
:''For other uses of this term, see: Quark (disambiguation)'' In particle physics, quarks are subatomic particles thought to be elemental and indivisible. They are one of the two kinds of spin (physics)-½ fermions (the other being the leptons). Objects made up of quarks are known as hadrons; well known examples are protons and neutrons. Quarks are generally believed to never exist alone but only in strong interaction-neutral groups of two or three (and possibly pentaquark or more); all searches for free quarks since 1977 have yielded negative results. Quarks are differentiated from leptons, the other family of fermions, by strong interaction. In addition, leptons (such as the electron, the muon, and the neutrino) have integral electric charge (−1 or 0 in units of the proton charge) while quarks have fractional electric charge (+⅔ or −⅓; antiparticle have charge −⅔ or +⅓ and antiparticle have charge +1 or 0). Quarks enter Quantum chromodynamics, the modern theory of strong interactions, as one of the basic constituents (field (physics)s) of the theory. They interact through the exchange of gluons, which is the remaining constituent of QCD. A number of competing theories maintain that quarks (and possibly also leptons) may be composed of yet smaller, more fundamental particles generically referred to as "preons." There is no current evidence to substantiate this postulate, and most physicists assume at present that quarks and leptons are the most fundamental, irreducable particles of particle physics. ==Table of quarks== {| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" align="left" |- !Generation!!colspan="2"|Name!!Charge!!Estimated mass (Electronvolt) |- |align="center" rowspan="2"|1 |Up |(u)|| align="right"| +⅔ || align="right"| 1.5 to 4 1 |- |Down |(d)|| align="right"| −⅓ || align="right"| 4 to 8 1 |- |align="center" rowspan="2"|2 |Strange |(s)|| align="right"| −⅓ || align="right"| 80 to 130 |- |Charm |(c)|| align="right"| +⅔ || align="right"| 1,150 to 1,350 |- |align="center" rowspan="2"|3 |Bottom2 |(b)|| align="right"| −⅓ || align="right"| 4,100 to 4,400 |- |Top2 |(t)|| align="right"| +⅔ || align="right"| 178,000 ± 4,300 |} 1. Estimates of quark masses, being subject to considerable theoretical uncertainty, are controversial and still actively being investigated. There have been suggestions in literature that the u quark could be massless, but this is nearly ruled out by recent results. Since we never see individual quarks their masses must be deduced indirectly. Different ways of doing this can give somewhat different values for the masses. The values in this table are found using the ''minimal subtraction'' scheme.
2. The names beauty and truth were originally suggested for the bottom and top quarks respectively. These names are no longer used to refer to the quarks, but are still (especially beauty) used for the quantum numbers. Ordinary matter such as protons and neutrons are composed of quarks of the up and down variety only. A proton contains two up quarks and one down quark, giving a total charge of +1. A neutron is made of two down quarks and one up quark, giving a total charge of zero. The other varieties of quarks can only be produced in particle accelerators, and decay quickly into the up and down quarks. (Electrons do not contain quarks, but are of a different type of particle called leptons). The six varieties of quark are sometimes called flavour (particle physics)s. ==Families of quarks== All the quarks that appear in ordinary matter are either up or down quarks. However, in very high-energy situations, other quarks appear. The first "extra" quark discovered was called a strange quark; as higher-energy collisions became possible, the charm, bottom, and top quarks were discovered. These extra quarks seem to be merely higher-mass copies of ordinary quarks, just as the muon and the tauon are higher-mass copies of the electron. One might wonder whether there are yet more families of quarks with even higher masses. Research at CERN has provided strong evidence that no such families exist. This experiment relied on accurate determination of the width in masses of the W and Z bosons; by a subtle series of calculations, the numbers obtained could be shown to contradict the possibility that more families of quarks exist. See [http://books.nap.edu/books/0309048931/html/245.html] for more information. The number of families of quarks also affects the only other really high-energy situation we know of — the early Universe. The initial distribution of elements can be predicted using the Standard Model; any model with more heavy quarks would lead to a fraction of initial Helium-4 that is different from what is observed. Thus the number of quarks is confirmed by astronomy observations as well. See [http://www.physics.uq.edu.au/people/ross/phys2080/galaxy/models.htm] for more information. ==Color== According to the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), quarks possess a property metaphorically called "color charge". Instead of just one charge type (with two signs, + and − in electromagnetism), color