:''Permian is also an alternative name for the Permic languages'' The Permian is a geologic period that extends from about 280 to 248 million years before the present (MYA). As with most older geologic periods, the stratum that define the Permian are well identified, but the exact date of the period's start is uncertain by a few million years. The Permian follows the Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian in North America) and is followed by the Triassic. The end of the period is marked by a major extinction event, called the Permian-Triassic extinction event, that is more tightly dated. The Permian is named from the extensive exposures in the region around the city of Perm in Russia. Permian exposures consist largely of continental redbeds and shallow water marine exposures. ==Subdivisions== The Permian is usually broken into lower (early) and upper (late) subdivisions. The faunal stages from youngest to oldest are: # Changxingian/Lopingian/Djulfian/Ochoan/Dewey Lake (Zechstein) # Wujiapingian/Lopingian/Dorashamian/Ochoan/Longtanian/Rustler/Salado/Castile (Zechstein) # Capitanian/Guadelupian/Kazanian (Zechstein) # Wordian/Guadelupian/Kazanian (Zechstein) # Roadian/Ufimian/Guadelupian (Zechstein) # Kungurian/Irenian/Filippovian/Leonard (Rotliegendes) # Artinskian/Baigendzinian/Aktastinian (Rotliegendes) # Sakmarian/Sterlitamakian/Tastubian/Leonard/Wolfcamp (Rotliegendes) # Asselian/Krumaian/Uskalikian/Surenian/Wolfcamp (Rotliegendes) ==Oceans== Sea levels in the Permian remained generally low, and near-shore environments were limited by the collection of almost all major landmasses into a single continent -- Pangea. One continent, even a very large one, has less shoreline than six to eight smaller ones. This could have in part caused the widespread extinctions of marine species at the end of the period by severely reducing shallow coastal areas preferred by many marine organisms. ==Permian-Triassic extinction event== The Permian ended with the most extensive extinction event recorded in paleontology: the Permian-Triassic extinction event. 90% to 95% of marine species became Extinction, as well as 70% of all terrestrial organisms. There is very modest evidence that the extinction could have been caused by climate changes due to impact by a large bolide. There is also significant evidence that massive flood basalts from magma output contributed to environmental stress leading to mass extinction. The reduced coastal habitat and highly increased aridity probably also contributed. Trilobites, which had thrived since Cambrian times, finally became extinct before the end of the Permian. ==Life== Terrestrial life in the Permian included diverse plants, arthropods, Amphibia and reptiles. These latter were mostly synapsids (Pelycosaurs and Therapsids). This period saw the development of a fully terrestial fauna and the appearance of the first large herbivores and carnivores, but the ecosystem was still comparativly unstable. Towards the very end of the Permian the first Archosauriformes appear (Proterosuchidae thecodonts); during the following, Triassic, period these would evolve into more advanced types, and eventually dinosaurs. Permian marine deposits are rich in fossil mollusks, echinoderms, and brachiopods. Fossilized shells of two kinds of invertebrates are widely used to identify Permian strata and correlate them between sites: Fusulinidas, a kind of shelled amoeba-like protist that is one of the foraminiferans, and Ammonite, shelled cephalopods that are distant relatives of the modern nautilus. ==Paleogeography== During the Permian, all the Earth's major land masses except portions of East Asia were collected into a single supercontinent known as Pangea. Pangea straddled the equator and extended toward the poles, with a corresponding effect on ocean currents in the single great ocean ("Panthalassa", the "universal sea"). Large continental landmasses create climates with extreme variations of heat and cold ("continental climate") and monsoon conditions with highly seasonal rainfall patterns. Deserts seem to have been widespread on Pangea. Such dry conditions favored gymnosperms, plants with seeds enclosed in a protective cover, over plants such as ferns that disperse spores. The first modern trees (Pinophyta, ginkgos and cycads) appeared in the Permian. Three general areas are especially noted for their Permian deposits: the Ural Mountains (where Perm itself is located), China, and the southwest of North America, where the Permian Basin in the United States state of Texas is so named because it has one of the thickest deposits of Permian rocks in the world. ==External links== *[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/permian/permstrat.html University of California offers a more modern Permian stratigraphy] *[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/permian/glassmts.html Classic Permian strata in the Glass Mountains of the Permian Basin] Permian
