
: ''This article refers to the historical Pharaoh. For Pharaoh in the Book of Abraham, see Pharaoh (Book of Abraham); for the book by Boleslaw Prus, see Faraon.'' Pharaoh (פַּרְעֹה, Standard Hebrew Parʿo, Tiberian Hebrew Parʿōh) is a title used to refer to the kings (of godly status) in ancient Egypt. ==Term origin== The term derives ultimately from the Egyptian language words ''Pr-Aa'' meaning "Great House". Originally a term for the royal palace, this word came into vogue to refer to the king. The earliest certain instance of the term "pharaoh" is in a letter addressed to Thutmose III in the mid-Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt (1539-1292 BC). By the Twenty-second dynasty of Egypt (c. 945-c. 730 BC) this usage had been extended and was now used occasionally just as ''hm.f'' "His Majesty" was used in earlier periods. It was not the official title but was used in letters to the monarch. It is frequently used by modern historians due to its use in the Bible, especially the Book of Exodus, and in the Ancient Greek and Roman writers; although the Bible, at least in the Hebrew original, treats ''Pharaoh'' like a proper name rather than like a title. ==Open problems== There are several open problems concerning ancient Egyptian pharaohs . It is unknown who was the first pharaoh of Egypt. It may have been the pharoahs Menes or Narmer (or they could be part of Egyptian mythology). If both were real, it is unknown who came first exactly. Scholars have wondered if Ramesses II defended Egypt against the Sea People because they were invading or were they people fleeing to Egypt in the middle of a war. It is questioned that Ramesses III or Amenemhat I were asassinated. The exact circumstances surrounding the dissapearance of Akhenaten's wife, Nefertiti, is unknown. The body of Akhenaten himself has not been found, and it is unknown if Akhenaten was killed or exiled. The exact nature of Atenism is also still debated by scholars. The parentage of the next pharaoh after Akhenaten, Tutankamun, is uncertain, and it is not even known, for certain, when Tutankhamun died, or what the nature of his death was. The alleged curse of Tutankhamun's tomb is questioned by many. What happened to Hatshepsut is unknown and Hatshepsut's relationships with Senenmut is debated. It is clear that Cleopatra VII of Egypt was a Greek not an Egyptian. Controversy exists if Cleopatra was beauty but is is clear that she was not Blacks. The kind of reign Pharaoh Smendes I's rule was is debated by scholars. It is questioned if Egypt split during his governance. It is unclear if Khababash of the Thirtieth dynasty of Egypt was a proper Pharaoh and from where Khababash came from. It is unknown if Necho II really sent out an expedition which sailed from the Red Sea around Africa back to the mouth of the Nile. There are a questions concerning the practices among egyptians regarding their pharaohs. It is question if the Pharaoh was really seen as a god or if the postion he held was just viewed as Divinity. It is not known for certain if the incests. ==Regalia and titles== The king of Egypt wore a double crown (headgear), created from the Red Crown of Lower Egypt and the White Crown of Upper Egypt. It was adorned by a uraeus, which was doubled under the Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt. The official titulary of the king by the New Kingdom consisted of five names; for some rulers, we know only one or two of them. In the order of their appearance they are: * The Horus Name. This is the earliest recorded name, which was created to identify the king with an aspect of the Hawk-god Horus. It was written inside a serekh. * '''The ''nebty'' (meaning ''(female) two'') Name. This name was associated with the goddess of Upper Egypt (the vulture-goddess Nekhbet), and the goddess of Lower Egypt (the cobra (snake)-goddess Wadjet). * The Golden Falcon Name. This name first appeared in the Twelfth dynasty of Egypt, and became a part of the official titulary. * The Praenomen.''' The throne name, by which he was addressed in diplomatic correspondence. It was the first of the two names written inside a cartouche, and usually accompanied by one of two phrases: either ''n-sw-bity'', "He of the Sedge and the Bee"; or ''neb tawy'', "Lord of the Two Lands". * The Nomen. This was given to the crown prince at birth; it was his "real" name. The other names were received at his coronation. Beginning with Chephren of the Fourth dynasty of Egypt, this name was introduced by the title "son of Ra." ==Related entries== *History of Egypt *Monarch ==See also== *Egyptian chronology *Conventional Egyptian chronology *List of Pharaohs ==Bibliography== *Sir Alan Gardiner ''Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs'', Third Edition, Revised. London: Oxford University Press, 1964. Excursus A, pp. 71-76. ==External links== * [http://www.insecula.com/contact/A001726.html/ Tutankhamun: Pictures] * [http://www.tyndale.cam.ac.uk/Egypt/index.htm Egyptian Royal Genealogy] * [http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/Welcome.html Digital Egypt for Universities] Ancient Egypt Pharaohs Torah people la:Pharao
