
In the history of cryptography, ''97-shiki-obun In-ji-ki'' (九七式欧文印字機) ("System 97 Printing Machine for European Characters") or ''Angooki Taipu B'' (暗号機B型) ("Type B Cipher Machine"), codenamed PURPLE by the United States, was a diplomatic cryptography machine used by the Japanese Foreign Office during, and just before, World War II. Purple was an electromechanical (stepping switch) cipher. The color referred to binders used by US cryptanalysts for material produced by various systems; there had been a RED machine used by the Japanese Foreign Office and purple was the next available color. The Japanese also used the CORAL and JADE stepping-switch systems. The PURPLE machine was a successor to, and improvement on, both the RED machine and what the Americans called the "M machine" (used in some embassies and consulates by attaches). All were designed by a Japanese Navy Captain. The information gained from decryptions was eventually code-named ''Magic (cryptography)'' within the US government. ==Weaknesses== In operation, the encrypting machine accepted typewritten input (in Latin letters) and produced cyphertext output, and vice versa when decyphering messages. The result was a potentially excellent cryptosystem. In fact, operational errors, chiefly in key (cryptography) choice, made the system much less secure than it could have been. The Japanese believed it to be effectively unbreakable throughout, and somewhat after, the War. It was broken by a team from the US Army Signals Intelligence Service, then directed by William Friedman. The team was led by Frank Rowlett. The United States obtained portions of a PURPLE machine from the Japanese Embassy in Germany following Germany's defeat in 1945 (see image above) and discovered that the Japanese had used precisely the same stepping switch in its construction as Leo Rosen of SIS had chosen when building a "duplicate" in Washington in 1939 and 1940. The PURPLE machine itself was first used by Japan in June 1938, but US and British cryptographers had broken some of its messages well before the attack on Pearl Harbor. US cryptographers decrypted and translated the 14-part Japanese diplomatic message breaking off relations (ominously) with the United States at 1PM Washington time on 7 December 1941 before the Japanese Embassy in Washington could do so. Difficulties at the Embassy were a major reason the note was delivered late. The decrypting Purple traffic, and Japanese messages generally, was the subject of acrimonious hearings in Congress post-WWII in connection with an attempt to decide who, if anyone, had allowed the disaster at Pearl Harbor to happen and who therefore should be blamed. During those hearings the Japanese learned, for the first time, that the PURPLE cypher machine had been broken. ==The German Enigma machine and PURPLE== The German Enigma machine was unrelated to PURPLE, though there have been published claims that PURPLE was merely an Enigma copy of some sort. In fact, the Purple machine was a Japanese development, one of a series designed by a Japanese Navy captain, though there seems to have been some assistance by at least one Polish officer prior to the 1930s. There is some evidence that the Germans shipped several military Enigma machines to Japan by submarine late in the War; several sources suggest that they never arrived. ==Further reading== An account of the WWII cryptographic struggle is ''Battle of Wits'', by S. Budiansky, which is not too overwhelmingly long or technical. ''Combined Fleet Decoded'' by J. Prados has, in somewhat dispersed form, a complementary and fuller account of Japanese cryptography specifically, much of it from sources on the Japanese side. Both are recent enough to reflect much of the release of information that had been kept secret since the War. ==References== * Freeman, Wes., Geoff Sullivan, and Frode Weierud, "PURPLE Revealed: Simulation and Computer-Aided Cryptanalysis of Angooki Taipu B", ''Cryptologia'' 27(1), January 2003. pp 1–43. * "The Man who Broke Purple". ==External links== * [http://frode.home.cern.ch/frode/crypto/simula/purple/index.html The PURPLE Machine] — information and a simulator (for Windows) * [http://home.ecn.ab.ca/~jsavard/crypto/ro020304.htm PURPLE, CORAL, and JADE] Encryption devices
:''Note: comments on this page have sometimes been most recent at the top.'' ---- Ortolan88: Actually, the Purple machine (called Alpabetical Typewriter with a date indicator by the Japanese) was made of electrical stepping switches, not rotors. It doesn't appear to have been influenced much by the Enigma design, or indeed by any of the rotor machines. The Japanese Navy Captain who desinged them all followed his own star, though there is some mention of a Polish Army Captain who went to Japan to help in crypto design in the '20s. Perhaps an influence? Leo Rosen at SIS was asked to build an equivalent after the SIS team (under Frank Rowlett) figured Purple out, and in an ironic coincidence, chose exactly the same stepping switch the Japanese had used. On another subject, there is an unsigned comment below talking about digital v analog. The following may help. All of the rotor machines, and the Purple and its predecessors (Red and the M machine) are actually digital in the sense that a substitution (on either encryption or decryption) is digital. Either q is substituted for f or it isn't. Whether it should have been is another question having to do with how well an analog machine (rotors rotating, electrical contacts making or breaking properly) behaves digitally. Exactly similar considerations underly digital circuits in modern computing equipment. They are implemented using transistors of various types, all of which work by controlling the flow of electrons from hither to thither. A meaningful flow isn't any particular number of electrons for a digital 1 or exactly zero for a digital 0 -- if that happens to be the assignement at that particular logic gate just then. There are always guard bands. Thus, 'a 1 is any voltage greater than such and less than so', while 'a 0 is less than this and greater than zero'. The value of such is always greater than this by some amount, and if the voltage falls between such and this, there will be trouble. A good bit of digital electrical design is devoted to ensuring that