For a student, it is very nice to learn the faunal stages in various names. Thanks. :Better check the external links for updates. Are the faunal stages in this entry the most current ones, you geology heads?User:Wetman 02:45, 30 Apr 2004 (UTC) Ah, the Late Permian, my current favorite geological period! Bored with dinosaurs? Check out the Permian. Someday I'm going to write an article here about it. The animal life then wasn't as big or as spectacular as in the Mesozoic, but it was much more grotesque. The dominant land predators were cat-to-lion-sized therapsid 'reptiles' sporting huge saber fangs, hand-like feet, a scary sprawling posture from which they could probably rise to an even more scary scrambling run as they came after you. These were the gorgonopsians and the cynognaths. Not only that, but these animals were probably warm-blooded, probably had color vision, and they lived during the several ice ages, so you can visualize them sporting colorful fur coats with manes, frills, 'snowshoes,' the whole works. Herbivores were even weirder, with antlers, beaks, tusks and horns, yow! The landscape must have been eerie with no grass to control erosion, cycads covered with snow, ferns the size of trees. Tropical jungles, snow-capped mountains, lagoons, deserts, glaciers! Makes you wonder why the Late Permian is so neglected by paleontological artists. I'm only an amateur, but I hope to do something about this someday, if I live long enough. Also: the map of Gondwananaland sure looks like Tolkien's Middle Earth. =="Unstable" ecosystem?== ''"...but the ecosystem was still comparativly unstable. "'' Unstable ecosystems do not endure. A better paleoecologist than I should vet this statement and make sense out of it. --User:Wetman 22:06, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
Paleozoic
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
Words begining with Permian:
Permian
Permian
Permian
Permian-Triassic_event
Permian-Triassic_extinction
Permian-Triassic_extinction
Permian-Triassic_extinction_event
Permian-Triassic_extinction_event
Permian_Basin
Permian_craters
Permian_extinction
Permian_Footer
Permian_High_School
Permian_High_School
Permian_languages
Permian_mass_extinction
Permian_Period
Permian
:''Permian is also an alternative name for the Permic languages'' The Permian is a geologic period that extends from about 280 to 248 million years before the present (MYA). As with most older geologic periods, the stratum that define the Permian are well identified, but the exact date of the period's start is uncertain by a few million years. The Permian follows the Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian in North America) and is followed by the Triassic. The end of the period is marked by a major extinction event, called the Permian-Triassic extinction event, that is more tightly dated. The Permian is named from the extensive exposures in the region around the city of Perm in Russia. Permian exposures consist largely of continental redbeds and shallow water marine exposures. ==Subdivisions== The Permian is usually broken into lower (early) and upper (late) subdivisions. The faunal stages from youngest to oldest are: # Changxingian/Lopingian/Djulfian/Ochoan/Dewey Lake (Zechstein) # Wujiapingian/Lopingian/Dorashamian/Ochoan/Longtanian/Rustler/Salado/Castile (Zechstein) # Capitanian/Guadelupian/Kazanian (Zechstein) # Wordian/Guadelupian/Kazanian (Zechstein) # Roadian/Ufimian/Guadelupian (Zechstein) # Kungurian/Irenian/Filippovian/Leonard (Rotliegendes) # Artinskian/Baigendzinian/Aktastinian (Rotliegendes) # Sakmarian/Sterlitamakian/Tastubian/Leonard/Wolfcamp (Rotliegendes) # Asselian/Krumaian/Uskalikian/Surenian/Wolfcamp (Rotliegendes) ==Oceans== Sea levels in the Permian remained generally low, and near-shore environments were limited by the collection of almost all major landmasses into a single continent -- Pangea. One continent, even a very large one, has less shoreline than six to eight smaller ones. This could have in part caused the widespread extinctions of marine species at the end of the period by severely reducing shallow coastal areas preferred by many marine organisms. ==Permian-Triassic extinction event== The Permian ended with the most extensive extinction event recorded in paleontology: the Permian-Triassic extinction event. 