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PeaceThe concept of peace ranks among the most controversial in our time. Peace undoubtedly carries a positive connotation; almost nobody admits to opposing peace; world peace is widely seen as one of the most noble goals of humanity. Various groups, however, differ sharply about what peace entails, how best to achieve it, and even if peace is truly possible. The context also determines the definition of the word peace. In certain contexts, peace may refer specifically to an agreement concluded to end a war, to a lack of external warfare or a period when a country's armies are not fighting enemies, or to the quietude common at night or in remote areas that allows for sleep or meditation. ==What is peace?== Our conceptions of "peace" are often the product of our culture and upbringing. While there are differences about what peace is from an intercultural perspective, peace also differs among members of the same culture. ===Absence of War=== A simple and narrow definition of peace entails the absence of war. (The Ancient Rome defined peace, ''Pax'' as ''Absentia Belli'', the ''absence of war''.) By this definition, however, we might consider the Congo, the Sudan, and perhaps even North Korea at peace because none of these countries engages in deadly combat with external enemies. Indeed, by this definition, we now live in an era of world peace, with no active wars between nation-states. The maintenance of longstanding peace between nations ranks among the few great successes of the United Nations. Peace can be voluntary, where potential agitators choose to abstain from disturbance, or it can be enforced, by suppressing those who might otherwise cause such disturbance. A hard stance on neutrality has given Switzerland fame as a country for its long-lasting peace. Sweden, however, presently has the longest history of continuous peace. Since its 1814 invasion of Norway, the Swedish kingdom has not engaged in military-style external violence. ===Absence of Violence or of Evil; Presence of Justice=== Constraining the concept of peace strictly to the absence of international war masks internal genocide, terrorism, and other violence. Few would describe the Congolese genocide of the 1890s as an example of peace, even though it technically occurred within the personal domain of Leopold II of Belgium. Some, therefore, define "peace" as an absence of violence. Peace, then, is not merely the absence of war; it requires the absence of evil. Many believe that peace is more than the absence of certain societal maladies. From this perspective, peace requires not only the absence of violence but also the presence of justice, as articulated by Martin Luther King, Jr. Proponents of this concept of positive peace argue that a society with structual and cultural oppression of one subgroup by another lacks peace even in the absence of violence because the oppression itself constitutes evil. ===Plural Peaces=== Some "peace thinkers" choose to abandon the idea of one definition of peace; rather, they promote the idea of many peaces. They think that no singular, correct definition of peace can exist; peace, therefore, should be seen as a plurality. For example in the Great Lakes region of Africa, the word for peace is ''kindoki'', which refers to a harmonious balance between human beings, the rest of the natural world, and the cosmos. This is a much more inclusive vision of peace than a mere "absence of war" or even a "presence of justice" standard. Many of these same thinkers also critique the idea of peace as a hopeful or eventual end. They recognize that peace does not necessarily have to be something the humans might achieve "some day." They contend that peace exists, we can create and expand it in small ways in our everyday lives, and peace changes constantly. This view makes peace permeable and imperfect rather than static and utopian. ===Peace and Quiet=== [[Image:Lake mapourika NZ.jpeg|thumb|right|300px|Peace and tranquillity — Lake Mapourika, New Zealand.]] In some contexts, peace refers more generally to a state of quiet or tranquillity--an absence of disturbance or agitation. Those who travel to remote, rural areas often notice the striking difference in the noise level between the cities and the countryside; hence the term 'peace and quiet'. Conflict that occurs in nature, however, often produces sounds. When animals fight, the surrounding forest can become even ''more'' silent, as the non-engaged animals warily await the outcome. After a conflict, then the normal sounds and actions of the inhabitants eventually recur. ==Achieving Peace== Self-styled peace activists frequently call for "peace" as an alternative to military conflict against entrenced genocidal totalitarian regimes such as those of Saddam Hussein and Kim Jong-il. Critics of these demonstrations often assail the activists' ignorance or lack of concern for the suffering people of these regimes. These critics advance a "peace through war" thesis, holding that these situations leave no viable alternative to military force in the pursuit of eventual peace. Such a military force would oust an oppressive or even genocidal totalitarian dictator. Others, however, note the inherent contradiction in the "peace through war" or even "peace through strength" concept. They claim that peace can come only through peaceful means and that violence only breeds violence. Therefore, these activists opposed Ronald Reagan's arms race that led to the demise of the Second World and the breakup of the Soviet Union. On the other hand, Allied propaganda billed the Great War in Europe as the "war to end all wars." Although the Allies won the war, the resulting "peace" Treaty of Versailles only set the stage for the even bloodier World War II. Before the Allied victory, the Bolsheviks promised the Russian people "peace, land, and bread." Although he ended the disastrous war against the Central Powers, Vladmir Lenin butchered millions of people to consolidate his power, and his successor, Joseph Stalin imposed even worse horrors on the Russian populous. These failures illustrate the problems of using war in an effort to attain peace. Proponents of the democratic peace theory claim that strong empirical evidence exists that democracies never or almost never make war against each other. An increasing number of nations have become democratic since the industrial revolution. A world peace may thus become of possible if this trend continues. Peacemakers are people who have overcome entrenched violence and conflict through their leadership and vision to achieve peace. ==Peacemakers== === Nobel Peace Prize === ''Main article: Nobel Peace Prize'' The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded annually to notable persons, generally peacemakers and visionaries who have overcome notorious cycles in violence, conflict or oppression through their moral leadership, but also controversially former warmongers and former terrorists who it was believed had helped bring the world closer to ending such situations through exceptional concessions in the attempt to achieve peace. Here is a partial list of Nobel Peace Prize#Laureates whose award is still considered by some a matter of particular controversy: *Theodore Roosevelt (Nobel Peace Prize#1900s); *Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. (Nobel Peace Prize#1960s); *Henry Kissinger and Le Duc Tho (Nobel Peace Prize#1970s); *Mohamed Anwar Al-Sadat (Nobel Peace Prize#1970s); *Mother Teresa (Nobel Peace Prize#1970s); *Nelson Mandela and Former President Frederik Willem de Klerk (joint Nobel Peace Prize#1990s); *Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Rabin (Nobel Peace Prize#1990s); *David Trimble (joint Nobel Peace Prize#1990s): *Wangari Maathai (Nobel Peace Prize#2000s). ==Quotes== *From Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s ''Letter from Birmingham Jail'': :''True peace is not merely the absence of tension: it is the presence of justice.'' *From Henry Timrod, known as ''The Poet Laureate of the Confederacy'', who wrote passionate poems that caused many young men to enlist in the Confederate States of America Army of the American Civil War. But after seeing for himself the horrors of war, he wrote this poignant prayer for peace: :''Not all the darkness of the land'' :''Can hide the lifted eye and hand;'' :''Nor need the clanging conflict cease,'' :''To make Thee hear our cries for peace.'' == Related topics == *Nobel Peace Prize *Peace movement *Peace camp *Peace churches *Pacifism *Nonviolence *Satyagraha *World peace *Inner peace *Peace symbol *Japanese Peace Bell *List of places named after peace *Projects working for peace among Israelis and Arabs *American Friends Service Committee *UN peacekeeping *Peace process *Peace treaty *United States Department of Peace *Peace and Conflict Studies *Democratic peace theory ==External links== === Niwano Peace Prize === [http://www.npf.or.jp/npf/index_e.html Official homepage of the Niwano Peace Foundation] === Carnegie Endowment for International Peace === [http://www.carnegieendowment.org Carnegie Endowment for International Peace] === References === #Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s [http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Articles_Gen/Letter_Birmingham.html Letter from Birmingham Jail]. === Other