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Personal Computer#REDIRECT Personal computer Personal computer
computer_case_of_a_personal_computer.">image:computer.tower.750pix.jpg|thumb|200px|The computer case of a personal computer.
The term personal computer or PC is generally a microcomputer intended to be used by one person at a time, and suitable for general purpose tasks such as word processing, programming, or game play, usually used to run purchased or other software not written by the user. Unlike minicomputers, a personal computer is often owned by the person using it, indicating a low cost of purchase and simplicity of operation. The user of a modern personal computer may have significant knowledge of the operating environment and application programs, but is not necessarily interested in programming nor even able to write programs for the computer.
The :Category:Early microcomputers of microcomputers were called just that, and only sold in small numbers to those able to (build them from kits or) operate them: engineers and accomplished hobbyists ( for example, the Altair 8800). The second generation micros were known as home computers, and are discussed in that section.
==History==
The earliest known use of the term was in ''New Scientist'' magazine in 1964, in a series of articles called "The World in 1984". In "The Banishment of Paper Work," Arthur L. Samuel of International Business Machines's Watson Research Center writes, "While it will be entirely feasible to obtain an education at home, via one's own personal computer, human nature will not have changed."
The first computers that can be called 'personal' were the first non-mainframe computers, the LINC and the PDP-8. By today's standards they were big (about the size of a refrigerator), expensive (around $50,000 US), and had small magnetic core memories (about 4096 12-bit words for the LINC).
However, they were small enough and cheap enough for individual laboratories and research projects to use, freeing them from the batch processing and bureaucracy of the typical industrial or university computing center. In addition, they were moderately interactive and soon had their own operating systems. Eventually, this category became known as the mini-computer, usually with time-sharing and program development facilities. Eventually, the mini-computer grew up to encompass the VAX and larger mini-computers from Data General, Prime, and others. Deployment of mini-computer systems was a model for how personal computers would be used, but few of the mini-computer makers managed to profit from it.
Development of the single-chip microprocessor changed everything, since it dropped the cost of purchase of a computer by an order of magnitude or more.
The first generation of microcomputers that started to appear in the mid 1970s (see home computers) were less powerful and in some ways less versatile than business computers of the day (but in other ways more versatile, in terms of built-in sound and graphics capabilities), and were generally used by computer enthusiasts for learning to computer programming, for running simple office/productivity applications, for electronics interfacing, and/or computer games, as well as for accessing bulletin board system's, general online services such as CompuServe, The Source (service), or Genie, or platform-specific services such as Quantum Link (US) or Compunet (UK).
It was the launch of the VisiCalc spreadsheet, initially for the Apple II family and later for the Atari 8-bit family, Commodore PET, and IBM PC that became the "killer app" that turned the microcomputer into a business tool. Later, Lotus 1-2-3, a combined spreadsheet (partly based on VisiCalc), presentation graphics, and simple database application, became the PCs own killer app. Good word processor programs also appeared for many home computers. The low cost of personal computers led to great popularity in the home and business markets during the 1980s. In 1982, ''Time magazine'' named the personal computer its Man of the Year.
During the 1990s, the power of personal computers increased radically, blurring the formerly sharp distinction between personal computers and multi-user computers such as mainframes. Today higher-end computers often distinguish themselves from personal computers by greater reliability or greater ability to multitask, rather than by straight central processing unit power.
==Architecture==
Personal computers can be categorized by size and portability:
*the desktop computer
*the portable computer
*the laptop
*the Tablet PC
*the Personal_Digital_Assistant
*the wearable computer
Many mass-market IBM PC compatible and Apple Macintosh personal computers are standardized to the point that purchased software is expected to run with little or no customization for the particular computer. Often memory, and peripherals such as video boards and disk storage are easily upgradable, even by the end user, and even the motherboard can in some cases be changed to upgrade the power of the central processor. Such upgradeability is not indefinite since major changes in the personal computer industry occur every three to five years; a machine that was considered top-of-the-line say five or six years ago may be impractical to upgrade due to changes in processors, memory, and peripherals. This upgrade cycle is in part linked to new releases of the primary mass-market operating system, which tends to drive the accquisition of new hardware and tends to obsolete previously serviceable hardware (see planned obsolescence).
