
It is nearly universal for a person to have a name; the rare exceptions occur in the cases of mentally disturbed parents, or wild children growing up in isolation. A personal name is usually given at Childbirth or at a young age, and is usually kept throughout life; there might be additional names indicating family relationships, area of residence, and so on. The details of naming are strongly governed by culture; some are more flexible about naming than others, but for all cultures where historical records are available, the rules are known to change over time. == Structure == Common components of true names given at birth include: * Given name: Universal. In most of Western culture, the given name precedes the family name; some other cultures place it after the family name, or use no family name. * Patronymic: The given name of a relative, usually the father or mother, or a name derived from this. Many family names are derived from patronymics. * Family name: A name used by all members of a family. In Europe, the common use of family names started quite early in some areas (France in the 13th century, and Germany in the 16th century), but it often didn't happen until much later in areas that used a patronymic naming custom, such as the Scandinavian countries, Wales, and some areas of Germany. The compulsory use of surnames varied greatly. France required a priest to write surnames in baptismal records in 1539 (but didn't require surnames for Jews, who usually used patronymics, until 1808). On the other hand, compulsory surnames in the Scandinavian countries did not happen until the 20th century (1923 for Norway). Before the use of family names, people were often referred to by a description or nickname, their place of birth or residence, their occupation, or their parent's name. * Middle name: Least common. In royal or aristocratic families, several middle names honoring ancestors, relatives, or political allies are commonly given. In many families, single middle names are simply alternative names, names honoring an ancestor or relative, or, for married women, occasionally their maiden names. Many Catholic families choose a saint's name as their child's middle name or this can be left until the child's Confirmation (sacrament) when they choose a saint's name for themselves. Some people (called anonyms) choose to be anonymous, that is, to hide their true names, for fear of governmental prosecution or societal ridicule of their works or actions. Another method to disguise one's identity is to employ a pseudonym. The Inuit believe that the souls of the namesakes are one, so they traditionally refer to the junior namesakes, not just by the names (''atiq''), but also by kinship title, which applies across gender and generation without implications of disrespect or seniority. In Judaism, someone's name is considered intimately connected with his fate, and changing a name (e.g. on the sickbed) may avert a particular danger. Depending on national convention, additional given names (and sometimes titles) are considered part of the name. == Naming convention == In contemporary Western society (except for Iceland), the most common naming convention is that of a given name, usually indicating the child's sex, followed by the parents' family name. In earlier times, Scandinavian countries followed patronymic naming, with people effectively called "X son/daughter of Y"; this is now the case only in Iceland. Different cultures have different conventions for personal names. This is a list of articles about particular cultures' naming conventions. * Arabic name * Chinese name * Fijian name * Philippine names * German name * Hawaiian name * Hebrew name * Icelandic name * Indian name * Japanese name * Korean name * Vietnamese name * Roman Naming Conventions * Names in Russian Empire, Soviet Union and CIS countries * Spanish and Portuguese names == Name order == Since a name is made up of several parts, the order in which those parts are arranged can be significant. The order ''family name, given name'' is known as the eastern order and is used in East Asian cultures such as People's Republic of China, Japan, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, and Vietnam, as well as in Hungary. The order ''given name, family name'' is known as the western order and is used in the Americas and Europe. When East Asian names are transliteration into the Latin alphabet, some prefer to convert them to western order at the same time, while others leave them in eastern order but write the family name in capital letters. To avoid confusion, some always write a family name in capital letters, especially when writing for an international audience. Japanese names of contemporary individuals and Hungarian names are usually "switched" when individuals that have such names are mentioned in media in Western countries; for instance, ''Koizumi Jun'ichirō'' is known as Junichiro Koizumi in English. Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese names and Japanese names of historical figures are usually left in East Asian order; for instance, Mao Zedong is known as Mao Zedong in English. However, for sportspeople, Korean names may be rendered in East Asian or Western order in Western countries. The convention apparently varies by sport. For example, names of Korean football (soccer)ers and athletics are usually left in East Asian order (e.g. Ahn Jung-Hwan, Hong Myung-Bo, Sohn Kee-chung, Hwang Young-Cho). Baseball players' names are usually changed to Western order; for example, Park Chan-Ho is referred to in the West as Chan-ho Park. Golfers' names are also typically switched to Western order; the great woman golfer Pak Se-Ri is known in the West as Se Ri Pak. == Nonhuman personal names == Apart from the Linnaean taxonomy, some individual nonhuman animals and plants are given names, usually of endearment. In