
Pseudo-Anglicisms are words in languages other than English language which were borrowed from English but are used in a way native English speakers would not readily recognize or understand. They are related to false friends or false cognates. Many speakers of a language which employs pseudo-Anglicisms believe that the relevant words are real English words. The following examples are taken from German language: * Twen - anyone who is in their twenties, or the age itself * Talkmaster - a talk show host * Dressman - a male model * fesch - Austrian German construct for smart, natty, chic, attractive or dashing which originated in the English "fashionable" * Oldtimer - a vintage car (this also occurs in Dutch language) * Handy - a mobile phone * Beamer - a video projector (also in Dutch) There are also pseudo-Anglicisms that are proper English words but are used in other languages with totally different meanings. Thus a "Smoking" (in German, Dutch, Italian, French language and Czech) is not a "smoking jacket" in the Edwardian sense, but means a "dinner-jacket" or "tuxedo"; a "Handy" is not something that is useful or accessible but a mobile phone, and the many Germans carrying a "body bag" with them do not expect to handle dead bodies but rather carry a backpack. When many English words are incorporated into German sentences, German language enthusiasts (especially purists) term it Germish. Similarly, spoken French with a high proportion of English words is often called "Franglais". Pseudo-Anglicisms in Japanese language are called ''wasei-eigo'' (literally, "Made-in-Japan English"). One example should be noted from the Japanese language (or "Engrish"), that of karaoke, the abbreviated form of ''kara'' empty + ''ōkesutora'', orchestra. It stands, of course, for the singing of popular tunes by various members of an audience to the accompaniment of prerecorded tapes. Rather than being a kind of pseudo-anglicism this combined Japanese-English/Greek form of "empty orchestra" may be seen to be a particularly fine example of metaphor. Japanese does, however, use other examples of this such as "hōmu", a (train) platform from the latter syllable of the English "platform" (プラットホーム). Also, although the expressions are now out of date, "my home" and "my car" (meaning "one's own home" and "one's own car") enjoyed popularity for many years. English speakers were baffled when they heard questions like "Do you have my home?" Sometimes these words are imported back into English, often as trademarks, like "walkman" from Japanese English. Adopted and adapted words from many original languages probably find a home in all host languages. Terms that cover these in German or French might be called "pseudo-Germanisms" and "pseudo-Gallicisms". ==Pseudo-Germanisms== Examples of German words in English which have adapted: *Blitz - ("The Blitz") the sustained attack by the German Luftwaffe from 1940-1941 which began after the Battle of Britain. It was adapted from "Blitzkrieg", "lightning war", the sudden and overwhelming attack on many smaller European countries and their defeat by the Wehrmacht. "Blitz" has never been used in actual German in its aerial-war aspect and became an entirely new usage in English during World War II. The word has also been adopted by American football to describe a defensive play when linebackers and/or defensive backs join the linemen in an attempt to overwhelm the quarterback. *(to) strafe - in its sense of "to machine-gun troop assemblies and columns from the air", became a new adaptation during World War II, of the German word ''strafen'' - to punish. In recent years "strafe" has referred specifically to the horizontal yawing motion of an airplane raking an area with machine-gun fire, and been incorrectly used to mean "to move sideways while looking forward", so that many first-person shooter computer games have "strafe" keys. Another example, a Russian adaptation of a German word is "парикмахер" (parikmakher) - barber or hairdresser, which derives from German ''Perück(en)macher'' which in its turn has the equivalent ''(peri)wig maker'' or ''peruke maker'' in English. Originally the word comes from the Italian ''parrucca'', via the French ''perruque''. It is thus that an erstwhile wig-maker of centuries ago has been changed to a hairdresser in a modern language. ==Pseudo-Gallicisms== Several such French expressions have found a home in English. The first continued in its adopted language in its original obsolete form centuries after it had changed its morpheme in national French: *double entendre - still used in English long after it had changed to "double entente" or "double sens" in France, and has of course two meanings, one of which is of a sexually dubious nature. This might be classed a kind of "pseudo-Gallicism". *''bon viveur'' - the second word, is not used in French as such while in English it often takes the place of a fashionable man, a sophisticate, a man used to elegant ways, a man-about-town, in fact a bon vivant. In French a ''viveur'' is a rake or debauchee; ''bon'' does not come into it.