links of interest === * [http://www.geocities.com/bawad1 (See Peace) Resource Center for Peace] * [http://www.peaceinaction.net Peace in Action]- Share and collaborate with peacemakers * [http://www.nonviolence.org Nonviolence.org] * [http://www.peace-action.org Peace Action] (a U.S. organization) * [http://www.activistmagazine.com The ACTivist Magazine] * [http://www.studentsforpeace.org Students for Peace] * [http://www.promotingpeace.org/ Foundation for P.E.A.C.E.] * [http://www.boisepeacequilt.org/ Boise Peace Quilt Project] * [http://www.ajmuste.org/ A.J. Muste Memorial Institute] - A.J. Muste: legendary peacemaker * [http://www.10000kites.org/ 10,000 Kites] - An exciting peace project aimed at Israelis and Palestinians. * [http://www.seedsofpeace.org/ Seeds of Peace International Youth Organization] * [http://www.cryforpeace.org/ Cry For Peace] - Promotiong peace through art and music Core issues in ethics International relations Peace Personal life la:pax simple:Peace PeaceAdded the Roman expression "Pax = Absentia Belli". I don't know what "is" is in Roman, anyone? It should read "Pax _is_ Absentia Belli". User:Sigg3.net 22:17 3 Jun 2003 (UTC) I removed Hospitality services from internal links (the article is about "gives travellers the chance to stay with locals instead of in hotels or hostels") and the small section called "Peace of heart" which said in its entirety: "Peace also could be used to describe a person's feeling free from sin and fear." -- User:Bcorr|User talk:Bcorr 15:49, 15 Jun 2004 (UTC) :I just readded Hospitality services. Bcorr, I invite you to take a moment to read about the main ideas behind organizations like this before you edit things out ;-) Hospitality exchange is probably one of the best ways to get to know people from other cultures, increase intercultural understanding and build peace in the long run! User:Veit 15:21, 25 Jun 2004 (UTC) :This was added by Bcorr to my personal talk page - moving it here and answering: Hi Veit -- I appreciate that you started the Hospitaly Services organization, and I think it's a great idea, but it's considered poor form to promote one's own creations through links if it's not a major part of something or directly related. I think that it makes a lot of sense to have a link to peace in the hospitality services article (which I've done), but ''not'' the other way around. Thanks, User:Bcorr|User talk:Bcorr 00:07, 29 Jun 2004 (UTC) ::I did not create the hospitality services article (if I remember right :-), and the idea that hospitality exchange can be a road to peace has been around for over 50 years, and I would never lay claim for this to be my "own creation". I am only 26 years old...:-) To be fair, it is true that I founded the Hospitality Club 4 years ago, which is similarly to Wikipedia a very open, non-commercial network, and now the world's largest hospitality network. But: I did not add a link to the HC on the peace page, but to the hospitality services page. So what is your problem exactly? Why is hospitality exchange NOT related to peace????? That's the question you should answer when you remove something. User:Veit 08:06, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC) :Why the revert Bcorr?. Iner Peace is a relevant entry. The fact that tha link points to a stub does not mean it is not relevant. I am adding it back. If you want to remove it, please provide rational. -- User:Jossifresco 19:14, 30 Aug 2004 (UTC) PeaceCan someone explain the point of this box? What is the criteria for inclusion? How is it different from an ordinary "see also" list? --User:JiangUser talk:Jiang 07:23, 6 May 2004 (UTC) :no answer? alright...say goodbye. --User:JiangUser talk:Jiang 07:28, 20 May 2004 (UTC) Peace:''Also see:'' :Category:Government, :Category:Law, :Category:Religion, :Category:Propaganda, :Category:Revolutions, :Category:War ::Category:Wikipedia dispute resolution ''can serve as a useful compendium of current sources of conflict in the world.'' Politics Security See other meanings of words starting from letter: PPA | PB | PC | PD | PE | PF | PG | PH | PI | PJ | PK | PL | PM | PN | PO | PR | PS | PT | PU | PW | PX | PY | PZ |Words begining with Peace: Peace Peace Peace Peace Peace,_Love,_and_the_Pennsylvania_Turnpike Peace,_Love,_Death_Metal Peace,_Love,_Death_Metal Peace,_Love_and_the_Pennsylvania_Turnpike Peace,_Order,_and_Good_Government Peace,_order,_and_good_government Peace,_Order_and_Good_Government Peace,_order_and_good_government Peace-Athabasca_Delta Peace-keeping Peaceable_table Peacecorps Peacefire Peacefire Peacefire/Vfd Peaceful Peaceful PeacefulKiller Peaceful_co-existence Peaceful_co-existence Peaceful_coexistence Peaceful_coexistence