
#REDIRECT Pirate radio
The term pirate radio lacks a specific universal interpretation. It implies a form of broadcasting that is unwelcomed by the licensing authorities within the territory where its signals are received, especially when the country of transmission is the same as the country of reception. When the area of transmission is not a country, or when it is a country and the transmissions are not illegal, those same broadcast signals may be deemed illegal in the country of reception. Therefore "pirate radio" can mean many things to many people. Pirate radio stations are sometimes called ''bootleg'' stations. == Possible origins of the term ''pirate radio''== Pirate radio lacks a universal definition and the term's usage, with variations, seems to go back to the birth of broadcasting itself. The term ''pirate radio'' is a political term of convenience since the word "pirate" suggests a venture not sanctioned by any sovereign power. However, this is not a true definition with regards to the term ''pirate radio''. While country (a) may license the use of a transmitter within its own sovereign jurisdiction, the output of that transmitter may be audible in country (b) which would never grant a license for the operation of the station from within its own borders. In the 1960's in the UK, the term referred to theft: the unlicensed broadcasters were seen by some to be 'stealing' audience from the state monopoly broadcaster, the BBC. Naturally, not all audiences were happy to be regarded as the BBC's property! It was also taken as a colourful reference to the seafaring and risk-taking nature of most offshore radio stations. Prime examples of this kind of activity have been Radio Luxembourg located in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, and radio station XERF located at Ciudad Acuña, Coahuila, Mexico, just across the Rio Grande from Del Rio, Texas, USA. The English language evening broadcasts from Radio Luxembourg were intentionally beamed toward the British Isles by Luxembourg licensed transmitters, while the intended audience in the United Kingdom originally listened to their radio sets by permission of a Wireless License issued by the British General Post Office (GPO). However, under terms of that Wireless License, it was an offense under the Wireless Telegraphy Act to listen to unauthorized broadcasts such as those transmitted by Radio Luxembourg. Therefore as far as the British authorities were concerned, Radio Luxembourg was a "pirate radio station" and British listeners to the station were breaking the law. The relationship between Mexico and the USA was a little different. While Mexico issued radio station XERF with a license to broadcast, the power of its 250,000 watts transmitter was far greater than the maximum of 50,000 watts authorized for commercial use by the government of the United States of America. Consequently, XERF and many other radio stations in Mexico which sold their broadcasting time to sponsors of English-language commercial and religious programs, were labeled as "border blasters", but not "pirate radio stations", even though the content of many of their programs were in violation of US law. Predecessors to XERF, for instance, had originally broadcast in Kansas, advocating "goat-gland surgery" for improved masculinity, but moved to Mexico to evade US laws about advertising medical treatments, particularly unproven ones. The difference between these two examples is that in the UK, the government licensed both the use of transmitters and receivers, but in the USA only the use of transmitters was licensed. The basis of this fundemental difference is found in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution of the United States of America which until very recently was interpreted to allow the unrestricted right of any person within the USA to listen to any ordinary broadcast from whatever the source. However, this interpretation initially opened the door to commercial companies who attempted to enforce their own licensing authority, with respect to the sale and use of their transmitters. In 1924, New York City station WHN was accused of being an "outlaw" station by AT&T (then American Telephone and Telegraph Company) for violating trade licenses which only permitted AT&T stations to sell airtime on their transmitters. As a result of the AT&T interpretation a landmark case was heard in court, which even prompted comments from Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover when he took a public stand in the station's defense. Although AT&T won its case, the furor created was such that those restrictive provisions of the transmitter license were never enforced. Another variation on the term ''pirate radio'' came about during the "Summer of Love" in San Francisco during the hippie days when many things were named "free". Examples include "free store", "free love" and even "free radio", which usually referred to clandestine and unlicensed land-based transmissions. These were also tagged as being "pirate radio" transmissions. The term ''free radio'' crossed the Atlantic Ocean, where it was adopted by the Free Radio Association of listeners who defended the rights of the "pirate radio stations" broadcasting from ships and marine structures off the coastline of the United Kingdom. However, the term ''free radio'' also has another meaning, because it differentiates between that form of licensed broadcasting supported by the sale of commercial airtime which anyone can hear free of charge, from that form of licensed commercial broadcasting (especially television) that listeners and especially viewers have to subscribe to and which is usually known as Pay TV. In Europe, in addition to adopting the term ''free radio'', supportive listeners of what had been called "pirate radio" adopted the term ''offshore radio'', which was usually the term used by the owners of the marine broadcasting stations. ''Freebooter'' was yet another variation of the term ''pirate radio'' and it was sometimes used by the business press in the USA when describing marine broadcasting in Europe. While ''pirate radio'' began as a defamatory term in Britain, it later became accepted as having a secondary meaning to describe adventurous forms of licensed broadcasting that had roots in true offshore unlicensed broadcasting. To this end the British licensing authorities have allowed both independent stations and to date even one local BBC station to use this name, while the government retained use of the term ''pirate radio'' to describe any stations on land or at sea which are broadcasting without a license and contrary to law. ==Pirate radio by geographical area == Since this subject covers both national territories, international waters and international airspace, the only effective way to treat this subject is on a country by country, international waters and international airspace basis. Because the laws vary, the interpretation of the term ''pirate radio'' also varies considerably. Questions have been raised about various types of broadcasting conducted by national governments against the interests of other national governments which have in turn created jamming stations transmitting noises on the same frequency so as to destroy the receivability of the incoming signal. While the USA transmitted its programs towards the USSR which attempted to jam them, in 1970 the government of the United Kingdom decided to employ a jamming transmitter to drown out the incoming transmissions from the commercial station Radio Northsea International, which was based aboard the Motor Vessel (MV) ''Mebo II'' anchored off Southeast England in the North Sea. Other examples of this type of unusual broadcasting include the Coast Guard Cutter ''USCG Courier'' which both originated and relayed broadcasts of the Voice of America from an anchorage at the island of Rhodes, Greece to Soviet bloc countries. Balloons have been flown above Key West, Florida to support the TV transmissions of TV Martí which are directed at Cuba. Military broadcasting aircraft have been flown over Vietnam, Iraq and other many nations by the USAF. The European Union financially supported a radio station broadcasting news and information into the former Yugoslavia from a ship anchored in international waters. === Pirate radio in Asia === For individual listings under this heading please click the link above.