The computer hardware capabilities of personal computers can sometimes be extended by the addition of expansion cards. The standard expansion bays for personal computers as of 2005 are industry standard architecture, Peripheral Component Interconnect and AGP. A PC may also be upgraded by the addition of extra drives (DVD, CD-ROM, flash drive, Hard drive, etc). Standard storage device interfaces are Advanced Technology Attachment, Serial ATA or SCSI in 2005.
===Motherboard===
:''Main article: PC motherboard''
The motherboard is the primary circuit board for a computer. Most other computer components plug directly into the motherboard to allow them to exchange information. Motherboards usually hold a chipset, BIOS, CMOS, parallel port, PS/2 keyboard and mouse ports and expansion bays. Sometimes a secondary daughter board is plugged into the motherboard to provide more expansion bays and to cut down on its size.
===Central processing unit===
:''Main article: central processing unit''
The Central processing unit or CPU is the part of the computer that performs most of the calculations that make computer program or operating systems run. The CPU plugs directly into the motherboard by one of many different types of sockets. Most IBM PC compatible computers use an x86-compatible processor made by Intel, AMD, VIA Technologies or Transmeta.
===RAM - memory===
:''Main article: random access memory''
The Random Access Memory of the computer is the "short-term-memory" of the PC, It is much faster than the mass storage devices like Harddisk or CD-ROM, but its contents are lost when the Power is turned off.
===Hard disk drive===
:''Main article: hard disk''
===PSU - power supply unit===
:''Main article: power supply''
Essential. Provides steady DC supply from a domestic AC source.
Many problems with Old PCs can be traced to a faulty or overheating PSU.
== Non-IBM compatible personal computers ==
Though many personal computers are IBM PC compatible using either Microsoft Windows or open-source forms of UNIX such as Linux, a number of other personal computer types are still popular. The leading alternative is Apple Computer's Power Macintosh platform, based on the PowerPC microprocessor.
Further PC and PW (Personal Workstation) types through time:
* Acorn Archimedes & RiscPC
* Atari Atari ST
* BeOS BeBox
* Amiga (previously produced by Commodore_International, now under licence from Amiga Inc.)
* Pegasos
* NEC PC-9800 (At one time, in Japan)
* NeXT workstations
* Sun Microsystems SparcStation
* Silicon Graphics workstations like the SGI Indigo and SGI Onyx
The term "personal computer" is often avoided by advocates of the above computer systems, ostensibly because of the association it has to the "PC" in "IBM PC".
== See also ==
* Xerox Star
* The Apple Computer, Apple II, Lisa, and Apple Macintosh
* Osborne 1
* 8-bit microcomputer
* Computer case
* Desknote
* History of computing hardware (1960s-present)
* Liquid crystal display television.
* Microcomputer
* Minicomputer
* Mainframe computer
* Supercomputer
* Server
== External links ==
*[http://www.old-computers.com/ Old Computers Museum] (all computer types)
*[http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=274 IBM PC] The beginning of the PC: the IBM PC - model 5150.
*[http://pc-museum.com/ Rune's PC Museum]
*[http://www.pcguide.com/ The PC Guide] contains detailed historical and technical information.