charge comes in 3 types. Quarks' colors are called "red", "green", or "blue" to suggest the primary colors, while anti-quarks are anti-red or "cyan", anti-green or "magenta", and anti-blue or "yellow". Due to confinement (described below), only color-neutral or "white" particles can exist separately: particles possessing color must be part of a "white" composite. Particles composed of one red, one green and one blue quark are called baryons; the proton and the neutron are the most important examples. Particles composed of a quark and an anti-quark of the corresponding anti-color are called mesons. Particles of different color charge are attracted and particles of like color charge are repelled by the color force, which is transferred by gluons, particles that themselves carry color charge (one color and one anti-color). Therefore, colors of quarks are not static, but are constantly changed by gluons, though the composite hadron always remains neutral. In addition to holding quarks together in mesons and baryons, a residual effect of the color force, the strong interaction, holds the protons and neutrons together in the atomic nucleus. Because the carriers of the strong force, the gluons, are themselves colored, the force between two quarks increases as the quarks are separated. Due to this mechanism, called confinement, quarks are almost never found free; they are always bound into color-neutral baryons or mesons. When we try to separate quarks, as happens in particle accelerator collisions, at some point it is more energetically favorable for a new quark/anti-quark pair to pop out of the vacuum than to allow the quarks to separate further. As a result of this, when quarks are produced in particle accelerators, instead of seeing the individual quarks in detectors, scientists see "jets" of many color-neutral particles (mesons and baryons), clustered together. This process is called hadronization or fragmentation, and is one of the least understood processes in particle physics. But if the pressure and temperature of the nucleonic reaction are high enough, a quark-gluon plasma forms, offering the first evidence of a free quark state. ==History== The theory behind quarks was first suggested by physicists Murray Gell-Mann and Yuval Ne'eman, who found they could explain various properties of several mesons by considering them to belong to an 8-dimensional representation of the group representation ''SU(3)'', called 8 for short. This description was called the "Eightfold way (physics)" by Gell-Mann. Success was found by attaching several baryons to a 10-dimensional representation, culminating in the successful prediction of the Ω−. The physical fact that baryons had distinct antiparticles corresponded to the mathematical fact that the 10-dimensional representation has a distinct dual, of the same dimension. These are called 10 and 10*. This left one mathematical fact unexplained: the simplest representation of ''SU(3)'' is 3-dimensional, and is distinct from its dual (the 3 and the 3*). This would correspond physically to a triplet of particles, with distinct antiparticles. And the mathematics of deriving the 8 and 10 from the 3 would then correspond physically to joining two or three of the new particles. This step was taken in 1964 independently by Gell-Mann and George Zweig. But the new particles would be slightly unusual. In his 1964 paper (see #External links) Gell-Mann notes: (sounding like "quart"), which he invented a few weeks before coming across the line from ''Finnegans Wake''. Gell-Mann's paper is only 2 pages. He left all the details to the interested reader, of which there were few.
Gell-Mann's approach was based on manipulating the "current algebra" of quantum fields associated with ''SU(3)''. He did not claim his quarks were real particles, and would hedge the question if asked.
In contrast, Zweig developed his "aces" as being real particles from the start, and in his two long CERN preprints, provided detailed ace content descriptions of known and unknown particles. He was unable to publish these papers.
At the time, the notion of quarks as real particles was widely considered self-evidently nonsensical. Fractional charges had never been observed, and a spate of new searches came up empty. And because quarks were fermions, the Pauli exclusion principle had to apply, and that meant two or more identical fermions could not share the same quantum states. Two up quarks, for example, could pair together if their spins had opposite orientations. But there was no third orientation available for a third up quark. Worse, the known ''uuu'' candidate, the Δ++, had spin 3/2, meaning its constituent quarks had identically oriented spins, so it consisted of three otherwise identical fermions.
This view changed in the early 1970s, when deep inelastic scattering experiments showed that protons indeed had subcomponent structure. The details matched well with the quark model, with two surprising twists. The forces between quarks decreased at decreasing separations, while 3 quarks did not account for all the internal energy and momentum.
