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Passover

{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="float: right; margin: 0 15px 0 15px; background: #f7f8ff; border: 1px #8888aa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" width="30%" ! colspan="2" bgcolor="#99CCFF" style="font-size:125%" | Passover (Pesach) |- | valign="top" bgcolor="#99CCFF" | Holiday of: | Israel, Judaism, Jews and Christians |- | valign="top" bgcolor="#99CCFF" | Name: | Hebrew language: פסח |- | valign="top" bgcolor="#99CCFF" | Translation: | "Pass/Skip-over" |- | valign="top" bgcolor="#99CCFF" | Sacrifice Observed: | Evening of 14th day of Nisan |- | valign="top" bgcolor="#99CCFF" | Begins: | 15th day of Nisan |- | valign="top" bgcolor="#99CCFF" | Ends: | 22nd (in Israel 21st) day of Nisan |- | valign="top" bgcolor="#99CCFF" | Occasion: | One of the Three Pilgrim Festivals. Celebrating the Exodus and freedom from Slavery of the Children of Israel from History of Ancient Egypt that followed the Ten plagues.
Beginning of the 49 days of Counting of the Omer. |- | valign="top" bgcolor="#99CCFF" | Symbols (Jewish): | bgcolor="white" | Two festive Passover Seder meals (in Israel only one), and reciting the Haggadah, eating of Matzah, drinking four cups of grape wine and filling the Cup of Elijah. |- | valign="top" bgcolor="#99CCFF" | Symbols (Christian): | bgcolor="white" | A ceremony in which bread, representing the sacrificed body of Jesus Christ, is eaten, and wine, which represents "the new covenant in his blood," is drunk. Also may include a 'footwashing' ceremony, as a symbol of humility. |- | valign="top" bgcolor="#99CCFF" | Related to: | Shavuot ("Festival of Weeks", "Pentecost") which follows 49 days from the second night of Passover. |}

Passover, also known as ''Pesach'' or ''Pesah'' (פסח ''pesaḥ''), is a Holy Day, observed by several religions, begining on the evening of the 14th day of Nisan and lasting seven days (in Israel and among some liberal Jewish diaspora, and eight days among other Diaspora Jews) that commemorates the exodus and freedom of the Israelites from Egypt; it is also observed by some Christians to commemorate the deliverance from sin by the sacrifice of Jesus. == Origins of the feast == The term ''Passover'' comes from the Bible, first mentioned in the Book of Exodus. It came into the English language through William Tyndale's translation of the Bible, and later appeared in the King_James_Version_of_the_Bible as well. As God pronounced to the people of Israel enslaved in Egypt that he would free them, he said he would "Smite all the firstborn in the land of Egypt." However, he instructed the Israelites to put a sign of lamb's blood on their door posts: "and when I see the blood, I will ''pass over'' you." (Exodus 12:13, King James Version) The original verb in the Hebrew Torah is ''posach''. The noun form, ''pesach'', also appears in that same chapter, in reference to that lamb, which was sacrificed earlier that day and then eaten on that night: "and ye shall eat it in haste: it is the Lord's ''passover''." (Exodus 12:11, King James Version) Although the term itself is not mentioned until the Book of Exodus, there are indications that at least parts of the feast were observed in earlier times. For example, in Genesis 19:3 reference is made to "unleavened bread" without any reason given for it. The scholar Maimonides leaves a short commentary on the end of the verse ("It was Passover" "פסח היה"), indicating that it wasn't necessarily a standard practice to prepare and eat unleavened bread, but that Lot was in a rush to serve the angels, and therefore did not have time to prepare proper, leavened bread. The three main applicable groups of commandments associated with the holiday are: eating matzoh, or unleavened bread; the prohibition of eating any foods containing leavening during the holiday); and the retelling of the Jews' miraculous exodus from ancient Egypt (Mitzrayyim). In ancient times (until today among the Samaritans) there was a fourth: the offering of a lamb in the ''evening'' on the 14th of the Hebrew month of Nisan (also known as Aviv) and the eating that night of the Passover sacrifice. The commandment of retelling the Exodus is fulfilled through a communal ritual called the Passover Seder, celebrated on the first two evenings of the holiday (in Israel, only on the first evening). Other customs associated with Passover include eating bitter herbs and other foods specified for the seder meal. While many reasons are given for eating matzoh, the Book of Exodus explains that it recalls the bread the Israelites ate at the time of the Exodus: in their rush to leave Egypt, they did not have time for the bread to rise. == Traditions and those who celebrate the Passover == There are many peoples throughout the world who celebrate the Passover feast. Jews have continued to celebrate it, and many Christian groups also celebrate the appointed Holy Days. [[Image:The Jews Passover.jpg|right|thumb|The Jews' Passover Facsimile of a miniature from a missel of fifteenth century ornamented with paintings of the School of Van Eyck. Bibl. de l'Arsenal, Th. lat., no 199.]] === Modern Jewish customs === Before the holiday begins, observant Jews will remove and discard all