
#REDIRECT Periodic table
The periodic table of the chemical elements, also called the Mendeleev periodic table, is a tabular display of the known chemical elements. First created by Dmitri Mendeleev, the elements are arranged by electron structure so that many chemical property vary regularly across the table. Each element is listed by its atomic number and chemical symbol. The periodic table#Standard periodic table provides the necessary basics. There are also Periodic table#Other methods for displaying the chemical elements for more details or different perspectives. ==Groups== A periodic table group is a vertical column in the periodic table of the elements. There are 18 groups in the standard periodic table. Elements in a group have similar configurations of their valence shell electrons, which gives them similar properties. ===Group numbers=== There are three systems of periodic table group#Group numbers; one using Arabic numerals, another using Roman numerals, and one using a combination of Roman numerals and Latin alphabet letters. The Roman numeral names are the original traditional names of the groups; the Arabic numeral names are a newer naming scheme recommended by the IUPAC (IUPAC). The IUPAC scheme was developed to replace both older Roman numeral systems as they confusingly used the same names to mean different things. ===Standard periodic table=== ==Other methods for displaying the chemical elements== *The Periodic table (standard) (same as above) provides the basics. *A Periodic table (alternate) for improved readablity in web browsers *The Periodic table (big) provides the basics plus full element names. *The Periodic table (huge) provides the basics plus full element names and atomic masses. *A table with an Periodic table (wide) inserts the Lanthanides and Actinides back into the table *The Periodic table (extended) suggests the places so-far undiscovered elements would be *Periodic table (electron configurations) *Periodic table (metals and non-metals) *Periodic table (block) *Periodic table (Chinese) *List of elements by name *List of elements by symbol *List of elements by atomic number *List of elements by boiling point *List of elements by melting point *List of elements by density *List of elements by atomic mass And here is the [http://bic.beckman.uiuc.edu/mritab1/ periodic table] for magnetic resonance. == Explanation of the structure of the periodic table == The number of electron shell an atom has determines to which period it belongs. Each shell is divided into different subshells, which as atomic number increases are filled in roughly this order: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p 8s 5g 6f 7d 8p ... Hence the structure of the table. Since the outermost electrons determine chemical properties, those tend to be similar within groups. Elements adjacent to one another within a group have similar physical properties, despite their significant differences in mass. Elements adjacent to one another within a period have similar mass but different properties. For example, very near to nitrogen (N) in the second period of the chart are carbon (C) and oxygen (O). Despite their similarities in mass (they differ by only a few atomic mass units), they have extremely different properties, as can be seen by looking at their Allotropy: diatomic oxygen is a gas that supports burning, diatomic nitrogen is a gas that does not support burning, and carbon is a solid which can be Combustion. (Yes, diamond can be burned!) In contrast, very near to chlorine (Cl) in the next-to-last group in the chart (the halogen) are fluorine (F) and bromine (Br). Despite their dramatic differences in mass, their allotropes have very similar properties. They are all highly corrosion (meaning they combine readily with metal to form metal halide salt); chlorine and fluorine are gases, while bromine is a very low-boiling liquid; chlorine and bromine are highly colored. == History == ''Main article: History of the periodic table'' The original table was created without a knowledge of the inner structure of atoms: if one orders the elements by atomic mass, and then plots certain other properties against atomic mass, one sees an undulation or ''periodicity'' to these properties as a function of atomic mass. The first to recognize these regularities was the German chemist Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner who, in 1829, noticed a number of ''triads'' of similar elements: {|cellspacing="5"---- !align="center" colspan="3"|Some triads |----- !Element!!Atomic mass!!Density |----- |chlorine||35.5||0.00156 g/cm3 |----- |bromine||79.9||0.00312 g/cm3 |----- |iodine||126.9||0.00495 g/cm3 |----- | |----- |calcium||40.1||1.55 g/cm3 |----- |strontium||87.6||2.6 g/cm3 |----- |barium||137||3.5 g/cm3 |} This was followed by the English chemist John Alexander Reina Newlands, who in 1865 noticed that the elements of similar type recurred at intervals of eight, which he likened to the octave, though his ''law of octaves'' was ridiculed by his contemporaries. Finally, in 1869, the German Julius Lothar Meyer and the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev almost simultaneously developed the first periodic table, arranging the elements by mass. However, Mendeleev plotted a few elements out of strict mass sequence in order to make a better match to the properties of their neighbours in the table, corrected mistakes in the values of several atomic masses, and predicted the existence and properties of a few new elements in the empty cells of his table. Mendeleev was later vindicated by the discovery of the electronic structure of the elements in the late 19th century and early 20th century. In the 1940s Glenn T. Seaborg identified the transuranium element lathanides and the actinides, which may be placed within the table, or below (as shown above). ==Further resources== *[http://www.chem.ucla.edu/dept/Faculty/scerri/index.html] Scerri, E.R., references to several scholarly articles by this author. * Mazurs, E.G., "''Graphical Representations of the Periodic System During One Hundred Years''". University of Alabama Press, Alabama. 1974. * Bouma, J., "''An Application-Oriented Periodic Table of the Elements''". J. Chem. Ed., 66 741 (1989). == See also == * Chemical Galaxy * Periodic table group * Periodic table period * Chemical series * Periodic table block * Atomic electron configuration table * Isotope table (complete) * Isotope table (divided) * Discoveries of the chemical elements * Abundance of the chemical elements * The Elements (song) * IUPAC's systematic element names. * Dmitri Mendeleev * Cosmochemical Periodic Table of the Elements in the Solar System == External links == * "''[http://www.webelements.com Periodic table] (professional edition)''". WebElements. * [http://www.iupac.org/reports/periodic_table The IUPAC periodic table] * "''[http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/ch412/alttable.htm Presentation forms of the periodic table]''". Western Oregon University. * "''[http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/ch412/perhist.htm A Brief History of the Development of Periodic Table]''". Western Oregon University. * "''[http://www.chemsoc.org/viselements/pages/periodic_table.html Visual Periodic Table]''". ChemSoc.org. * [http://chemsoc.velp.info Derived from Chemsoc], with links to other tables under each individual element. * Barbalace, Kenneth L., "''[http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/ Biochemical Periodic Tables]''". KLBProductions.com. * Barthelmy, David, "''[http://webmineral.com/chemical.shtml Periodic table]"'' Mineralogy Database. (mineral emphasis) * Counterman, Craig, "''Periodic Table of the Elements : [http://web.mit.edu/3.091/www/pt/ For each of many properties a separate periodic table and a graph showing the relation with the atomic number]''". MIT Course 3.091. * Gray, Theodore, "''[http://www.theodoregray.com/PeriodicTable/ Wooden Periodic Table Table]''" (with samples) * Holler, F. James, and John P. Selegue, "''[http://www.uky.edu/Projects/Chemcomics/ Periodic Table of Comic Books]''". Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky. 1996-2002. * Heilman, Chris, "''[http://chemlab.pc.maricopa.edu/periodic/default.html The Pictorial Periodic Table]''". (Includes alternate styles: Stowe, Benfey, Zmaczynski, Giguere, Tarantola, Filling, Mendeleev) * "''[http://pearl1.lanl.gov/periodic/default.htm Periodic table]''". Los Alamos National Laboratory's Chemistry Division. * "''[http://www.phys.ufl.edu/fermisurface/periodic_table.html Periodic Table of the Fermi Surfaces of Elemental Solids]''". [http://www.phys.ufl.edu/fermisurface/ The Fermi Surface Database] * "''[http://www.nyu.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/aj39/NMRmap.cgi Interactive NMR Frequency Map]''". Texas A&M. * "''[http://www.science.co.il/PTelements.asp Periodic Table Elements]''". Israel Science and Technology Directory. 1999-2004. (sorted by physical characteristics) * "''[http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chemlab/info/resources/p_table/Periodic.html Periodic table applet]''". Dartmouth College. (Java programming language) *[http://www.chem.ucla.edu/dept/Faculty/scerri/index.html Eric Scerri] many scholarly articles on the Periodic System by the philosopher-chemist who teaches in the chemistry department at UCLA. *[http://www.scienceisgolden.com/ "ScienceIsGolden" educational vehicles]: a teacher in California has been driving around in vehicles signed by physicists & promoting an educational-form of the periodic table. *[http://www.periodensystem.com Periodensystem.com]: periodic table with several transations, easy to use Chemistry Periodic table fa:جدول تناوبی (استاندارد) fo:Skeiðbundna skipanin ga:Tábla peiriadach la:Systema Periodica li:Periodiek systeem vaan elemente lv:Elementu periodiskā tabula mi:Ripanga pūmotu ms:Jadual berkala nds:Periodensysteem simple:Periodic table su:Tabel periodik ta:ஆவர்த்தன அட்டவணை th:ตารางธาตุ
