Pharmacology (in Greek language: ''pharmacon (φάρμακον)'' is drug, and ''logos (λόγος)'' is science) is the study of how chemical substances interact with living systems. If these substances have medication properties, they are referred to as pharmaceuticals. The field encompasses drug composition, drug properties, interactions, toxicology, and desirable effects that can be used in therapy of diseases. Development of medication is a vital concern to medicine, but also has strong economical and political implications. To protect the consumer and prevent abuse, many governments regulate the manufacture, sale, and administration of medication. In the United States, the main regulatory body is the Food and Drug Administration through its publication of the United States Pharmacopoeia. Pharmacology as a science is practiced by pharmacologists. Clinical pharmacology is the medical field of pharmacology. ==Scientific background== The study of medicinal chemicals requires intimate knowledge of the biological system affected. With the knowledge of cell biology and biochemistry increasing, the field of pharmacology has also changed substantially. It has become possible, through molecular analysis of enzymes, to design chemicals that act on specific molecular pathways. A chemical has, from the pharmacological point-of-view, various properties. Pharmacokinetics is its fate (e.g. its half-life and volume of distribution) in the organism, and pharmacodynamics is its mode of action and potential toxicity. When describing the pharmacokinetic properties of a chemical, a pharmacologist employs the ''ADME'' principle: * Absorption - How is the medication absorbed (through the skin, the intestine, the oral mucosa)? * Distribution - How does it spread through the organism? * Drug metabolism - Is the medication converted chemically, and into which substances. Are these active? Could they be toxic? * Excretion - How is the medication eliminated (through the bile, urine, skin)? Medication is said to have a narrow or wide ''therapeutic margin'' or ''therapeutic window''. Those with a narrow window are more difficult to dose and administer, and may require therapeutic drug monitoring (examples are warfarin, some antiepileptics, aminoglycoside antibiotics). ==Classification== Medication can be usually classified in various ways, e.g. by its chemical properties, mode of administration, or biological system affected. An elaborate and widely used classification system is the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ==Types of medication== ===For the gastrointestinal tract or digestive system=== * Upper digestive tract: antacids, reflux suppressants, antiflatulents, antidopaminergics, proton pump inhibitors, H2-receptor antagonists, cytoprotectants, prostaglandin analogues * Lower digestive tract: laxatives, antispasmodics, antidiarrhoeals, bile acid sequestrants, opioids ===For the cardiovascular system=== * General: beta-receptor blocker, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, cardiac glycosides, antiarrhythmics, nitrate, antianginals, vasoconstrictor, vasodilator, peripheral activator * Affecting Antihypertensive: ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin II receptor antagonist, alpha blocker * Coagulation: anticoagulant, heparin, antiplatelet drug, fibrinolytic, Factor VIII, haemostatic drugs * Atherosclerosis/cholesterol agents: hypolipidaemic agents, statins. ===For the central nervous system=== hypnotic, anaesthetics, antipsychotic, antidepressant (including tricyclics, monoamine oxidase inhibitor, lithium salt, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor), anti-emetic, anticonvulsant and antiepileptic, anxiolytic, barbiturate, movement disorder drug, stimulant (including amfetamine), benzodiazepine, cyclopyrrolone, dopamine antagonist, antihistamine, cholinergic, anticholinergic, emetic, cannabinoids, 5-HT antagonist ===For pain & consciousness (Anaesthetic drugs)=== analgesics (includes acetaminophen, NSAIDs and opioids), local anesthetics, general anaesthetics, sedatives, migraine treatment drug ===For Muscular system-Skeleton disorders=== NSAIDs (including COX-2 selective inhibitors), muscle relaxant, neuromuscular drug
anticholinesterase ===For the eye=== *General: astringent, adrenergic neurone blocker, ocular lubricant *Diagnostic: anesthetics, sympathomimetics, parasympatholytics, mydriatics, cycloplegics *Anti-bacterial: antibiotics, topical antibiotics, sulfa drugs, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones *Anti-viral: *Anti-fungal: *Anti-inflammatory: NSAIDs, corticosteroids *Anti-allergy: mast cell *Anti-glaucoma: adrenergic agonists, beta-blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors/hyperosmotics, cholinergics, miotics, parasympathomimetics, prostaglandin agonists/prostaglandin inhibitors ===For the ear, nose and oropharynx=== sympathomimetic, antihistamine, anticholinergic, NSAIDs, steroid, antiseptic, local anesthetic, antifungal, cerumenolytic ===For the respiratory system=== bronchodilator, NSAIDs, anti-allergic, antitussive, mucolytic, decongestant