ambiguity of this sort doesn't happen. Reshaping circuits, regenerating flipflops, Schmitt triggers, are some of the dodges used. For a long time, T(ransistor)T(ransisitor)L(ogic) in which one value is nominally +5VDC and the other 0VDC was the standard. In recent years the larger of the two voltages has become smaller. +3.3VDC is used in the PCI bus and +5VDC was used in the first version of the PCI bus. This saves power, extends battery life, and is otherwise good. It also squeezes guard bands and makes tighter circuit design mandatory for digital cicuits, lest the ambiguity get to be too much. Hope this helped some, ww. ---- What do you mean, "analog computer"? Wouldn't it need to be digital? Remember, "digital" does not have to be computerized. A mechanical adding machine can be digital. ---- Well, the the Purple_code is like the Enigma. It consists of a bunch of interlocked letter wheels. The interlocking relationship changes after each letter is typed. In effect, it is exactly the same technology as an odometer, which is certainly analog. A digital computer works on numbers. An analog computer works on mechanical relationships. I would be interested in hearing of any mechanical adding machine that was digital. An analog computer, such as an odometer, is usally single purpose while a digital computer is multipurpose. user:Ortolan88 ----- Sure thing -- I have used (obsolete) mechanical digital adding machines to add, subtract, multiply, and, with enormous effort, take square roots. The numbers were represented as digits using a series of wheels, one for each power of ten. Babbage's Analytical Engine was another example of a mechanical digital computer. I'd also disagree with you about an odometer being analog. If the number is stored as a set of digits, then the representation of the number is digital, even if the representation of each digit is analog. Note also that the digits (except the lowest) move in discrete steps. Here are four examples, showing the full gamut: :Mechanical / digital: Babbage's Analytical Engine :Mechanical / analog: Mechanical rotating-wheel integrators, slide rules :Electronic / digital: nearly all modern computers, pocket calculators :Electronic / analog: Op-amp based 1960s and 1970s analog computers Note also that there is nothing requiring a digital computer to be programmable, or Turing-complete (even though nearly all are). For example, FPGA codebreaking engines and galactic physics simulators are special-purpose electronic digital computers. user:The Anome ---- Hello, The Anome, Yes, but, and I am way out of my depth here, I am pretty sure that you're supposed to make a distinction between the representation of a value and the way that value is calculated and stored. You have to agree that a mercury thermometer is analog, but it represents values digitally. As for the odometer, there's a little thing on the axle that transfers the rotary motion from the axle to the odometer, which replicates that motion on some other wheels that just happen to have numbers printed on them and an escapement mechanism (for those discrete steps). When you change your tire size, you have to change a little gear, else the odometer, and its companion analog computer, the speedometer, won't read right. To me that is the essence of "analog". The odometer doesn't "store" anything. The original Mauchly-Eckert computer, a chunk of which is on display at Harvard U., used odometer mechanisms for display, but all they did was tell you how many times the relay they were attached to had fired, the data, I believe, was stored in memory. (Fools rush in, I don't know Jack about this, other than having seen the display. My dad was a classmate of John Y. Atanasoff (who taught Mauchly and Eckert everything they knew), but I'm just a tech writer.) A regular old-fashioned clock is analog too, by my definition, digital representation, discrete steps (some), and all. That said, you probably know more about this than I do. There is no wikipedia article on computer history, but your outline above certainly belongs there. I think you'd have to have a pretty rigorous definition of the difference between analog and digital to do so, however. I have a little trouble with your roadmap because I think it is mixing the two. For instance, I think, and so does the wikipedia article on Analog computer that the slide rule is analog. What do you think of the wikipedia article on analog computers. It seems to agree with me. (I think it's fabulous!! Actually, it seems a little thin to me, but I couldn't fix it.) There is no article on "digital computer"; that is redirected to Computer, which is longer, but pretty slapdash in organization. It says analog computers have "no discrete or digital computational ability". By the same token, the purple and Enigma machines didn't compute or store anything. To change the code, you moved the wheels. Fun computer history fact: *On warships there used to be an organization of humans called "the computer", often made up of members of the ship's band, who sat at a table in the depths of the ship during combat, performing simple math and passing along the results to the appropriate next person for the next calculation, which work in summary produced aiming trajectories and the like for the ship's gunners. The original log tables were computed the same way. Best regards, user:Ortolan88 ---- Shouldn't the title of this page be "Purple cipher"? Since it really was a cipher and not a code (even the article says this). - User:Crenner