some cultures, pets or sporting animals are sometimes given names similar to human names. Other cultures, such as the Han Chinese, give the animals nonhuman names, because it would be offensive and disrespectful to the person of the same name; even cultures that give human names to animals sometimes do so to an ugly animal to insult the bearer of the name. For examples of nonhuman names, * An emperor during the Three Kingdoms period, Liu Bei's horse was called "Dilu" (的盧), meaning "Truly Dark," which might be metaphorically named for the ill fate it supposedly brought its previous owners. * Liu Bei's general, Guan Yu's horse was "Chi Tu" (赤兔), meaning "Red Hare," reflecting on the amazing speed of the horse. In bonsai, some plants are given adjectival names, such as "The Cloud of Joyful Memories." ==Trivia== *Teller, of the magician duo Penn and Teller, has no given names. (He was named Raymond Joseph Teller by his parents but removed the initial names by deed poll.) In official government documents (such as his driver's license) his given name is listed as ''NFN'', meaning "no first name". * Russ,name can be used as either a family name or a given name. When used with another simlarly ambiguous name, then it creates crab canon-like pairs of names - eg: Martin Russ and Russ Martin ==See also== * Name for a general discussion of names, including naming of persons * Namesdays. ==External Links== * [http://landing.ancestry.com/article/meaningofnames.aspx The meaning of names] Look up the meaning of first and last names. Names
Does anyone have any more information about naming in other, less west European, cultures that they could add? We need some information on naming conventions in Arabic and probably China and Japan as well, as a minimum. :There is already some fairly good material at Arabic name, Chinese name, Japanese name, etc. that can be condensed into something presentable for this article (although the Chinese name article probably needs to make it a little clearer about some of the differences between the naming traditions Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, and perhaps some mild POV editing). Where we really need some better info is on African African name ing traditions, and Jewish Jewish name s, as well as for First Nation and Native American naming traditions, etc. There are also areas of the world where single names are common (Afganistan, Indonesia, etc.) which needs to be covered. There was also an interesting article in the LA Times this last month about names and genealogy in Mongolia that had info that would be interesting to include. The more I think about it there are areas that I know nothing about the naming traditions: Australian Aborigines and Maori, South American natives plus the Aztecs and Mayans, Pacific Islanders and Native Hawaiianss, and the list goes on. And then the discussion on Patronymic needs lots of work, both here and in the main article. User_talk:GK">User:GK|gK User talk:GK 15:52, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC) ==Compulsory Family Names in Europe?== re: "Family name: Compulsory in the West, at least for past 300 years or so." This is incorrect. In looking information up at the LDS genealogical website in their country Research Outlines I found the following info: [http://www.familysearch.org/Eng/Search/RG/frameset_rhelps.asp] For Denmark: From around 1850 on, city-dwelling Danes started taking permanent surnames, but it wasn't until 1875 that rural Danes followed suit. It wasn't until 1904 that a national law required people to adopt permanent family names. For Sweden: In 1901 a law required people to adopt permanent surnames to be passed onto successive generations. For Norway: After about 1850, it became the custom in the cities to take permanent surnames. By 1900 most of Norway began doing so. In some places, the patronymic naming customs continued until 1923, when a law was passed requiring persons to adopt permanent family names to be passed to successive generations. For Germany: most people had adopted surnames by the 1500's, but patronymics continued in some areas until various different states adopted decrees requiring permanent surnames between 1771 and 1820. For Wales: Most nobles adoped surnames by the 16th century, and gentry during the 18th, but farmers and workers did not take surnames until the 19th century or later. For France: Surnames were first used by the nobility and wealthy land owners. Later the custom was followed by merchants and townspeople and eventually by the rural population. This process took two or three centuries. In France, the practice was well established by the 1200s. Since 1539 the law that required priests to write baptism registers also required them to write the surname next to the baptismal name. Jewish Naming Customs. Before 1808, the use of a family name by Jews was left to the discretion of the individual. Most Jews in France followed the custom of using only a given name and the father's name, such as Isaac, son of Abraham. Occasionally the name of the town where the person lived was used, as in Isaac of Metz. Most Jews did not adopt hereditary family names until required to do so by law. In 1808 Napoleon made Jews take a fixed surname. [some of the above info will need to be rewritten to use in the Wikipedia because it is copyrighted material.] User_talk:GK">User:GK|gK User talk:GK 09:50, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC) == Name order == The text in the "Name order" section was confusing. It is now much shorter and hopefully less confusing. However, some information is still lacking: * It ought to say that the capital-letters convention is used by writers from both ordering conventions, but I was not able to say that in a clear fashion. (It can be used to disambiguate a name for a global audience, no matter what its native