corticosteroid, beta-receptor antagonist, anticholinergic, steroid ===For endocrine problems=== androgen, antiandrogen, gonadotropin, corticosteroid, growth hormone, insulin, antidiabetic (sulfonylurea, biguanide/metformin, thiazolidinedione, insulin), thyroid hormones, antithyroid drugs, calcitonin, diphosponate, vasopressin analogues ===For the reproductive system or urinary system=== antifungal, alkalising agent, quinolones, antibiotic, cholinergic, anticholinergic, anticholinesterase, antispasmodic, 5-alpha reductase inhibitor, selective alpha-1 blocker, sildenafil ===For contraception=== contraceptive, oral contraceptives, spermicide, depot contraceptives ===For obstetrics and gynaecology=== NSAIDs, anticholinergic, haemostatic drug, antifibrinolytic, Hormone Replacement Therapy, bone regulator, beta-receptor agonist, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinising hormone, LHRH
gamolenic acid, gonadotropin release inhibitor, progestogen, dopamine agonist, estrogen, prostaglandin, gonadorelin, clomiphene, tamoxifen, Diethylstilbestrol ===For the skin=== emollient, antipruritic, antifungal, disinfectant, scabicide, pediculicide, tar products, vitamin A derivatives, vitamin D analogue, keratolytic, abrasive, systemic antibiotic, topical antibiotic, hormone, desloughing agent, exudate absorbent, fibrinolytic, proteolytic, sunscreen, antiperspirant ===For infections and infestations=== antibiotic, antifungal, antileprotic, antituberculous drug, antimalarial, anthelmintic, amoebicide, antiviral, antiprotozoal, antiserum ===For immunology=== vaccine, immunoglobulin, immunosuppressant, interferon, monoclonal antibody ===For Allergy disorders=== anti-allergic, antihistamine, NSAIDs ===For nutrition=== tonic (medicine), iron preparation, electrolyte, parenteral nutritional supplement, vitamins, anti-obesity drug, anabolic drug, haematopoietic drug, food product drug ===For neoplastic disorders=== cytotoxic drug, sex hormones, aromatase inhibitor, somatostatin inhibitor, recombinant interleukins, Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin ===For diagnostics=== contrast media ===For euthanasia=== A euthanaticum is used for euthanasia, see also Barbiturate#Other_non-therapeutical_use. ==External links== * [http://www.ich.org/ International Conference on Harmonisation] * [http://www.usp.org US Pharmocopea] ==See also== * Psychopharmacology - medication for mental conditions * Medicinal chemistry * Drug design *List of biomedical terms: | List of biomedical topics (numbers) | List of biomedical topics, A | List of biomedical topics, B | List of biomedical topics, C | List of biomedical topics, D | List of biomedical topics, E | List of biomedical topics, F | List of biomedical topics, G | List of biomedical topics, H | List of biomedical topics, I | List of biomedical topics, J | List of biomedical topics, K | List of biomedical topics, L | List of biomedical topics, M | List of biomedical topics, N | List of biomedical topics, O | List of biomedical topics, P | List of biomedical topics, Q | List of biomedical topics, R | List of biomedical topics, S | List of biomedical topics, T | List of biomedical topics, U | List of biomedical topics, V | List of biomedical topics, W | List of biomedical topics, X | List of biomedical topics, Y | List of biomedical topics, Z * List of withdrawn drugs * Pharmaceutical company *Cosmeceuticals Medical specialties Pharmacology Pharmacy Medicine Drugsclinical researchpharmaceutical indusrty Chemistry Academic disciplines
What to do with things like :adrenochrome, which have pharmacological effects, but no (at least AFAIK) therapeutic use? And do people ''really'' use it as a street drug? Who would ''want'' psychosis? -- User:The Anome ---- Pharmacology as such is a :basic science and does not deal with :therapy at all. Applied pharmacology is called :Pharmacotherapy. So, everything with pharmacological effects has its place in :pharmacology and/or :toxicology, if it is used theraupeutically or not. :Adrenochrome is not used in :medicine, unless for :research purposes. And I would be very surprised, if it was used as a street drug. There are "better" and certainly cheaper solutions for that. Concerning your last question: There are in fact *many* people *wanting* a *temporary* :psychosis, in sharp contrast to a lasting psychosis, which, I am sure, virtually nobody could honestly want. -- DA ---- A question on terminology. The matter is under discussion in Talk:succinylcholine chloride but it relates to all drugs. Under what headings do we wish to list individual substances? There is probably a IUPAC name for every substance on the planet but that is often not useful. Most drugs have generic chemical names as well as brand names (which vary from country to country) plus a IUPAC name. Where should the main