
[[Image:Philip Glass by Annie Leibovitz.jpg|right|thumb|205px|Philip Glass looks upon sheet music in a portrait taken by Annie Leibovitz.]] Philip Glass (born January 31, 1937) is an United States composer. His music is frequently described as ''minimalism'', though he prefers the term ''theater music''. ==Biography== Glass was born in Baltimore, Maryland and studied the flute as a child at the Peabody Conservatory of Music. He then went on to the Juilliard School of Music where he switched to mostly play the keyboard; his composition teachers included Vincent Persichetti and William Bergsma. After studying with Nadia Boulanger and working with Ravi Shankar in France, Glass traveled, mainly for religious reasons, to north India in 1966, where he came in contact with Tibet refugees. He became a Buddhist, and met Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, in 1972. He is a strong supporter of the Tibetan cause. His distinctive style arose from his work with Ravi Shankar and his perception of rhythm in Indian music as being entirely additive. When he returned home he renounced all his earlier Darius Milhaud and Aaron Copland compositions and began writing austere pieces based on additive rhythms and a sense of time influenced by Samuel Beckett, whose work he encountered writing for experimental theater. Finding little sympathy from traditional performers and performance spaces, Glass formed an ensemble with Steve Reich, Jon Gibson and others, and began performing mainly in art galleries, these galleries being the only real connection between musical minimalism and minimalist visual art. After certain differences of opinion between him and Reich he formed his own Philip Glass Ensemble. Apart from performing with his ensemble he worked as an assistant for the sculptor Richard Serra, and made friends with New York based artists like Sol Lewitt, Nancy Graves, Chuck Close and Laurie Anderson. His works grew increasingly less austere and more complex, and in his consideration, not minimalist at all, culminating in ''Music in Twelve Parts''. He then collaborated on the first opera of his trilogy ''Einstein on the Beach'' with Robert Wilson (director). The trilogy was continued with ''Satyagraha (opera)'', themed on the early life of Mahatma Gandhi and his experiences in South Africa, and was completed by a powerful vocal and orchestral composition in Akhnaten (opera), which is sung in Akkadian, Biblical Hebrew, Ancient Egyptian and the language of the audience. Glass's work for theater includes many compositions for the group Mabou Mines, which he co-founded in 1970. He has also written many film scores, including ''Mishima'' (Paul Schrader, 1985)'', Kundun'' (Martin Scorsese, 1997), ''The Hours (movie)'', ''Taking Lives'', and ''The Fog of War''. Since the 1990s, Glass has increasingly written for more conventional forces such as the string quartet and symphony orchestra. To date he has written seven symphonies, and a series of concertos, including two concertos for piano (2000 and 2004), and concertos for violin (1987), saxophone quartet (1995), cello (2001), two timpani players (2000), and harpsichord (2002). His recent chamber and orchestral works show his ability to evoke historical styles without abandoning his own style or lapsing into mere pastiche, such as in Music from ''The Screens'' (1989) or his Symphony No.3 (1995). He continued to compose operas, including a trilogy based on the work of Jean Cocteau, a clear musical homage to the music of Claude Debussy, Erik Satie and Les Six, but also to early classical music, especially to Gluck's opera Orphée et Euridyce. He also worked with songwriters such as Paul Simon, Suzanne Vega, Mick Jagger and Natalie Merchant. Glass orchestrated some of David Bowie's music from the albums ''Low'' and ''Heroes'' in his ''Low Symphony'' and ''Heroes Symphony'', and he