order is.) * Some discussion of the relative prevalence of this convention would be nice; also of how common it is to swap name order for an audience from the other convention. * Is there an equivalent convention when transliterating from Latin alphabet to e.g. katakana (which does not have two cases)? User:Zack :I've only ever seen the all-capitals for last name convention in scientific literature, but I assume that the convention is used in some non-English languages since I know that there are couple of the non-English Wikipedias that use it (the Esperanto Wiki I think is one of them). User_talk:GK">User:GK|gK User talk:GK 06:30, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC) ==Birthplace names== Is there an official word for 'birthplace names'? These are especially common in Arab cultures, e.g. Saddam Hussein's "full" name is Saddām Hussein `Abd al-Majid al-Tikrītī — the ''al-Tikrītī'' bit refers to his place of birth, the district of Tikrit. I would suggest "geonym" or "polinym", but those are wild guesses. Any help? -- User:FirstPrinciples 00:58, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC) :There is already an article on Arabic name, which specifically mentions Saddam Hussein's full name, but suggests that suggest that the use of place names is a minor tradition within the Arabic naming tradition. If you know more about Arabic name, you might add that information to the Arabic name article. There are also quite a few European last names that are based upon place names. User:BlankVerse 08:38, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC) ::No kidding :) My question was, do the "birthplace names" themselves have a specific name (e.g. I speculate "polinym" from the Greek, poli [town] + nym [name]). The reference to Arabic names and Saddam Hussein was just there to elaborate the question. -- User:FirstPrinciples 12:16, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC) :You're thinking of bynames, but there's no article on that yet. The 'by' is from the word for 'town' in the scandinavian languages User:KayEss — User:KayEss | User talk:KayEss 08:23, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC) :Actually, it's not. A byname is a nickname, or surname, and the 'by' part of the word has the sense of 'beside' or 'secondary'. It is also found in such words as by-blow, by-catch, ... bypath, by-road, by-play, byway, etc, etc. User:Eilthireach 18:58, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC) ==Duplication== There's a certain amount of unnecessary duplication of information between this article and Given name and Family name, e.g. about name order and name origins. Anyone feel like cleaning it up? User:Bfinn 10:09, 15 May 2005 (UTC)
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
Words begining with Personal_name:
Personal_name
Personal_name
Personal name
It is nearly universal for a person to have a name; the rare exceptions occur in the cases of mentally disturbed parents, or wild children growing up in isolation. A personal name is usually given at Childbirth or at a young age, and is usually kept throughout life; there might be additional names indicating family relationships, area of residence, and so on. The details of naming are strongly governed by culture; some are more flexible about naming than others, but for all cultures where historical records are available, the rules are known to change over time. == Structure == Common components of true names given at birth include: * Given name: Universal. In most of Western culture, the given name precedes the family name; some other cultures place it after the family name, or use no family name. * Patronymic: The given name of a relative, usually the father or mother, or a name derived from this. Many family names are derived from patronymics. * Family name: A name used by all members of a family. In Europe, the common use of family names started quite early in some areas (France in the 13th century, and Germany in the 16th century), but it often didn't happen until much later in areas that used a patronymic naming custom, such as the Scandinavian countries, Wales, and some areas of Germany. The compulsory use of surnames varied greatly. France required a priest to write surnames in baptismal records in 1539 (but didn't require surnames for Jews, who usually used patronymics, until 1808). On the other hand, compulsory surnames in the Scandinavian countries did not happen until the 20th century (1923 for Norway). Before the use of family names, people were often referred to by a description or nickname, their place of birth or residence, their occupation, or their parent's name. * Middle name: Least common. In royal or aristocratic families, several middle names honoring ancestors, relatives, or political allies are commonly given. In many families, single middle names are simply alternative names, names honoring an ancestor or relative, or, for married women, occasionally their maiden names. Many Catholic families choose a saint's name as their child's middle name or this can be left until the child's Confirmation (sacrament) when they choose a saint's name for themselves. Some people (called anonyms) choose to be anonymous, that is, to hide their true names, for fear of governmental prosecution or societal ridicule of their works or actions. Another method to disguise one's identity is to employ a pseudonym. The Inuit believe that the souls of the namesakes are one, so they traditionally refer to the junior namesakes, not just by the names (''atiq''), but also by kinship title, which applies across gender and generation without implications of disrespect or seniority. In Judaism, someone's name is considered intimately connected with his fate, and changing a name (e.g. on the sickbed) may avert a particular danger. Depending on national convention, additional given names (and sometimes titles) are considered part of the name. == Naming convention == In contemporary Western society (except for Iceland), the most common naming convention is that of a given name, usually indicating the child's sex, followed by the parents' family name. In earlier times, Scandinavian countries followed patronymic naming, with people effectively called "X son/daughter of Y"; this is now the case only in Iceland. Different cultures have different conventions for personal names. This is a list of articles about particular cultures' naming conventions. * Arabic name * Chinese name * Fijian name * Philippine names * German name * Hawaiian name * Hebrew name * Icelandic name * Indian name * Japanese name * Korean name * Vietnamese name * Roman Naming Conventions * Names in Russian Empire, Soviet Union and CIS countries * Spanish and Portuguese names == Name order == Since a name is made up of several parts, the order in which those parts are arranged can be significant. The order ''family name, given name'' is known as the eastern order and is used in East Asian cultures such as People's Republic of China, Japan, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, and Vietnam, as well as in Hungary. The order ''given name, family name'' is known as the western order and is used in the Americas and Europe. When East Asian names are transliteration into the Latin alphabet, some prefer to convert them to western order at the same time, while others leave them in eastern order but write the family name in capital letters. To avoid confusion, some always write a family name in capital letters, especially when writing for an international audience. Japanese names of contemporary individuals and Hungarian names are usually "switched" when individuals that have such names are mentioned in media in Western countries; for instance, ''Koizumi Jun'ichirō'' is known as Junichiro Koizumi in English. Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese names and Japanese names of historical figures are usually left in East Asian order; for instance, Mao Zedong is known as Mao Zedong in English. However, for sportspeople, Korean names may be rendered in East Asian or Western order in Western countries. The convention apparently varies by sport. For example, names of Korean football (soccer)ers and athletics are usually left in East Asian order (e.g. Ahn Jung-Hwan, Hong Myung-Bo, Sohn Kee-chung, Hwang Young-Cho). Baseball players' names are usually changed to Western order; for example, Park Chan-Ho is referred to in the West as Chan-ho Park. Golfers' names are also typically switched to Western order; the great woman golfer Pak Se-Ri is known in the West as Se Ri Pak. == Nonhuman personal names == Apart from the Linnaean taxonomy, some individual nonhuman animals and plants are given names, usually of endearment. In some cultures, pets or sporting animals are sometimes given names similar to human names. Other cultures, such as the Han Chinese, give the animals nonhuman names, because it would be offensive and disrespectful to the person of the same name; even cultures that give human names to animals sometimes do so to an ugly animal to insult the bearer of the name. For examples of nonhuman names, * An emperor during the Three Kingdoms period, Liu Bei's horse was called "Dilu" (的盧), meaning "Truly Dark," which might be metaphorically named for the ill fate it supposedly brought its previous owners. * Liu Bei's general, Guan Yu's horse was "Chi Tu" (赤兔), meaning "Red Hare," reflecting on the amazing speed of the horse. In bonsai, some plants are given adjectival names, such as "The Cloud of Joyful Memories." ==Trivia== *Teller, of the magician duo Penn and Teller, has no given names. (He was named Raymond Joseph Teller by his parents but removed the initial names by deed poll.) In official government documents (such as his driver's license) his given name is listed as ''NFN'', meaning "no first name". * Russ,name can be used as either a family name or a given name. When used with another simlarly ambiguous name, then it creates crab canon-like pairs of names - eg: Martin Russ and Russ Martin ==See also== * Name for a general discussion of names, including naming of persons * Namesdays. ==External Links== * [http://landing.ancestry.com/article/meaningofnames.aspx The meaning of names] Look up the meaning of first and last names. Names
Personal name
Does anyone have any more information about naming in other, less west European, cultures that they could add? We need some information on naming conventions in Arabic and probably China and Japan as well, as a minimum. :There is already some fairly good material at Arabic name, Chinese name, Japanese name, etc. that can be condensed into something presentable for this article (although the Chinese name article probably needs to make it a little clearer about some of the differences between the naming traditions Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, and perhaps some mild POV editing). Where we really need some better info is on African African name ing traditions, and Jewish Jewish name s, as well as for First Nation and Native American naming traditions, etc. There are also areas of the world where single names are common (Afganistan, Indonesia, etc.) which needs to be covered. There was also an interesting article in the LA Times this last month about names and genealogy in Mongolia that had info that would be interesting to include. The more I think about it there are areas that I know nothing about the naming traditions: Australian Aborigines and Maori, South American natives plus the Aztecs and Mayans, Pacific Islanders and Native Hawaiianss, and the list goes on. And then the discussion on Patronymic needs lots of work, both here and in the main article. User_talk:GK">User:GK|gK User talk:GK 15:52, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC) ==Compulsory Family Names in Europe?