entry for a substance go and what should link there? How are things handled in chemistry? *In Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemistry we use the most commonly used name for article titles: see also Wikipedia:Naming conventions (chemistry). A reference to the IUPAC name(s) (if different) in the article text or data table is ''strongly recommended''. Are there any style guidelines for drug-related articles? User:Physchim62 12:28, 29 May 2005 (UTC) In Template:Drugbox the IUPAC name is strongly featured. User:Jfdwolff | User_talk:Jfdwolff 13:27, 29 May 2005 (UTC) *To answer the original question, the International Nonproprietary Name (INN) seems favoured for article titles etc. ''See'' Talk:Paracetamol (and not acetaminophen) and Wikipedia:WikiProject Drugs User:Physchim62 17:13, 29 May 2005 (UTC) == Pharmacology as a basic science == In addition to just having a list of drugs acting in various physiological systems, wouldn't it be wise to delve into the basic science of pharmacology? Drug-receptor interactions, ligands, receptor classes, structure-activity relationship, etc? :I have written something very basic about the basics of pharmacology. The subjects you mention still require coverage. User:Jfdwolff | User_talk:Jfdwolff 23:17, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC) Why has the category: science been removed? Pharmacology is a science, and as such, shouldn't it be grouped along with the rest? --User:FMephit 18:47, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC) ==Work on this article== This article was just a list of classes of medication. I'm quite convinced this list should move to a seperate article, like I've done with list of withdrawn drugs. This article should concern itself with the scientific field of discovering medical drugs, testing their safety and reliability and their pharmacological profile. My edits today have added only a small bit of the required stuff. Any more ideas? User:Jfdwolff | User_talk:Jfdwolff 23:17, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
Medical specialties
==Orphan category status== Removed from :Category:Orphaned categories. User:Ceyockey 23:15, 2005 Apr 3 (UTC)
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
Words begining with Pharmacology:
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology_stubs
Pharmacology
Pharmacology (in Greek language: ''pharmacon (φάρμακον)'' is drug, and ''logos (λόγος)'' is science) is the study of how chemical substances interact with living systems. If these substances have medication properties, they are referred to as pharmaceuticals. The field encompasses drug composition, drug properties, interactions, toxicology, and desirable effects that can be used in therapy of diseases. Development of medication is a vital concern to medicine, but also has strong economical and political implications. To protect the consumer and prevent abuse, many governments regulate the manufacture, sale, and administration of medication. In the United States, the main regulatory body is the Food and Drug Administration through its publication of the United States Pharmacopoeia. Pharmacology as a science is practiced by pharmacologists. Clinical pharmacology is the medical field of pharmacology. ==Scientific background== The study of medicinal chemicals requires intimate knowledge of the biological system affected. With the knowledge of cell biology and biochemistry increasing, the field of pharmacology has also changed substantially. It has become possible, through molecular analysis of enzymes, to design chemicals that act on specific molecular pathways. A chemical has, from the pharmacological point-of-view, various properties. Pharmacokinetics is its fate (e.g. its half-life and volume of distribution) in the organism, and pharmacodynamics is its mode of action and potential toxicity. When describing the pharmacokinetic properties of a chemical, a pharmacologist employs the ''ADME'' principle: * Absorption - How is the medication absorbed (through the skin, the intestine, the oral mucosa)? * Distribution - How does it spread through the organism? * Drug metabolism - Is the medication converted chemically, and into which substances. Are these active? Could they be toxic? * Excretion - How is the medication eliminated (through the bile, urine, skin)? Medication is said to have a narrow or wide ''therapeutic margin'' or ''therapeutic window''. Those with a narrow window are more difficult to dose and administer, and may require therapeutic drug monitoring (examples are warfarin, some antiepileptics, aminoglycoside antibiotics). ==Classification== Medication can be usually classified in various ways, e.g. by its chemical properties, mode of administration, or biological system affected. An elaborate and widely used classification system is the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ==Types of medication== ===For the gastrointestinal tract or digestive