The French ''bon vivant'' is the usage for an epicure, a person who enjoys good food. ''Bonne vivante'' is not used. *''Rendez-vous'' - merely means 'meeting' in French, but in English has taken on other overtones. On the one hand connotations such as secretiveness have crept into the English version. On the other hand the meaning includes a particular place where people of a certain type, such as tourists or people who originate from a certain locality, may meet.
In recent years, however, both verb and noun have taken on the additional meaning of a location where two spacecraft are brought together for a limited period. ==References== * Geoff Parkes and Alan Cornell (1992), 'NTC's Dictionary of German False Cognates', National Textbook Company, NTC Publishing Group. ==See also== *Germish *Anglicism *Loanword *Calque *Language interference Historical linguistics
Thank you Mr 131.183.81.100. When you ultimately come out into the open with some kind of name I might even take your point. Actually I hadn't finished and what you were saying was in the nature of typos still to be edited. User:Dieter Simon 01:02 Jan 28, 2003 (UTC) Is this term only used in reference to German? The same thing happens many other languages, e.g. Engrish. -- User:Stephen Gilbert 03:17 Jan 28, 2003 (UTC) Yes, there are terms similar which probably apply to all languages where there are words which have been taken over, adapted to new usage in the host language and probably now mean different things. I am about to add "pseudo-Germanism" and "pseudo-gallicism", terms which I haven't been able to find, which however ought to exist to cover the problem. User:Dieter Simon 21:41 Jan 28, 2003 (UTC) ...If the system weren't so slow... User:Dieter Simon 21:46 Jan 28, 2003 (UTC) : Yeah, I'm a little confused as to why this article only introduces the phenomenon as occuring to German. The word "smoking", for example, also exists in French, and they also have the word "footing" to describe what I believe is the sport of "jogging" or "runing". User:soulpatch No need to be confused. You are absolutely right, as I indicated this probably occurs in all languages. Why don't you input your examples in the relevant language paras, the more examples the better.--User:Dieter Simon 00:36 Feb 7, 2003 (UTC) Your turn, Soulpatch, do include your "smoking", "footing", "jogging" and "running". But are they actually pseudo-anglicisms? In other words these words have changed in meaning or morphology in French?--User:Dieter Simon 22:50 Feb 7, 2003 (UTC) I am unable to log in on the article "Pseudo-anglicism", but the "Discuss this page" opens straightaway with my user name. How can I get round this little problem?--User:Dieter Simon 00:39 Feb 15, 2003 (UTC) ---- ''Note: the below discussion is copied from what is now the Talk:Pseudo-Anglicism (temp) page after it was moved without its history & talk.'' Just a query, Jacquerie, what has happened to the rest of the page history? Is there any reason why it should have disappeared? Would appreciate if you could throw some light on this. Thanks --User:Dieter Simon 21:53 May 7, 2003 (UTC) :looks to be under [http://www.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Pseudo-anglicism&redirect=no Pseudo-anglicism] (lowercase a). - User:Hephaestos 21:56 May 7, 2003 (UTC) Many thanks, Hephaestos, I should have realised --User:Dieter Simon 22:02 May 7, 2003 (UTC) ::Jacquerie27 ought to have moved it instead of copying it and redirecting the other. I'm going to move this one to Pseudo-Anglicism (temp), delete the redirect that will be created at Pseudo-Anglicism, move Pseudo-anglicism to Pseudo-Anglicism with history & talk intact, and merge edits to Pseudo-Anglicism since its creation into the old one. Whew! So, maybe don't touch for a couple of minutes. -- User:JohnOwens 22:05 May 7, 2003 (UTC) ::: OK, everything should be good to go now. If anyone feels an overpowering need to move it back to the lowercased Pseudo-anglicism, please have the redirect now there deleted and move this one into its place, rather than copying & pasting it into there. -- User:JohnOwens 22:17 May 7, 2003 (UTC) ::::Many thanks, John, for bringing it back --User:Dieter Simon 22:44 May 7, 2003 (UTC) :::::Why is pseudo-anglicism capitalized on this page (Pseudo-Anglicism)? That looks out of line with the Wikipedia:Manual of Style (headings) of Capitalization only proper nouns in titles and headings, which anglicism certainly is not. I really believe, the