China (From International Waters)
Taiwan (The history of Underground Radio)
=== Pirate radio in Australasia === For individual listings under this heading please click the link above.
New Zealand (From International Waters)
=== Pirate radio in Central America and Caribbean Sea === For individual listings under this heading please click the link above.
Swan Island (History of Radio Swan / Radio Americas)
=== Pirate radio in Europe === For individual listings under this heading please click the link above.
Belgium (From International Waters)
Denmark (From International Waters)
England (From International Waters)
France (History of Pirate Radio from 1970 to 1990)
Ireland (History of Pirate Radio)
Luxembourg (History of "Radio Luxembourg")
Netherlands (From International Waters)
Scotland (From International Waters)
Sweden (From International Waters)
United Kingdom (History of Pirate Radio: Pre-World War II; Land based)
Yugoslavia (From International Waters)
=== Pirate radio in the Middle East === For individual listings under this heading please click the link above.
Israel (From Territorial Waters)
=== Pirate radio in North America === For individual listings under this heading please click the link above.
Mexico (History of the "Border blasters")
United States of America (History of Pirate Radio; From International Waters)
== See also == AMATEUR PIRATE RADIO: Pirate amateur radio operators in the United States are rare but they do exist. Since they would be shunned by their fellow ''hams'' they don't publicize their illegal status. Amateur radio operators use the term ''bootleg'' to describe illegal equipment or operators. In the early days of Citizens Band Radio a license was required and many operators simply didn't bother to get one. Many ''bootleg'' CB operators also used transmitters that radiated more than the four watts allowed or operated on frequencies that were not authorized for CB operation. *(In the UK different laws and regulations apply.) COMMUNITY RADIO: In the USA Community radio is often used to describe licensed low power stations serving particular communities. It is also used by unlicensed pirate radio stations using very low power to describe their activities and by other stations seeking to obtain licenses for such operations. *(In the UK the term "Community Radio" had a particular point of reference to a plan proposed in the 1980s to licence previously unlicensed land based pirate radio stations, but that plan was aborted prior to being implemented. Today the term "Community Radio" is often used in the UK in conjunction with RSL for legally licensed low-power stations. A Restricted Service Licence "RSL", is granted by governmental regulators for low power and short duration transmissions serving a local community or special interest attraction.) == External links == * Click on "History" at [http://www.radiojackie.com RadioJackie.com] to read how one English urban pirate station struggled from 1969 until 2003 to reach the status of legality with a scheduled daily output. Their story and level of community support are not typical of land-based pirate radio. * [http://members.aol.com/and125/radios.htm Les pionniers des radios libres French free radio] (French) * [http://perso.wanadoo.fr/aymeric.sabine/rlp/partie1.html Des radios pirates aux radios libres] (French) * [http://www.irational.org/sic/radio/ How to be a Community Radio Station] (formerly known as "How to be a Radio Pirate") ** To promote neighbourhood, community and open-access radio stations; ** To demystify the art of broadcast electronics; ** To be a source of high quality technical information; ** To review equipment and information available elsewhere. * [http://dmoz.org/Arts/Radio/Formats/Pirate_Radio/ Pirate Radio] * [http://www.offshoreradio.co.uk/ Pirate Radio Hall of Fame] * When Don Pierson of Eastland, Texas created the most successful offshore stations of the 1960s: "Wonderful Radio London", "Swinging Radio England" and "Britain Radio - 'Hallmark of Quality'", he had no idea that the legacy of his creation would outlive his death in 1996. However, he did attempt one comeback of one his stations as "Wonderful Radio London International" in 1984. The station did not manage to come back on the air as a full time ship based radio station, but the company did produce its own new "Wonderful Radio London" programs which were heard nightly over 250,000 watts XERF-AM (Ciudad Acuña, Mexico across the Rio Grande river from Del Rio, Texas) and a handful of US domestic stations, which included Don Pierson's own radio station: KVMX-FM in Eastland, Texas. Since his death there have been other revivals and even other claims to the name. See [http://radlon.bravehost.com/index.html The Wonderful Radio London Story] * For more information about Sir James Goldsmith's Referendum Radio of 1997, see: [http://www.geocities.com/sirjamesgoldsmith/ Sir James Goldsmith web site] and the story of the ship [http://www.offshore-radio.de/fleet/moon.htm ''Kowloon Moon''] * For a listeners perspective on Offshore Pirate Radio mainly in the 60s and 70s look at the offshore radio chunk at http://www.wirelesswaffle.co.uk Radio stationsCrimes Radio minnan:Tē-hā tiān-tâi