worked also with Aphex Twin. Mike Oldfield covered parts from Glass's ''North Star'', and the music of Bands like Tangerine Dream or Coldplay (Clocks, ''A Rush of Blood to the Head'', 2002), and of film composers such as John Williams (in his soundtrack for ''A.I.'', 2001), James Horner, Carter Burwell and Jon Brion seems to be influenced by Glass's musical style. A recent development in Philip Glass's oeuvre is a tendency to juxtapose his recent, more lyrical and traditional style with more austere and repetitive sections or movements (a certain kind of retrospect to his music of the 70s or early 80s), i.e. in ''Kundun'' (1997), Symphony No.6 'Plutonian Ode (2001), in the Chamber Opera ''The Sound of a Voice'' (2003) or in his Etudes for Piano, Vol.1 (Etudes No.9 and 10). ==Works== ===Works for the Philip Glass Ensemble=== * ''600 Lines'' (1967) * Music in Fifths (1969) * Music in Similar Motion (1969) * ''Music with Changing Parts'' (1973) * ''Music in Twelve Parts'' (1971-1974) * ''North Star'' (1977) * ''Glassworks'' (1982) * ''A Descent into the Maelstrom'' (1986) * ''Orion'' (2004) ===Operas, music theatre=== * ''Einstein on the Beach'' (opera, 1976) * ''Satyagraha (opera)'' (opera, 1980) * ''A Madrigal Opera'' for voices, violin and viola (1980) * ''The Photographer'' (1982) * ''Akhnaten (opera)'' (opera, 1983) * ''the CIVIL warS'' (opera, 1984) * ''The Juniper Tree'' (chamber opera, with Robert Moran, 1985) * ''The Fall of the House of Usher'' (chamber opera, libretto after the short story by Edgar Allan Poe, 1987) * ''The making of the representative for Planet 8'' (opera, 1985-1988, libretto by Doris Lessing) * ''1000 Airplanes on the Roof'' (work for stage, text by David Henry Hwang, 1988) * ''Hydrogen Jukebox'' (libretto by Allen Ginsberg, 1990) * ''White Raven'' (opera) (1991) * ''The Voyage'' (opera, 1992) * ''Orphée (opera)'' (opera, 1993) * ''La belle et la bête'' (opera, 1994) * ''Les Enfants Terribles'', Dance Opera for soloists and three pianos (based on a novel by Jean Cocteau, 1996) * ''The marriages between zones three, four, and five'' (opera, 1997, libretto by Doris Lessing) * ''In the Penal Colony'' (chamber opera, 2000, libretto after the short story by Franz Kafka) * ''The Sound of a Voice'' (chamber opera, 2003, libretto by David Henry Hwang) *''Waiting for the Barbarians'' (opera, 2005) ===Chamber Music=== * Music for Samuel Beckett's ''Play'' for two saxophones (1965) * String Quartet No.1 (1966) * ''Head On'' for violin, cello, and piano (1967) * ''Strung Out'' for violin (1967) * ''Music in the shape of a square'' for two flutes (1967) * ''Gradus'' for saxophone (1968) * ''Another Look at Harmony'' Part III for clarinet and piano (1975) * ''Fourth Series Part Three'' for violin and clarinet (1978) * String Quartet No.2 ''Company'' (music for the play adapted from the novella of Samuel Beckett, 1983) * ''Cold Harbour/ Cold Point'' for percussion, trumpet, horn, trombone and tuba (1983, for Mabou Mines) * Hebeve Song for soprano, clarinet and bassoon (1983) * Prelude to ''Endgame'' for timpani and double-bass (1984, for the play by Samuel Beckett) * String Quartet No.3 ''Mishima'' (1985) * ''Arabesque in Memoriam'' for flute (1988) * String Quartet No.4 'Buczak' (1989) * Music from ''The Screens'' for chamber ensemble (a collaboration with Foday Musa Suso, 1989) * ''String Quartet No. 5'' (1991) * ''Cymbeline'' (music for the play by William Shakespeare, 1991) * ''Love Divided By'' for flute and piano (1992) * ''In the Summer House'' for violin and cello (music for the play by Jane Bowles, 1993) * ''Melodies'' for solo saxophone (1995) * Concerto for Saxophone Quartet (1995, also orchestral version) * ''Dracula'' for string quartet (1998, music for the 1931 film) * Music from ''The Sound of a Voice'' for pipa, flute, violin, cello and percussion (2003) ===Works for orchestra (with chorus