term should be spelled pseudo-anglicism and not Pseudo-Anglicism. -- User:Markus Kuhn 11:32, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC) ::::::It is the result of a slightly skewed previous attempt at redirecting to a lower-case version. So, there should be redirect lower-case version around. If you are going to "have the overpowering need to move it back to the lowercased Pseudo-anglicism, please have the redirect now there deleted and move this one into its place, rather than copying & pasting it into there" (John Owens words, see above). User:Dieter Simon 00:21, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC) :Sorry about the confusion: I'm still learning how to use things like "move", and the slooooowness of things sometimes gets in the way. User:Jacquerie27 06:55 May 8, 2003 (UTC) :: Slowness? What slown... SQL error while processing... ess? -- User:JohnOwens 06:58 May 8, 2003 (UTC) Ok, understood, thanks, --User:Dieter Simon 20:32 May 8, 2003 (UTC) ---- IMO the word "Karaoke" doesn't fall into the category of "pseudo-Anglicisms" The latter is defined here to be kind of false friend, with the main trait to be misleading to the native English speaker. There is nothing misleading in Karaoke IMO. There are scores of words in Japanese language borrowed from English and sometimes distorted beyond recognition. But distortion does not make them "pseudo": it happens all the time with words, borrowed or even native ones. One might argue that the literal meaning of Karaoke, i.e., "without orchestra" is misleading, because Karaoke involves recorded accompaniment without vocal, rather than vocal without orchestra. But hardly an average English speaker is aware of that and hence might feel mislead. Therefore I'd suggest to move the interesting case of "Karaoke" into a more appropriate article about neologisms. ;I could propose the following draft. <<< :Some Japanese neologisms of English origin are worth noticing because they have found their way back into English (as well as into numerous other languages). *Karaoke is an abbreviated form of the agglutination ''kara'' (empty) + ''ôkesutora'' (orchestra, the English version of its Greek original). It stands for the singing of popular tunes by participants to the accompaniment of these tunes recorded with original vocal absent or less loud. * Anime is an abbreviation of the Japanese transliteration of "animation"; it denotes Japanese animated video. >>> mikkalai 21 Nov 2003 ::Hi Mikkalai,
::Sorry, if I didn't do a better job explaining this particular item. Yes, I do understand that neologisms occur in Japanese as well as any other languages, it is the way they originate that is the point. I have rewritten my original para. ::It is not meant to be pseudo from a Japanese point of view. From an English point of view it is the "empty orchestra", when people in a pub, for example, are singing to the accompaniment of pre-recorded music, that is such a beautiful metaphor. The Japanese use of the combination does get close to a pseudo-anglicism. This is not meant as a slight against Japanese speakers of English.
User:Dieter Simon 22:44, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC) May I suggest that the useage of the word "strafe" in modern computer games is not as inaccurate as indicated, as were a person to fire while making the mentioned sideways motion they would be strafing the enemy with fire, in line with the mentioned common use as the horizontal yawing component of the original term, merely transplanted to a different context. ----- aragoto November 8, 2004 I'd suggest removing "hoomu" from the notes on Japanese. This doesn't come from the English "home"; it is simply a Japanese abbreviation of "purattohoomu" ("platform"). I presume the shortened form took over because the seven-character full version is tedious to pronounce in Japanese. You might substitute "abekku" (from the French "avec"), which means either "a (dating) couple" (slightly out of date usage) or "successive home runs hit by the third and fourth batters in a baseball game". :Why don't you have a go yourself, aragoto? I am sure you can make good para of this. User:Dieter Simon 01:05, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC) ------ French "parking" isn't equivalent to English "parking" but, rather, corresponds to British English "car park" and American English "parking lot". French "camping" is analogous. French "shampooing" isn't English but thinks it is.