:''Alternate uses: Purple (disambiguation)'' Purple is any of a group of colors intermediate between blue and red. On a chromaticity diagram, the straight line connecting the extreme spectral colors (red and violet (color)) is known as the ''line of purples'' (or ''purple boundary''); it represents one limit of human color perception. The color magenta used in the CMYK printing process is on the line of purples, but most people associate the term "purple" with a somewhat bluer shade. There is some common Purple vs. violet between the color names purple and violet. == Symbolism == Purple sometimes symbolizes Royal family, dating back to Ancient Rome times, when clothing dyed with Tyrian purple was limited to the upper classes. The color, which was closer to crimson than our idea of purple, was the favored color of many kings and queens. Byzantine empresses gave birth in the Purple Chamber of the palace of the Byzantine Emperors. Thus being named ''Porphyrogenitus'' ("born to the purple") marked a dynastic emperor as opposed to a general who won the throne by his effort. Oddly, ''porpora'' or ''purpure'' was not one of the usual tinctures in European heraldry, being added at a late date to bring the number of tinctures plus metals to seven, so that they could be given planetary associations. the classic early example of purpure is in the coat of the Kingdom of León: '': argent, a lion purpure'' as early as 1245. In the 1800's William Perkins invented mauve, a shade of purple, from coal oil. It quickly became popular among all classes, and sparked major industrial development in the Germany chemical industry. In the United States and United Kingdom military, purple refers to programs or assignments that are "joint", i.e. are not confined to a single service such as the Army or Navy but apply to the entire defense establishment. Assignment to one or more joint billets is required for promotion to flag rank (Admiral and higher) in the United States Navy. Officers in joint billets are sometimes referred to as "wearing purple" (the phrase is purely metaphorical as there are no purple uniforms in the U.S. or UK armed forces). Purple as one of the liturgical colours in Christianity symbolism can express sorrow and mourning. Purple is also a symbol of womandom, feminism, or lesbianism. In one such use, members of the Red Hat Society (women over 50) wear purple dresses with red hats. In politics in the Netherlands, purple means a government coalition of right-liberals and socialism (symbolized by blue and red, respectively), as opposed to the more common coalitions of the Christianity center-party with one of the other two. From 1994–2002 there have been two purple cabinets—see also Politics of the Netherlands and Paars (the Dutch word for "purple"). Purple is symbolic for courage. Purple is the name of a drink consisting of lager, cider, and blackcurrant commonly consumed by students in the UK. See Snakebite (cocktail). ==Purple versus violet== The colour terms purple and violet (color) cause confusion for many people. This is because the two colour categories overlap to a considerable extent, and different cultures use the two terms in different ways. Many people think of the terms purple and violet as having no difference at all. In many contexts, such as art, the terms are fairly straight-forward, however. Purple is a colour intermediate between red and blue which veers more towards the red part of the visible spectrum. Violet, on the other hand (and, as the colour of the Violet (plant) suggests), veers more towards blue. Purple also tends to be a richer, more color saturation colour. In RGB terms, purple actually tends to contain fractionally more red, but also considerably more blue. In CMYK terms, purple contains more black but less cyan and magenta. The two terms are also different in a psychophysics context. On a chromaticity diagram, purples lie along a line connecting the extreme colours red and violet, and the colour is thus located between the two in hue. It lies closer to violet than do cerise, crimson, madder, magenta and other pinkish-reds. Violet, by way of contrast, lies closer to blue than purple, but not as close as indigo. In a color circle, violet's wavelength (around 440nm) is seen within the visible spectrum, at the extreme blue end. Purple does not lie within the spectrum as such (although, obviously, it is visible), but is rather the admixture of the colours at the two ends of the spectrum (red and violet). As such, it lies in the colour wheel's "gap" - at extraspectral region representing hues that in themself do not have a unitary wavelength specification. One interesting psychophysical feature of the two colours which can be used to separate them is their appearance with increase of light intensity. Violet, as light intensity increases, appears to take on a far more bluey hue as a result of what is known as the Bezold-Brücke shift. The same increase in blueness is not noted in purples. ==References== *"The perception of color", from Schiffman, H.R. (1990) ''Sensation and perception: An integrated approach'' (3rd edition). New York: John Wiley & Sons. == See also == *List of colors vi:Tía Colors
by error the same article called: 'Purple, the colour from the sea' has been listed three times == Purple in Royalty == Actually Purple in royalty clothings is nos a violet-like color, but actually a blood-red shade == CMYK Colours == Seems to be wrong. They should be in the range 1-100, but seem to be in the range of 1-255 :Even assuming they have been renormalised into a [0, 255] scale, the CMYK and RGB values do not correspond. --User:Phil Boswell | User talk:Phil Boswell 16:41, Apr 5, 2005 (UTC) ==List of terms associated with the color purple== * arrogance * calm * ceremony * creativity * cruelty * death * enlightenment * heaven * justice * leadership * loyalty * mourning * mystery * mysticism * nobility * power * rare * royalty * spirituality * temperance * transformation * truth * wealth * wisdom At least some of these should be incorporated into this article. User:Anthony DiPierro User:Anthony_DiPierro/warning 22:36, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC) == Purple vs. Violet == How often do people talk about using purple vs. violet in the sequence red-orange-yellow-green-blue-purple/violet?? User:66.245.21.160 23:25, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC) :It would be nice if someone would write a ''purple vs. violet'' article -- neither purple nor violet (color) explains the difference. I was raised with box of Crayola crayons, so I've always considered them to be the same, preferring the term "purple" in my own speaking simply because I think of "violet" as a flower. --User:Birdhombre 20:11, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC) ::The sequence is red-orange-yellow-green-blue-indigo-violet. Indigo and violet (color) are both purple: indigo is more blue, violet is more red. HTH HAND --User:Phil Boswell | User talk:Phil Boswell 15:51, Apr 5, 2005 (UTC) :::I agree: violet & indigo are both kinds of purple. Have a look talk:violet_(color)#is