and voices)=== * ''Company'' for string orchestra (music for the play adapted from the novella of Samuel Beckett, 1983) * Prelude and Dance from ''Akhnaten'' for orchestra (1984) * Two Interludes from ''the CIVIL warS'' for orchestra (1984) * ''The Olympian: Lighting of the Torch and Closing'' for orchestra and chorus (1984) * ''Phaedra'' for string orchestra and percussion (1985) * ''In the Upper Room'' for chamber orchestra (1986) * ''The Light'' for orchestra (1987) * ''The Canyon'', Dramatic episode for orchestra (1988) * ''Itaipu'' for chorus and orchestra (1989) * ''Passages'' (a collaboration with Ravi Shankar) (1990) * ''Mechanical Ballet'' from ''The Voyage'' for orchestra (1992) * ''Symphony No.1 'Low''' for orchestra (1992) * Concerto Grosso for orchestra (1992) * Orphée Interlude for chamber orchestra (1993) * ''T.S.E.'' (T.S. Eliot) for voices and ensemble (1994) * Symphony No.2 for orchestra (1994) * Symphony No.3 for 19 string players (1995) * ''Symphony No.4 'Heroes''' for orchestra (1996) * ''Songs of Milarepa'' for baritone and chamber orchestra (1997) * ''Days and Nights of Rocinha'', Dance for orchestra (1997) * ''Psalm 126'' for orchestra and chorus (text spoken) (1998) * Symphony No.5 (Choral) ''Requiem, Bardo and Nirmanakaya'' (1999) * ''Dancissimo'' for orchestra (2001) * Symphony No.6 ''Plutonian Ode'' for soprano and orchestra (2001) * Symphony No.7 ''Toltec'' for orchestra and chorus (2004) * Symphony No.8 ''The Passion of Ramakrishna'' (2005) ===Works for soloists and orchestra=== * ''Facades'' for two saxophones (or flute and clarinet) and string orchestra (1981) * Concerto for Violin and Orchestra (1987) * ''Passages'' for saxophone quartet and chamber orchestra (1989, arranged by Dennis Russell Davies in 2001) * Echorus for two violins and string orchestra (1995) * Concerto for Saxophone Quartet and Orchestra (1995) * Music from ''The Secret Agent'' for flute, english horn, harp, string orchestra and percussion (1995) * Concerto for Two Timpani Players and Orchestra (2000) * Concerto for Piano and Orchestra No.1 ''Tirol'' (2000) * Concerto for Cello and Orchestra (2001) * Concerto for Harpsichord and Chamber Orchestra (2002) * Suite from ''The Hours'' for piano, string orchestra, celesta and harp (2003, arranged by Michael Riesman) * Concerto for Piano and Orchestra No.2 ''After Lewis and Clark'' (2004) ===Works for chorus=== * ''Music for Voices'' (1970) * ''Another Look at Harmony'' Part IV for chorus and organ (1975) * ''Fourth Series Part One'' for chorus and organ (1977) * Three Songs for chorus a-cappella (1984, texts by Octavio Paz and others) * ''De Cie'' for four voices (1988) ===Works for keyboard (piano or organ)=== * ''In and Out Again'' for two pianos (1967) * ''How Now'' for piano (1968) * ''Two Pages (for Steve Reich)'' for piano or electric organ (1969) * ''Modern Love Waltz'' for piano (1977) * ''Fourth Series Part Two (Dance No.2)'' for organ (1978) * ''Fourth Series Part Four (Mad Rush)'' for piano or organ (1979) * ''Metamorphosis for piano'' (1988) * ''Tesra'' for piano (1993) * ''The Orphée Suite'' for piano (1993, transcribed by Paul Barnes in 2000) * 12 Pieces for a Ballet (1993) * Etudes for Piano, Vol.1 (1994-1995) * Six Scenes from ''Les Enfants Terribles'' for two pianos (1996, transcribed by Dennis Davies) * Trilogy Sonata for piano (2001, from Einstein on the Beach, Satyagraha and Akhnaten, transcribed by Paul Barnes) * ''Voices'' for organ, didgeridoo and narrator (2001) * ''Music from the Hours'' for piano (2003, transcribed by Michael Riesman and Nico Muhly) * ''A Musical Portrait of Chuck Close'', two pieces for piano (2005) ==Film scores== Glass has scored many films, including: * Godfrey Reggio's documentary film trilogy ''Koyaanisqatsi'' (1983), ''Powaqqatsi'' (1988) and ''Naqoyqatsi'' (2002) * ''Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters'' (1985) *John