#REDIRECT Pseudo-Anglicism
#REDIRECT Talk:Pseudo-Anglicism
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Pseudo-Anglicism
Pseudo-Anglicisms are words in languages other than English language which were borrowed from English but are used in a way native English speakers would not readily recognize or understand. They are related to false friends or false cognates. Many speakers of a language which employs pseudo-Anglicisms believe that the relevant words are real English words. The following examples are taken from German language: * Twen - anyone who is in their twenties, or the age itself * Talkmaster - a talk show host * Dressman - a male model * fesch - Austrian German construct for smart, natty, chic, attractive or dashing which originated in the English "fashionable" * Oldtimer - a vintage car (this also occurs in Dutch language) * Handy - a mobile phone * Beamer - a video projector (also in Dutch) There are also pseudo-Anglicisms that are proper English words but are used in other languages with totally different meanings. Thus a "Smoking" (in German, Dutch, Italian, French language and Czech) is not a "smoking jacket" in the Edwardian sense, but means a "dinner-jacket" or "tuxedo"; a "Handy" is not something that is useful or accessible but a mobile phone, and the many Germans carrying a "body bag" with them do not expect to handle dead bodies but rather carry a backpack. When many English words are incorporated into German sentences, German language enthusiasts (especially purists) term it Germish. Similarly, spoken French with a high proportion of English words is often called "Franglais". Pseudo-Anglicisms in Japanese language are called ''wasei-eigo'' (literally, "Made-in-Japan English"). One example should be noted from the Japanese language (or "Engrish"), that of karaoke, the abbreviated form of ''kara'' empty + ''ōkesutora'', orchestra. It stands, of course, for the singing of popular tunes by various members of an audience to the accompaniment of prerecorded tapes. Rather than being a kind of pseudo-anglicism this combined Japanese-English/Greek form of "empty orchestra" may be seen to be a particularly fine example of metaphor. Japanese does, however, use other examples of this such as "hōmu", a (train) platform from the latter syllable of the English "platform" (プラットホーム). Also, although the expressions are now out of date, "my home" and "my car" (meaning "one's own home" and "one's own car") enjoyed popularity for many years. English speakers were baffled when they heard questions like "Do you have my home?" Sometimes these words are imported back into English, often as trademarks, like "walkman" from Japanese English. Adopted and adapted words from many original languages probably find a home in all host languages. Terms that cover these in German or French might be called "pseudo-Germanisms" and "pseudo-Gallicisms". ==Pseudo-Germanisms== Examples of German words in English which have adapted: *Blitz - ("The Blitz") the sustained attack by the German Luftwaffe from 1940-1941 which began after the Battle of Britain. It was adapted from "Blitzkrieg", "lightning war", the sudden and overwhelming attack on many smaller European countries and their defeat by the Wehrmacht. "Blitz" has never been used in actual German in its aerial-war aspect and became an entirely new usage in English during World War II. The word has also been adopted by American football to describe a defensive play when linebackers and/or defensive backs join the linemen in an attempt to overwhelm the quarterback. *(to) strafe - in its sense of "to machine-gun troop assemblies and columns from the air", became a new adaptation during World War II, of the German word ''strafen'' - to punish. In recent years "strafe" has referred specifically to the horizontal yawing motion of an airplane raking an area with machine-gun fire, and been incorrectly used to mean "to move sideways while looking forward", so that many first-person shooter computer games have "strafe" keys. Another example, a Russian adaptation of a German word is "парикмахер" (parikmakher) - barber or hairdresser, which derives from German ''Perück(en)macher'' which in its turn has the equivalent ''(peri)wig maker'' or ''peruke maker'' in English. Originally the word comes from the Italian ''parrucca'', via the French ''perruque''. It is thus that an erstwhile wig-maker of centuries ago has been changed to a hairdresser in a modern language. ==Pseudo-Gallicisms== Several such French expressions have found a home in English. The first continued in its adopted language in its original obsolete form centuries after it had changed its morpheme in national French: *double entendre - still used in English long after it had changed to "double entente" or "double sens" in France, and has of course two meanings, one of which is of a sexually dubious nature. This might be classed a kind of "pseudo-Gallicism". *''bon viveur'' - the second word, is not used in French as such while in English it often takes the place of a fashionable man, a sophisticate, a man used to elegant ways, a man-about-town, in fact a bon vivant. In French a ''viveur'' is a rake or debauchee; ''bon'' does not come into it.