==Archives== *Talk:Periodic table/archive 1 ==Suggestions== Does anyone want to list the oxidation states on a certain periodic table? User:Bensaccount 02:23, 13 Apr 2004 (UTC) I think the table needs to completely be replaced by something more orderly. The valence electron spots are off. ==Periodic Table vs. Periodic Chart?== All of my chemistry professors refer to it as teh Periodic Chart, not table. Should the Wikipedia, or is just a redirect in order? User:141.158.179.129 17:37, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC) :I don't see any good reason ''not'' to redirect (this is another one of those UK/US things, possibly an IUPAC/ACS thing), so I'm going to create the page and redirect it here for now. If someone thinks "Chart" deserves its own article, they're welcome to remove the redirect. User:Clawson 05:36, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC) ==Naturally occuring elements== If we assume that wikipedia a reliable source, then we have: Technetium "Once it was available in macroscopic quantities i.e. enough to determine its chemical and physical properties, it was discovered to exist naturally elsewhere in the universe. Some red giant stars (S-, M-, and N-types) contain an emission line in their spectrum corresponding to the presence of technetium. Its presence in red giants has led to the establishment of new theories about the production of heavy elements in stars." Promethium "Promethium does not naturally occur on earth, but has been identified in the spectrum of the star HR465 in Andromeda." Neptunium "Trace amounts of neptunium are found naturally as decay products from transmutation reactions in uranium ores." Promethium "While almost all plutonium is manufactured synthetically, extremely tiny trace amounts are found naturally in uranium ores. These come about by a process of neutron capture by 238U nuclei, initially forming 239U; two subsequent beta decays then form 239Pu (with a 239Np intermediary), which has a half-life of 24,100 years. This is also the process used to manufacture 239Pu in nuclear reactors." Externally we have: Technetium http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/43.html "Technetium has been found in the spectrum of S-, M-, and N-type stars, and its presence in stellar matter is leading to new theories of the production of heavy elements in the stars." http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Tc/geol.html "Technetium has been found in the spectra of S-, M-, and N-type stars, but is not found in earth's geosphere." Promethium http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Pm/geol.html "It appears that there is no known Pm existing in the earth's crust other than in very small quantities in uranium ores where it is present as a uranium decay product." http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/61.html "Promethium, however, has been identified in the spectrum of the star HR465 in Andromeda. This element is being formed recently near the star's surface, for no known isotope of promethium has a half-life longer than 17.7 years." Neptunium http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/93.html "Trace quantities of the element are actually found in nature due to transmutation reactions in uranium ores produced by the neutrons which are present." http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Np/geol.html "Trace amounts of neptunium are present in uranium ores." Plutonium http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/94.html "Plutonium also exists in trace quantities in naturally occurring uranium ores. It is formed in much the same manner as neptunium: by irradiation of natural uranium with the neutrons which are present." http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Pu/geol.html "Plutonium is found in trace quantities in uranium ores but, in practice, normally it is synthesised by the transmutation of uranium." Also, why did you revert the change I made to Gallium when your objections were only about naturally occuring elements? User:Darrien 09:44, 2004 Apr 25 (UTC) :Read Synthetic element: "The chemical elements labelled as "synthetic" are unstable, with a half-life so short (from a few million years to a fraction of millisecond) relative to the age of the Earth that any atoms of that element that may have been present when the Earth formed have long since completely decayed away." You are reading the word ''synthetic'' way too literally. None of the elements you cited are found in any significant amount in the Earth's crust. They are therefore synthetic and are almost always depicted as such in other periodic tables.[http://www.geology.gov.yk.ca/gallery/periodic_table.html geology.gov.yk.ca], [http://www.education-india.net/studytools/periodictable.php education-india.net], [http://www-tech.mit.edu/Chemicool/ www-tech.mit.edu] Gallium melts at 85.57 °F. It is therefore solid at STP. --User:Maveric149 10:30, 25 Apr 2004 (UTC) ::I understand the difference completely. They way the grouping criteria were described is what you seem to take issue with. ::The article never said anything about elements being liquid at STP. If your intention was to classify the elements' phase at STP, then state it. ::I've reworded the criteria in a way that I feel more clearly describes your intended grouping. ::User:Darrien 11:03, 2004 Apr 25 (UTC) :::Yes - much better. I updated bromine to fix its solid/liquid issue as well. --mav == Lanthanides and Actinides (Inconsistency) == Traditionally, the periodic table classifies the lanthanides (#57-#71) and the actinides (#89-#103) as Group 3 elements and put them under the two boxes under yttrium (#39), then spell out ther series below the whole table. Periodic table (anti) follows the convention. (Note: the current table has been changed. This is the table I am referring to: [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Periodic_table_%28anti%29&oldid=5178318 Old periodic table (anti)]) The table on the main page: Periodic table, however, kicks lutetium (#71) out of the lanthanides and lawrencium (#103) out of the actinides. Periodic table (wide) shows a similar opinion: it does not color those elements with their series. Concerning blocks, Periodic table (extended) considers La (#57) and Ac (#89) as d block, but Lu (#71) and Lr (#103) as f block. Periodic table (block) considers La (#57) and Ac (#89) as f block, but Lu (#71) and Lr (#103) as d block. Also, for the table images of elements, some color Lu (#71) and Lr (#103) with their series, some do not. Before we attempt to fix those inconsistencies, I would like to open (or re-open?) a discussion to reach a concensus on how to treat the lanthanides and actinides series. User:Felix_Wan 2004-07-04 00:12 (UTC) : Theoretically, you should be able to reassemble the periodic table based only on the electron configurations of the elements. With this ideal in mind, you should see that Lu has a full f shell, and has placed one electron into it's outermost d shell. The same is true if Lr. Because this follows the same pattern as all the other blocks (full previous shells and being filling the current block's shell (i.e. boron has a full s shell and has 1 electron in the p shell and thus is in the p block, or yttrium has a full s shell and one electron in the d shell, so it is in the d block)), it is logical that Lu and Lr are placed into Group 3. : The trouble arises when you realize that the filling of electron shells is imperfect. Both La and Ac have full s shells and ''one d electron'', just like the other two elements in Group 3. So scientists had a problem, since both La and Lu had one d electron and full previous shells (s and f respectively) (the same happens with Ac and Lr). : Many tables have chosen to wash their hands of the whole thing and not include either La or Ac in Group 3. Others have placed one or the other in Group 3. Yet, you can still make sense of the issue. As the number of the element increases from Ac or La, the d electron often disappears and goes into the f shell. However, both Lu and Lr have full f shells AND full s shells, allowing the electrons they add to the