Made a few additions ;-) But still the list is woefully short of complete. So far I've only put in ones that I can be sure are in chronological order, any others would just be (close) guesswork. --user:pb ---- There are 2 entries for Amenhotep IV in the 'pedia: Akhenaton and Akhnaten - User:Olivier : Pick the best name and merge! -- User:Tarquin :: I did an extensive Google search to see what the preferred spelling was, and moved the article to that. Ditto for the disambig pages for Ramesses, Tuthmosis, etc. See the individual talk pages for the rationale for each. User:Jnc 01:18, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC) ---- The Narmer article says that he succeeded Serket, but Serket is not on this list. Is he "The Scorpion of Egypt"? Serket ''was'' the name of a Scorpion goddess. User:RickK 04:45, 19 Jan 2004 (UTC) ==Egyptian Chronology== Whoever wrote the dates for Pharaohs - you should tell what particular source you are using for your dates, not just that this is "one of many" possible dating schemes. User:Jlk7e 05:46 24 May 2003 (UTC) ---- This page overlaps almost completely with Conventional Egyptian chronology. This one makes more sense as a "keeper", given the name (of the two, it's where I'd look for a full list). Not sure how to resolve the issue. -- User:Ffabris 23:46, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC) I have some trouble with the Conventional Egyptian chronology page. In the first place, its dates for the 11th and 12th Dynasties are not the conventional dates at all - they are low dates. Those dynasties "standard" dates have been established for a long time, and are still used in fairly recent books. The page also, oddly, says that it's basing its list of the conventional chronology on David Rohl's ''Test of Time'', which is a widely discredited revisionist work. The problem with the page here, as I see it, is that it provides no sources at all for the dates provided. User:Jlk7e 20:47, 6 Aug 2003 (UTC) : I would be willing to use the sources I cited on Conventional Egyptian chronology (''The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt'' and http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/) to redo the page, if others agree. However, I think it is pointless to have two pages which give esentially the same information. So before I start, I'd like to resolve that. There is definitely still confusion over Egyptian dates. E.g. Reeves' "Valley of the Kings" uses the same dates as Wikipedia (which it says come from Baines' "Atlas of Ancient Egypt"), but Clayton's "Chronology of the Pharaohs" (a recent work) gives Tuthmosis I's reign as 1524-1518 (using a system which the author followed from Mumane's "Penguin Guide to Ancient Egypt"). Until there is rough consensus among Egyptologists, I think all we can do is pick one (so all the various pages are consisten), document which one we picked, and stick with it. User:Jnc 01:18, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC) : Oops! When I said "dates as Wikipedia", I'd been reading the individual pages for various rulers. I see that Tuthmosis I is given on this page as 1525-1518, whereas on his page he's given as 1504-1492. Sigh. We really need to pick one chronology, and use it everywhere. User:Jnc 01:57, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC) Yes, most definitely. I suppose the question is: ought we to use time-worn dating systems which are familiar, but quite possibly somewhat incorrect, or more recent estimates which have not yet been accepted as a consensus? Some sense of what the most frequently used dates are would be helpful here. User:John Kenney 05:21, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC) ==Hebrew== Why do we need a Hebrew translation and transliteration in this article? Should we include translations of every other language in the world? What makes Hebrew special? User:RickKUser