Neede for this article: history of pierate radio, notable stations, effects of pirate radio (eg UK's Radio Caroline led to the creation of the BBC's Radio 1). More than just "how to set up your own" ... -- User:Tarquin 19:38 Jan 29, 2003 (UTC) As noted in my recent revision, Radio Caroline was not the first pirate radio station. Ship-based pirates had been around since at leat 1958, and they probably got the idea from the Voice of America's ship-based station of the 1950s, and a gambling ship off California may also have operated the world's first pirate station in the 1930s. There's a lot of history here, from the shooting of a pirate radio boss in 1966, the jamming of Radio Nordsee by the British Government in 1970 and its 1972 bombing by another station, the sinking of Radio Caroline in 1980 and the brief pirate renaissance of the 1980s... It's a hell of a lot of material. I'd write the article myself if I could find out where I put the damn reference books. --User:Lee M This page would benefit from description of legal aspects radio piracy. So far it is merely a Radio Pirate How-To. -- User:Przepla I'm removing the how-to and placing it here. Several people seem to have made modifications here without doing so, so I'm a little worried that the consensus is that it ought to be there until the article is ready to be perfected. However, it really isn't encyclopedic, and if we want to learn from it, we can do so here. User:Monk who wrote this only made two contributions: this and the user page (which shows that this person is involved in pirate radio). removed from the article:
Radio stations
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
Words begining with Pirate_radio:
Pirate_Radio
Pirate_radio
Pirate_radio
Pirate_radio
Pirate_Radio_Four
Pirate_Radio_in_Asia
Pirate_Radio_in_Asia
Pirate_radio_in_Asia
Pirate_radio_in_Asia
Pirate_Radio_in_Australasia
Pirate_Radio_in_Australasia
Pirate_radio_in_Australasia
Pirate_radio_in_Australasia
Pirate_Radio_in_Central_America_and_Caribbean_Sea
Pirate_Radio_in_Central_America_and_Caribbean_Sea
Pirate_radio_in_Central_America_and_Caribbean_Sea
Pirate_radio_in_Central_America_and_Caribbean_Sea
Pirate_Radio_in_Europe
Pirate_Radio_in_Europe
Pirate_radio_in_Europe
Pirate_radio_in_Europe
Pirate_radio_in_France
Pirate_Radio_in_North_America
Pirate_Radio_in_North_America
Pirate_radio_in_North_America
Pirate_radio_in_North_America
Pirate_Radio_in_the_Middle_East
Pirate_Radio_in_the_Middle_East
Pirate_radio_in_the_Middle_East
Pirate_radio_in_the_Middle_East
Pirate Radio
#REDIRECT Pirate radio
Pirate radio
The term pirate radio lacks a specific universal interpretation. It implies a form of broadcasting that is unwelcomed by the licensing authorities within the territory where its signals are received, especially when the country of transmission is the same as the country of reception. When the area of transmission is not a country, or when it is a country and the transmissions are not illegal, those same broadcast signals may be deemed illegal in the country of reception. Therefore "pirate radio" can mean many things to many people. Pirate radio stations are sometimes called ''bootleg'' stations. == Possible origins of the term ''pirate radio''== Pirate radio lacks a universal definition and the term's usage, with variations, seems to go back to the birth of broadcasting itself. The term ''pirate radio'' is a political term of convenience since the word "pirate" suggests a venture not sanctioned by any sovereign power. However, this is not a true definition with regards to the term ''pirate radio''. While country (a) may license the use of a transmitter within its own sovereign jurisdiction, the output of that transmitter may be audible in country (b) which would never grant a license for the operation of the station from within its own borders. In the 1960's in the UK, the term referred to theft: the unlicensed broadcasters were seen by some to be 'stealing' audience from the state monopoly broadcaster, the BBC. Naturally, not all audiences were happy to be regarded as the BBC's property! It was also taken as a colourful reference to the seafaring and risk-taking nature of most offshore radio stations. Prime examples of this kind of activity have been Radio Luxembourg located in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, and radio station XERF located at Ciudad Acuña, Coahuila, Mexico, just across the Rio Grande from Del Rio, Texas, USA. The English language evening broadcasts from Radio Luxembourg were intentionally beamed toward the British Isles by Luxembourg licensed transmitters, while the intended audience in the United Kingdom originally listened to their radio sets by permission of a Wireless License issued by the British General Post Office (GPO). However, under terms of that Wireless License, it was an offense under the Wireless Telegraphy Act to listen to unauthorized broadcasts such as those transmitted by Radio Luxembourg. Therefore as far as the British authorities were concerned, Radio Luxembourg was a "pirate radio station" and British listeners to the station were breaking the law. The relationship between Mexico and the USA was a little different. While Mexico issued radio station XERF with a license to broadcast, the power of its 250,000 watts transmitter was far greater than the maximum of 50,000 watts authorized for commercial use by the government of the United States of America. Consequently, XERF and many other radio stations in Mexico which sold their broadcasting time to sponsors of English-language commercial and religious programs, were labeled as "border blasters", but not "pirate radio stations", even though the content of many of their programs were in violation of US law. Predecessors to XERF, for instance, had originally broadcast in Kansas, advocating "goat-gland surgery" for improved masculinity, but moved to Mexico to evade US laws about advertising medical treatments, particularly unproven ones. The difference between these two examples is that in the UK, the government licensed both the use of transmitters and receivers, but in the USA only the use of transmitters was licensed. The basis of this fundemental difference is found in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution of the United States of America which until very recently was interpreted to allow the unrestricted right of any person