d shell to remain there. Additionally it is the pattern to have ALL previous shells filled in order for an element to be part of a block (an element is only in the p block if both the d shell and the s shell is full). : Lastly, and possible most importantly, Lu and Lr have full f shells AND have added beyond them. In all other cases once an element completes its shell, the next one is in the next block, just like Lu and Lr. In my opinion (and the opinion of the other people in the site... apparently) it is most logical that both Lu and Lr are part of the f block, not the f block. --User:Ctachme 02:08, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC) Thank Ctachme for the comments on classifying Lu and Lr as d block elements. But for the definition of lathanides and actinides, my question is this: should we make the decision on how the periodic table should look like, or should we record the periodic table most widely accepted by the Chemistry community and the public? * [http://www.iupac.org/reports/periodic_table/ The periodic table recommended by IUPAC] * [http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=lanthanide Dictionary definition of lanthanide] * [http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=actinide Dictionary definition of actinide] It appears that the tendency of excluding Lu from the La series and Lr from the Ac series in Wikipedia is unconventional. Experts in Chemistry please comment. My opinion is that we may classify Lu and Lr as d block elements, but should include them whenever we mention the La series or the Ac series to follow the convention. User:Felix Wan 09:25, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC) : Since IUPAC ''is'' the official body of chemistry and such, I think it would be understandable for such a change to take place. I suspect that a debate about this has already taken place somewhere (and resulted in the current version), though I haven't actually seen it. Either way, if no one else comments on this issue, and you do want to change the table to the current IUPAC version, keep in mind that there are many different versions of the periodic table on wikipedia (see the footer) and that you need to change them all so they all are constant, don't just change a couple. --User:Ctachme 18:58, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC) I've changed several tables to conform to current IUPAC naming conventions, along with definitions of lanthanide and actinide. I probably missed a few things here and there. Please correct them when you see them. User:Flying Jazz 02:06, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC) == The element naming controversy == (This isn't about this actual article, but it involves several of the element pages so I'm putting it here.) On all the discovered-but-unnamed element pages (111 through 115) is the boilerplate sentence, "There is an ongoing element naming controversy over what this element should be called." Really? Is the name of all of these elements under dispute? The article referenced says that the element naming controversy involved elements 104 through 108 and moreover was finished in 1997. I suspect that the sentence above is being put onto every such page without regard for whether any controversy is actually occurring about the element name. User:Eric119 06:30, Jul 4, 2004 (UTC) :Well, since nobody's responding, I think I'll go and revise the sentence out of the articles. User:Eric119 01:56, Jul 31, 2004 (UTC) == Synthetic / natual elements == I read it my ''Chemistry for Engineers'' textbook last semester that plutonium is not purely synthetic, there are about 10 grams of primodial Pu on the planet earth right now. I can show you the calculations. Neptunium might also therefore be natural because it is lighter than Pu. Technetium is noted on its article to be naturally occuring. I will quote: ''In 1962, technetium-99 was isolated and identified in pitchblende from Africa in very small quantities''. I also read that Technetium is naturally occuring in Molybdenum mines. As such, there is at least two errors. IUPAC might list these as synthetic, however, until their reasons for synthetic qualification are revealed we should consider these elements naturally occuring. --User:Sunborn 17:41, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC) ::I looked into this and found that the IUPAC does not list what elements are synthetic and which are not. I guess it seems that everyone whould no or not care. It seems to be on every periodic table I see and yet doesn't serve any purpose. I guess that is why no one else noticed they are wrong--it doesn't matter. --User:Sunborn 08:08, 20 Nov 2004 (UTC) ==Most obtuse editing== The house style of a certain scientific journal required ''Periodic Table'' to be spelled with capital initial letters. So an author, writing about periodic motion of a table, referred to "the Periodic Table motion", and accordingly the capitals were inserted. User:Michael Hardy 03:06, 3 Nov 2004 (UTC) == 5g subshell? == can someone clarify what the 5g subshell is doing in that chart? to my knowledge, it doesn't exist. User:Sasquatch 22:07, 31 Dec 2004 (UTC) Edit: Actually, for that matter, what's the 8th period doing in there? :Both the 8th period and the filling of 5g subshell are theorectical extensions. See Periodic table (extended). -- User:Felix Wan 00:13, 2005 Jan 1 (UTC) ::But does it really apply to the current model of the periodic table? Just seems kind of sketchy to me that the table only has 7 periods and yet your still listing the extensions of quantum mechanics under it when the period doesn't really allow for it so it wouldn't really apply. Anyways, just thought it rather confusing. User:Sasquatch 10:29, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC) :::The subshells are all equally sketchy. No person has ever seen one, detected one or otherwise cares if they really exist or not. Subshells are a mathematical construct and not a good scientific theory. ::::The spectrographers of the 1800s could "see" them. Named them Sharp, Principle, Diffuse, and Fine I think. User:Vsmith 21:57, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC) ::: Aren't the subshells just an extension of quantum mechanics? I thought they changed the model of the set energy levels because quantum mechanics says there's only a probability of finding electrons at certain places which is why they created these and they do help to explain the properties of certain compounds such as benzene User:Sasquatch 05:00, Jan 14, 2005 (UTC) If not for the 8th or 9th energy levels or (or perhaps the 5g ...) where would an excited electron from radium go? Doesn't radium have an emmission spectrum? User:Vsmith 21:50, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC) == Capitalisation == As far back as I can recall, the Periodic Table has always been referred to in the proper sense. It is, after all, the only such table (at least as far as current quantum theory and chemistry bears out). As such, it seems as though ''not'' capitalising "Periodic Table" is improper. Anyone else have comments? User:Clawson 05:33, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC) == Uhh.. Not a good source for wikipedia. == I was just about to use this table to explain how impurities relate with valence electrons. You don't give the valence electron order here and that's not cool. Nor does wikipedia talk about trivalents as of current as so I have to explain the whole thing from scratch. Throw the periodic chart and get permission from someone to use theirs. Or else make it more detailed. Or better yet pressure wikipedia into allowing macromedia flash files with a maxium upload size. --User:Cyberman 03:06, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC) :We do have a Periodic table (electron configurations), if that is what you want. And the solution to having incomplete information is definately not deleting what we have and starting over. User:Eric119 03:50, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC) == atomic mass == On the individual pages for the elements, in the table it says 'atomic weight', surely this is wrong, i have always heard it called 'atomic mass'. Weight is only in the presence of gravity? and from the weight page "Although terms such as "atomic weight", "molecular weight", and "formula weight" may still be encountered, such usage is often discouraged; terms like atomic mass are used instead." I think this should be changed. thanks User:Bluemoose 16:27, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC) == periodic table changes == I just reverted periodic table changes by an anon. The changes talked about dotted and dashed lines although there were the same and the language wiki links were messed up in the same edit. Can anyone check this? - User:TextureUser Talk:TextureUser:Texture 15:32, 18 May 2005 (UTC) : As the person who started the categorization this way, I know what it was supposed to do. On most periodic tables there are what is called "synthetic elements" some of which are naturally occuring and some of which that are actually synthetic are not listed as such. I have already stated why plutonium is listed as natually occuring and primordial plutonium has been isolated. Even though there are about a total of 6 grams on the entire planet earth. However, the editor marked califorium as a natural decay element, this is patently wrong. No element is naturally formed that is that atomically heavy. The element name that was changed also has no IUPAC sanction and hence by convention not used (AFAIK). The editor also changed other version of the period table.--metta">User:Sunborn, The_Sunborn">User_talk:Sunborn 17:37, 18 May 2005 (UTC)