Irvin's ''Hamburger Hill'' (1987) *Errol Morris's ''The Thin Blue Line'' (1988) * Errol Morris's biopic ''A Brief History of Time'' (based on Stephen Hawking's popular physics book) (1991) * ''Anima Mundi'' (1992) * ''Candyman'' (1992) (based on the Clive Barker work), and its sequel ''Candyman: Farewell to the Flesh'' *Jenipapo (including a song written for Suzanne Vega, 1995) * Martin Scorsese's ''Kundun'' (1997) * Peter Weir's ''The Truman Show'' (1998) * ''The Hours (movie)'' (2002) * ''The Fog of War'' (2003) * ''Taking Lives'' (2004) * ''Going Upriver'' (2004) * ''Partition'' (a third collaboration with Ravi Shankar, 2005)
Philip Glass
[[Image:Philip Glass by Annie Leibovitz.jpg|right|thumb|205px|Philip Glass looks upon sheet music in a portrait taken by Annie Leibovitz.]] Philip Glass (born January 31, 1937) is an United States composer. His music is frequently described as ''minimalism'', though he prefers the term ''theater music''. ==Biography== Glass was born in Baltimore, Maryland and studied the flute as a child at the Peabody Conservatory of Music. He then went on to the Juilliard School of Music where he switched to mostly play the keyboard; his composition teachers included Vincent Persichetti and William Bergsma. After studying with Nadia Boulanger and working with Ravi Shankar in France, Glass traveled, mainly for religious reasons, to north India in 1966, where he came in contact with Tibet refugees. He became a Buddhist, and met Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, in 1972. He is a strong supporter of the Tibetan cause. His distinctive style arose from his work with Ravi Shankar and his perception of rhythm in Indian music as being entirely additive. When he returned home he renounced all his earlier Darius Milhaud and Aaron Copland compositions and began writing austere pieces based on additive rhythms and a sense of time influenced by Samuel Beckett, whose work he encountered writing for experimental theater. Finding little sympathy from traditional performers and performance spaces, Glass formed an ensemble with Steve Reich, Jon Gibson and others, and began performing mainly in art galleries, these galleries being the only real connection between musical minimalism and minimalist visual art. After certain differences of opinion between him and Reich he formed his own Philip Glass Ensemble. Apart from performing with his ensemble he worked as an assistant for the sculptor Richard Serra, and made friends with New York based artists like Sol Lewitt, Nancy Graves, Chuck Close and Laurie Anderson. His works grew increasingly less austere and more complex, and in his consideration, not minimalist at all, culminating in ''Music in Twelve Parts''. He then collaborated on the first opera of his trilogy ''Einstein on the Beach'' with Robert Wilson (director). The trilogy was continued with ''Satyagraha (opera)'', themed on the early life of Mahatma Gandhi and his experiences in South Africa, and was completed by a powerful vocal and orchestral composition in Akhnaten (opera), which is sung in Akkadian, Biblical Hebrew, Ancient Egyptian and the language of the audience. Glass's work for theater includes many compositions for the group Mabou Mines, which he co-founded in 1970. He has also written many film scores, including ''Mishima'' (Paul Schrader, 1985)'', Kundun'' (Martin Scorsese, 1997), ''The Hours (movie)'', ''Taking Lives'', and ''The Fog of War''. Since the 1990s, Glass has increasingly written for more conventional forces such as the string quartet and symphony orchestra. To date he has written seven symphonies, and a series of concertos, including two concertos for piano (2000 and 2004), and concertos for violin (1987), saxophone quartet (1995), cello (2001), two timpani players (2000), and harpsichord (2002). His recent chamber and orchestral works show