within the USA to listen to any ordinary broadcast from whatever the source. However, this interpretation initially opened the door to commercial companies who attempted to enforce their own licensing authority, with respect to the sale and use of their transmitters. In 1924, New York City station WHN was accused of being an "outlaw" station by AT&T (then American Telephone and Telegraph Company) for violating trade licenses which only permitted AT&T stations to sell airtime on their transmitters. As a result of the AT&T interpretation a landmark case was heard in court, which even prompted comments from Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover when he took a public stand in the station's defense. Although AT&T won its case, the furor created was such that those restrictive provisions of the transmitter license were never enforced. Another variation on the term ''pirate radio'' came about during the "Summer of Love" in San Francisco during the hippie days when many things were named "free". Examples include "free store", "free love" and even "free radio", which usually referred to clandestine and unlicensed land-based transmissions. These were also tagged as being "pirate radio" transmissions. The term ''free radio'' crossed the Atlantic Ocean, where it was adopted by the Free Radio Association of listeners who defended the rights of the "pirate radio stations" broadcasting from ships and marine structures off the coastline of the United Kingdom. However, the term ''free radio'' also has another meaning, because it differentiates between that form of licensed broadcasting supported by the sale of commercial airtime which anyone can hear free of charge, from that form of licensed commercial broadcasting (especially television) that listeners and especially viewers have to subscribe to and which is usually known as Pay TV. In Europe, in addition to adopting the term ''free radio'', supportive listeners of what had been called "pirate radio" adopted the term ''offshore radio'', which was usually the term used by the owners of the marine broadcasting stations. ''Freebooter'' was yet another variation of the term ''pirate radio'' and it was sometimes used by the business press in the USA when describing marine broadcasting in Europe. While ''pirate radio'' began as a defamatory term in Britain, it later became accepted as having a secondary meaning to describe adventurous forms of licensed broadcasting that had roots in true offshore unlicensed broadcasting. To this end the British licensing authorities have allowed both independent stations and to date even one local BBC station to use this name, while the government retained use of the term ''pirate radio'' to describe any stations on land or at sea which are broadcasting without a license and contrary to law. ==Pirate radio by geographical area == Since this subject covers both national territories, international waters and international airspace, the only effective way to treat this subject is on a country by country, international waters and international airspace basis. Because the laws vary, the interpretation of the term ''pirate radio'' also varies considerably. Questions have been raised about various types of broadcasting conducted by national governments against the interests of other national governments which have in turn created jamming stations transmitting noises on the same frequency so as to destroy the receivability of the incoming signal. While the USA transmitted its programs towards the USSR which attempted to jam them, in 1970 the government of the United Kingdom decided to employ a jamming transmitter to drown out the incoming transmissions from the commercial station Radio Northsea International, which was based aboard the Motor Vessel (MV) ''Mebo II'' anchored off Southeast England in the North Sea. Other examples of this type of unusual broadcasting include the Coast Guard Cutter ''USCG Courier'' which both originated and relayed broadcasts of the Voice of America from an anchorage at the island of Rhodes, Greece to Soviet bloc countries. Balloons have been flown above Key West, Florida to support the TV transmissions of TV Martí which are directed at Cuba. Military broadcasting aircraft have been flown over Vietnam, Iraq and other many nations by the USAF. The European Union financially supported a radio station broadcasting news and information into the former Yugoslavia from a ship anchored in international waters. === Pirate radio in Asia === For individual listings under this heading please click the link above.
China (From International Waters)
Taiwan (The history of Underground Radio)
=== Pirate radio in Australasia === For individual listings under this heading please click the link above.
New Zealand (From International Waters)
=== Pirate radio in Central America and Caribbean Sea === For individual listings under this heading please click the link above.
Swan Island (History of Radio Swan / Radio Americas)
=== Pirate radio in Europe === For individual listings under this heading please click the link above.
Belgium (From International Waters)
Denmark (From International Waters)
England (From International Waters)
France (History of Pirate Radio from 1970 to 1990)
Ireland (History of Pirate Radio)
Luxembourg (History of "Radio Luxembourg")
Netherlands (From International Waters)
Scotland (From International Waters)
Sweden (From International Waters)
United Kingdom (History of Pirate Radio: Pre-World War II; Land based)
Yugoslavia (From International Waters)
=== Pirate radio in the Middle East === For individual listings under this heading please click the link above.
Israel (From Territorial Waters)
=== Pirate radio in North America === For individual listings under this heading please click the link above.