violet purple?. Though a violet & indigo vs. purple article could be useful. User:Jimp 26May05 :::The article speaks as if violet were not a kind of purple. This should be corrected. User:Jimp 7Jun05 ::::Violet is not purple. Violet is just violet. ::::Violet is actually closer to blue than purple. It would be more appropriate to call it a kind of blue than a kind of purple. But it's neither. It's just violet. :::It doesn't look blue. It looks purple. This is why I'm in the habit of calling it a kind of purple. How about you? Why is it that you say violet is not a kind of purple? User:Jimp 15Jun05 ::::Because it's just violet, just like mathematics is not a science, it's just mathematics. Many people though, think that ''purple'' and ''violet'' are synonyms. :::Mathematics is not a science because it's truth-preserving and therefore is not falsifiable. Where's the logic behind saying violet is not a kind of purple. If there are many people who say it is, why are they wrong? User:Jimp 19Jun05 All this stems from a confusion between a technical term (Violet I): "violet as the most extreme colour of the spectrum" — also called "blue" (and indeed empirical research shows many people(s) call this blue) and a term from common usage (Violet II): "violet as a hue of purple that is more blueish". This confusion is made worse by the deplorable habit of artists to ''paint'' spectra that are grossly incorrect in that they show a purple (Violet II) hue sector next to the blue (Violet I) one and the deplorable nature of Nature to rarely show us a correct spectrum. Rainbows in particular can be very deceptive, often daring to flaunt a reddish purple ;o).--User:MWAK 05:44, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC) == Hmmm... == Some of the facts in this article seem to be against Wikipedia:No original research! Where are our sources for this info? - User:Ta bu shi da yu 10:41, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC) :Can you be specific, which parts? --User:Pjacobi 11:01, 2005 Feb 25 (UTC) == What does that mean? == The article states: (the line of purples) represents one limit of human color perception. Is this really a limit of perception? The line of purples contains "colors" that actually don't exist as spectral colors, so i would say it is some sort of enhancement. Actually, the article Purple line could be created. Thanks, --User:Abdull 13:44, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC) :Yes, it's a limit, because you can't see anything beyond the line of purples. Line of purples would be a better name for the article. --User:Zundark 19:10, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC) == Which CMYK? == As I said in Talk:Cyan I am very dubious about the color boxes that have appeared. What algorithm was used to make the CMYK values here? Why that rather than another one? And if purple has been standardised in RGB, what is the standard used? User:Notinasnaid 14:24, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC) :In answer to your last question, purple is standardized as (128, 0, 128) in sRGB colour space in the HTML, CSS and SVG specifications. This is a different RGB triplet than the one in the colour box. :I would like to see these colour boxes removed, or at least fixed so that they make sense. The choice of RGB triplets is arbitrary, and the boxes don't even say which RGB colour space is intended. Similarly for CMYK, which in any case should be expressed as percentages. --User:Zundark 21:46, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC) == Picture == The picture is too blue. User:207.224.177.252 17:38, 6 May 2005 (UTC) :Well, the most likely reason you say this is mentioned at Talk:Violet (color) under the heading "Color of picture" depending on the kind of screen your computer uses. User:Georgia guy 23:33, 6 May 2005 (UTC)
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
Words begining with Purple:
PURPLE
PURPLE
Purple
Purple
Purple-Faced_Langur
Purple-faced_Langur
Purple-faced_langur
Purple-Faced_Leaf_Monkey
Purple-faced_Leaf_Monkey
Purple-faced_leaf_monkey
Purple-rumped_Sunbird
Purple-rumped_sunbird
Purple-T-Wiki
Purple-t-wiki
Purple-winged_Ground_Dove
PURPLE/to_do
Purplecat
Purplecat
Purplechick
Purplefeltangel
Purplefeltangel
PurpleHaze
PurpleHeather
PurpleHeather
Purplekhanabooze
PurplePopple
PurpleStorm
Purplethinker
Purple_(album)
Purple_(album)
Purple_(cryptography)
Purple_(disambiguation)
Purple_Aki
Purple_Aki
Purple_America
Purple_Arrow
Purple_Arrow
Purple_bacteria
Purple_Butterfly
Purple_Chinese_Houses
Purple_code
Purple_code
Purple_coneflower
Purple_copper_ore
Purple_cow
Purple_Cow:_Transform_Your_Business_by_Being_Remarkable
Purple_dead_nettle
Purple_dead_nettle
Purple_Finch
Purple_finch
Purple_flurp
Purple_foxglove
Purple_Frog
Purple_Frog
Purple_Gallinule
Purple_gallinule
Purple_gang
Purple_Glossy_Starling
Purple_glossy_starling
Purple_Haze
Purple_Haze_(album)
Purple_Haze_(album)
Purple_Haze_(disambiguation)
Purple_Heart
Purple_Heart
Purple_heart
Purple_Hearts
Purple_Hearts_(band)
Purple_Heron
Purple_heron
Purple_Honeycreeper
Purple_Jay
Purple_jesus
Purple_Line
Purple_Line_(Chicago_Transit_Authority)
Purple_Loosestrife
Purple_loosestrife
Purple_Lythrum
Purple_lythrum
Purple_Martin
Purple_martin
Purple_monkey_dishwasher
Purple_monkey_dishwashers
Purple_Motion
Purple_Mountain
Purple_Mountain
Purple_Mountain_Observatory
Purple_Murex
Purple_murex
Purple_non-sulfur_bacteria
Purple_Numbers
Purple_olive
Purple_Onion
Purple_Onion
Purple_Osier
Purple_Osier_Willow
Purple_Passion_Punch
Purple_People_Eater
Purple_People_Eaters
Purple_Pincher
Purple_pincher
Purple_prose
Purple_quartz
Purple_Rain
Purple_Rain
Purple_Rain_(album)
Purple_Rain_(album)
Purple_Rain_(movie)
Purple_Rain_(song)
Purple_Revolution
Purple_ribbon
Purple_Rose
Purple_Rose
Purple_Sage,_WY
Purple_Sage,_Wyoming
Purple_Sail
Purple_Salsify
Purple_Salsify
Purple_Sandpiper
Purple_sandpiper
Purple_Saxifrage
Purple_state
Purple_state
Purple_sulfur_bacteria
Purple_sulfur_bacteria
Purple_Sunbird
Purple_sunbird
Purple_Swamp-hen
Purple_Swamphen
Purple_swamphen
Purple_Tentacle
Purple_Thorn
Purple_thorn
Purple_triangle
Purple_Turtle
Purple_vs._violet
Purple_vs._violet
Purple_Wiki
Purple_Willow
PURPLE