This category contains pages about the Periodic Table of the Elements and various versions of the Periodic Table. Chemistry
{|style="width: 80%" |- |Periodic table group |Group 1 element |Group 2 element |Group 3 element |Group 4 element |Group 5 element |Group 6 element |Group 7 element |Group 8 element |Group 9 element |Group 10 element |Group 11 element |Group 12 element |Group 13 element |Group 14 element |Group 15 element |Group 16 element |Group 17 element |Group 18 element |- |Periodic table period |colspan="19"|
|- |Period 1 element |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|1
Hydrogen |colspan="16"|
|style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|2
Helium |- |Period 2 element |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|3
Lithium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|4
Beryllium |colspan="10"|
|style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|5
Boron |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|6
Carbon |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|7
Nitrogen |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|8
Oxygen |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff99;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|9
Fluorine |style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|10
Neon |- |Period 3 element |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|11
Sodium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|12
Magnesium |colspan="10"|
|style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|13
Aluminium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|14
Silicon |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|15
Phosphorus |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|16
Sulfur |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff99;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|17
Chlorine |style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|18
Argon |- |Period 4 element |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|19
Potassium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|20
Calcium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|21
Scandium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|22
Titanium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|23
Vanadium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|24
Chromium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|25
Manganese |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|26
Iron |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|27
Cobalt |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|28
Nickel |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|29
Copper |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|30
Zinc |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|31
Gallium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|32
Germanium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|33
Arsenic |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|34
Selenium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff99;color:#00aa00;border:1px solid black;"|35
Bromine |style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|36
Krypton |- |Period 5 element |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|37
Rubidium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|38
Strontium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|39
Yttrium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|40
Zirconium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|41
Niobium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|42
Molybdenum |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|43
Technetium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|44
Ruthenium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|45
Rhodium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|46
Palladium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|47
Silver |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|48
Cadmium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|49
Indium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|50
Tin |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|51
Antimony |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|52
Tellurium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|53
Iodine |style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|54
Xenon |- |Period 6 element |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|55
Caesium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|56
Barium |style="vertical-align: top; text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;"|*
|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|72
Hafnium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|73
Tantalum |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|74
Tungsten |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|75
Rhenium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|76
Osmium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|77
Iridium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|78
Platinum |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|79
Gold
Periodic Table
#REDIRECT Periodic table
Periodic table
The periodic table of the chemical elements, also called the Mendeleev periodic table, is a tabular display of the known chemical elements. First created by Dmitri Mendeleev, the elements are arranged by electron structure so that many chemical property vary regularly across the table. Each element is listed by its atomic number and chemical symbol. The periodic table#Standard periodic table provides the necessary basics. There are also Periodic table#Other methods for displaying the chemical elements for more details or different perspectives. ==Groups== A periodic table group is a vertical column in the periodic table of the elements. There are 18 groups in the standard periodic table. Elements in a group have similar configurations of their valence shell electrons, which gives them similar properties. ===Group numbers=== There are three systems of periodic table group#Group numbers; one using Arabic numerals, another using Roman numerals, and one using a combination of Roman numerals and Latin alphabet letters. The Roman numeral names are the original traditional names of the groups; the Arabic numeral names are a newer naming scheme recommended by the IUPAC (IUPAC). The IUPAC scheme was developed to replace both older Roman numeral systems as they confusingly used the same names to mean different things. ===Standard periodic table=== ==Other methods for displaying the chemical elements== *The Periodic table (standard) (same as above) provides the basics. *A Periodic table (alternate) for improved readablity in web browsers *The Periodic table (big) provides the basics plus full element names. *The Periodic table (huge) provides the basics plus full element names and atomic masses. *A table with an Periodic table (wide) inserts the Lanthanides and Actinides back into the table *The Periodic table (extended) suggests the places so-far undiscovered elements would be *Periodic table (electron configurations) *Periodic table (metals and non-metals) *Periodic table (block) *Periodic table (Chinese) *List of elements by name *List of elements by symbol *List of elements by atomic number *List of elements by boiling point *List of elements by melting point *List of elements by density *List of elements by atomic mass And here is the [http://bic.beckman.uiuc.edu/mritab1/ periodic table] for magnetic resonance. == Explanation of the structure of the periodic table == The number of electron shell an atom has determines to which period it belongs. Each shell is divided into different subshells, which as atomic number increases are filled in roughly this order: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p 8s 5g 6f 7d 8p ... Hence the structure of the table. Since the outermost electrons determine chemical properties, those tend to be similar within groups. Elements adjacent to one another within a group have similar physical properties, despite their significant differences in mass. Elements adjacent to one another within a period have similar mass but different properties. For example, very near to nitrogen (N) in the second period of the chart are carbon (C) and oxygen (O). Despite their similarities in mass (they differ by only a few atomic mass units), they have extremely