90% to 95% of marine species became Extinction, as well as 70% of all terrestrial organisms. There is very modest evidence that the extinction could have been caused by climate changes due to impact by a large bolide. There is also significant evidence that massive flood basalts from magma output contributed to environmental stress leading to mass extinction. The reduced coastal habitat and highly increased aridity probably also contributed. Trilobites, which had thrived since Cambrian times, finally became extinct before the end of the Permian. ==Life== Terrestrial life in the Permian included diverse plants, arthropods, Amphibia and reptiles. These latter were mostly synapsids (Pelycosaurs and Therapsids). This period saw the development of a fully terrestial fauna and the appearance of the first large herbivores and carnivores, but the ecosystem was still comparativly unstable. Towards the very end of the Permian the first Archosauriformes appear (Proterosuchidae thecodonts); during the following, Triassic, period these would evolve into more advanced types, and eventually dinosaurs. Permian marine deposits are rich in fossil mollusks, echinoderms, and brachiopods. Fossilized shells of two kinds of invertebrates are widely used to identify Permian strata and correlate them between sites: Fusulinidas, a kind of shelled amoeba-like protist that is one of the foraminiferans, and Ammonite, shelled cephalopods that are distant relatives of the modern nautilus. ==Paleogeography== During the Permian, all the Earth's major land masses except portions of East Asia were collected into a single supercontinent known as Pangea. Pangea straddled the equator and extended toward the poles, with a corresponding effect on ocean currents in the single great ocean ("Panthalassa", the "universal sea"). Large continental landmasses create climates with extreme variations of heat and cold ("continental climate") and monsoon conditions with highly seasonal rainfall patterns. Deserts seem to have been widespread on Pangea. Such dry conditions favored gymnosperms, plants with seeds enclosed in a protective cover, over plants such as ferns that disperse spores. The first modern trees (Pinophyta, ginkgos and cycads) appeared in the Permian. Three general areas are especially noted for their Permian deposits: the Ural Mountains (where Perm itself is located), China, and the southwest of North America, where the Permian Basin in the United States state of Texas is so named because it has one of the thickest deposits of Permian rocks in the world. ==External links== *[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/permian/permstrat.html University of California offers a more modern Permian stratigraphy] *[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/permian/glassmts.html Classic Permian strata in the Glass Mountains of the Permian Basin] Permian
Permian
For a student, it is very nice to learn the faunal stages in various names. Thanks. :Better check the external links for updates. Are the faunal stages in this entry the most current ones, you geology heads?User:Wetman 02:45, 30 Apr 2004 (UTC) Ah, the Late Permian, my current favorite geological period! Bored with dinosaurs? Check out the Permian. Someday I'm going to write an article here about it. The animal life then wasn't as big or as spectacular as in the Mesozoic, but it was much more grotesque. The dominant land predators were cat-to-lion-sized therapsid 'reptiles' sporting huge saber fangs, hand-like feet, a scary sprawling posture from which they could probably rise to an even more scary scrambling run as they came after you. These were the gorgonopsians and the cynognaths. Not only that, but these animals were probably warm-blooded, probably had color vision, and they lived during the several ice ages, so you can visualize them sporting colorful fur coats with manes, frills, 'snowshoes,' the whole works. Herbivores were even weirder, with antlers, beaks, tusks and horns, yow! The landscape must have been eerie with no grass to control erosion, cycads covered with snow, ferns the size of trees. Tropical jungles, snow-capped mountains, lagoons, deserts, glaciers! Makes you wonder why the Late Permian is so neglected by paleontological artists. I'm only an amateur, but I hope to do something about this someday, if I live long enough. Also: the map of Gondwananaland sure looks like Tolkien's Middle Earth. =="Unstable" ecosystem?== ''"...but the ecosystem was still comparativly unstable. "'' Unstable ecosystems do not endure. A better paleoecologist than I should vet this statement and make sense out of it. --User:Wetman 22:06, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
Permian
Paleozoic
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
P
PA | PB | PC | PD | PE | PF | PG | PH | PI | PJ | PK | PL | PM | PN | PO | PR | PS | PT | PU | PW | PX | PY | PZ |Words begining with Permian:
Permian
Permian
Permian
Permian-Triassic_event
Permian-Triassic_extinction
Permian-Triassic_extinction
Permian-Triassic_extinction_event
Permian-Triassic_extinction_event
Permian_Basin
Permian_craters
Permian_extinction
Permian_Footer
Permian_High_School
Permian_High_School
Permian_languages
Permian_mass_extinction
Permian_Period
These materials are based on Wikipedia and licensed under the GNU FDL
YouTube.com videos better site than Turbo Tax 2007