Mexico (History of the "Border blasters")
United States of America (History of Pirate Radio; From International Waters)
== See also == AMATEUR PIRATE RADIO: Pirate amateur radio operators in the United States are rare but they do exist. Since they would be shunned by their fellow ''hams'' they don't publicize their illegal status. Amateur radio operators use the term ''bootleg'' to describe illegal equipment or operators. In the early days of Citizens Band Radio a license was required and many operators simply didn't bother to get one. Many ''bootleg'' CB operators also used transmitters that radiated more than the four watts allowed or operated on frequencies that were not authorized for CB operation. *(In the UK different laws and regulations apply.) COMMUNITY RADIO: In the USA Community radio is often used to describe licensed low power stations serving particular communities. It is also used by unlicensed pirate radio stations using very low power to describe their activities and by other stations seeking to obtain licenses for such operations. *(In the UK the term "Community Radio" had a particular point of reference to a plan proposed in the 1980s to licence previously unlicensed land based pirate radio stations, but that plan was aborted prior to being implemented. Today the term "Community Radio" is often used in the UK in conjunction with RSL for legally licensed low-power stations. A Restricted Service Licence "RSL", is granted by governmental regulators for low power and short duration transmissions serving a local community or special interest attraction.) == External links == * Click on "History" at [http://www.radiojackie.com RadioJackie.com] to read how one English urban pirate station struggled from 1969 until 2003 to reach the status of legality with a scheduled daily output. Their story and level of community support are not typical of land-based pirate radio. * [http://members.aol.com/and125/radios.htm Les pionniers des radios libres French free radio] (French) * [http://perso.wanadoo.fr/aymeric.sabine/rlp/partie1.html Des radios pirates aux radios libres] (French) * [http://www.irational.org/sic/radio/ How to be a Community Radio Station] (formerly known as "How to be a Radio Pirate") ** To promote neighbourhood, community and open-access radio stations; ** To demystify the art of broadcast electronics; ** To be a source of high quality technical information; ** To review equipment and information available elsewhere. * [http://dmoz.org/Arts/Radio/Formats/Pirate_Radio/ Pirate Radio] * [http://www.offshoreradio.co.uk/ Pirate Radio Hall of Fame] * When Don Pierson of Eastland, Texas created the most successful offshore stations of the 1960s: "Wonderful Radio London", "Swinging Radio England" and "Britain Radio - 'Hallmark of Quality'", he had no idea that the legacy of his creation would outlive his death in 1996. However, he did attempt one comeback of one his stations as "Wonderful Radio London International" in 1984. The station did not manage to come back on the air as a full time ship based radio station, but the company did produce its own new "Wonderful Radio London" programs which were heard nightly over 250,000 watts XERF-AM (Ciudad Acuña, Mexico across the Rio Grande river from Del Rio, Texas) and a handful of US domestic stations, which included Don Pierson's own radio station: KVMX-FM in Eastland, Texas. Since his death there have been other revivals and even other claims to the name. See [http://radlon.bravehost.com/index.html The Wonderful Radio London Story] * For more information about Sir James Goldsmith's Referendum Radio of 1997, see: [http://www.geocities.com/sirjamesgoldsmith/ Sir James Goldsmith web site] and the story of the ship [http://www.offshore-radio.de/fleet/moon.htm ''Kowloon Moon''] * For a listeners perspective on Offshore Pirate Radio mainly in the 60s and 70s look at the offshore radio chunk at http://www.wirelesswaffle.co.uk Radio stationsCrimes Radio minnan:Tē-hā tiān-tâi
Pirate radio
Neede for this article: history of pierate radio, notable stations, effects of pirate radio (eg UK's Radio Caroline led to the creation of the BBC's Radio 1). More than just "how to set up your own" ... -- User:Tarquin 19:38 Jan 29, 2003 (UTC) As noted in my recent revision, Radio Caroline was not the first pirate radio station. Ship-based pirates had been around since at leat 1958, and they probably got the idea from the Voice of America's ship-based station of the 1950s, and a gambling ship off California may also have operated the world's first pirate station in the 1930s. There's a lot of history here, from the shooting of a pirate radio boss in 1966, the jamming of Radio Nordsee by the British Government in 1970 and its 1972 bombing by another station, the sinking of Radio Caroline in 1980 and the brief pirate renaissance of the 1980s... It's a hell of a lot of material. I'd write the article myself if I could find out where I put the damn reference books. --User:Lee M This page would benefit from description of legal aspects radio piracy. So far it is merely a Radio Pirate How-To. -- User:Przepla I'm removing the how-to and placing it here. Several people seem to have made modifications here without doing so, so I'm a little worried that the consensus is that it ought to be there until the article is ready to be perfected. However, it really isn't encyclopedic, and if we want to learn from it, we can do so here. User:Monk who wrote this only made two contributions: this and the user page (which shows that this person is involved in pirate radio). removed from the article:
This reference will deal with FM Pirate Radio in the US. The basics of pirate radio are simple. Buy a transmitter (Broadcast Warehouse is one of the best but there are dozens of manufacurers all over the world). We favor the TX150 from Broadcast Warehouse. It's small in size, large in capabilities, professionally built and, although fairly expensive at around US$2500, will give you from 20 to 150 watts of pro level broadcasting wattage. Deterine how powerful you want to be. The higher the wattage rating on the transmitter, the farther your signal is likely to go. Most pirate radio operators run under 100 watts of power and average around 20-40 watts. Setting up a station with anything more than 200 watts is difficult due mostly to the cost of equipment. Over 200 watts requires that you start using more specialized and expensive equipment such as CP type antennas that handle higher than 200 watt ratings. Get an antenna. You can build your own 'J-Pole type antenna from about US$5 of copper pipe from the local hardware store (search J-Pole in google for many designs and plans) or you can buy one. The Comet 5/8 wave antenna is one of the most popular, costs around $100 and has a power (wattage handling) rating of up to 200 watts. Get your antenna as high as possible. Height=distance for your signal. Hide your antenna. Trees are great places for antennas. Use camo paint to create a flat finish that matches the envrionment (green for trees, brown for branches, light blue/gray if it's out in the open with sky behind it etc.). The FCC will eventually find it, but make it hard for them. And if you're in an apartment environment, the more difficult it is to find the antenna, the less likely they'll be able to figure out which apartment it's in. Use 50ohm cable (50 ft. lengths are available at RadioShack for about US$35) to connect your transmitter to your antenna. Find a frequency that's 'clean'. Clean means that, while