*[http://computer.howstuffworks.com/pc.htm Howstuffworks' article on "How PCs Work"]
*[http://www.anandtech.com/mac/showdoc.aspx?i=2232 A Month with a Mac: A Die-Hard PC User's Perspective]
*[http://pc.wikicities.com Wikicity for PC enthuiasm]
Personal computers
Office equipment
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Personal computer''(Formerly, "Personal Computers" was redirected to "Home Computers", which discusses early machines like Apple ][s only. We ought to have a more comprehensuve article here linked to "Home Computers" for early history.)'' ''Isn't the term personal computer formalized only after IBM's introduction of the PC? Before then, only home computer was the common name?'' :Nope. That's what the IBM PC was: the ''IBM'' Personal Pomputer, as opposed to all the other personal computers that were already on the market. THere were lots. User:Tannin 22:05 20 May 2003 (UTC) --- The article gives a definition of Personal Computer as : "A personal computer is an inexpensive microcomputer, originally designed to be used by only one person at a time, and which is IBM PC compatible - (though in common usage it may sometimes refer to non-compatible machines)." I would say that only the initials "PC" are ever taken to indicate an IBM/Intel/Windows-standard personal computer. (ex. usage "Do you own a Mac or a PC?" but never "Do you own a Mac or a Personal Computer?") and the rest of the article text would seem to corroborate this, with discussion of many pre-IBM-PC microcomputers. User:Exia --- The bottom half of this article is absolutely bad. What's with all the "of"s? Someone needs to fix it. - User:RadRafe :Quite so. Also, it's not about personal computers in any casse, it seems to be some rough notes about the development of mini computers - which are an entirely different thing. User:Tannin Text follows: === History === The first computers that can be called 'personal' were the first non-mainframe computers, the LINC and the PDP-8. By today's standards they were big (about the size of a refrigerator), expensive (around $50,000 US), and had small magnetic core memories (about 4096 12-bit words for the LINC). However, they were small enough and cheap enough for individual laboratories and research projects to use, freeing them from the batch processing and bureaucracy of the typical industrial or university computing center. In addition, they were moderately interactive and soon had their own operating systems. Eventually, this category became known as the mini-computer, usually with time-sharing and program development facilities. Eventually, the mini-computer grew up to encompass the VAX and larger mini-computers from Data General, Prime, and others. Deployment of mini-computer systems was a model for how personal computers would be used, but few of the mini-computer makers managed to profit from it. Personal computer - computer (computer) for the personal use.Before the appearance of the first personal computers, the existing computers were very expensive in the price and in the operation, which excluded the possibility of the acquisition of such machines by individual people.Computers could be found in the large corporations, in the universities, in the centers of studies and in the state establishments.Personal computers became possible in the Seventies, when amateurs began to construct their personal computers only in order in principle of having the capability to brag by this uncommon object/subject.Raniye personal computers did not have practical application, and they were extended very slowly. On 23 December, 1947, three scientific in the laboratories companies Bell, William Shokley, Walter Brateyn and John Bardeen invented the point transistor amplifier (transistor), which allowed decreases in the sizes/dimensions of the computers, which to this moment/torque used electron tubes. During September 1958, the jack frame Of kilbi from the company Texas by Instruments built the first electronic microcircuit, where five components were integrated on one pay of Germany, with size/dimension in one-and-a-half centimeter into dlinnu and 1-2 millimeters into the thickness. In 1959, Robert Noys from Fairchyuild Of semichonduchtor, it built the integrated electronic microcircuit where of the component they were soyedeneny with each other alyuminivymi lines on the oxidized surface of silicon (silichon-okhide). In 1960 the company Of digital Of etsuipment presented the first minicomputer Of pdp-y (PDP - program, date, processor), which was sold for 120000 American dollars.this was the first commercial computer equipped with keyboard and monitor. In 1963, Douglas engelbart invented computer mouse - the input equipment into the computer by the method of "tyka ':) In 1964, John Kemeny and Thomas Kyurtts in the college To dartmoutyu, they developed the language of programming BASICH.BASICH this reduction, which is read as Beginners of All -purpose Symbolich Of instruchtion To chode, or the multipurpose language of the symbolic codes of instructions for the novices (MYASKIN? In 1964 the American association of standards assumes/takes new seven-bit standard for exchanging the information ASCHII (Americhan of Standard To chode of the odds Of information To interchyuange.) In 1965 Gordon Moore, chief for research and developments for Fairchyuild Of semichonduchtor of company formulates the collection of different observations about the rate of the development of technology for decreasing the transistor in the microcircuits.Popular opinion in the fact that Moore establishes law (Moore's law) who it says that transistor density in the integrated microcircuits it will be doubled every 12 months in the course of the following ten years. During May 1966, Stephen Grey bases the society of computer amateurs (Amateur Of chomputer Of sochiyety) or ACHS, and he begins to publish the news of cloud/club.