In the history of cryptography, ''97-shiki-obun In-ji-ki'' (九七式欧文印字機) ("System 97 Printing Machine for European Characters") or ''Angooki Taipu B'' (暗号機B型) ("Type B Cipher Machine"), codenamed PURPLE by the United States, was a diplomatic cryptography machine used by the Japanese Foreign Office during, and just before, World War II. Purple was an electromechanical (stepping switch) cipher. The color referred to binders used by US cryptanalysts for material produced by various systems; there had been a RED machine used by the Japanese Foreign Office and purple was the next available color. The Japanese also used the CORAL and JADE stepping-switch systems. The PURPLE machine was a successor to, and improvement on, both the RED machine and what the Americans called the "M machine" (used in some embassies and consulates by attaches). All were designed by a Japanese Navy Captain. The information gained from decryptions was eventually code-named ''Magic (cryptography)'' within the US government. ==Weaknesses== In operation, the encrypting machine accepted typewritten input (in Latin letters) and produced cyphertext output, and vice versa when decyphering messages. The result was a potentially excellent cryptosystem. In fact, operational errors, chiefly in key (cryptography) choice, made the system much less secure than it could have been. The Japanese believed it to be effectively unbreakable throughout, and somewhat after, the War. It was broken by a team from the US Army Signals Intelligence Service, then directed by William Friedman. The team was led by Frank Rowlett. The United States obtained portions of a PURPLE machine from the Japanese Embassy in Germany following Germany's defeat in 1945 (see image above) and discovered that the Japanese had used precisely the same stepping switch in its construction as Leo Rosen of SIS had chosen when building a "duplicate" in Washington in 1939 and 1940. The PURPLE machine itself was first used by Japan in June 1938, but US and British cryptographers had broken some of its messages well before the attack on Pearl Harbor. US cryptographers decrypted and translated the 14-part Japanese diplomatic message breaking off relations (ominously) with the United States at 1PM Washington time on 7 December 1941 before the Japanese Embassy in Washington could do so. Difficulties at the Embassy were a major reason the note was delivered late. The decrypting Purple traffic, and Japanese messages generally, was the subject of acrimonious hearings in Congress post-WWII in connection with an attempt to decide who, if anyone, had allowed the disaster at Pearl Harbor to happen and who therefore should be blamed. During those hearings the Japanese learned, for the first time, that the PURPLE cypher machine had been broken. ==The German Enigma machine and PURPLE== The German Enigma machine was unrelated to PURPLE, though there have been published claims that PURPLE was merely an Enigma copy of some sort. In fact, the Purple machine was a Japanese development, one of a series designed by a Japanese Navy captain, though there seems to have been some assistance by at least one Polish officer prior to the 1930s. There is some evidence that the Germans shipped several military Enigma machines to Japan by submarine late in the War; several sources suggest that they never arrived. ==Further reading== An account of the WWII cryptographic struggle is ''Battle of Wits'', by S. Budiansky, which is not too overwhelmingly long or technical. ''Combined Fleet Decoded'' by J. Prados has, in somewhat dispersed form, a complementary and fuller account of Japanese cryptography specifically, much of it from sources on the Japanese side. Both are recent enough to reflect much of the release of information that had been kept secret since the War. ==References== * Freeman, Wes., Geoff Sullivan, and Frode Weierud, "PURPLE Revealed: Simulation and Computer-Aided Cryptanalysis of Angooki Taipu B", ''Cryptologia'' 27(1), January 2003. pp 1–43. * "The Man who Broke Purple". ==External links== * [http://frode.home.cern.ch/frode/crypto/simula/purple/index.html The PURPLE Machine] — information and a simulator (for Windows) * [http://home.ecn.ab.ca/~jsavard/crypto/ro020304.htm PURPLE, CORAL, and JADE] Encryption devices
PURPLE
:''Note: comments on this page have sometimes been most recent at the top.'' ---- Ortolan88: Actually, the Purple machine (called Alpabetical Typewriter with a date indicator by the Japanese) was made of electrical stepping switches, not rotors. It doesn't appear to have been influenced much by the Enigma design, or indeed by any of the rotor machines. The Japanese Navy Captain who desinged them all followed his own star, though there is some mention of a Polish Army Captain who went to Japan to help in crypto design in the '20s. Perhaps an influence? Leo Rosen at SIS was asked to build an equivalent after the SIS team (under Frank Rowlett) figured Purple out, and in an ironic coincidence, chose exactly the same stepping switch the Japanese had used. On another subject, there is an unsigned comment below talking about digital v analog. The following may help. All of the rotor machines, and the Purple and its predecessors (Red and the M machine) are actually digital in the sense that a substitution (on either encryption or decryption) is digital. Either q is substituted for f or it isn't. Whether it should have been is another question having to do with how well an analog machine (rotors rotating, electrical contacts making or breaking properly) behaves digitally. Exactly similar considerations underly digital circuits in modern computing equipment. They are implemented using transistors of various types, all of which work by controlling the flow of electrons from hither to thither. A meaningful flow isn't any particular number of electrons for a digital 1 or exactly zero for a digital 0 -- if that happens to be the assignement at that particular logic gate just then. There are always guard bands. Thus, 'a 1 is any voltage greater than such and less than so', while 'a 0 is less than this and greater than zero'. The value of such is always greater than this by some amount, and if the voltage falls between such and this, there will be trouble. A good bit of digital electrical design is devoted to ensuring that ambiguity of this sort doesn't happen. Reshaping circuits, regenerating flipflops, Schmitt