The French ''bon vivant'' is the usage for an epicure, a person who enjoys good food. ''Bonne vivante'' is not used. *''Rendez-vous'' - merely means 'meeting' in French, but in English has taken on other overtones. On the one hand connotations such as secretiveness have crept into the English version. On the other hand the meaning includes a particular place where people of a certain type, such as tourists or people who originate from a certain locality, may meet.
In recent years, however, both verb and noun have taken on the additional meaning of a location where two spacecraft are brought together for a limited period. ==References== * Geoff Parkes and Alan Cornell (1992), 'NTC's Dictionary of German False Cognates', National Textbook Company, NTC Publishing Group. ==See also== *Germish *Anglicism *Loanword *Calque *Language interference Historical linguistics
Pseudo-Anglicism
Thank you Mr 131.183.81.100. When you ultimately come out into the open with some kind of name I might even take your point. Actually I hadn't finished and what you were saying was in the nature of typos still to be edited. User:Dieter Simon 01:02 Jan 28, 2003 (UTC) Is this term only used in reference to German? The same thing happens many other languages, e.g. Engrish. -- User:Stephen Gilbert 03:17 Jan 28, 2003 (UTC) Yes, there are terms similar which probably apply to all languages where there are words which have been taken over, adapted to new usage in the host language and probably now mean different things. I am about to add "pseudo-Germanism" and "pseudo-gallicism", terms which I haven't been able to find, which however ought to exist to cover the problem. User:Dieter Simon 21:41 Jan 28, 2003 (UTC) ...If the system weren't so slow... User:Dieter Simon 21:46 Jan 28, 2003 (UTC) : Yeah, I'm a little confused as to why this article only introduces the phenomenon as occuring to German. The word "smoking", for example, also exists in French, and they also have the word "footing" to describe what I believe is the sport of "jogging" or "runing". User:soulpatch No need to be confused. You are absolutely right, as I indicated this probably occurs in all languages. Why don't you input your examples in the relevant language paras, the more examples the better.--User:Dieter Simon 00:36 Feb 7, 2003 (UTC) Your turn, Soulpatch, do include your "smoking", "footing", "jogging" and "running". But are they actually pseudo-anglicisms? In other words these words have changed in meaning or morphology in French?--User:Dieter Simon 22:50 Feb 7, 2003 (UTC) I am unable to log in on the article "Pseudo-anglicism", but the "Discuss this page" opens straightaway with my user name. How can I get round this little problem?--User:Dieter Simon 00:39 Feb 15, 2003 (UTC) ---- ''Note: the below discussion is copied from what is now the Talk:Pseudo-Anglicism (temp) page after it was moved without its history & talk.'' Just a query, Jacquerie, what has happened to the rest of the page history? Is there any reason why it should have disappeared? Would appreciate if you could throw some light on this. Thanks --User:Dieter Simon 21:53 May 7, 2003 (UTC) :looks to be under [http://www.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Pseudo-anglicism&redirect=no Pseudo-anglicism] (lowercase a). - User:Hephaestos 21:56 May 7, 2003 (UTC) Many thanks, Hephaestos, I should have realised --User:Dieter Simon 22:02 May 7, 2003 (UTC) ::Jacquerie27 ought to have moved it instead of copying it and redirecting the other. I'm going to move this one to Pseudo-Anglicism (temp), delete the redirect that will be created at Pseudo-Anglicism, move Pseudo-anglicism to Pseudo-Anglicism with history & talk intact, and merge edits to Pseudo-Anglicism since its creation into the old one. Whew! So, maybe don't touch for a couple of minutes. -- User:JohnOwens 22:05 May 7, 2003 (UTC) ::: OK, everything should be good to go now. If anyone feels an overpowering need to move it back to the lowercased Pseudo-anglicism, please have the redirect now there deleted and move this one into its place, rather than copying & pasting it into there. -- User:JohnOwens 22:17 May 7, 2003 (UTC) ::::Many thanks, John, for bringing it back --User:Dieter Simon 22:44 May 7, 2003 (UTC) :::::Why is pseudo-anglicism capitalized on this page (Pseudo-Anglicism)? That looks out of line with the Wikipedia:Manual of Style (headings) of Capitalization only proper nouns in titles and headings, which anglicism certainly is not. I really believe, the term should be spelled pseudo-anglicism and not Pseudo-Anglicism. -- User:Markus