(there is an opinion that this it served as the generation of personal computers.) On 4 June, 1966, American ofis of patents issues doctor Robert Dennard from the company OF IBM, patent 3387286 for single-transistor storage cell (DRAMAS Of dynamich By random Of achchess Of memory or dynamic access to the random memory) and to the base idea of three-transistor storage cell.This type of memory is used for the short term retention of information in the computer. In 1966, Robert Noys and Gordon Moore base corporation Intel.this company is begun from the creation of the micros-chip of memory, but gradually it is converted into the company for the production of microprocessors. In 1966, Douglas engelbart from the research institute of Stanford, presents system consisting of the literal keyboard, the tsifernoy keyboard, the mouse and the program of the supporting output information to screen in the different ' windows '.At the demonstration is shown text editor, the system that solving to construct references to the information and program for the collective work. In 1969, the company Of yuoneyshell lets out Yuey' "kitchen computer", first domestic computer for 10600 American dollars. ==Images== The image in this page contains a message advocating the bombing of motor vehicals. I don't think that is encyclopaedia-appropriate. :The picture is so dark you can hardly see the computer so it isn't very good anyway. User:Rmhermen 15:21, Aug 9, 2003 (UTC) ---- Both pictures actually lack showing the main case of the PC! *All* the other components are in fact non-unique to PCs. A decent picture of a full PC system would be helpful. :-) (most components might be part of a Net Computer, or Dumb Terminal system.) As for the picture with the TV, modern graphics cards contain TV in and out (again, in case you're old enough to remember ), and I have seen tvs connected up to part of a PC system. Also note that people in "Real Life" keep using very old PCs indeed, without replacing them at all, and people often personalize their personal machines, though I'm not sure how to best illustrate this. :I hope the pic of my tower (Evesham, 3 GHz) answers your comments on the pic of my general set-up. Obviously a view inside the tower would be good as well, but I'm not willing to open up (I'm chicken!). :For your interest, the TV is not in any way relevant to my computer, I don't want to miss Coronation Street or Eastenders while I do Wiki work (I live in England)! :User:Arpingstone 21:03, 5 Jan 2004 (UTC) :: Okay well, I don't mind opening up one of my PCs. I've made some pictures and added them to [http://bruning.xs4all.nl/~kim/photo/pc/ my photo dir]. Are any of those useful? There's a 2nd computer in the background, but that shouldn't be a big deal. Pictures include: tower, tower interior, tower rear, shots of the desktop. (In varying quality and lighting). The machine itself is a white label Pentium 4, using an nvidia geforce 2 graphics card, drives in the drive bays (from top to bottom) are CD-writer, DVD-RW, 20 Gb hard disk (cheap one, thrown in with the deal), hard disk 160 Gb. I haven't owned it long enough to really hack around with it, so I guess the hardware is still fairly typical. :-) User:80.126.238.189 16:34, 7 Feb 2004 (UTC) (Click on the required resolution, then click on the relevant thumbnail to obtain the actual image) :::I think this one is good but it's overexposed. Could someone with photo shop fix it up? [http://bruning.xs4all.nl/~kim/photo/pc/800x600/pict3834.jpg]User:BrokenSegue 16:03, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC) ==Components== Also, is there no article on wikipedia about the components of a computer, Expansion slots(PCI, AGP, ISA) hard drive, video, RAM etc? ==More history== We need more about the history of personal computers (the lack of a reference to the Xerox Alto is a major oversight), and in fact there's so much one could say (see the material above) that it could probably be a separate article, with a brief overwiew, and link, from here. User:Jnc User_talk:Jnc 00:32, 21 Nov 2004 (UTC) == Image choice == It's great to see a system pictured, but I'd like to see a better system layout than that one, with no TV and the system case clearly shown. Anybody have a camera, and everthing in one clear layout, without extra details? User:Radagast 01:43, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC) ==History moved == I think we need to tell people about the Elder Days. So, I've moved the great stuff about LINC and PDP 8 back into the article. The "generations" of personal computers seems to be something specific to this article, I don't think I've seen that cateogorization elsewhere. There's so much overlap between, for example, the Commodore 54 style "home" computer and the cheap IBM compatible that I'm sure many households had both at the same time, thoough I imagine the use of a C64 in an office would have been very rare. --User:Wtshymanski 05:05, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC) See other meanings of words starting from letter: PPA | PB | PC | PD | PE | PF | PG | PH | PI | PJ | PK | PL | PM | PN | PO | PR | PS | PT | PU | PW | PX | PY | PZ |Words begining with Personal_computer: Personal_Computer Personal_computer Personal_computer Personal_computers Personal_computers Personal_computer_game Personal_computer_game Personal_computer_games Personal_Computer_Memory_Card_International_Association |
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