triggers, are some of the dodges used. For a long time, T(ransistor)T(ransisitor)L(ogic) in which one value is nominally +5VDC and the other 0VDC was the standard. In recent years the larger of the two voltages has become smaller. +3.3VDC is used in the PCI bus and +5VDC was used in the first version of the PCI bus. This saves power, extends battery life, and is otherwise good. It also squeezes guard bands and makes tighter circuit design mandatory for digital cicuits, lest the ambiguity get to be too much. Hope this helped some, ww. ---- What do you mean, "analog computer"? Wouldn't it need to be digital? Remember, "digital" does not have to be computerized. A mechanical adding machine can be digital. ---- Well, the the Purple_code is like the Enigma. It consists of a bunch of interlocked letter wheels. The interlocking relationship changes after each letter is typed. In effect, it is exactly the same technology as an odometer, which is certainly analog. A digital computer works on numbers. An analog computer works on mechanical relationships. I would be interested in hearing of any mechanical adding machine that was digital. An analog computer, such as an odometer, is usally single purpose while a digital computer is multipurpose. user:Ortolan88 ----- Sure thing -- I have used (obsolete) mechanical digital adding machines to add, subtract, multiply, and, with enormous effort, take square roots. The numbers were represented as digits using a series of wheels, one for each power of ten. Babbage's Analytical Engine was another example of a mechanical digital computer. I'd also disagree with you about an odometer being analog. If the number is stored as a set of digits, then the representation of the number is digital, even if the representation of each digit is analog. Note also that the digits (except the lowest) move in discrete steps. Here are four examples, showing the full gamut: :Mechanical / digital: Babbage's Analytical Engine :Mechanical / analog: Mechanical rotating-wheel integrators, slide rules :Electronic / digital: nearly all modern computers, pocket calculators :Electronic / analog: Op-amp based 1960s and 1970s analog computers Note also that there is nothing requiring a digital computer to be programmable, or Turing-complete (even though nearly all are). For example, FPGA codebreaking engines and galactic physics simulators are special-purpose electronic digital computers. user:The Anome ---- Hello, The Anome, Yes, but, and I am way out of my depth here, I am pretty sure that you're supposed to make a distinction between the representation of a value and the way that value is calculated and stored. You have to agree that a mercury thermometer is analog, but it represents values digitally. As for the odometer, there's a little thing on the axle that transfers the rotary motion from the axle to the odometer, which replicates that motion on some other wheels that just happen to have numbers printed on them and an escapement mechanism (for those discrete steps). When you change your tire size, you have to change a little gear, else the odometer, and its companion analog computer, the speedometer, won't read right. To me that is the essence of "analog". The odometer doesn't "store" anything. The original Mauchly-Eckert computer, a chunk of which is on display at Harvard U., used odometer mechanisms for display, but all they did was tell you how many times the relay they were attached to had fired, the data, I believe, was stored in memory. (Fools rush in, I don't know Jack about this, other than having seen the display. My dad was a classmate of John Y. Atanasoff (who taught Mauchly and Eckert everything they knew), but I'm just a tech writer.) A regular old-fashioned clock is analog too, by my definition, digital representation, discrete steps (some), and all. That said, you probably know more about this than I do. There is no wikipedia article on computer history, but your outline above certainly belongs there. I think you'd have to have a pretty rigorous definition of the difference between analog and digital to do so, however. I have a little trouble with your roadmap because I think it is mixing the two. For instance, I think, and so does the wikipedia article on Analog computer that the slide rule is analog. What do you think of the wikipedia article on analog computers. It seems to agree with me. (I think it's fabulous!! Actually, it seems a little thin to me, but I couldn't fix it.) There is no article on "digital computer"; that is redirected to Computer, which is longer, but pretty slapdash in organization. It says analog computers have "no discrete or digital computational ability". By the same token, the purple and Enigma machines didn't compute or store anything. To change the code, you moved the wheels. Fun computer history fact: *On warships there used to be an organization of humans called "the computer", often made up of members of the ship's band, who sat at a table in the depths of the ship during combat, performing simple math and passing along the results to the appropriate next person for the next calculation, which work in summary produced aiming trajectories and the like for the ship's gunners. The original log tables were computed the same way. Best regards, user:Ortolan88 ---- Shouldn't the title of this page be "Purple cipher"? Since it really was a cipher and not a code (even the article says this). - User:Crenner
Purple