his ability to evoke historical styles without abandoning his own style or lapsing into mere pastiche, such as in Music from ''The Screens'' (1989) or his Symphony No.3 (1995). He continued to compose operas, including a trilogy based on the work of Jean Cocteau, a clear musical homage to the music of Claude Debussy, Erik Satie and Les Six, but also to early classical music, especially to Gluck's opera Orphée et Euridyce. He also worked with songwriters such as Paul Simon, Suzanne Vega, Mick Jagger and Natalie Merchant. Glass orchestrated some of David Bowie's music from the albums ''Low'' and ''Heroes'' in his ''Low Symphony'' and ''Heroes Symphony'', and he worked also with Aphex Twin. Mike Oldfield covered parts from Glass's ''North Star'', and the music of Bands like Tangerine Dream or Coldplay (Clocks, ''A Rush of Blood to the Head'', 2002), and of film composers such as John Williams (in his soundtrack for ''A.I.'', 2001), James Horner, Carter Burwell and Jon Brion seems to be influenced by Glass's musical style. A recent development in Philip Glass's oeuvre is a tendency to juxtapose his recent, more lyrical and traditional style with more austere and repetitive sections or movements (a certain kind of retrospect to his music of the 70s or early 80s), i.e. in ''Kundun'' (1997), Symphony No.6 'Plutonian Ode (2001), in the Chamber Opera ''The Sound of a Voice'' (2003) or in his Etudes for Piano, Vol.1 (Etudes No.9 and 10). ==Works== ===Works for the Philip Glass Ensemble=== * ''600 Lines'' (1967) * Music in Fifths (1969) * Music in Similar Motion (1969) * ''Music with Changing Parts'' (1973) * ''Music in Twelve Parts'' (1971-1974) * ''North Star'' (1977) * ''Glassworks'' (1982) * ''A Descent into the Maelstrom'' (1986) * ''Orion'' (2004) ===Operas, music theatre=== * ''Einstein on the Beach'' (opera, 1976) * ''Satyagraha (opera)'' (opera, 1980) * ''A Madrigal Opera'' for voices, violin and viola (1980) * ''The Photographer'' (1982) * ''Akhnaten (opera)'' (opera, 1983) * ''the CIVIL warS'' (opera, 1984) * ''The Juniper Tree'' (chamber opera, with Robert Moran, 1985) * ''The Fall of the House of Usher'' (chamber opera, libretto after the short story by Edgar Allan Poe, 1987) * ''The making of the representative for Planet 8'' (opera, 1985-1988, libretto by Doris Lessing) * ''1000 Airplanes on the Roof'' (work for stage, text by David Henry Hwang, 1988) * ''Hydrogen Jukebox'' (libretto by Allen Ginsberg, 1990) * ''White Raven'' (opera) (1991) * ''The Voyage'' (opera, 1992) * ''Orphée (opera)'' (opera, 1993) * ''La belle et la bête'' (opera, 1994) * ''Les Enfants Terribles'', Dance Opera for soloists and three pianos (based on a novel by Jean Cocteau, 1996) * ''The marriages between zones three, four, and five'' (opera, 1997, libretto by Doris Lessing) * ''In the Penal Colony'' (chamber opera, 2000, libretto after the short story by Franz Kafka) * ''The Sound of a Voice'' (chamber opera, 2003, libretto by David Henry Hwang) *''Waiting for the Barbarians'' (opera, 2005) ===Chamber Music=== * Music for Samuel Beckett's ''Play'' for two saxophones (1965) * String Quartet No.1 (1966) * ''Head On'' for violin, cello, and piano (1967) * ''Strung Out'' for violin (1967) * ''Music in the shape of a square'' for two flutes (1967) * ''Gradus'' for saxophone (1968) * ''Another Look at Harmony'' Part III for clarinet and piano (1975) * ''Fourth Series Part Three'' for violin and clarinet (1978) * String Quartet No.2 ''Company'' (music for the play adapted from the novella of Samuel Beckett, 1983) * ''Cold Harbour/ Cold Point'' for percussion, trumpet, horn, trombone and tuba (1983, for Mabou Mines) * Hebeve Song for soprano, clarinet and bassoon (1983) * Prelude to ''Endgame'' for timpani and double-bass (1984, for the play by Samuel Beckett) * String Quartet No.3 ''Mishima'' (1985) * ''Arabesque in Memoriam'' for flute (1988) * String Quartet No.4 'Buczak' (1989) * Music from ''The Screens'' for chamber ensemble (a collaboration with Foday Musa Suso, 1989) * ''String Quartet No. 5'' (1991) * ''Cymbeline'' (music for the play by William Shakespeare, 1991) * ''Love Divided By'' for flute and piano (1992) * ''In the Summer House'' for violin and cello (music for the play by Jane Bowles, 1993) * ''Melodies'' for solo saxophone (1995) * Concerto for Saxophone Quartet (1995, also orchestral version) * ''Dracula'' for string quartet (1998, music for the 1931 film) * Music from ''The Sound of a Voice'' for pipa, flute, violin, cello and percussion (2003) ===Works for orchestra (with chorus and voices)=== * ''Company'' for string orchestra (music for the play adapted from the novella of Samuel Beckett, 1983) * Prelude and Dance from ''Akhnaten'' for orchestra (1984) * Two Interludes from ''the CIVIL warS'' for orchestra (1984) * ''The Olympian: Lighting of the Torch and Closing'' for orchestra and chorus (1984) * ''Phaedra'' for string orchestra and percussion (1985) * ''In the Upper Room'' for chamber orchestra (1986) * ''The Light'' for orchestra (1987) * ''The Canyon'', Dramatic episode for orchestra (1988) * ''Itaipu'' for chorus and orchestra (1989) * ''Passages'' (a collaboration with Ravi Shankar) (1990) * ''Mechanical Ballet'' from ''The Voyage'' for orchestra (1992) * ''Symphony No.1 'Low''' for orchestra (1992) * Concerto Grosso for orchestra (1992) * Orphée Interlude for chamber orchestra (1993) * ''T.S.E.'' (T.S. Eliot) for voices and ensemble (1994) * Symphony No.2 for orchestra (1994) * Symphony No.3 for 19 string players (1995) * ''Symphony No.4 'Heroes''' for orchestra (1996) * ''Songs of Milarepa'' for baritone and chamber orchestra (1997) * ''Days and Nights of Rocinha'', Dance for orchestra (1997) * ''Psalm 126'' for orchestra and chorus (text spoken) (1998) * Symphony No.5 (Choral) ''Requiem, Bardo and Nirmanakaya'' (1999) * ''Dancissimo'' for orchestra (2001) * Symphony No.6 ''Plutonian Ode'' for soprano and orchestra (2001) * Symphony No.7 ''Toltec'' for orchestra and chorus (2004) * Symphony No.8 ''The Passion of Ramakrishna'' (2005) ===Works for soloists and orchestra=== * ''Facades'' for two saxophones (or flute and clarinet) and string orchestra (1981) * Concerto for Violin and Orchestra (1987) * ''Passages'' for saxophone quartet and chamber orchestra (1989, arranged by Dennis Russell Davies in 2001) * Echorus for two violins and string orchestra (1995) * Concerto for Saxophone Quartet and Orchestra (1995) * Music from ''The Secret Agent'' for flute, english horn, harp, string orchestra and percussion (1995) * Concerto for Two Timpani Players and Orchestra (2000) * Concerto for Piano and Orchestra No.1 ''Tirol'' (2000) * Concerto for Cello and Orchestra (2001) * Concerto for Harpsichord and Chamber Orchestra (2002) * Suite from ''The Hours'' for piano, string orchestra, celesta and harp (2003, arranged by Michael Riesman) * Concerto for Piano and Orchestra No.2 ''After Lewis and Clark'' (2004) ===Works for chorus=== * ''Music for Voices'' (1970) * ''Another Look at Harmony'' Part IV for chorus and organ (1975) * ''Fourth Series Part One'' for chorus and organ (1977) * Three Songs for chorus a-cappella (1984, texts by Octavio Paz and others) * ''De Cie'' for four voices (1988) ===Works for keyboard (piano or organ)=== * ''In and Out Again'' for two pianos (1967) * ''How Now'' for piano (1968) * ''Two Pages (for Steve Reich)'' for piano or electric organ (1969) * ''Modern Love Waltz'' for piano (1977) * ''Fourth Series Part Two (Dance No.2)'' for organ (1978) * ''Fourth Series Part Four (Mad Rush)'' for piano or organ (1979) * ''Metamorphosis for piano'' (1988) * ''Tesra'' for piano (1993) * ''The Orphée Suite'' for piano (1993, transcribed by Paul Barnes in 2000) * 12 Pieces for a Ballet (1993) * Etudes for Piano, Vol.1 (1994-1995) * Six Scenes from ''Les Enfants Terribles'' for two pianos (1996, transcribed by Dennis Davies) * Trilogy Sonata for piano (2001, from Einstein on the Beach, Satyagraha and Akhnaten, transcribed by Paul Barnes) * ''Voices'' for organ, didgeridoo and narrator (2001) * ''Music from the Hours'' for piano (2003, transcribed by Michael Riesman and Nico Muhly) * ''A Musical Portrait of Chuck Close'', two pieces for piano (2005) ==Film scores== Glass has scored many films, including: * Godfrey Reggio's documentary film trilogy ''Koyaanisqatsi'' (1983), ''Powaqqatsi'' (1988) and ''Naqoyqatsi'' (2002) * ''Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters'' (1985) *John Irvin's ''Hamburger Hill'' (1987) *Errol Morris's ''The Thin Blue Line'' (1988) * Errol Morris's biopic ''A Brief History of Time'' (based on Stephen Hawking's popular physics book) (1991) * ''Anima Mundi'' (1992) * ''Candyman'' (1992) (based on the Clive Barker work), and its sequel ''Candyman: Farewell to the Flesh'' *Jenipapo (including a song written for Suzanne Vega, 1995) * Martin Scorsese's ''Kundun'' (1997) * Peter Weir's ''The Truman Show'' (1998) * ''The Hours (movie)'' (2002) * ''The Fog of War'' (2003) * ''Taking Lives'' (2004) * ''Going Upriver'' (2004) * ''Partition'' (a third collaboration with Ravi Shankar, 2005)
==Selected Discography== *North Star (1977) *Einstein on the Beach (1979) *Solo Piano (1989) *Passages (1990) *Itaipu/ The Canyon (1993) *Music from the Screens (1993) *Einstein on the Beach (1993, new recording) *Music with Changing Parts (1994) *Music in Similar Motion/ Music in Fifths/ Two Pages etc. (1994) *Kronos Quartet performs Philip Glass (string quartets No.2-No.5)(1995) *Music in Twelve Parts (1996, new recording) *Kundun (1997) *Symphony No.2 (1998) *Koyaanisqatsi (1998, new recording) *the CIVIL warS: a tree is best measured when it is down. Act V - The Rome Section (1999) *Symphony No.3 (2000) *Violin Concerto / Prelude and Dance from Akhnaten / Company (2000) *The Hours (2002) *The Orphée Suite for piano (2003) *Etudes for Piano, Vol. I, nos. 1-10 (2003) *Symphony No.2 and No.3 (2004) *Les Enfants Terribles (2005) ==Bibliography== *Music By Philip Glass (Da Capo Press) *Writings on Glass (University of California Press) == See also == *Minimalist music *John Coolidge Adams *Louis Andriessen *Ira Glass (his second cousin) *Steve Reich *Terry Riley *Kronos Quartet == External links == * [http://www.philipglass.com/ Official website] * * [http://www.glasspages.org/ Philip Glass on the Web], an extensive fan site * [http://www.newmusicbox.org/article.nmbx?id=1510 NewMusicBox: Philip Glass in conversation with Frank J. Oteri, 2001] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/audiointerviews/profilepages/glassp1.shtml 1986 interview for the BBC] * [http://research.umbc.edu/~tmoore/interview_frame.html?/~tmoore/glass1.html Philip Glass in conversation with Thomas Moore] * [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&uid=UIDMISS70407101243533061&sql=Bwi6xlfde5cqp Entry on All-Music Guide] * [http://dmoz.org/Arts/Music/Composition/Composers/G/Glass,_Philip/ Philip Glass on Open Directory dmoz.org] * [http://home.comcast.net/~neveldine/glass.html A Philip Glassography] * [http://home.nyc.rr.com/alweisel/bulletinphilipglass.htm Working Glass Man] 1937 births 20th century classical composers American composers Living classical composers Opera composers People from Baltimore Postmodernism United States musicians
Philip Glass