different properties, as can be seen by looking at their Allotropy: diatomic oxygen is a gas that supports burning, diatomic nitrogen is a gas that does not support burning, and carbon is a solid which can be Combustion. (Yes, diamond can be burned!) In contrast, very near to chlorine (Cl) in the next-to-last group in the chart (the halogen) are fluorine (F) and bromine (Br). Despite their dramatic differences in mass, their allotropes have very similar properties. They are all highly corrosion (meaning they combine readily with metal to form metal halide salt); chlorine and fluorine are gases, while bromine is a very low-boiling liquid; chlorine and bromine are highly colored. == History == ''Main article: History of the periodic table'' The original table was created without a knowledge of the inner structure of atoms: if one orders the elements by atomic mass, and then plots certain other properties against atomic mass, one sees an undulation or ''periodicity'' to these properties as a function of atomic mass. The first to recognize these regularities was the German chemist Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner who, in 1829, noticed a number of ''triads'' of similar elements: {|cellspacing="5"---- !align="center" colspan="3"|Some triads |----- !Element!!Atomic mass!!Density |----- |chlorine||35.5||0.00156 g/cm3 |----- |bromine||79.9||0.00312 g/cm3 |----- |iodine||126.9||0.00495 g/cm3 |----- | |----- |calcium||40.1||1.55 g/cm3 |----- |strontium||87.6||2.6 g/cm3 |----- |barium||137||3.5 g/cm3 |} This was followed by the English chemist John Alexander Reina Newlands, who in 1865 noticed that the elements of similar type recurred at intervals of eight, which he likened to the octave, though his ''law of octaves'' was ridiculed by his contemporaries. Finally, in 1869, the German Julius Lothar Meyer and the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev almost simultaneously developed the first periodic table, arranging the elements by mass. However, Mendeleev plotted a few elements out of strict mass sequence in order to make a better match to the properties of their neighbours in the table, corrected mistakes in the values of several atomic masses, and predicted the existence and properties of a few new elements in the empty cells of his table. Mendeleev was later vindicated by the discovery of the electronic structure of the elements in the late 19th century and early 20th century. In the 1940s Glenn T. Seaborg identified the transuranium element lathanides and the actinides, which may be placed within the table, or below (as shown above). ==Further resources== *[http://www.chem.ucla.edu/dept/Faculty/scerri/index.html] Scerri, E.R., references to several scholarly articles by this author. * Mazurs, E.G., "''Graphical Representations of the Periodic System During One Hundred Years''". University of Alabama Press, Alabama. 1974. * Bouma, J., "''An Application-Oriented Periodic Table of the Elements''". J. Chem. Ed., 66 741 (1989). == See also == * Chemical Galaxy * Periodic table group * Periodic table period * Chemical series * Periodic table block * Atomic electron configuration table * Isotope table (complete) * Isotope table (divided) * Discoveries of the chemical elements * Abundance of the chemical elements * The Elements (song) * IUPAC's systematic element names. * Dmitri Mendeleev * Cosmochemical Periodic Table of the Elements in the Solar System == External links == * "''[http://www.webelements.com Periodic table] (professional edition)''". WebElements. * [http://www.iupac.org/reports/periodic_table The IUPAC periodic table] * "''[http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/ch412/alttable.htm Presentation forms of the periodic table]''". Western Oregon University. * "''[http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/ch412/perhist.htm A Brief History of the Development of Periodic Table]''". Western Oregon University. * "''[http://www.chemsoc.org/viselements/pages/periodic_table.html Visual Periodic Table]''". ChemSoc.org. * [http://chemsoc.velp.info Derived from Chemsoc], with links to other tables under each individual element. * Barbalace, Kenneth L., "''[http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/ Biochemical Periodic Tables]''". KLBProductions.com. * Barthelmy, David, "''[http://webmineral.com/chemical.shtml Periodic table]"'' Mineralogy Database. (mineral emphasis) * Counterman, Craig, "''Periodic Table of the Elements : [http://web.mit.edu/3.091/www/pt/ For each of many properties a separate periodic table and a graph showing the relation with the atomic number]''". MIT Course 3.091. * Gray, Theodore, "''[http://www.theodoregray.com/PeriodicTable/ Wooden Periodic Table Table]''" (with samples) * Holler, F. James, and John P. Selegue, "''[http://www.uky.edu/Projects/Chemcomics/ Periodic Table of Comic Books]''". Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky. 1996-2002. * Heilman, Chris, "''[http://chemlab.pc.maricopa.edu/periodic/default.html The Pictorial Periodic Table]''". (Includes alternate styles: Stowe, Benfey, Zmaczynski, Giguere, Tarantola, Filling, Mendeleev) * "''[http://pearl1.lanl.gov/periodic/default.htm Periodic table]''". Los Alamos National Laboratory's Chemistry Division. * "''[http://www.phys.ufl.edu/fermisurface/periodic_table.html Periodic Table of the Fermi Surfaces of Elemental Solids]''". [http://www.phys.ufl.edu/fermisurface/ The Fermi Surface Database] * "''[http://www.nyu.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/aj39/NMRmap.cgi Interactive NMR Frequency Map]''". Texas A&M. * "''[http://www.science.co.il/PTelements.asp Periodic Table Elements]''". Israel Science and Technology Directory. 1999-2004. (sorted by physical characteristics) * "''[http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chemlab/info/resources/p_table/Periodic.html Periodic table applet]''". Dartmouth College. (Java programming language) *[http://www.chem.ucla.edu/dept/Faculty/scerri/index.html Eric Scerri] many scholarly articles on the Periodic System by the philosopher-chemist who teaches in the chemistry department at UCLA. *[http://www.scienceisgolden.com/ "ScienceIsGolden" educational vehicles]: a teacher in California has been driving around in vehicles signed by physicists & promoting an educational-form of the periodic table. *[http://www.periodensystem.com Periodensystem.com]: periodic table with several transations, easy to use Chemistry Periodic table fa:جدول تناوبی (استاندارد) fo:Skeiðbundna skipanin ga:Tábla peiriadach la:Systema Periodica li:Periodiek systeem vaan elemente lv:Elementu periodiskā tabula mi:Ripanga pūmotu ms:Jadual berkala nds:Periodensysteem simple:Periodic table su:Tabel periodik ta:ஆவர்த்தன அட்டவணை th:ตารางธาตุ
Periodic table
==Archives== *Talk:Periodic table/archive 1 ==Suggestions== Does anyone want to list the oxidation states on a certain periodic table? User:Bensaccount 02:23, 13 Apr 2004 (UTC) I think the table needs to completely be replaced by something more orderly. The valence electron spots are off. ==Periodic Table vs. Periodic Chart?== All of my chemistry professors refer to it as teh Periodic Chart, not table. Should the Wikipedia, or is just a redirect in order? User:141.158.179.129 17:37, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC) :I don't see any good reason ''not'' to redirect (this is another one of those UK/US things, possibly an IUPAC/ACS thing), so I'm going to create the page and redirect it here for now. If someone thinks "Chart" deserves its own article, they're welcome to remove the redirect. User:Clawson 05:36, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC) ==Naturally occuring elements== If we assume that wikipedia a reliable source, then we have: Technetium "Once it was available in macroscopic quantities i.e. enough to determine its chemical and physical properties, it was discovered to exist naturally elsewhere in the universe. Some red giant stars (S-, M-, and N-types) contain an emission line in their spectrum corresponding to the presence of technetium. Its presence in red giants has led to the establishment of new theories about the production of heavy elements in stars." Promethium "Promethium does not naturally occur on earth, but has been identified in the spectrum of the star HR465 in Andromeda." Neptunium "Trace amounts of neptunium are found naturally as decay products from transmutation reactions in uranium ores." Promethium "While almost all plutonium is manufactured synthetically, extremely tiny trace amounts are found naturally in uranium ores. These come about by a process of neutron capture by 238U nuclei, initially forming 239U; two subsequent beta decays then form 239Pu (with a 239Np intermediary), which has a half-life of 24,100 years. This is also the process used to manufacture 239Pu in nuclear reactors." Externally we have: Technetium http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/43.html "Technetium has been found in the spectrum of S-, M-, and N-type stars, and its presence in stellar matter is leading to new theories