:''Alternate uses: Purple (disambiguation)'' Purple is any of a group of colors intermediate between blue and red. On a chromaticity diagram, the straight line connecting the extreme spectral colors (red and violet (color)) is known as the ''line of purples'' (or ''purple boundary''); it represents one limit of human color perception. The color magenta used in the CMYK printing process is on the line of purples, but most people associate the term "purple" with a somewhat bluer shade. There is some common Purple vs. violet between the color names purple and violet. == Symbolism == Purple sometimes symbolizes Royal family, dating back to Ancient Rome times, when clothing dyed with Tyrian purple was limited to the upper classes. The color, which was closer to crimson than our idea of purple, was the favored color of many kings and queens. Byzantine empresses gave birth in the Purple Chamber of the palace of the Byzantine Emperors. Thus being named ''Porphyrogenitus'' ("born to the purple") marked a dynastic emperor as opposed to a general who won the throne by his effort. Oddly, ''porpora'' or ''purpure'' was not one of the usual tinctures in European heraldry, being added at a late date to bring the number of tinctures plus metals to seven, so that they could be given planetary associations. the classic early example of purpure is in the coat of the Kingdom of León: '': argent, a lion purpure'' as early as 1245. In the 1800's William Perkins invented mauve, a shade of purple, from coal oil. It quickly became popular among all classes, and sparked major industrial development in the Germany chemical industry. In the United States and United Kingdom military, purple refers to programs or assignments that are "joint", i.e. are not confined to a single service such as the Army or Navy but apply to the entire defense establishment. Assignment to one or more joint billets is required for promotion to flag rank (Admiral and higher) in the United States Navy. Officers in joint billets are sometimes referred to as "wearing purple" (the phrase is purely metaphorical as there are no purple uniforms in the U.S. or UK armed forces). Purple as one of the liturgical colours in Christianity symbolism can express sorrow and mourning. Purple is also a symbol of womandom, feminism, or lesbianism. In one such use, members of the Red Hat Society (women over 50) wear purple dresses with red hats. In politics in the Netherlands, purple means a government coalition of right-liberals and socialism (symbolized by blue and red, respectively), as opposed to the more common coalitions of the Christianity center-party with one of the other two. From 1994–2002 there have been two purple cabinets—see also Politics of the Netherlands and Paars (the Dutch word for "purple"). Purple is symbolic for courage. Purple is the name of a drink consisting of lager, cider, and blackcurrant commonly consumed by students in the UK. See Snakebite (cocktail). ==Purple versus violet== The colour terms purple and violet (color) cause confusion for many people. This is because the two colour categories overlap to a considerable extent, and different cultures use the two terms in different ways. Many people think of the terms purple and violet as having no difference at all. In many contexts, such as art, the terms are fairly straight-forward, however. Purple is a colour intermediate between red and blue which veers more towards the red part of the visible spectrum. Violet, on the other hand (and, as the colour of the Violet (plant) suggests), veers more towards blue. Purple also tends to be a richer, more color saturation colour. In RGB terms, purple actually tends to contain fractionally more red, but also considerably more blue. In CMYK terms, purple contains more black but less cyan and magenta. The two terms are also different in a psychophysics context. On a chromaticity diagram, purples lie along a line connecting the extreme colours red and violet, and the colour is thus located between the two in hue. It lies closer to violet than do cerise, crimson, madder, magenta and other pinkish-reds. Violet, by way of contrast, lies closer to blue than purple, but not as close as indigo. In a color circle, violet's wavelength (around 440nm) is seen within the visible spectrum, at the extreme blue end. Purple does not lie within the spectrum as such (although, obviously, it is visible), but is rather the admixture of the colours at the two ends of the spectrum (red and violet). As such, it lies in the colour wheel's "gap" - at extraspectral region representing hues that in themself do not have a unitary wavelength specification. One interesting psychophysical feature of the two colours which can be used to separate them is their appearance with increase of light intensity. Violet, as light intensity increases, appears to take on a far more bluey hue as a result of what is known as the Bezold-Brücke shift. The same increase in blueness is not noted in purples. ==References== *"The perception of color", from Schiffman, H.R. (1990) ''Sensation and perception: An integrated approach'' (3rd edition). New York: John Wiley & Sons. == See also == *List of colors vi:Tía Colors
Purple
by error the same article called: 'Purple, the colour from the sea' has been listed three times == Purple in Royalty == Actually Purple in royalty clothings is nos a violet-like color, but actually a blood-red shade == CMYK Colours == Seems to be wrong. They should be in the range 1-100, but seem to be in the range of 1-255 :Even assuming they have been renormalised into a [0, 255] scale, the CMYK and RGB values do not correspond. --User:Phil Boswell | User talk:Phil Boswell 16:41, Apr 5, 2005 (UTC) ==List of terms associated with the color purple== * arrogance * calm * ceremony * creativity * cruelty * death * enlightenment * heaven * justice * leadership * loyalty * mourning * mystery * mysticism * nobility * power * rare * royalty * spirituality * temperance * transformation * truth * wealth * wisdom At least some of these should be incorporated into this article. User:Anthony DiPierro User:Anthony_DiPierro/warning 22:36, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC) == Purple vs. Violet == How often do people talk about using purple vs. violet in the sequence red-orange-yellow-green-blue-purple/violet?? User:66.245.21.160 23:25, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC) :It would be nice if someone would write a ''purple vs. violet'' article -- neither purple nor violet (color) explains the difference. I was raised with box of Crayola crayons, so I've always considered them to be the same, preferring the term "purple" in my own speaking simply because I think of "violet" as a flower. --User:Birdhombre 20:11, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC) ::The sequence is red-orange-yellow-green-blue-indigo-violet. Indigo and violet (color) are both purple: indigo is more blue, violet is more red. HTH HAND --User:Phil Boswell | User talk:Phil Boswell 15:51, Apr 5, 2005 (UTC) :::I agree: violet & indigo are both kinds of purple. Have a look talk:violet_(color)#is violet purple?. Though a violet & indigo vs. purple article