The 1973 discovery that the mathematics of ''SU(3)'' gauge theory was asymptotic freedom accounted for the first twist. The associated exchange bosons, dubbed gluons, accounted for the second twist. Since the quark force got stronger with distance, it was no longer felt unusual that free quarks were not seen, and since quarks carried 3 color charges, ''uuu'' was really uuu, that is, "red up", "blue up", "green up", and there was no contradiction with the exclusion principle.
(The ''SU(3)'' of the Eightfold Way is conceptually distinct from the ''SU(3)'' of gauge theory. The former is considered an approximate descriptive symmetry involving 3 quark flavours, which number has grown. The latter is considered an exact dynamical symmetry involving 3 quark colors, which has not changed.)
The experimental discovery of W and Z bosons in 1973 led to a new difficulty, however. The electroweak theory, directly applied to 3 quark flavours, led to the prediction that there would be strangeness changing neutral currents at rates that were obviously much too high. Glashow, Iliopoulos, and Maiani had, in 1970, shown that a fourth quark flavour ("charm") would automatically suppress these strangeness changing neutral currents.
It was also realized, in 1971, that ''SU(3)'' renormalizability required the total charge of all the fundamental quarks had to cancel the total charge of all the fundamental leptons. The then-identified quarks and leptons did not cancel out. The simplest corrective was again, the "charm" quark.
The unusual J/Psi particle, discovered in 1974, was immediately explained as a charm-anticharm meson. Subsequent study of it and related particles confirmed this interpretation in great detail, and quarks quickly became the new orthodoxy in particle physics.
==See also==
*Parton
*Confinement and quark-gluon plasma
*Rubik's Cube#Parallel with particle physics for an interesting parallel
*List of particles
==External links==
*[http://www-cdf.fnal.gov/top_status/top.html ''Observation of the Top Quark'' at Fermilab]
*[http://books.nap.edu/books/0309048931/html/245.html A Positron Named Priscilla] — A description of CERN's experiment to count the families of quarks
*[http://www.physics.uq.edu.au/people/ross/phys2080/galaxy/models.htm Cosmological Models] — A description of the Big Bang model, its predictions and problems.
*[http://www.bartleby.com/61/67/Q0016700.html The original English word ''quark'' and its adaptation to particle physics]
*[http://www-spires.fnal.gov/spires/find/hep/www?key=890022 A schematic model of baryons and mesons], Gell-Mann's 1964 paper
Quark
Subatomic particles
''An event in this article is a MediaWiki:April 23 selected anniversaries'' (may be in HTML comment) ----- ==Alternative names for quarks== I don't think it's a good idea to include fringe names for the higher-generation quarks. Although there was some legitimate discussion about whether the top and bottom should be called truth and beauty, there was never any significant movement to name the strange anything other than strange. In fact, the term strangeness pre-dates the whole quark model. The extra names are simply confusing to the average reader; if they remain in the article at all, I suggest that they be moved to the History section. -- User:Xerxes314 17:04, 2004 Jul 21 (UTC) == Disambiguation == At first when I saw the table of quarks with the up, down, etc., I thought it was a joke or crank. I continued to read the article, and I realized it wasn’t!! --User:Merovingian It would be nice if this page was wikipedia:Disambiguation. I would propose a format as seen in Cream. Any objections? --User:Bluetulip 11:25, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC) :It would probably be a good idea to create an explicit page for Quark (disambiguation) and move the extra bits from here to there. Done. --User:Phil Boswell 12:09, Mar 9, 2004 (UTC)
== Quark, son of Keldar ==
I started an article on the ''Star Trek'' character Nog, nephew of Quark, then I clicked the Quark link and wound up here (I'll disambig at the Nog article today if I have time).
I'm wondering if maybe it would be better to move the disambiguation in this quark particle article up to the top of the page. I've seen pages on Wikipedia where the disambig is at the top, like the articles on Paris, Jupiter, etc., but I've also seen at the bottom, like on this one. Is their a standard policy on this? User:ShutterBugTrekker 16:48, 14 Jan 2004 (UTC)
== CERN Experiment ==
The article now states: "''One of the experiment in the CERN showed, that only 3 generation of the quarks exists. (From the resonance-width of Z boson.)''"(sic) Which experiment, when? --User:Phil Boswell 14:09, Mar 8, 2004 (UTC)
:Cured. At least, reference given. --User:Aarchiba 05:28, Apr 23, 2004 (UTC)
== Request from anon user ==
I have moved the following request from an anon user out of the article and placed it here for discussion. - User:TextureUser Talk:TextureUser:Texture 05:12, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
:They are one of the two families of spin-1/2 fermions ''(can someone please clarify if this means spin=+1/2 or spin=-1/2)''
Spin 1/2 particles can have either +1/2 or -1/2. In general, a spin-j particle can take on spin states anywhere from -j to j in increments of 1. -- User:Xerxes314 17:53, 2004 Aug 5 (UTC)
== Up & Down Quark Mass or Charge Problem? ==
Here are the masses and charges for quarks.