system=== * Upper digestive tract: antacids, reflux suppressants, antiflatulents, antidopaminergics, proton pump inhibitors, H2-receptor antagonists, cytoprotectants, prostaglandin analogues * Lower digestive tract: laxatives, antispasmodics, antidiarrhoeals, bile acid sequestrants, opioids ===For the cardiovascular system=== * General: beta-receptor blocker, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, cardiac glycosides, antiarrhythmics, nitrate, antianginals, vasoconstrictor, vasodilator, peripheral activator * Affecting Antihypertensive: ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin II receptor antagonist, alpha blocker * Coagulation: anticoagulant, heparin, antiplatelet drug, fibrinolytic, Factor VIII, haemostatic drugs * Atherosclerosis/cholesterol agents: hypolipidaemic agents, statins. ===For the central nervous system=== hypnotic, anaesthetics, antipsychotic, antidepressant (including tricyclics, monoamine oxidase inhibitor, lithium salt, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor), anti-emetic, anticonvulsant and antiepileptic, anxiolytic, barbiturate, movement disorder drug, stimulant (including amfetamine), benzodiazepine, cyclopyrrolone, dopamine antagonist, antihistamine, cholinergic, anticholinergic, emetic, cannabinoids, 5-HT antagonist ===For pain & consciousness (Anaesthetic drugs)=== analgesics (includes acetaminophen, NSAIDs and opioids), local anesthetics, general anaesthetics, sedatives, migraine treatment drug ===For Muscular system-Skeleton disorders=== NSAIDs (including COX-2 selective inhibitors), muscle relaxant, neuromuscular drug
anticholinesterase ===For the eye=== *General: astringent, adrenergic neurone blocker, ocular lubricant *Diagnostic: anesthetics, sympathomimetics, parasympatholytics, mydriatics, cycloplegics *Anti-bacterial: antibiotics, topical antibiotics, sulfa drugs, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones *Anti-viral: *Anti-fungal: *Anti-inflammatory: NSAIDs, corticosteroids *Anti-allergy: mast cell *Anti-glaucoma: adrenergic agonists, beta-blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors/hyperosmotics, cholinergics, miotics, parasympathomimetics, prostaglandin agonists/prostaglandin inhibitors ===For the ear, nose and oropharynx=== sympathomimetic, antihistamine, anticholinergic, NSAIDs, steroid, antiseptic, local anesthetic, antifungal, cerumenolytic ===For the respiratory system=== bronchodilator, NSAIDs, anti-allergic, antitussive, mucolytic, decongestant
corticosteroid, beta-receptor antagonist, anticholinergic, steroid ===For endocrine problems=== androgen, antiandrogen, gonadotropin, corticosteroid, growth hormone, insulin, antidiabetic (sulfonylurea, biguanide/metformin, thiazolidinedione, insulin), thyroid hormones, antithyroid drugs, calcitonin, diphosponate, vasopressin analogues ===For the reproductive system or urinary system=== antifungal, alkalising agent, quinolones, antibiotic, cholinergic, anticholinergic, anticholinesterase, antispasmodic, 5-alpha reductase inhibitor, selective alpha-1 blocker, sildenafil ===For contraception=== contraceptive, oral contraceptives, spermicide, depot contraceptives ===For obstetrics and gynaecology=== NSAIDs, anticholinergic, haemostatic drug, antifibrinolytic, Hormone Replacement Therapy, bone regulator, beta-receptor agonist, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinising hormone, LHRH
gamolenic acid, gonadotropin release inhibitor, progestogen, dopamine agonist, estrogen, prostaglandin, gonadorelin, clomiphene, tamoxifen, Diethylstilbestrol ===For the skin=== emollient, antipruritic, antifungal, disinfectant, scabicide, pediculicide, tar products, vitamin A derivatives, vitamin D analogue, keratolytic, abrasive, systemic antibiotic, topical antibiotic, hormone, desloughing agent, exudate absorbent, fibrinolytic, proteolytic, sunscreen, antiperspirant ===For infections and infestations=== antibiotic, antifungal, antileprotic, antituberculous drug, antimalarial, anthelmintic, amoebicide, antiviral, antiprotozoal, antiserum ===For immunology=== vaccine, immunoglobulin, immunosuppressant, interferon, monoclonal antibody ===For Allergy disorders=== anti-allergic, antihistamine, NSAIDs ===For nutrition=== tonic (medicine), iron preparation, electrolyte, parenteral nutritional supplement, vitamins, anti-obesity drug, anabolic drug, haematopoietic drug, food product drug ===For neoplastic disorders=== cytotoxic drug, sex hormones, aromatase inhibitor, somatostatin inhibitor, recombinant interleukins, Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin ===For diagnostics=== contrast media ===For euthanasia=== A euthanaticum is used for euthanasia, see also Barbiturate#Other_non-therapeutical_use. ==External links== * [http://www.ich.org/ International Conference on Harmonisation] * [http://www.usp.org US Pharmocopea] ==See also== * Psychopharmacology - medication for mental conditions * Medicinal chemistry * Drug design *List of biomedical