driving around in your car, you get pretty much nothing but static on that station in the area you plan to broadcast in. In the USA, there is no quicker way to get a visit from the FCC (the agency that polices our radio waves, among other things) than to step on other 'licensed' stations' signals. Be a good citizen and don't interfere with your neighbors. Get a cheap mixer. Behringer makes excellent mixers from US$49-$200 that work beautifully for pirate radio. This mixer, with two XLR (a type of pro connector you can get at any pro music store) cables connects directly to the transmitter (in this case the TX150) and will be where all your audio sources converge. Your DJ's will control this mixer to create their shows so make sure you get one big enough (8-12 'inputs') to handle several audio sources. Get a good mic. A cheap mic sounds cheap- there are many very good mics available now for under $100. The MXL 990 is a great mic that works well with the Behringer mixers. Shure SM57 mices are a great standard that have been around for decades and are tough and sound great. Get a CD player, or better yet, a pro level daul CD Player. American DJ makes a good one for $199 that works beautifully, however any CD player will work. Same for any audio source you may have from tape to computer. All will go directly into the mixer, along with your mic(s), all controlled by the DJ to create their show. Get a pre-paid cellular phone. These are untraceable and work well as studio lines. You can also get a nice cellular phone patch cable from Radio Shack for US$20 that allows you to put callers on air. Get an email address at one of the free services such as Yahoo or Hotmail. Dealing with the FCC: This is a section onto itself, but surprisingly, you'll find that the FCC is actually a fairly powerless agency if you're determined to stay on the air. They have approx. 400 field agents in the US. These agents are required to police all areas that the FCC are responsible for. This includes cellular, POTS, Cable, and all RF type activity (including things like garage door openers). They're busy. The only time they'll come for you is if someone complains. Usually it's a local radio station, and most often one from Clear Channel (the largest radio station owner in the US) which is known for agressively complaining to the FCC about local pirate stations. The FCC wants one thing: Compliance. If you turn off your transmitter, they will go away. The first visit will result in a warning. DO NOT GIVE THEM YOUR NAME. Without a name, you can't be fined. If you get a warning, move the station location- the next visit will most likely result in another warning if it's at a new location. They can fine you (up to US$11,000 per 'violation'..which they don't define, and up to 1 year in prison). In reality, the prison sentance is a farce. They have never successfully prosecuted someone into prison. Every state in US has thrown out attempts at prison sentences. They also have no way to enforce their fines without the help of other agencies. An FCC field agent is an engineer, not a cop. He or she has no ability to enter your studio without a warrant (which they must obtain from a Federal or local judge). They can't arrest you. They can't do much of anything on their own so the first visit to a new location will ALWAYS result in a warning only. They may ask to look at your equipment. DO NOT LET THEM IN. They will claim they have a right to inspect your equipment. THEY DO NOT. Only if you are licensed do you have to let them inspect your equipment (and then only if you want to keep your license). They aren't bad guys, really, just in a no-win situation. Be polite with them, but DO NOT let them in without a warrant, and DO NOT give them your name.---- I'm not certain how relavent to this article this line is: :The movie Pump Up the Volume has as its hero a high-schooler who does pirate radio broadcasts. It doesn't seem to me that it's important to mention here. That's like mentioning the movie "Hacker" in the hacking article, or "The Craft" in the witchcraft article. User:Mbecker 14:11, Aug 7, 2003 (UTC) ---- I'm sorry I know a lot about French pirate radios and not much about other. At least there's something in the article now. I think an Italian wikipedian could add some interresting material. User:Ericd 22:59, 12 Sep 2003 (UTC) == Merger with Pirate Radio == There's a new article at Pirate Radio that seems to want merger with this one. Also --- is it true that Francois Mitterrand was arrested for running a pirate radio station? User:Ihcoyc 15:36, 4 May 2004 (UTC) Yes it's absolutely true. Mitterrand and the french socialist party (PS) supported the creation of private radio while Giscard d'Estaing was opposed. They stagged a broadcast from the PS office. Obviously they did it on purpose to be arrested. Private radio became legal in 1981 after the election of Mitterrand. User:Ericd 18:25, 5 May 2004 (UTC) ---- Is illegal broadcasting really a crime, or is it Civil_law#As_opposed_to_criminal_law? This article was added to the crime category, but crime is not mentioned in the article. I'd add something myself, but I don't know what to write.User:Tim Ivorson 08:00, 30 Aug 2004 (UTC) :I suspect this may be something that varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, but the basic question is, is this something you can be arrested for or sent to jail for? There was a radio pirate in Bloomington, Indiana that did go to jail briefly about ten years ago. User:Ihcoyc 13:36, 30 Aug 2004 (UTC) == Intra-article comment on offshore radio moved here == "''a full article on the history of offshore pirate radio would be useful.''" Moved by User:A-giau 05:15, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC) == Anonymous contributor text == "The story of British pirate radio began in France almost at the birth of broadcasting in the United Kingdom. In 1924, both UK electrial companies and USA subsidiary electrical companies trading in Britain, were thrust together to form a single broadcasting monopoly. It was originally called the British Broadcasting Company and later renamed the British Broadcasting Corporation in 1927 and it was the only station to be awarded a British Broadcasting Licence. The only means of providing competion to the BBC was by establishing commercial radio stations in countries from which signals could be beamed into the UK. One of the first of these stations was Radio Normandie in France. It soon became part of a large network of such stations both in France and in other countries. The most famous of these continental transmitters was Radio Luxembourg in the adjoining Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. All of these stations were very popular in Britain and their demise only came about due to invasion of their host countries by Nazi Germany during World War II. Prior to becoming Prime Minister, Winston Churchill used one of the stations in France after being prevented from speaking over the BBC to the electorate of the UK. By 1938 a poll showed that 80% of British listeners were tuned to these stations on Sundays when John Reith, General Manager of the BBC, favored heavy doses of religious programming instead of the light entertainment provided by the "Continental Stations" as their were called by listeners. The British Government and the BBC branded them as "pirates" stealing the British audience. After WWII only Radio Luxembourg managed to come back on the air with commercial radio for the UK. The British Government