Kuhn 11:32, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC) ::::::It is the result of a slightly skewed previous attempt at redirecting to a lower-case version. So, there should be redirect lower-case version around. If you are going to "have the overpowering need to move it back to the lowercased Pseudo-anglicism, please have the redirect now there deleted and move this one into its place, rather than copying & pasting it into there" (John Owens words, see above). User:Dieter Simon 00:21, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC) :Sorry about the confusion: I'm still learning how to use things like "move", and the slooooowness of things sometimes gets in the way. User:Jacquerie27 06:55 May 8, 2003 (UTC) :: Slowness? What slown... SQL error while processing... ess? -- User:JohnOwens 06:58 May 8, 2003 (UTC) Ok, understood, thanks, --User:Dieter Simon 20:32 May 8, 2003 (UTC) ---- IMO the word "Karaoke" doesn't fall into the category of "pseudo-Anglicisms" The latter is defined here to be kind of false friend, with the main trait to be misleading to the native English speaker. There is nothing misleading in Karaoke IMO. There are scores of words in Japanese language borrowed from English and sometimes distorted beyond recognition. But distortion does not make them "pseudo": it happens all the time with words, borrowed or even native ones. One might argue that the literal meaning of Karaoke, i.e., "without orchestra" is misleading, because Karaoke involves recorded accompaniment without vocal, rather than vocal without orchestra. But hardly an average English speaker is aware of that and hence might feel mislead. Therefore I'd suggest to move the interesting case of "Karaoke" into a more appropriate article about neologisms. ;I could propose the following draft. <<< :Some Japanese neologisms of English origin are worth noticing because they have found their way back into English (as well as into numerous other languages). *Karaoke is an abbreviated form of the agglutination ''kara'' (empty) + ''ôkesutora'' (orchestra, the English version of its Greek original). It stands for the singing of popular tunes by participants to the accompaniment of these tunes recorded with original vocal absent or less loud. * Anime is an abbreviation of the Japanese transliteration of "animation"; it denotes Japanese animated video. >>> mikkalai 21 Nov 2003 ::Hi Mikkalai,
::Sorry, if I didn't do a better job explaining this particular item. Yes, I do understand that neologisms occur in Japanese as well as any other languages, it is the way they originate that is the point. I have rewritten my original para. ::It is not meant to be pseudo from a Japanese point of view. From an English point of view it is the "empty orchestra", when people in a pub, for example, are singing to the accompaniment of pre-recorded music, that is such a beautiful metaphor. The Japanese use of the combination does get close to a pseudo-anglicism. This is not meant as a slight against Japanese speakers of English.
User:Dieter Simon 22:44, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC) May I suggest that the useage of the word "strafe" in modern computer games is not as inaccurate as indicated, as were a person to fire while making the mentioned sideways motion they would be strafing the enemy with fire, in line with the mentioned common use as the horizontal yawing component of the original term, merely transplanted to a different context. ----- aragoto November 8, 2004 I'd suggest removing "hoomu" from the notes on Japanese. This doesn't come from the English "home"; it is simply a Japanese abbreviation of "purattohoomu" ("platform"). I presume the shortened form took over because the seven-character full version is tedious to pronounce in Japanese. You might substitute "abekku" (from the French "avec"), which means either "a (dating) couple" (slightly out of date usage) or "successive home runs hit by the third and fourth batters in a baseball game". :Why don't you have a go yourself, aragoto? I am sure you can make good para of this. User:Dieter Simon 01:05, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC) ------ French "parking" isn't equivalent to English "parking" but, rather, corresponds to British English "car park" and American English "parking lot". French "camping" is analogous. French "shampooing" isn't English but thinks it is.
Pseudo-anglicism
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Pseudo-anglicism
#REDIRECT Talk:Pseudo-Anglicism
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