Up quark (1-5) (2/3)
Down quark (3-9) (-1/3)
Strange quark (75-170) (-1/3)
Charm quark (1,150-1,350) (2/3)
Bottom quark (4,000-4,400) (-1/3)
Top quark (174,000) (2/3)
As you can see from this table, the quarks are arrayed in order from light to heavy, starting with the up quark. You should notice an irregularity with the up and down quarks compared to the others.
The top quark has charge of 2/3 and can decay into a bottom quark with a charge of -1/3.
The bottom quark can decay into a charm quark with a charge of 2/3.
The charm quark can decay into a strange quark with a charge of -1/3.
As you can see, a pattern is emerging (2/3, -1/3, 2/3, -1/3) which suggests that the next quark will have a charge of 2/3. But the next quark is a down quark with a charge of -1/3.
Could it be possible that either
an up quark has a charge of -1/3 and a down quark has a charge of 2/3
or
an up quark has a mass of 3-9 and a down quark has a mass of 1-5.
therefore restoring the pattern?
: No. User:Xerxes314
How is it that these properties were attributed to these quarks in the first place?
: It's a complicated combination of experiment, theory and lattice calculations. See [http://pdg.lbl.gov/2004/reviews/quarks_q000.pdf PDG Note on Quark Masses] for an extended discussion. In particular, the u/d ratio can be determined in chiral perturbation theory as a ratio of sums of squares hadron masses. The physical value is around 1/2. User:Xerxes314 15:44, 2004 Aug 27 (UTC)
== The Brookhaven photograph ==
This is a bubble chamber photograph of Samios and Palmer, from early 1974. They believed at the time that it was a nakedly charmed baryon, but they were unable to eliminate all other hypotheticals, nor find a second example. Plus, they were using a new machine, and nervous about calibration. Even after the November Revolution, they were tentative about what they found. I presume that later discoveries have retroactively resolved the particle's identity.--User:192.35.35.34 17:11, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
The PDG entry on the Σc++ includes references, of course. The earliest is the one with the photograph. Its status was uncertain as late as 1982. I did not pursue the history of this particle any further.--User:192.35.35.36 23:37, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
==Antiquark article==
The Antiquark stub has been listed as VfD at Wikipedia:Votes_for_deletion/Log/2005_May_23#Antiquark. Vote Keep or Delete at Wikipedia:Votes_for_deletion/Log/2005_May_23#Antiquark. User:Irpen 22:34, May 23, 2005 (UTC)
== Gluons ==
Should gluons be mentioned in this article? A gluon is a hypothetical neutral, massless particle believed to bind together quarks to form hadrons. _JarlaxleArtemis">User:JarlaxleArtemis 01:44, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
: Gluons are not hypothetical; they are observed (albeit indirectly) in three-jet events. I don't think it's crucial to have a direct link to gluons in this article, since you can get to them by clicking any of the numerous links to hadron- and QCD-related articles. But if somebody can find a sensible place to mention them, it wouldn't be a bad idea. -- User:Xerxes314 15:33, 2005 Jun 2 (UTC)
:: They aren't hypothetical? It says they are hypothetical in both ''Webster's Dictionary'' and my school chemistry book. _JarlaxleArtemis">User:JarlaxleArtemis 02:04, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)
:::Ah… perhaps the correct term is ''theoretical''. _JarlaxleArtemis">User:JarlaxleArtemis 00:59, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)
:::: Yeah, just like electrons and evolution. -- User:Xerxes314 17:48, 2005 Jun 8 (UTC)
This category identifies members of the Quark family Fermion Quantum chromodynamics
See other meanings of words starting from letter:A | B | C | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | T | U | V | X | Y | Z |
Quark
:''For other uses of this term, see: Quark (disambiguation)'' In particle physics, quarks are subatomic particles thought to be elemental and indivisible. They are one of the two kinds of spin (physics)-½ fermions (the other being the leptons). Objects made up of quarks are known as hadrons; well known examples are protons and neutrons. Quarks are generally believed to never exist alone but only in strong interaction-neutral groups of two or three (and possibly pentaquark or more); all searches for free quarks since 1977 have yielded negative results. Quarks are differentiated from leptons, the other family of fermions, by strong interaction. In addition, leptons (such as the electron, the muon, and the neutrino) have integral electric charge (−1 or 0 in units of the proton charge) while quarks have fractional electric charge (+⅔ or −⅓; antiparticle have charge −⅔ or +⅓ and antiparticle have charge +1 or 0). Quarks enter Quantum chromodynamics, the modern theory of strong interactions, as one of the basic constituents (field (physics)s) of the theory. They interact through the exchange of gluons, which is the remaining constituent of QCD. A number of competing theories maintain that quarks (and possibly also leptons) may be composed of yet smaller, more fundamental particles generically referred to as "preons." There is no current evidence to substantiate this postulate, and most physicists assume at present that quarks and leptons are the most fundamental, irreducable particles of particle physics. ==Table of quarks== {| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" align="left" |- !Generation!!colspan="2"|Name!!Charge!!Estimated mass (Electronvolt) |- |align="center" rowspan="2"|1 |Up |(u)|| align="right"| +⅔ || align="right"| 1.5 to 4 1 |- |Down |(d)|| align="right"| −⅓ || align="right"| 4 to 8 1 |- |align="center" rowspan="2"|2 |Strange |(s)|| align="right"| −⅓ || align="right"| 80 to 130 |- |Charm |(c)|| align="right"| +⅔ || align="right"| 1,150 to 1,350 |- |align="center" rowspan="2"|3 |Bottom2 |(b)|| align="right"| −⅓ || align="right"| 4,100 to 4,400 |- |Top2 |(t)|| align="right"| +⅔ || align="right"| 178,000 ± 4,300 |} 1. Estimates of quark masses, being subject to considerable theoretical uncertainty, are controversial and still actively being investigated. There have been suggestions in literature that the u quark could be massless, but this is nearly ruled out by recent results. Since we never see individual quarks their masses must be deduced indirectly. Different ways of doing this can give somewhat different values for the masses. The values in this table are found using the ''minimal subtraction'' scheme.
2. The names beauty and truth were originally suggested for the bottom and top quarks respectively. These names are no longer used to refer to the quarks, but are still (especially beauty) used for the quantum numbers. Ordinary matter such as protons and neutrons are composed of quarks of the up and down variety only. A proton contains two up quarks and one down quark, giving a total charge of +1. A neutron is made of two down quarks and one up quark, giving a total charge of zero. The other varieties of quarks can only be produced in particle accelerators, and decay quickly into the up and down quarks. (Electrons do not contain quarks, but are of a different type of particle called leptons). The six varieties of quark are sometimes called flavour (particle physics)s. ==Families of quarks== All the quarks that appear in ordinary matter are either up or down quarks. However, in very high-energy situations, other quarks appear. The first "extra" quark discovered was called a strange quark; as higher-energy collisions became possible, the charm, bottom, and top quarks were discovered. These extra quarks seem to be merely higher-mass copies of ordinary quarks, just as the muon and the tauon are higher-mass copies of the electron. One might wonder whether there are yet more families of quarks with even higher masses. Research at CERN has provided strong evidence that no such families exist. This experiment relied on accurate determination of the width in masses of the W and Z bosons; by a subtle series of calculations, the numbers obtained could be shown to contradict the possibility that more families of quarks exist. See [http://books.nap.edu/books/0309048931/html/245.html] for more information. The number of families of quarks also affects the only other really high-energy situation we know of — the early Universe. The initial distribution of elements can be predicted using the Standard Model; any model with more heavy quarks would lead to a fraction of initial Helium-4 that is different from what is observed. Thus the number of quarks is confirmed by astronomy observations as well. See [http://www.physics.uq.edu.au/people/ross/phys2080/galaxy/models.htm] for more information. ==Color== According to the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), quarks possess a property metaphorically called "color charge". Instead of just one charge type (with two signs, + and − in electromagnetism), color charge comes in 3 types. Quarks' colors are called "red", "green", or "blue" to suggest the primary colors, while anti-quarks are anti-red or "cyan", anti-green or "magenta", and anti-blue or "yellow". Due to confinement (described below), only color-neutral or "white" particles can exist separately: particles possessing color must be part of a "white" composite. Particles composed of one red, one green and one blue quark are called baryons; the proton and the neutron are the most