did its best to close the station down again by branding it a "pirate" once more. At that time all British listeners had to buy a wireless license to listen to the radio and the conditions of that license made it an offense for British listeners to tune their sets to stations which were not authorized to be heard by the British General Post Office, which at the time regulated all broadcasting in Britain" I am saving this text by an anonymous contributor that was reverted. I don't think it's vadalism. While not of encyclopedic quality (It's hard to read that Luxemburg was "French"). I think it opens new horizons as it introduce the concept that we call "radios périphèriques" in French (maybe "peripheral radios" ?). This a radio that is broadcasting in a country were it's legal to acountry were it isn't because of monopoly or censorship. Is the difference pure semantics or not ? In France it's obvious that some peripheral radios where coined as "pirate" by the French governement while other where "peripheral". This went as far to the creation of SOFIRAD a state-owned company that buyed most of the stock of "peripheral radios". It's worth to notice that the situation in France parallels the situation the UK, while some small countries hosted peripheral radio just like they played the card of being "tax paradises". User:Ericd 20:00, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC) == Additions and Modifications to Pirate Radio == Just a friendly note before I start anew: I have already contributed a lot of new material to the Pirate Radio entry. Unfortunately on one of my earlier additions before I logged on, my intentions seem to have been misinterpreted and this led to a mini-reversion saga. I then posted here and gained advice from Tεxτurε who suggested that before I begin anew that it might be a good idea to give advance notice and this is what I am doing. As a footnote I have first hand hand knowledge of this subject and my works have been previously published, the last one being a book: "Media Moments" by Dr. Eric Gilder of Sibiu University, Romania. I previously worked with Dr. Gilder and others in a project involving the late Don Pierson of Eastland, Texas who was the creator of the most famous British offshore stations. My background is in research, broadcasting and journalism. If anyone has any questions about what I am mainly adding, I will be happy to respond. There are some minor existing corrections that I will also make such as the note that John Peel worked for Radio Caroline, when in fact he worked for Wonderful Radio London. User:MPLX 03:07, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC) == Footnote to the comments about French Pirate RadIo == In my notes about modifications to the topic of Pirate Radio, I forgot to add that I was the author of the annonymous posting reproduced above in the section on France. A question was raised by Eric as to why Radio Luxembourg was included in the section on France? The answer is that at the time it was the only logical place for it to be placed with a cross-reference to Radio Normandie in France. However, I agree with Eric that it should not be there and upon looking at this topic and the way it has been stitched together, it would make more sense to establish an overview followed by a country by country entry, where laws and circumstances have varied. To that end I will disassemble the long list of radio ships and structures that I added and separate them under various countries and add additional notes in adjoing paragraphs. I will not remove content contributed by other writers. A question has been asked about whether a station licensed by one country can be considered a "pirate" in another country? Radio Luxembourg is a prime example. The answer is that the word "pirate radio" was a political term of convenience since the word "pirate" suggests a venture not sanctioned by any sovereign power. To that same end the words "outlaw" and "freebooter" have also been used. The more friendly terms for sea based radio are "offshore radio" and "free radio". However, the latter term has a totally different meaning in the United States with the advent of pay television and radio. This is another reason why the topic should be broken up into a country by country listing following an overview. I have other additions that I want to make to this subject concerning aborted but quite famous ventures and at least two more external encyclopedic links. I also intend to link this material to entries (if such an entry does not already exist) to the history of the record industry and music licensing. Both of these subjects I know reasonably well having previously researched them and written about them. As before, any questions I will do my best to answer. User:MPLX 03:29, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC) == Expansion of the section on Origins of the term "Pirate Radio" == I have today expanded the section dealing with the origins of the term "Pirate Radio". This further expansion was a modification of my original expansion to the original text. Because of the legal and linguistic differences concerning an understanding of the term "Pirate Radio" and in partial answer to questions concerning the grafting of early British broadcasting history under the listing for "France"; I will be adding a further section dealing with the Continent of Europe as a whole. This is where pre-WWII British "Pirate Radio" stations will be listed. (At present no such list exists for that era.) I will also be breaking up the long and unrelated list of stations and placing them under the various national headings. In the case of Israel, all of the offshore stations were in fact anchored within Israeli territorial waters and semi-tolerated by the Israeli government. This was in contrast to the British offshore stations which attempted to remain outside of British territorial waters. Some stations which had an impact on society but never made it on to the air, will also be listed. Two examples are stations intended to broadcast from offshore in support of the uprising in Tiananmen Square, China. There are other examples in other countries. These additions will appear on a time permitting basis as soon as possible. Any comments or suggestions are welcomed. User:MPLX 23:51, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC) :: I made 3 minor corrections to my text which included changing the word "river" to "Rio", closing quotation marks after "Pay TV" and adding to a word. User:MPLX 00:04, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC) == Major update and expansion of the article == I sort of stumbled into this project, because that is what it is - a major project (I had no idea of the hours that it would consume!) The problem is that unless the reader has an overview of the entire subject it can be interpreted according to existing local or national knowledge, which will give an entirely false and incorrect impression. An example of this is found in the opening explanation as to what "pirate radio" is and what it is not. The opener belongs under a US interpretation but not under a universal interpretation. I posted earlier that it was my intention to reclassify the entries according to geographical areas and that is what I am now about to do. Having already put hours of research into this reshuffle and add-ons, I will admit that it is not yet complete and therefore I will be constantly adding to it over the next 48 hours. If you spot typos or something that is obviously