could be useful. User:Jimp 26May05 :::The article speaks as if violet were not a kind of purple. This should be corrected. User:Jimp 7Jun05 ::::Violet is not purple. Violet is just violet. ::::Violet is actually closer to blue than purple. It would be more appropriate to call it a kind of blue than a kind of purple. But it's neither. It's just violet. :::It doesn't look blue. It looks purple. This is why I'm in the habit of calling it a kind of purple. How about you? Why is it that you say violet is not a kind of purple? User:Jimp 15Jun05 ::::Because it's just violet, just like mathematics is not a science, it's just mathematics. Many people though, think that ''purple'' and ''violet'' are synonyms. :::Mathematics is not a science because it's truth-preserving and therefore is not falsifiable. Where's the logic behind saying violet is not a kind of purple. If there are many people who say it is, why are they wrong? User:Jimp 19Jun05 All this stems from a confusion between a technical term (Violet I): "violet as the most extreme colour of the spectrum" — also called "blue" (and indeed empirical research shows many people(s) call this blue) and a term from common usage (Violet II): "violet as a hue of purple that is more blueish". This confusion is made worse by the deplorable habit of artists to ''paint'' spectra that are grossly incorrect in that they show a purple (Violet II) hue sector next to the blue (Violet I) one and the deplorable nature of Nature to rarely show us a correct spectrum. Rainbows in particular can be very deceptive, often daring to flaunt a reddish purple ;o).--User:MWAK 05:44, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC) == Hmmm... == Some of the facts in this article seem to be against Wikipedia:No original research! Where are our sources for this info? - User:Ta bu shi da yu 10:41, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC) :Can you be specific, which parts? --User:Pjacobi 11:01, 2005 Feb 25 (UTC) == What does that mean? == The article states: (the line of purples) represents one limit of human color perception. Is this really a limit of perception? The line of purples contains "colors" that actually don't exist as spectral colors, so i would say it is some sort of enhancement. Actually, the article Purple line could be created. Thanks, --User:Abdull 13:44, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC) :Yes, it's a limit, because you can't see anything beyond the line of purples. Line of purples would be a better name for the article. --User:Zundark 19:10, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC) == Which CMYK? == As I said in Talk:Cyan I am very dubious about the color boxes that have appeared. What algorithm was used to make the CMYK values here? Why that rather than another one? And if purple has been standardised in RGB, what is the standard used? User:Notinasnaid 14:24, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC) :In answer to your last question, purple is standardized as (128, 0, 128) in sRGB colour space in the HTML, CSS and SVG specifications. This is a different RGB triplet than the one in the colour box. :I would like to see these colour boxes removed, or at least fixed so that they make sense. The choice of RGB triplets is arbitrary, and the boxes don't even say which RGB colour space is intended. Similarly for CMYK, which in any case should be expressed as percentages. --User:Zundark 21:46, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC) == Picture == The picture is too blue. User:207.224.177.252 17:38, 6 May 2005 (UTC) :Well, the most likely reason you say this is mentioned at Talk:Violet (color) under the heading "Color of picture" depending on the kind of screen your computer uses. User:Georgia guy 23:33, 6 May 2005 (UTC)
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
P
PA | PB | PC | PD | PE | PF | PG | PH | PI | PJ | PK | PL | PM | PN | PO | PR | PS | PT | PU | PW | PX | PY | PZ |Words begining with Purple:
PURPLE
PURPLE
Purple
Purple
Purple-Faced_Langur
Purple-faced_Langur
Purple-faced_langur
Purple-Faced_Leaf_Monkey
Purple-faced_Leaf_Monkey
Purple-faced_leaf_monkey
Purple-rumped_Sunbird
Purple-rumped_sunbird
Purple-T-Wiki
Purple-t-wiki
Purple-winged_Ground_Dove
PURPLE/to_do
Purplecat
Purplecat
Purplechick
Purplefeltangel
Purplefeltangel
PurpleHaze
PurpleHeather
PurpleHeather
Purplekhanabooze
PurplePopple
PurpleStorm
Purplethinker
Purple_(album)
Purple_(album)
Purple_(cryptography)
Purple_(disambiguation)
Purple_Aki
Purple_Aki
Purple_America
Purple_Arrow
Purple_Arrow
Purple_bacteria
Purple_Butterfly
Purple_Chinese_Houses
Purple_code
Purple_code
Purple_coneflower
Purple_copper_ore
Purple_cow
Purple_Cow:_Transform_Your_Business_by_Being_Remarkable
Purple_dead_nettle
Purple_dead_nettle
Purple_Finch
Purple_finch
Purple_flurp
Purple_foxglove
Purple_Frog
Purple_Frog
Purple_Gallinule
Purple_gallinule
Purple_gang
Purple_Glossy_Starling
Purple_glossy_starling
Purple_Haze
Purple_Haze_(album)
Purple_Haze_(album)
Purple_Haze_(disambiguation)
Purple_Heart
Purple_Heart
Purple_heart
Purple_Hearts
Purple_Hearts_(band)
Purple_Heron
Purple_heron
Purple_Honeycreeper
Purple_Jay
Purple_jesus
Purple_Line
Purple_Line_(Chicago_Transit_Authority)
Purple_Loosestrife
Purple_loosestrife
Purple_Lythrum
Purple_lythrum
Purple_Martin
Purple_martin
Purple_monkey_dishwasher
Purple_monkey_dishwashers
Purple_Motion
Purple_Mountain
Purple_Mountain
Purple_Mountain_Observatory
Purple_Murex
Purple_murex
Purple_non-sulfur_bacteria
Purple_Numbers
Purple_olive
Purple_Onion
Purple_Onion
Purple_Osier
Purple_Osier_Willow
Purple_Passion_Punch
Purple_People_Eater
Purple_People_Eaters
Purple_Pincher
Purple_pincher
Purple_prose
Purple_quartz
Purple_Rain
Purple_Rain
Purple_Rain_(album)
Purple_Rain_(album)
Purple_Rain_(movie)
Purple_Rain_(song)
Purple_Revolution
Purple_ribbon
Purple_Rose
Purple_Rose
Purple_Sage,_WY
Purple_Sage,_Wyoming
Purple_Sail
Purple_Salsify
Purple_Salsify
Purple_Sandpiper
Purple_sandpiper
Purple_Saxifrage
Purple_state
Purple_state
Purple_sulfur_bacteria
Purple_sulfur_bacteria
Purple_Sunbird
Purple_sunbird
Purple_Swamp-hen
Purple_Swamphen
Purple_swamphen
Purple_Tentacle
Purple_Thorn
Purple_thorn
Purple_triangle
Purple_Turtle
Purple_vs._violet
Purple_vs._violet
Purple_Wiki
Purple_Willow
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