important examples. Particles composed of a quark and an anti-quark of the corresponding anti-color are called mesons. Particles of different color charge are attracted and particles of like color charge are repelled by the color force, which is transferred by gluons, particles that themselves carry color charge (one color and one anti-color). Therefore, colors of quarks are not static, but are constantly changed by gluons, though the composite hadron always remains neutral. In addition to holding quarks together in mesons and baryons, a residual effect of the color force, the strong interaction, holds the protons and neutrons together in the atomic nucleus. Because the carriers of the strong force, the gluons, are themselves colored, the force between two quarks increases as the quarks are separated. Due to this mechanism, called confinement, quarks are almost never found free; they are always bound into color-neutral baryons or mesons. When we try to separate quarks, as happens in particle accelerator collisions, at some point it is more energetically favorable for a new quark/anti-quark pair to pop out of the vacuum than to allow the quarks to separate further. As a result of this, when quarks are produced in particle accelerators, instead of seeing the individual quarks in detectors, scientists see "jets" of many color-neutral particles (mesons and baryons), clustered together. This process is called hadronization or fragmentation, and is one of the least understood processes in particle physics. But if the pressure and temperature of the nucleonic reaction are high enough, a quark-gluon plasma forms, offering the first evidence of a free quark state. ==History== The theory behind quarks was first suggested by physicists Murray Gell-Mann and Yuval Ne'eman, who found they could explain various properties of several mesons by considering them to belong to an 8-dimensional representation of the group representation ''SU(3)'', called 8 for short. This description was called the "Eightfold way (physics)" by Gell-Mann. Success was found by attaching several baryons to a 10-dimensional representation, culminating in the successful prediction of the Ω−. The physical fact that baryons had distinct antiparticles corresponded to the mathematical fact that the 10-dimensional representation has a distinct dual, of the same dimension. These are called 10 and 10*. This left one mathematical fact unexplained: the simplest representation of ''SU(3)'' is 3-dimensional, and is distinct from its dual (the 3 and the 3*). This would correspond physically to a triplet of particles, with distinct antiparticles. And the mathematics of deriving the 8 and 10 from the 3 would then correspond physically to joining two or three of the new particles. This step was taken in 1964 independently by Gell-Mann and George Zweig. But the new particles would be slightly unusual. In his 1964 paper (see #External links) Gell-Mann notes:
A simpler and more elegant scheme can be constructed if we allow non-integral values of the charges. We then refer to the members ''u'', ''d'' and ''s'' of the triplet as "quarks".At the end of the paper, he cites James Joyce, ''Finnegans Wake'' (1939) p. 383, which contains the less-than-illuminating line "Three quarks for Muster Mark." Gell-Mann states elsewhere that "quark" was originally a nonsense word pronounced
Quark
''An event in this article is a MediaWiki:April 23 selected anniversaries'' (may be in HTML comment) ----- ==Alternative names for quarks== I don't think it's a good idea to include fringe names for the higher-generation quarks. Although there was some legitimate discussion about whether the top and bottom should be called truth and beauty, there was never any significant movement to name the strange anything other than strange. In fact, the term strangeness pre-dates the whole quark model. The extra names are simply confusing to the average reader; if they remain in the article at all, I suggest that they be moved to the History section. -- User:Xerxes314 17:04, 2004 Jul 21 (UTC) == Disambiguation == At first when I saw the table of quarks with the up, down, etc., I thought it was a joke or crank. I continued to read the article, and I realized it wasn’t!! --User:Merovingian It would be nice if this page was wikipedia:Disambiguation. I would propose a format as seen in Cream. Any objections? --User:Bluetulip 11:25, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC) :
Quark
This category identifies members of the Quark family Fermion Quantum chromodynamics
See other meanings of words starting from letter:A | B | C | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | T | U | V | X | Y | Z |
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