amiss please fix them (my eyes are getting crossed!), but if you wonder why there are gaps or where something has gone that you think should be there, just wait 48 hours and then take a critical look. This will give me time to build this page. I tightened up some paragraphs due to the increasing length of this topic. The only other way I know to deal with the length issue, is to break up the entire section on listings under pages devoted to that geographical areas that are linked to the main topic and leave it to provide an overall view. The listings are intended to be more specific. With that out of the way I will commence reconstruction with a lot of additional material User:MPLX 03:07, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC) == Problem of length with solution == I am in the process of uploading new and revised text that I have already written off line. I am also making minor edits on line as I do so. (Please see history of this page to see what I mean.) However, I have now run into the warning sign that shows that I am reaching the limit for the page. Therefore what I will do is compile a new list of links by continent or by area that can be posted on other pages. Because I have already added new text under ASIA with a section for China, it means that the existing linked text on Taiwan will be moved to the new page. The same applies to Europe when it comes to the existing text for France, although Europe may end up being sub-divided on two pages depending on length. I am making these notes to let others know what I am doing. By the way, I am not changing anything in the original text that was not written by me in the sections about France or Taiwan, they will be reproduced "as is". Due to the hour where I am I may have to resume these additional tasks tomorrow (September 30), but just in case anyone is nervous about unfinished work, this project will be completed within 24 hours from the time of this posting. User:MPLX 04:52, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC) == "Crimes?" == Pirate radio, as noted, is far from being universally recognized as a crime. Does it truly belong in that category? ::Well the problem is that someone started the thread as "Pirate Radio" which is a statement that there is something called "Pirate Radio". So the question is, what is it? Well it does seem to belong to the category of crime, but because crimes vary from country to country, so does the criminal interpretation of this subject. What is a crime in one country may not be a crime in another. I noted different contributions by different writers who all had their own take on the subject. ::The people with very fixed ideas about what it means are usually the amateur radio enthusiasts (and I am not knocking them!) The amateur radio people resent the intrusion of unlicensed hobby broadcasters who sometimes create havoc on their bands like hackers on the Internet. ::However, the term "Pirate Radio" has now become so ingrained that governments use to describe criminal activity, while at the same time (as in the recent case of BBC Pirate Radio Essex), licensing a station that calls itself a "pirate" to capture the flavor of an illegal activity while being perfectly legal. A few years ago Scott Shannon was associated with a similar format in the USA. So I think that we are stuck with the term. ::What is obvious now is that it has to be considered within the context of its application and the best way to do that is on a country by country basis where customs and laws vary considerably. Not only that but I ran into the problem of running out of space! So I don't think that there is much choice but to break the subject up while leaving the original entry as an overview with its own cross-referenced index to the other entries. That is what I intend to embark upon just as soon as I have posted this! User:MPLX 19:17, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC) == Sub-Pages now created == The reason for this comment is that for some reason this discussion page was linked to one of the intermediate editions of the Pirate Radio page, probably because the last comment was attached to the intermediate page so that the reader could not return to the article that they came from. Therefore since this comment is attached to the latest edition I am hoping that it will self-correct this problem. User:MPLX 15:52, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC) == Sub-Pages now created == Unfortunately this comment page is linked to an intermediate edition of the feature on Pirate radio because there seems to be two pages of the same name. One is "Pirate Radio" and the other is "Pirate radio". I am hoping that the edition of this updated comment will fix the problem. User:MPLX 15:58, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC) == PAGE REVERTED BECAUSE OF VANDALISM == I have now reverted the page to reflect the last contribution from another person to this omnibus site. The previous reversion as vandalism was to a page that I had constantly updated by the addition of new material. Radio Caroline is linked from this page on the UK section (see Pirate Radio in Europe and scan down to United Kingdom) and Radio Caroline is also covered on its own page under the article title of Radio Caroline. John Peel merits his own page and the original listing on this page before I updated it was incorrect. Peel did ''not'' work for Radio Caroline but for Wonderful Radio London where he hosted the overnight show that became famous. There are many new links both from and returning to this page and they will be lost if a reverts are performed on this omnibus guide. It should be noted that the comment that "''the term pirate radio ... was coined by uk''" as an excuse to revert is also incorrect. User:MPLX 00:45, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC) == Micro Radio? == Anybody interested in starting a new page on microradio or Mbanna Kantako (already a stub) or Human Rights Radio Network? Should I make it a subsection of this article? User:ParkingStones 18:11, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC) :What exactly is "Micro Radio"? Is it unlicensed very low power transmissions by hobby broadcasters in the USA? If it is then it should go in on the sub-article that deals with Pirate Radio in North America. If on the other hand it merits its own article then it should be linked to Pirate Radio in North America in the same way that Radio Newyork International is (which has its own article) or Radio Caroline or others on the European sub-articles. So if it is a US topic best to write your comments on the Talk page there and begin by explaining what you mean by the term. This Talk page is not topic specific. User:MPLX 20:06, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC) ::I took a look at Mbanna Kantako, this is a about a very local anarchy movement in one neighborhood with a lot of self-serving promotion attached to it. As for this guy starting anything - I don't think so. Pirate radio has flourished on land at all power levels since the birth of broadcasting itself. Please see my comments on that Talk page under your own, User:MPLX 20:25, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC) :::I have modified my further comments because you modified your own while I was replying. I have removed my comment and your own to the Talk page of the article in question - otherwise none of this is going to make any sense at all. User:MPLX
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