talk:RickK 05:17, Jul 17, 2004 (UTC) :It's possible the word itself is of Hebrew language origin; after all, the Hebrews and Egyptians were pretty intertwined back then. From the article: ''The term derives ultimately from the Egyptian words pr-o, meaning "Great House". It was not commonly used by the Egyptians themselves to refer to their monarchs, but is frequently used by modern historians due to its use in the Bible, especially the Book of Exodus.'' :In other words, it seems reasonable to have the Hebrew text, but I agree that the transliterations are unnecessary. When does Wikipedia get hieroglyphics support? ;) --User:Golbez 05:38, Jul 17, 2004 (UTC) ::Wikipedia ''has'' hieroglyphics support. User:RickKUser talk:RickK 05:41, Jul 17, 2004 (UTC) :::Yeah, I thought I remembered reading that. Kill a joke, why doncha. ;) Ah well, either way, I think the Hebrew text is relevant. Maybe not three different methods, though. --User:Golbez 05:46, Jul 17, 2004 (UTC) ==Cleanup== A cleaned up version is in Pharaoh/Temp. Please add any comments there or in its Talk: Pharaoh/Temp - I intend to move it to the "live" version later this week. -- User:ALoan User_talk:ALoan 13:13, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
{| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin:0 auto;" |- style="text-align: center;" | style="width: 30%;" | Preceded by:
{} | style="width: 40%;" | Pharaoh
''{}'' | style="width: 30%;" | Succeeded by:
{} |}
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
Words begining with Pharaoh:
Pharaoh
Pharaoh
Pharaoh
Pharaoh's_ant
Pharaoh's_Servant
Pharaoh/Temp
Pharaohchang
Pharaohe_Monch
Pharaohs
Pharaohs
Pharaohs
Pharaoh_(Book_of_Abraham)
Pharaoh_90
Pharaoh_ant
Pharaoh_Djoser
Pharaoh_Djoser
Pharaoh_Horus_Netjerikhet_Djoser
Pharaoh_Horus_Netjerikhet_Djoser
Pharaoh_Horus_Netjerikhet_Djzoser
Pharaoh_Horus_Netjerikhet_Djzoser
Pharaoh_Horus_Netjerikhet_Djzosèr
Pharaoh_Horus_Netjerikhet_Djzosèr
Pharaoh_Hound
Pharaoh_Hound
Pharaoh_hound
Pharaoh_Khufu
Pharaoh_Memory_World
Pharaoh_Memory_World
Pharaoh_Monch
Pharaoh_Monche
Pharaoh_Netjerikhet_Djoser
Pharaoh_Netjerikhet_Djoser
Pharaoh_of_Egypt
Pharaoh_Rama-Tut
Pharaoh
: ''This article refers to the historical Pharaoh. For Pharaoh in the Book of Abraham, see Pharaoh (Book of Abraham); for the book by Boleslaw Prus, see Faraon.'' Pharaoh (פַּרְעֹה, Standard Hebrew Parʿo, Tiberian Hebrew Parʿōh) is a title used to refer to the kings (of godly status) in ancient Egypt. ==Term origin== The term derives ultimately from the Egyptian language words ''Pr-Aa'' meaning "Great House". Originally a term for the royal palace, this word came into vogue to refer to the king. The earliest certain instance of the term "pharaoh" is in a letter addressed to Thutmose III in the mid-Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt (1539-1292 BC). By the Twenty-second dynasty of Egypt (c. 945-c. 730 BC) this usage had been extended and was now used occasionally just as ''hm.f'' "His Majesty" was used in earlier periods. It was not the official title but was used in letters to the monarch. It is frequently used by modern historians due to its use in the Bible, especially the Book of Exodus, and in the Ancient Greek and Roman writers; although the Bible, at least in the Hebrew original, treats ''Pharaoh'' like a proper name rather than like a title. ==Open problems== There are several open problems concerning ancient Egyptian pharaohs . It is unknown who was the first pharaoh of Egypt. It may have been the pharoahs Menes or Narmer (or they could be part of Egyptian mythology). If both were real, it is unknown who came first exactly. Scholars have wondered if Ramesses II defended Egypt against the Sea People because they were invading or were they people fleeing to Egypt in the middle of a war. It is questioned that Ramesses III or Amenemhat I were asassinated. The exact circumstances surrounding the dissapearance of Akhenaten's wife, Nefertiti, is unknown. The body of Akhenaten himself has not been found, and it is unknown if Akhenaten was killed or exiled. The exact nature of Atenism is also still debated by scholars. The parentage of the next pharaoh after Akhenaten, Tutankamun, is uncertain, and it is not even known, for certain, when Tutankhamun died, or what the nature of his death was. The alleged curse of Tutankhamun's tomb is questioned by many. What happened to Hatshepsut is unknown and Hatshepsut's relationships with Senenmut is debated. It is clear that Cleopatra VII of Egypt was a Greek