== re: "Family name: Compulsory in the West, at least for past 300 years or so." This is incorrect. In looking information up at the LDS genealogical website in their country Research Outlines I found the following info: [http://www.familysearch.org/Eng/Search/RG/frameset_rhelps.asp] For Denmark: From around 1850 on, city-dwelling Danes started taking permanent surnames, but it wasn't until 1875 that rural Danes followed suit. It wasn't until 1904 that a national law required people to adopt permanent family names. For Sweden: In 1901 a law required people to adopt permanent surnames to be passed onto successive generations. For Norway: After about 1850, it became the custom in the cities to take permanent surnames. By 1900 most of Norway began doing so. In some places, the patronymic naming customs continued until 1923, when a law was passed requiring persons to adopt permanent family names to be passed to successive generations. For Germany: most people had adopted surnames by the 1500's, but patronymics continued in some areas until various different states adopted decrees requiring permanent surnames between 1771 and 1820. For Wales: Most nobles adoped surnames by the 16th century, and gentry during the 18th, but farmers and workers did not take surnames until the 19th century or later. For France: Surnames were first used by the nobility and wealthy land owners. Later the custom was followed by merchants and townspeople and eventually by the rural population. This process took two or three centuries. In France, the practice was well established by the 1200s. Since 1539 the law that required priests to write baptism registers also required them to write the surname next to the baptismal name. Jewish Naming Customs. Before 1808, the use of a family name by Jews was left to the discretion of the individual. Most Jews in France followed the custom of using only a given name and the father's name, such as Isaac, son of Abraham. Occasionally the name of the town where the person lived was used, as in Isaac of Metz. Most Jews did not adopt hereditary family names until required to do so by law. In 1808 Napoleon made Jews take a fixed surname. [some of the above info will need to be rewritten to use in the Wikipedia because it is copyrighted material.] User_talk:GK">User:GK|gK User talk:GK 09:50, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC) == Name order == The text in the "Name order" section was confusing. It is now much shorter and hopefully less confusing. However, some information is still lacking: * It ought to say that the capital-letters convention is used by writers from both ordering conventions, but I was not able to say that in a clear fashion. (It can be used to disambiguate a name for a global audience, no matter what its native order is.) * Some discussion of the relative prevalence of this convention would be nice; also of how common it is to swap name order for an audience from the other convention. * Is there an equivalent convention when transliterating from Latin alphabet to e.g. katakana (which does not have two cases)? User:Zack :I've only ever seen the all-capitals for last name convention in scientific literature, but I assume that the convention is used in some non-English languages since I know that there are couple of the non-English Wikipedias that use it (the Esperanto Wiki I think is one of them). User_talk:GK">User:GK|gK User talk:GK 06:30, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC) ==Birthplace names== Is there an official word for 'birthplace names'? These are especially common in Arab cultures, e.g. Saddam Hussein's "full" name is Saddām Hussein `Abd al-Majid al-Tikrītī — the ''al-Tikrītī'' bit refers to his place of birth, the district of Tikrit. I would suggest "geonym" or "polinym", but those are wild guesses. Any help? -- User:FirstPrinciples 00:58, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC) :There is already an article on Arabic name, which specifically mentions Saddam Hussein's full name, but suggests that suggest that the use of place names is a minor tradition within the Arabic naming tradition. If you know more about Arabic name, you might add that information to the Arabic name article. There are also quite a few European last names that are based upon place names. User:BlankVerse 08:38, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC) ::No kidding :) My question was, do the "birthplace names" themselves have a specific name (e.g. I speculate "polinym" from the Greek, poli [town] + nym [name]). The reference to Arabic names and Saddam Hussein was just there to elaborate the question. -- User:FirstPrinciples 12:16, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC) :You're thinking of bynames, but there's no article on that yet. The 'by' is from the word for 'town' in the scandinavian languages User:KayEss — User:KayEss | User talk:KayEss 08:23, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC) :Actually, it's not. A byname is a nickname, or surname, and the 'by' part of the word has the sense of 'beside' or 'secondary'. It is also found in such words as by-blow, by-catch, ... bypath, by-road, by-play, byway, etc, etc. User:Eilthireach 18:58, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC) ==Duplication== There's a certain amount of unnecessary duplication of information between this article and Given name and Family name, e.g. about name order and name origins. Anyone feel like cleaning it up? User:Bfinn 10:09, 15 May 2005 (UTC)
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
P
PA | PB | PC | PD | PE | PF | PG | PH | PI | PJ | PK | PL | PM | PN | PO | PR | PS | PT | PU | PW | PX | PY | PZ |Words begining with Personal_name:
Personal_name
Personal_name
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