of the production of heavy elements in the stars." http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Tc/geol.html "Technetium has been found in the spectra of S-, M-, and N-type stars, but is not found in earth's geosphere." Promethium http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Pm/geol.html "It appears that there is no known Pm existing in the earth's crust other than in very small quantities in uranium ores where it is present as a uranium decay product." http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/61.html "Promethium, however, has been identified in the spectrum of the star HR465 in Andromeda. This element is being formed recently near the star's surface, for no known isotope of promethium has a half-life longer than 17.7 years." Neptunium http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/93.html "Trace quantities of the element are actually found in nature due to transmutation reactions in uranium ores produced by the neutrons which are present." http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Np/geol.html "Trace amounts of neptunium are present in uranium ores." Plutonium http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/94.html "Plutonium also exists in trace quantities in naturally occurring uranium ores. It is formed in much the same manner as neptunium: by irradiation of natural uranium with the neutrons which are present." http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Pu/geol.html "Plutonium is found in trace quantities in uranium ores but, in practice, normally it is synthesised by the transmutation of uranium." Also, why did you revert the change I made to Gallium when your objections were only about naturally occuring elements? User:Darrien 09:44, 2004 Apr 25 (UTC) :Read Synthetic element: "The chemical elements labelled as "synthetic" are unstable, with a half-life so short (from a few million years to a fraction of millisecond) relative to the age of the Earth that any atoms of that element that may have been present when the Earth formed have long since completely decayed away." You are reading the word ''synthetic'' way too literally. None of the elements you cited are found in any significant amount in the Earth's crust. They are therefore synthetic and are almost always depicted as such in other periodic tables.[http://www.geology.gov.yk.ca/gallery/periodic_table.html geology.gov.yk.ca], [http://www.education-india.net/studytools/periodictable.php education-india.net], [http://www-tech.mit.edu/Chemicool/ www-tech.mit.edu] Gallium melts at 85.57 °F. It is therefore solid at STP. --User:Maveric149 10:30, 25 Apr 2004 (UTC) ::I understand the difference completely. They way the grouping criteria were described is what you seem to take issue with. ::The article never said anything about elements being liquid at STP. If your intention was to classify the elements' phase at STP, then state it. ::I've reworded the criteria in a way that I feel more clearly describes your intended grouping. ::User:Darrien 11:03, 2004 Apr 25 (UTC) :::Yes - much better. I updated bromine to fix its solid/liquid issue as well. --mav == Lanthanides and Actinides (Inconsistency) == Traditionally, the periodic table classifies the lanthanides (#57-#71) and the actinides (#89-#103) as Group 3 elements and put them under the two boxes under yttrium (#39), then spell out ther series below the whole table. Periodic table (anti) follows the convention. (Note: the current table has been changed. This is the table I am referring to: [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Periodic_table_%28anti%29&oldid=5178318 Old periodic table (anti)]) The table on the main page: Periodic table, however, kicks lutetium (#71) out of the lanthanides and lawrencium (#103) out of the actinides. Periodic table (wide) shows a similar opinion: it does not color those elements with their series. Concerning blocks, Periodic table (extended) considers La (#57) and Ac (#89) as d block, but Lu (#71) and Lr (#103) as f block. Periodic table (block) considers La (#57) and Ac (#89) as f block, but Lu (#71) and Lr (#103) as d block. Also, for the table images of elements, some color Lu (#71) and Lr (#103) with their series, some do not. Before we attempt to fix those inconsistencies, I would like to open (or re-open?) a discussion to reach a concensus on how to treat the lanthanides and actinides series. User:Felix_Wan 2004-07-04 00:12 (UTC) : Theoretically, you should be able to reassemble the periodic table based only on the electron configurations of the elements. With this ideal in mind, you should see that Lu has a full f shell, and has placed one electron into it's outermost d shell. The same is true if Lr. Because this follows the same pattern as all the other blocks (full previous shells and being filling the current block's shell (i.e. boron has a full s shell and has 1 electron in the p shell and thus is in the p block, or yttrium has a full s shell and one electron in the d shell, so it is in the d block)), it is logical that Lu and Lr are placed into Group 3. : The trouble arises when you realize that the filling of electron shells is imperfect. Both La and Ac have full s shells and ''one d electron'', just like the other two elements in Group 3. So scientists had a problem, since both La and Lu had one d electron and full previous shells (s and f respectively) (the same happens with Ac and Lr). : Many tables have chosen to wash their hands of the whole thing and not include either La or Ac in Group 3. Others have placed one or the other in Group 3. Yet, you can still make sense of the issue. As the number of the element increases from Ac or La, the d electron often disappears and goes into the f shell. However, both Lu and Lr have full f shells AND full s shells, allowing the electrons they add to the d shell to remain there. Additionally it is the pattern to have ALL previous shells filled in order for an element to be part of a block (an element is only in the p block if both the d shell and the s shell is full). : Lastly, and possible most importantly, Lu and Lr have full f shells AND have added beyond them. In all other cases once an element completes its shell, the next one is in the next block, just like Lu and Lr. In my opinion (and the opinion of the other people in the site... apparently) it is most logical that both Lu and Lr are part of the f block, not the f block. --User:Ctachme 02:08, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC) Thank Ctachme for the comments on classifying Lu and Lr as d block elements. But for the definition of lathanides and actinides, my question is this: should we make the decision on how the periodic table should look like, or should we record the periodic table most widely accepted by the Chemistry community and the public? * [http://www.iupac.org/reports/periodic_table/ The periodic table recommended by IUPAC] * [http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=lanthanide Dictionary definition of lanthanide] * [http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=actinide Dictionary definition of actinide] It appears that the tendency of excluding Lu from the La series and Lr from the Ac series in Wikipedia is unconventional. Experts in Chemistry please comment. My opinion is that we may classify Lu and Lr as d block elements, but should include them whenever we mention the La series or the Ac series to follow the convention. User:Felix Wan 09:25, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC) : Since IUPAC ''is'' the official body of chemistry and such, I think it would be understandable for such a change to take place. I suspect that a debate about this has already taken place somewhere (and resulted in the current version), though I haven't actually seen it. Either way, if no one else comments on this issue, and you do want to change the table to the current IUPAC version, keep in mind that there are many different versions of the periodic table on wikipedia (see the footer) and that you need to change them all so they all are constant, don't just change a couple. --User:Ctachme 18:58, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC) I've changed several tables to conform to current IUPAC naming conventions, along with definitions of lanthanide and actinide. I probably missed a few things here and there. Please correct them when you see them. User:Flying Jazz 02:06, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC) == The element naming controversy == (This isn't about this actual article, but it involves several of the element pages so I'm putting it here.) On all the discovered-but-unnamed element pages (111 through 115) is the boilerplate sentence, "There is an ongoing element naming controversy over what this element should be called." Really? Is the name of all of these elements under dispute? The article referenced says that the element naming controversy involved elements 104 through 108 and moreover was finished in 1997. I suspect that the sentence above is being put onto every such page without