not an Egyptian. Controversy exists if Cleopatra was beauty but is is clear that she was not Blacks. The kind of reign Pharaoh Smendes I's rule was is debated by scholars. It is questioned if Egypt split during his governance. It is unclear if Khababash of the Thirtieth dynasty of Egypt was a proper Pharaoh and from where Khababash came from. It is unknown if Necho II really sent out an expedition which sailed from the Red Sea around Africa back to the mouth of the Nile. There are a questions concerning the practices among egyptians regarding their pharaohs. It is question if the Pharaoh was really seen as a god or if the postion he held was just viewed as Divinity. It is not known for certain if the incests. ==Regalia and titles== The king of Egypt wore a double crown (headgear), created from the Red Crown of Lower Egypt and the White Crown of Upper Egypt. It was adorned by a uraeus, which was doubled under the Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt. The official titulary of the king by the New Kingdom consisted of five names; for some rulers, we know only one or two of them. In the order of their appearance they are: * The Horus Name. This is the earliest recorded name, which was created to identify the king with an aspect of the Hawk-god Horus. It was written inside a serekh. * '''The ''nebty'' (meaning ''(female) two'') Name. This name was associated with the goddess of Upper Egypt (the vulture-goddess Nekhbet), and the goddess of Lower Egypt (the cobra (snake)-goddess Wadjet). * The Golden Falcon Name. This name first appeared in the Twelfth dynasty of Egypt, and became a part of the official titulary. * The Praenomen.''' The throne name, by which he was addressed in diplomatic correspondence. It was the first of the two names written inside a cartouche, and usually accompanied by one of two phrases: either ''n-sw-bity'', "He of the Sedge and the Bee"; or ''neb tawy'', "Lord of the Two Lands". * The Nomen. This was given to the crown prince at birth; it was his "real" name. The other names were received at his coronation. Beginning with Chephren of the Fourth dynasty of Egypt, this name was introduced by the title "son of Ra." ==Related entries== *History of Egypt *Monarch ==See also== *Egyptian chronology *Conventional Egyptian chronology *List of Pharaohs ==Bibliography== *Sir Alan Gardiner ''Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs'', Third Edition, Revised. London: Oxford University Press, 1964. Excursus A, pp. 71-76. ==External links== * [http://www.insecula.com/contact/A001726.html/ Tutankhamun: Pictures] * [http://www.tyndale.cam.ac.uk/Egypt/index.htm Egyptian Royal Genealogy] * [http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/Welcome.html Digital Egypt for Universities] Ancient Egypt Pharaohs Torah people la:Pharao
Pharaoh
Made a few additions ;-) But still the list is woefully short of complete. So far I've only put in ones that I can be sure are in chronological order, any others would just be (close) guesswork. --user:pb ---- There are 2 entries for Amenhotep IV in the 'pedia: Akhenaton and Akhnaten - User:Olivier : Pick the best name and merge! -- User:Tarquin :: I did an extensive Google search to see what the preferred spelling was, and moved the article to that. Ditto for the disambig pages for Ramesses, Tuthmosis, etc. See the individual talk pages for the rationale for each. User:Jnc 01:18, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC) ---- The Narmer article says that he succeeded Serket, but Serket is not on this list. Is he "The Scorpion of Egypt"? Serket ''was'' the name of a Scorpion goddess. User:RickK 04:45, 19 Jan 2004 (UTC) ==Egyptian Chronology== Whoever wrote the dates for Pharaohs - you should tell what particular source you are using for your dates, not just that this is "one of many" possible dating schemes. User:Jlk7e 05:46 24 May 2003 (UTC) ---- This page overlaps almost completely with Conventional Egyptian chronology. This one makes more sense as a "keeper", given the name (of the two, it's where I'd look for a full list). Not sure how to resolve the issue. -- User:Ffabris 23:46, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC) I have some trouble with the Conventional Egyptian chronology page. In the first place, its dates for the 11th and 12th Dynasties are not the conventional dates at all - they are low dates. Those dynasties "standard" dates have been established for a long time, and are still used in fairly recent books. The page also, oddly, says that