terms: | List of biomedical topics (numbers) | List of biomedical topics, A | List of biomedical topics, B | List of biomedical topics, C | List of biomedical topics, D | List of biomedical topics, E | List of biomedical topics, F | List of biomedical topics, G | List of biomedical topics, H | List of biomedical topics, I | List of biomedical topics, J | List of biomedical topics, K | List of biomedical topics, L | List of biomedical topics, M | List of biomedical topics, N | List of biomedical topics, O | List of biomedical topics, P | List of biomedical topics, Q | List of biomedical topics, R | List of biomedical topics, S | List of biomedical topics, T | List of biomedical topics, U | List of biomedical topics, V | List of biomedical topics, W | List of biomedical topics, X | List of biomedical topics, Y | List of biomedical topics, Z * List of withdrawn drugs * Pharmaceutical company *Cosmeceuticals Medical specialties Pharmacology Pharmacy Medicine Drugsclinical researchpharmaceutical indusrty Chemistry Academic disciplines
Pharmacology
What to do with things like :adrenochrome, which have pharmacological effects, but no (at least AFAIK) therapeutic use? And do people ''really'' use it as a street drug? Who would ''want'' psychosis? -- User:The Anome ---- Pharmacology as such is a :basic science and does not deal with :therapy at all. Applied pharmacology is called :Pharmacotherapy. So, everything with pharmacological effects has its place in :pharmacology and/or :toxicology, if it is used theraupeutically or not. :Adrenochrome is not used in :medicine, unless for :research purposes. And I would be very surprised, if it was used as a street drug. There are "better" and certainly cheaper solutions for that. Concerning your last question: There are in fact *many* people *wanting* a *temporary* :psychosis, in sharp contrast to a lasting psychosis, which, I am sure, virtually nobody could honestly want. -- DA ---- A question on terminology. The matter is under discussion in Talk:succinylcholine chloride but it relates to all drugs. Under what headings do we wish to list individual substances? There is probably a IUPAC name for every substance on the planet but that is often not useful. Most drugs have generic chemical names as well as brand names (which vary from country to country) plus a IUPAC name. Where should the main entry for a substance go and what should link there? How are things handled in chemistry? *In Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemistry we use the most commonly used name for article titles: see also Wikipedia:Naming conventions (chemistry). A reference to the IUPAC name(s) (if different) in the article text or data table is ''strongly recommended''. Are there any style guidelines for drug-related articles? User:Physchim62 12:28, 29 May 2005 (UTC) In Template:Drugbox the IUPAC name is strongly featured. User:Jfdwolff | User_talk:Jfdwolff 13:27, 29 May 2005 (UTC) *To answer the original question, the International Nonproprietary Name (INN) seems favoured for article titles etc. ''See'' Talk:Paracetamol (and not acetaminophen) and Wikipedia:WikiProject Drugs User:Physchim62 17:13, 29 May 2005 (UTC) == Pharmacology as a basic science == In addition to just having a list of drugs acting in various physiological systems, wouldn't it be wise to delve into the basic science of pharmacology? Drug-receptor interactions, ligands, receptor classes, structure-activity relationship, etc? :I have written something very basic about the basics of pharmacology. The subjects you mention still require coverage. User:Jfdwolff | User_talk:Jfdwolff 23:17, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC) Why has the category: science been removed? Pharmacology is a science, and as such, shouldn't it be grouped along with the rest? --User:FMephit 18:47, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC) ==Work on this article== This article was just a list of classes of medication. I'm quite convinced this list should move to a seperate article, like I've done with list of withdrawn drugs. This article should concern itself with the scientific field of discovering medical drugs, testing their safety and reliability and their pharmacological profile. My edits today have added only a small bit of the required stuff. Any more ideas? User:Jfdwolff | User_talk:Jfdwolff 23:17, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
Pharmacology
Medical specialties
Pharmacology
==Orphan category status== Removed from :Category:Orphaned categories. User:Ceyockey 23:15, 2005 Apr 3 (UTC)
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
P
PA | PB | PC | PD | PE | PF | PG | PH | PI | PJ | PK | PL | PM | PN | PO | PR | PS | PT | PU | PW | PX | PY | PZ |Words begining with Pharmacology:
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology_stubs
These materials are based on Wikipedia and licensed under the GNU FDL
YouTube.com videos better site than Turbo Tax 2007