regard for whether any controversy is actually occurring about the element name. User:Eric119 06:30, Jul 4, 2004 (UTC) :Well, since nobody's responding, I think I'll go and revise the sentence out of the articles. User:Eric119 01:56, Jul 31, 2004 (UTC) == Synthetic / natual elements == I read it my ''Chemistry for Engineers'' textbook last semester that plutonium is not purely synthetic, there are about 10 grams of primodial Pu on the planet earth right now. I can show you the calculations. Neptunium might also therefore be natural because it is lighter than Pu. Technetium is noted on its article to be naturally occuring. I will quote: ''In 1962, technetium-99 was isolated and identified in pitchblende from Africa in very small quantities''. I also read that Technetium is naturally occuring in Molybdenum mines. As such, there is at least two errors. IUPAC might list these as synthetic, however, until their reasons for synthetic qualification are revealed we should consider these elements naturally occuring. --User:Sunborn 17:41, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC) ::I looked into this and found that the IUPAC does not list what elements are synthetic and which are not. I guess it seems that everyone whould no or not care. It seems to be on every periodic table I see and yet doesn't serve any purpose. I guess that is why no one else noticed they are wrong--it doesn't matter. --User:Sunborn 08:08, 20 Nov 2004 (UTC) ==Most obtuse editing== The house style of a certain scientific journal required ''Periodic Table'' to be spelled with capital initial letters. So an author, writing about periodic motion of a table, referred to "the Periodic Table motion", and accordingly the capitals were inserted. User:Michael Hardy 03:06, 3 Nov 2004 (UTC) == 5g subshell? == can someone clarify what the 5g subshell is doing in that chart? to my knowledge, it doesn't exist. User:Sasquatch 22:07, 31 Dec 2004 (UTC) Edit: Actually, for that matter, what's the 8th period doing in there? :Both the 8th period and the filling of 5g subshell are theorectical extensions. See Periodic table (extended). -- User:Felix Wan 00:13, 2005 Jan 1 (UTC) ::But does it really apply to the current model of the periodic table? Just seems kind of sketchy to me that the table only has 7 periods and yet your still listing the extensions of quantum mechanics under it when the period doesn't really allow for it so it wouldn't really apply. Anyways, just thought it rather confusing. User:Sasquatch 10:29, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC) :::The subshells are all equally sketchy. No person has ever seen one, detected one or otherwise cares if they really exist or not. Subshells are a mathematical construct and not a good scientific theory. ::::The spectrographers of the 1800s could "see" them. Named them Sharp, Principle, Diffuse, and Fine I think. User:Vsmith 21:57, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC) ::: Aren't the subshells just an extension of quantum mechanics? I thought they changed the model of the set energy levels because quantum mechanics says there's only a probability of finding electrons at certain places which is why they created these and they do help to explain the properties of certain compounds such as benzene User:Sasquatch 05:00, Jan 14, 2005 (UTC) If not for the 8th or 9th energy levels or (or perhaps the 5g ...) where would an excited electron from radium go? Doesn't radium have an emmission spectrum? User:Vsmith 21:50, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC) == Capitalisation == As far back as I can recall, the Periodic Table has always been referred to in the proper sense. It is, after all, the only such table (at least as far as current quantum theory and chemistry bears out). As such, it seems as though ''not'' capitalising "Periodic Table" is improper. Anyone else have comments? User:Clawson 05:33, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC) == Uhh.. Not a good source for wikipedia. == I was just about to use this table to explain how impurities relate with valence electrons. You don't give the valence electron order here and that's not cool. Nor does wikipedia talk about trivalents as of current as so I have to explain the whole thing from scratch. Throw the periodic chart and get permission from someone to use theirs. Or else make it more detailed. Or better yet pressure wikipedia into allowing macromedia flash files with a maxium upload size. --User:Cyberman 03:06, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC) :We do have a Periodic table (electron configurations), if that is what you want. And the solution to having incomplete information is definately not deleting what we have and starting over. User:Eric119 03:50, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC) == atomic mass == On the individual pages for the elements, in the table it says 'atomic weight', surely this is wrong, i have always heard it called 'atomic mass'. Weight is only in the presence of gravity? and from the weight page "Although terms such as "atomic weight", "molecular weight", and "formula weight" may still be encountered, such usage is often discouraged; terms like atomic mass are used instead." I think this should be changed. thanks User:Bluemoose 16:27, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC) == periodic table changes == I just reverted periodic table changes by an anon. The changes talked about dotted and dashed lines although there were the same and the language wiki links were messed up in the same edit. Can anyone check this? - User:TextureUser Talk:TextureUser:Texture 15:32, 18 May 2005 (UTC) : As the person who started the categorization this way, I know what it was supposed to do. On most periodic tables there are what is called "synthetic elements" some of which are naturally occuring and some of which that are actually synthetic are not listed as such. I have already stated why plutonium is listed as natually occuring and primordial plutonium has been isolated. Even though there are about a total of 6 grams on the entire planet earth. However, the editor marked califorium as a natural decay element, this is patently wrong. No element is naturally formed that is that atomically heavy. The element name that was changed also has no IUPAC sanction and hence by convention not used (AFAIK). The editor also changed other version of the period table.--metta">User:Sunborn, The_Sunborn">User_talk:Sunborn 17:37, 18 May 2005 (UTC)
Periodic table
This category contains pages about the Periodic Table of the Elements and various versions of the Periodic Table. Chemistry
Periodic table
{|style="width: 80%" |- |Periodic table group |Group 1 element |Group 2 element |Group 3 element |Group 4 element |Group 5 element |Group 6 element |Group 7 element |Group 8 element |Group 9 element |Group 10 element |Group 11 element |Group 12 element |Group 13 element |Group 14 element |Group 15 element |Group 16 element |Group 17 element |Group 18 element |- |Periodic table period |colspan="19"|
|- |Period 1 element |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|1
Hydrogen |colspan="16"|
|style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|2
Helium |- |Period 2 element |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|3
Lithium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|4
Beryllium |colspan="10"|
|style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|5
Boron |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|6
Carbon |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|7
Nitrogen |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|8
Oxygen |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff99;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|9
Fluorine |style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|10
Neon |- |Period 3 element |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|11
Sodium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|12
Magnesium |colspan="10"|
|style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|13
Aluminium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|14
Silicon |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|15
Phosphorus |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|16
Sulfur |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff99;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|17
Chlorine |style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|18
Argon |- |Period 4 element |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|19
Potassium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|20
Calcium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|21
Scandium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|22
Titanium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|23
Vanadium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|24
Chromium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|25
Manganese |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|26
Iron |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|27