Peaceful_earthling_world_organization Peaceful_revolution Peaceful_rise_of_China Peaceful_Valley Peaceful_Valley,_WA Peaceful_Valley,_Washington Peacehaven Peaceinourtime Peaceinourtime Peacekeeper Peacekeeper Peacekeepers Peacekeeper_(Farscape) Peacekeeper_(Farscape) Peacekeeper_missile Peacekeeper_missiles Peacekeeper_MX Peacekeeping Peacekeeping Peacekeeping_Force PeaceLaureates Peacemaker Peacemaker Peacemakers Peacemaker_(comics) Peacemaker_(film) Peacemaker_Circle_International Peacemaker_Kurogane Peaceman Peaceman Peacenik Peacenik PEACEWIKI Peace_&_Freedom_Party Peace_(album) Peace_(album) Peace_(play) Peace_Action Peace_activist Peace_agreement Peace_Air Peace_Air_(Sri_Lanka) Peace_and_Conflict_Studies Peace_and_conflict_studies Peace_and_conflict_studies Peace_and_Democracy_Movement Peace_and_Ecology_Party_(Canada)) Peace_and_Ecology_Party_of_Canada Peace_And_Freedom_Party Peace_And_Freedom_Party Peace_and_Freedom_Party Peace_and_Freedom_Party_(United_States) Peace_and_Friendship_Stadium Peace_and_Liberation_Party Peace_And_Love Peace_and_Security_Committtee Peace_and_Security_Council Peace_and_Security_Council Peace_and_Truce_of_God Peace_and_Truce_of_God Peace_Arch Peace_Arch Peace_Arch_Border_Crossing Peace_Arch_Crossing Peace_Arch_Park Peace_Be_Upon_Him Peace_be_upon_him Peace_be_upon_him Peace_bond Peace_bond Peace_breaker's_muzzle Peace_Bridge Peace_Bridge Peace_Brigade Peace_Brigade_International Peace_Burial_at_Sea Peace_Burial_at_Sea Peace_burial_at_sea Peace_camp Peace_camp Peace_camps Peace_camps Peace_Center Peace_Center Peace_church Peace_Churches Peace_churches Peace_churches Peace_Clause Peace_Commissions Peace_conference_of_1861 Peace_Corps Peace_Corps Peace_Corps_directors Peace_Dale,_Rhode_Island Peace_Dale,_RI Peace_deities Peace_Democrats Peace_dividend Peace_dividend Peace_Dollar Peace_dollar Peace_Frog Peace_gaming Peace_goddesses Peace_gods Peace_Hotel Peace_in_Our_Time Peace_in_Our_Time Peace_keeping Peace_line Peace_Lines Peace_lines Peace_Maker Peace_Maker_(pamphlet) Peace_Maker_Kurogane Peace_Medal_of_the_Third_World Peace_Memorial_Day Peace_Memorial_Park_of_Hiroshima Peace_Monitoring_Group Peace_movement Peace_movement Peace_movements Peace_News Peace_Now Peace_Now Peace_Now! Peace_officer Peace_of_Amiens Peace_of_Antalcidas Peace_of_Augsburg Peace_of_augsburg Peace_of_Bautzen Peace_of_Brest-Litovsk Peace_of_Bretigny Peace_of_Brömsebro Peace_of_Callias Peace_of_Cateau-Cambrésis Peace_of_Cateau_-_Cambresis Peace_of_Cateau_Cambrésis Peace_of_Deulino Peace_of_Etaples Peace_of_Fredrickshamn Peace_of_God Peace_of_god Peace_of_Karlowitz Peace_of_Kiel Peace_of_Lodi Peace_of_Luneville Peace_of_Lunéville Peace_of_mind Peace_of_Moscow Peace_of_Münster Peace_of_Nicias Peace_of_Nijmegen Peace_of_Nimègue Peace_of_Nystad Peace_of_Oliva Peace_of_Paris Peace_of_Paris_(1814) Peace_of_Passarowitz Peace_of_Passau Peace_of_Prague Peace_of_Pressburg Peace_of_Riga Peace_of_Riga Peace_of_Rijswijk Peace_of_Ryswick Peace_of_the_Pyrenees Peace_of_Tilsit Peace_of_tilsit Peace_of_tilsit Peace_of_Torun Peace_of_Utrecht Peace_of_versailles Peace_of_Vervins Peace_of_Wesfalia Peace_of_Westfalia Peace_of_Westphalia Peace_of_Westphalia Peace_of_westphalia Peace_of_Åbo Peace_One_Day Peace_one_day Peace_on_Earth Peace_Orchestra Peace_organizations Peace_Palace Peace_Park Peace_park Peace_park Peace_Parks Peace_Parks Peace_parks Peace_parks Peace_Park_(Seattle) Peace_Pilgrim Peace_Pilgrim Peace_plan Peace_pole Peace_Preservation_Law Peace_Prizes Peace_prizes Peace_Process Peace_process Peace_process Peace_Process_in_the_Israeli-Palestinian_Conflict Peace_Process_in_the_Israeli-Palestinian_Conflict Peace_process_in_the_Israeli-Palestinian_conflict Peace_process_in_the_Israeli-Palestinian_conflict Peace_punk Peace_Race Peace_race Peace_River Peace_River,_Alberta Peace_River_(Alberta) Peace_River_(Canada) Peace_River_(electoral_district) Peace_River_(provincial_electoral_district) Peace_River_North Peace_River_South Peace_Sells Peace_Sells..._But_Who's_Buying? Peace_Sells..._But_Who's_Buying? Peace_sign Peace_symbol Peace_symbol Peace_Testimony Peace_Testimony Peace_testimony Peace_through_strength Peace_Thru_Vandalism Peace_Thru_Vandalism_(album) Peace_Thru_Vandalism_(album) Peace_Tower Peace_Township,_Minnesota Peace_Township,_MN Peace_Train Peace_treaties Peace_treaties Peace_Treaty Peace_treaty Peace_treaty_in_Jam_Zapolski Peace_Treaty_of_Riga Peace_Treaty_of_Versailles Peace_treaty_with_Israel_is_a_temporary_measure Peace_treaty_with_Israel_is_a_temporary_measure Peace_treaty_with_Israel_is_a_temporary_measure/Temporary Peace_walk Peace_walk Peace_Westphalia |
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