has also been conceived more broadly. George Lakoff and Mark Johnson (professor) explicate reason and its scope in this manner: :Reason includes not only our capacity for logical inference, but also our ability to conduct inquiry, to solve problems, to evaluate, to criticize, to deliberate about how we should act, and to reach an understanding of ourselves, other people, and the world. (Lakoff and Johnson 1999, pp. 3-4) Some think of reason as opposed to sensation, perception, feeling, and desire; others, such as David Hume, see reason as the servant of desires -- the means of getting what one wants. Rationalism see reason as the faculty by which fundamental truths are intuitively apprehended. These fundamental truths are the causes or "reasons" that things exist or happen. Empiricism deny the existence of such a faculty. For Immanuel Kant, reason (''Vernunft'' in Kant's German language) is the power of synthesizing into unity, by means of comprehensive principles, the concepts provided by the intellect (''Verstand''). The reason which gives ''a priori'' principles Kant calls "Pure Reason" (as in his A Critique of Pure Reason), as distinguished from the "Practical Reason" which is specially concerned with the performance of particular actions. In theology, reason, as distinguished from faith, is the human intelligence exercised upon religious truth whether by way of discovery or by way of explanation. The limits within which reason may be used have been laid down differently in different churches and periods of thought: on the whole, modern Christianity, especially in the Protestant churches, tends to allow to reason a wide field, reserving, however, as the sphere of faith the ultimate (supernatural) truths of theology. Regardless of how it is conceived, reason has often been seen as a uniquely human trait, which separates us from the other animals. These days, the idea of reason as an independent faculty of the mind, separate from emotions, and unique to humanity, is under attack from a number of sources. Consider, for example, George Lakoff and Mark Johnson (professor)'s theories about the "embodied mind". (See the Lakoff article for more information.) For a critique of reason's preeminent position within western culture since the Renaissance, see ''Voltaire's Bastards'' by John Ralston Saul. == References == * George Lakoff and Mark Johnson (professor) (1999). ''Philosophy In The Flesh''. Basic Books. ==External References== * [http://www.sense-think-act.org Reasoning Exercises] a Mediawiki project Belief Philosophy

Reason

This disambiguation is idiotic! The philosophy term is by far the dominant meaning here. I'm going to move this back to fix all the misdirected links here. --User:Maveric149 23:16, 3 Oct 2003 (UTC) Moved. Old talk at talk:Reason (philosophy) --mav :Indeed, Reason Magazine is called that ''because'' the philosophy term is the dominant meaning. User:134.84.86.61 16:52, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC) ---- :''modern Christianity, especially in the Protestant churches, tends to allow to reason a wide field,'' Why "especially Protestant churches"? Those Bible-literalists who say humans did not evolve from other species and this planet is only 6000 years old are all Protestants. User:Michael Hardy 16:54, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC) ---- Britannica online has an entry "reason," and it contains the same or very similar paragraph as this article. Upon checking the past versions, I found that at least two paragraphs look alike between the britannica online's and [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Reason&oldid=113440 this version] of wikipedia article. User:Tomos 21:25, 27 Aug 2004 (UTC) ---- == Alex Tiefling, why is mentioning support of reason vandalism? == It is a fact that Objectivism provides a support of reason. If the support is false, why bother removing it, the support still exists. And an encyclopedia ought to mention what exists, not what you would like people to know exists. If it is removed again, I will report this to wikipedia and have the moderators decide this issue. If there is anything untrue about my addition, suggest improvements, or modify it. But if you try to hide facts for being facts, I will win the support of the wikipedia moderators. Peace. ==El Pablo== The problem is how Rand defines reason. Reason, definitionally, is rationalist. However, the objectivists argue that it is -according to Rand- the logical correspondence to reality. Reality is totally independent of reason. It should be removed, Rand a supporter of logic, NOT reason. == A compromise == Since it's clear that objectivists are going to continue to edit references to Objectivism back into this page, I've edited the entry so that it actually represents an ''objective'' account of the relationship between Objectivism and reason. I hope that any Objectivists who want to turn the entry back into a rah-rah bit of propoganistic support of Objectivism will appreciate the irony of their desire.

Reason

== Welcome == Hello, and Wikipedia:Welcome, newcomers to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: *Wikipedia:How to edit a page *Wikipedia:Tutorial *Wikipedia:Picture tutorial *Wikipedia:How to write a great article *Wikipedia:Naming conventions *Wikipedia:Manual of Style I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedia:Wikipedians! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the Wikipedia:Help, add a question to the Wikipedia:village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --User:Whosyourjudas User talk:Whosyourjudas 17:45, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

See other meanings of words starting from letter:

R

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Words begining with Reason:

Reason
Reason
Reason
Reasonable
Reasonable
Reasonable_and_Non_Discriminatory_License
Reasonable_and_non_discriminatory_license
Reasonable_and_Non_Discriminatory_Licensing
Reasonable_and_non_discriminatory_licensing
Reasonable_Doubt
Reasonable_Doubt
Reasonable_doubt
Reasonable_man
Reasonable_person
Reasonable_person
Reasonable_suspicion
Reasonable_suspicion
Reasoned
Reasoner
Reasoner
Reasoning
Reasoning
Reasoning_agent
Reasoning_event
Reasoning_From_the_Scriptures
Reasoning_From_the_Scriptures
Reasoning_from_the_Scriptures
Reasons_and_Persons
Reasons_and_Persons
Reasons_and_persons
Reasons_for_the_Decline_of_the_Ottoman_Empire
Reasons_for_the_Decline_of_the_Ottoman_Empire
Reason_(Asimov)
Reason_(disambiguation)
Reason_(magazine)
Reason_(magazine)
Reason_(philosophy)
Reason_(philosophy)
Reason_(program)
Reason_(program)
Reason_(synthesizer)
Reason_and_faith
Reason_Foundation
Reason_Magazine
Reason_magazine
Reason_To_Believe_(fanzine)