Cobalt |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|28
Nickel |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|29
Copper |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|30
Zinc |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|31
Gallium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|32
Germanium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|33
Arsenic |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|34
Selenium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff99;color:#00aa00;border:1px solid black;"|35
Bromine |style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|36
Krypton |- |Period 5 element |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|37
Rubidium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|38
Strontium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|39
Yttrium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|40
Zirconium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|41
Niobium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|42
Molybdenum |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|43
Technetium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|44
Ruthenium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|45
Rhodium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|46
Palladium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|47
Silver |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|48
Cadmium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|49
Indium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|50
Tin |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|51
Antimony |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|52
Tellurium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|53
Iodine |style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|54
Xenon |- |Period 6 element |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|55
Caesium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|56
Barium |style="vertical-align: top; text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;"|*
|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|72
Hafnium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|73
Tantalum |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|74
Tungsten |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|75
Rhenium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|76
Osmium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|77
Iridium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|78
Platinum |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|79
Gold
Mercury (element) |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|81
Thallium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|82
Lead |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|83
Bismuth |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|84
Polonium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff99;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|85
Astatine |style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:red;border:1px dashed black;"|86
Radon |- |Period 7 element |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|87
Francium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|88
Radium |style="vertical-align: top; text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;"|**
|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|104
Rutherfordium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|105
Dubnium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|106
Seaborgium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|107
Bohrium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|108
Hassium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|109
Meitnerium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|110
Darmstadtium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|111
Roentgenium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:#00aa00;border:1px dotted black;"|112
Ununbium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|113
Ununtrium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|114
Ununquadium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|115
Ununpentium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|116
Ununhexium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#fcfecc;color:#cccccc;"|117
Ununseptium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ecfefc;color:#cccccc;"|118
Ununoctium |- |colspan="21"|
|- |colspan="4" style="text-align:right"|* Lanthanides |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|57
Lanthanum |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|58
Cerium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|59
Praseodymium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|60
Neodymium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|61
Promethium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|62
Samarium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|63
Europium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|64
Gadolinium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|65
Terbium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|66
Dysprosium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|67
Holmium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|68
Erbium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|69
Thulium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|70
Ytterbium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|71
Lutetium |- |colspan="4" style="text-align:right"|** Actinides |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|89
Actinium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|90
Thorium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|91
Protactinium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|92
Uranium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|93
Neptunium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|94
Plutonium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|95
Americium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|96
Curium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|97
Berkelium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|98
Californium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|99
Einsteinium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|100
Fermium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|101
Mendelevium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|102
Nobelium |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|103
Lawrencium |} {|align="center" |+Periodic table series |----- |bgcolor="#ff6666"|Alkali metals2||bgcolor="#ffdead"|Alkaline earth metals2||bgcolor="#ffbfff"|Lanthanides12||bgcolor="#ff99cc"|Actinides12||bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|Transition metals2 |----- |bgcolor="#cccccc"|Poor metals||bgcolor="#cccc99"|Metalloids||bgcolor="#a0ffa0"|Nonmetals||bgcolor="#ffff99"|Halogens3||bgcolor="#c0ffff"|Noble gases3 |} 1Actinides and lanthanides are collectively known as "Rare Earth Metals." 2Alkali metals, alkaline Earth metals, transition metals, actinides, and lanthanides are all collectively known as "Metals." 3Halogens and noble gases are also non-metals. State at Standard conditions for temperature and pressure * those with atomic number in red are gases at standard temperature and pressure (STP) * those with atomic number in green are liquids at STP * those with atomic number in black are solid at STP Natural occurrence *
those with solid borders have isotopes that are older than the Earth (Primordial elements)
* those with dashed borders naturally arise from decay of other chemical elements and have no isotopes older than the earth
* those with dotted borders are made artificially (Synthetic element)
* those without borders have not been discovered yet
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
P
PA | PB | PC | PD | PE | PF | PG | PH | PI | PJ | PK | PL | PM | PN | PO | PR | PS | PT | PU | PW | PX | PY | PZ |Words begining with Periodic_table:
Periodic_Table
Periodic_table
Periodic_table
Periodic_table
Periodic_table
Periodic_table/Alternate_Table
Periodic_table/Alternate_Table
Periodic_table/archive_1
Periodic_table/Big_Table
Periodic_table/Big_Table
Periodic_table/Electron_configurations
Periodic_table/Electron_configurations
Periodic_table/extended
Periodic_table/extended
Periodic_table/Extended_Table
Periodic_table/Extended_Table
Periodic_table/Huge_Table
Periodic_table/Metals_and_Non_Metals
Periodic_table/Standard_Table
Periodic_table/Standard_Table
Periodic_table/Table_only
Periodic_table/Temp
Periodic_table/Wheel_of_Motion
Periodic_table/Wide_Table
Periodic_table/Wide_Table
Periodic_table_(alternate)
Periodic_table_(alternate)
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Periodic_table_(extended)
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Periodic_table_(metals_and_non-metals)
Periodic_table_(metals_and_non-metals)
Periodic_table_(standard)
Periodic_table_(standard)
Periodic_table_(text_only)
Periodic_table_(wide)
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