== Introduction == ''His music is frequently described as minimalist.'' Is there such a controversy that we must state that some people think of him as a minimalist musician, instead of simply stating that he is a minimalist musician? --User:Liberlogos 05:28, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC) He himself does not want to be called a minimalist. "I wish that word was stamped out" is his comment about it. He freely admits that all work up to and including ''Music in Twelve Parts'' may be called minimalist, but starting with ''Einstein on the Beach'' his work had reached maturity and therefore was no longer experimental. I think its a good idea to keep the idea that not everyone sees his music as this way, although it is a good shorthand for classifying his music. User:Catisonh 06:33, Aug 18, 2004 (UTC) Ransom Wilson was a flutist for Philip Glass during the original performances of Einstein on the Beach. Regarding Glass' repetition, he said, "At first I was bored-- ''very'' bored. The music seemed to have no direction, almost giving the impression of a gigantic phonograph with a stuck needle. I was first irritated and then angry that I'd been taken in by this crazy composer who obviously doted on repetition. I thought of leaving. Then, with no conscious awareness, I crossed a threshold and found that the music was touching me, carrying me with it. I began to perceive within it a whole world where change happens so slowly and carefully that each new harmony or rhythmic addition or subtraction seemed monumental."--User:Dar-Ape 00:56, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC) == "Cuddly persona" paragraph == I have removed the following from the text as a potential POV violation: : "Philip cultivates a "cuddly" persona as a contrast to former ensemble mate Steve Reich, but ensures that his mini-empire of publishing companies, record labels and recording studios is run as a tight ship by deploying his "bully boys" Kurt Munkacsi and Rory Gallager (the former road manager for the Sex Pistols) to do his dirty work." The anonymous user who posted the above also placed a questionable and erroneous statement regarding Laurie Anderson being the heir to a paint company fortune (something that no one I've contacted has been able to confirm). I do not know enough about Glass to make the same claim about the edit made here, but at the very least I think it needs to be reworded.User:23skidoo 02:53, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC) :I would consider it a NPOV policy violation, and not potential, though possibly done in ignorance of the policy, linked to again here: :*Wikipedia:Neutral point of view. :The fact that Laurie Anderson has been similarly edited against the NPOV policy is slightly alarming as it does suggest vandalism, though, again, it could be a new editor or someone otherwise ignorant of the NPOV policy. :However, Glass takes obvious pains to sculpt his public image (which I consider ego-centric), though I have no idea what his "dirty work" is (I picture something out of the Godfather, a stuffed-cheek Phil ordering somebody wiped out). More importantly, POV's are great, I think they are the best part of articles, but they need to be stated in a neutral way. I would love to see a quote or citation for the point of view that Glass cultivates a cuddly image while being a ruthless businessperson. User:Hyacinth 03:08, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC) :: Exactly. I'm not out to defend Glass any more than I'm out to defend Laurie Anderson against a veiled claim that she doesn't need arts grants to do her work (as I interpreted the Anderson edit to imply). But as both additions stand, I consider them borderline libel. If 194.237.142.21 can provide a source, great. But I agree with you that these two edits are close to being vandalism. But let's see what happens. I've got both the Glass and Anderson pages on my Watch list so if this person makes good on the previous edits, then no harm done. I agree there is nothing wrong with POV but they have to be balanced and, when necessary, attributed. User:23skidoo 03:38, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
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