it's basing its list of the conventional chronology on David Rohl's ''Test of Time'', which is a widely discredited revisionist work. The problem with the page here, as I see it, is that it provides no sources at all for the dates provided. User:Jlk7e 20:47, 6 Aug 2003 (UTC) : I would be willing to use the sources I cited on Conventional Egyptian chronology (''The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt'' and http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/) to redo the page, if others agree. However, I think it is pointless to have two pages which give esentially the same information. So before I start, I'd like to resolve that. There is definitely still confusion over Egyptian dates. E.g. Reeves' "Valley of the Kings" uses the same dates as Wikipedia (which it says come from Baines' "Atlas of Ancient Egypt"), but Clayton's "Chronology of the Pharaohs" (a recent work) gives Tuthmosis I's reign as 1524-1518 (using a system which the author followed from Mumane's "Penguin Guide to Ancient Egypt"). Until there is rough consensus among Egyptologists, I think all we can do is pick one (so all the various pages are consisten), document which one we picked, and stick with it. User:Jnc 01:18, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC) : Oops! When I said "dates as Wikipedia", I'd been reading the individual pages for various rulers. I see that Tuthmosis I is given on this page as 1525-1518, whereas on his page he's given as 1504-1492. Sigh. We really need to pick one chronology, and use it everywhere. User:Jnc 01:57, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC) Yes, most definitely. I suppose the question is: ought we to use time-worn dating systems which are familiar, but quite possibly somewhat incorrect, or more recent estimates which have not yet been accepted as a consensus? Some sense of what the most frequently used dates are would be helpful here. User:John Kenney 05:21, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC) ==Hebrew== Why do we need a Hebrew translation and transliteration in this article? Should we include translations of every other language in the world? What makes Hebrew special? User:RickKUser talk:RickK 05:17, Jul 17, 2004 (UTC) :It's possible the word itself is of Hebrew language origin; after all, the Hebrews and Egyptians were pretty intertwined back then. From the article: ''The term derives ultimately from the Egyptian words pr-o, meaning "Great House". It was not commonly used by the Egyptians themselves to refer to their monarchs, but is frequently used by modern historians due to its use in the Bible, especially the Book of Exodus.'' :In other words, it seems reasonable to have the Hebrew text, but I agree that the transliterations are unnecessary. When does Wikipedia get hieroglyphics support? ;) --User:Golbez 05:38, Jul 17, 2004 (UTC) ::Wikipedia ''has'' hieroglyphics support. User:RickKUser talk:RickK 05:41, Jul 17, 2004 (UTC) :::Yeah, I thought I remembered reading that. Kill a joke, why doncha. ;) Ah well, either way, I think the Hebrew text is relevant. Maybe not three different methods, though. --User:Golbez 05:46, Jul 17, 2004 (UTC) ==Cleanup== A cleaned up version is in Pharaoh/Temp. Please add any comments there or in its Talk: Pharaoh/Temp - I intend to move it to the "live" version later this week. -- User:ALoan User_talk:ALoan 13:13, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
Pharaoh
{| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin:0 auto;" |- style="text-align: center;" | style="width: 30%;" | Preceded by:
{} | style="width: 40%;" | Pharaoh
''{}'' | style="width: 30%;" | Succeeded by:
{} |}
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
P
PA | PB | PC | PD | PE | PF | PG | PH | PI | PJ | PK | PL | PM | PN | PO | PR | PS | PT | PU | PW | PX | PY | PZ |Words begining with Pharaoh:
Pharaoh
Pharaoh
Pharaoh
Pharaoh's_ant
Pharaoh's_Servant
Pharaoh/Temp
Pharaohchang
Pharaohe_Monch
Pharaohs
Pharaohs
Pharaohs
Pharaoh_(Book_of_Abraham)
Pharaoh_90
Pharaoh_ant
Pharaoh_Djoser
Pharaoh_Djoser
Pharaoh_Horus_Netjerikhet_Djoser
Pharaoh_Horus_Netjerikhet_Djoser
Pharaoh_Horus_Netjerikhet_Djzoser
Pharaoh_Horus_Netjerikhet_Djzoser
Pharaoh_Horus_Netjerikhet_Djzosèr
Pharaoh_Horus_Netjerikhet_Djzosèr
Pharaoh_Hound
Pharaoh_Hound
Pharaoh_hound
Pharaoh_Khufu
Pharaoh_Memory_World
Pharaoh_Memory_World
Pharaoh_Monch
Pharaoh_Monche
Pharaoh_Netjerikhet_Djoser
Pharaoh_Netjerikhet_Djoser
Pharaoh_of_Egypt
Pharaoh_Rama-Tut
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