A pro-form is a function word that substitutes a word, phrase, clause, or sentence whose meaning is recoverable from the context, and it is used to avoid redundant expressions. A pro-form is also used for the item questioned in a question, and such a pro-form is called an interrogative word. Pro-forms are divided into several categories according to which part of speech they substitute: * A pronoun substitutes a noun or a noun phrase with or without a determiner. * A pro-adjective substitutes an adjective or a phrase functioning as an adjective. * A pro-adverb substitutes an adverb or a phrase functioning as an adverb. * A pro-verb substitutes a verb or a verb phrase. * A pro-sentence substitutes an entire sentence or subsentence. L. L. Zamenhof, the inventor of Esperanto, called a table of systematic interrogative, demonstrative, and quantifier pro-forms and determiners in a language a table of correlatives. The table of correlatives for English follows. Note that while some categories are highly irregular, others (like quantifiers) are not. {| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 |- ! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | !! rowspan=2 | interrogative !! colspan=2 | demonstrative !! colspan=3 | quantifier |- ! proximal !! distal !! indefinite !! universal !! negative |- ! colspan=2 | determiner | which
what || this (sg.)
these (pl.) || that (sg.)
those (pl.) || some || every || no |- ! rowspan=2 | pronoun !! human | who || this (sg.)
these (pl.) || that (sg.)
those (pl.) || someone
somebody || everyone
everybody || no one
nobody |- ! nonhuman | what || this (sg.)
these (pl.) || that (sg.)
those (pl.) || something || everything || nothing |- ! rowspan=6 | pro-adverb !! location | where || here || there || somewhere || everywhere || nowhere |- ! source | whence || hence || thence || || || |- ! goal | whither || hither || thither || somewhither || || nowhither |- ! time | when || now || then || sometime || always
everywhen || never |- ! manner | how || thus || || somehow || || no-how |- ! reason | why
wherefore || || therefore || || || |} Some languages may have more categories. For example, while English demonstratives only distinguish proximal (close to the speaker, e.g. ''this'', ''here'') and distal (far from the speaker, e.g. ''that'', ''there''), Japanese language makes a three-way distinction between proximal (close to the speaker, e.g. ''kore'', ''koko''), medial (close to the addressee, e.g. ''sore'', ''soko''), and distal (far from both, e.g. ''are'', ''asoko''). Early Modern English made a similar distinction between ''this''/''here'', ''that''/''there'', and ''yon''/''yonder''. Spanish language, as well as other Romance languages, shows this same three-way distinction, dating back to Latin. One of the most salient features of modern Indo-European languages is that relative pronouns and interrogative pro-forms, as well as demonstrative pro-forms in some languages, have identical forms. Consider the two different functions of ''who'' in "Who's the criminal who did this?" or the meanings of ''that'' in "That's the man that you saw back home." Most other language families don't have this ambiguity, nor do several ancient Indo-European languages. For example, both Latin and ancient Greek distinguish the relative pro-forms from the interrogative pro-forms. == See also == *Pro-drop language *Deixis Parts of speech
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
Words begining with Pro-form:
Pro-form
Pro-forma
Pro-forma_amount
Pro-forms
Pro-form
A pro-form is a function word that substitutes a word, phrase, clause, or sentence whose meaning is recoverable from the context, and it is used to avoid redundant expressions. A pro-form is also used for the item questioned in a question, and such a pro-form is called an interrogative word. Pro-forms are divided into several categories according to which part of speech they substitute: * A pronoun substitutes a noun or a noun phrase with or without a determiner. * A pro-adjective substitutes an adjective or a phrase functioning as an adjective. * A pro-adverb substitutes an adverb or a phrase functioning as an adverb. * A pro-verb substitutes a verb or a verb phrase. * A pro-sentence substitutes an entire sentence or subsentence. L. L. Zamenhof, the inventor of Esperanto, called a table of systematic interrogative, demonstrative, and quantifier pro-forms and determiners in a language a table of correlatives. The table of correlatives for English follows. Note that while some categories are highly irregular, others (like quantifiers) are not. {| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 |- ! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | !! rowspan=2 | interrogative !! colspan=2 | demonstrative !! colspan=3 | quantifier |- ! proximal !! distal !! indefinite !! universal !! negative |- ! colspan=2 | determiner | which
what || this (sg.)
these (pl.) || that (sg.)
those (pl.) || some || every || no |- ! rowspan=2 | pronoun !! human | who || this (sg.)
these (pl.) || that (sg.)
those (pl.) || someone
somebody || everyone
everybody || no one
nobody |- ! nonhuman | what || this (sg.)
these (pl.) || that (sg.)
those (pl.) || something || everything || nothing |- ! rowspan=6 | pro-adverb !! location | where || here || there || somewhere || everywhere || nowhere |- ! source | whence || hence || thence || || || |- ! goal | whither || hither || thither || somewhither || || nowhither |- ! time | when || now || then || sometime || always
everywhen || never |- ! manner | how || thus || || somehow || || no-how |- ! reason | why
wherefore || || therefore || || || |} Some languages may have more categories. For example, while English demonstratives only distinguish proximal (close to the speaker, e.g. ''this'', ''here'') and distal (far from the speaker, e.g. ''that'', ''there''), Japanese language makes a three-way distinction between proximal (close to the speaker, e.g. ''kore'', ''koko''), medial (close to the addressee, e.g. ''sore'', ''soko''), and distal (far from both, e.g. ''are'', ''asoko''). Early Modern English made a similar distinction between ''this''/''here'', ''that''/''there'', and ''yon''/''yonder''. Spanish language, as well as other Romance languages, shows this same three-way distinction, dating back to Latin. One of the most salient features of modern Indo-European languages is that relative pronouns and interrogative pro-forms, as well as demonstrative pro-forms in some languages, have identical forms. Consider the two different functions of ''who'' in "Who's the criminal who did this?" or the meanings of ''that'' in "That's the man that you saw back home." Most other language families don't have this ambiguity, nor do several ancient Indo-European languages. For example, both Latin and ancient Greek distinguish the relative pro-forms from the interrogative pro-forms. == See also == *Pro-drop language *Deixis Parts of speech
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
P
PA | PB | PC | PD | PE | PF | PG | PH | PI | PJ | PK | PL | PM | PN | PO | PR | PS | PT | PU | PW | PX | PY | PZ |Words begining with Pro-form:
Pro-form
Pro-forma
Pro-forma_amount
Pro-forms
These materials are based on Wikipedia and licensed under the GNU FDL
YouTube.com videos better site than Turbo Tax 2007