food with leavening (called chametz) from their households. Although many do a thorough job, so that not even a crumb remains, the law only requires the elimination of olive-sized quantities of leavening from one's possesion. There is a custom to conduct a formal search for overlooked leavening, on the evening prior to the start of the holiday. This tradition is called ''bedikat chametz''. Throughout the holiday, they will eat no leavened food, replacing breads, pastas, and cakes with matzoh and other specially prepared foods. The holiday is also preceded by the fast of the firstborn. Passover is a family holiday and a happy one. The first and seventh days are observed as full holidays, as are the second and eighth days for Diaspora Jews. It is traditional for a Jewish family to gather on the first two nights (only one night in Israel) for a special dinner called a Passover Seder (derived from the Hebrew word for "order", due to the very specific order of the ceremony) where the story of the Israelite exodus from Egypt is retold by the reading of the story in the seder prayer book, the ''Haggadah''. At the Passover Seder three matzohs are used. During the seder, the middle matzoh is broken in half. The smaller piece is returned to the set of matzohs while the larger piece is designated as the ''afikomen'', or the dessert matzoh. Two distinct customs have arisen among some Jews regarding the afikomen, both of which involve the afikomen being hidden as a means of keeping the children interested in the proceedings. In one custom, a child "steals" it and the parent has to find it. If the parent can't find it, the child is given a reward for the return of the afikomen. In the other custom, an adult hides the afikomen and the children look for it at the end of the meal. If the children find it, they receive a reward or ransom, as the seder cannot end until the afikomen is found. During the seder, a platter called the "Seder Plate," covered with symbols of Passover, is placed at the center of the table in view of all. There is a roasting shank bone of a wiktionary:paschal lamb called a "Z'roa" which represents the offerings at the temple at Jerusalem on Passover. It has a roasted egg called a "Beitzah" which represents the second offerings given at the temple in Jerusalem on Pesach, Shavuot, and Sukkot. There is a green, leafy vegetable (usually celery (Sephardic tradition) or parsley/lettuce (Ashkenazi tradition)) called "Karpas" which reminds the participants that Passover corresponds with Spring and the harvest, which, in ancient times was a cause for celebration itself. There is a dish of chopped fruits, nuts, and wine called "Charoset" which represents the mortar used by the Jews in bondage. There is a dish of "maror" or bitter herbs which represent the bitterness of slavery. Another tradition during the seder ceremony is recalling the Four Sons: the Wise son, the Wicked son, the Simple son, and the son who does not know enough to inquire. According to some, these sons represent the different types of Jews, as follows. The Wise son is the learned Jew. The Wicked son is the Jew that mocks his religion. The Simple son is the Jew that is unlearned. The fourth son is the Jew so unfamiliar with his heritage and traditions that he cannot relate to the subject without personal attention. Since "Seder" means "order", it is not unexpected that there is an order to the night's proceedings. The night goes as follows: *Kaddesh קדש (Saying of Kiddush blessing and the first cup of wine) *Ur'chatz ורחץ (The washing of the hands) *Karpas כרפס (Dipping of the Karpas in salt water) *Yachatz יחץ (Breaking the middle matzoh which becomes the Afikomen) *Maggid מגיד (Telling of the Passover story, including reciting the Four Questions) *Rochtzah רחץ (Second washing of the hands) *Motzi/Matzah מוציא / מצה (Saying of the matzah blessing) *Maror מרור (Eating of charoset and maror) *Korech כורך (Eating of Matzah, charoset, and maror) *Shulchan Aruch שולחן עורך (Dinner is served; lit., "prepared table") *Tzafun צפון (Eating of the Afikomen) *Barech ברך (After dinner blessing and wine; in Ashkenazi families: welcoming of Elijah the Prophet) *Hallel הלל (Song singing, more wine) *Nirtzah נירצה (Conclusion) === Christian Passover === The New Testament of the Bible depicts Jesus as the culmination of the Passover Lamb of God; therefore, some Christians continue to celebrate the Passover at its appointed time, but with different meaning. As it is recorded in the New Testament, Jesus has become the sacrificed Passover Lamb (1 Corinthians 5:7). As it commemorates the Israelites' physical deliverance from slavery in Egypt, Passover for some Christians represents a spiritual deliverance from the slavery of sin and is memorial of the sacrifice that Jesus has made for mankind. Although observances differ between groups of Christian believers, many follow the instructions that Jesus gave to his disciples at the time of his The Last Supper before he was crucified. Unleavened bread is used to represent Jesus' body (Eastern Christianity insists on leavened bread, though), and wine represents his blood and the New Covenant. These are a symbolic substitute for Jesus as the true sacrificial Passover "Lamb of God." Some people also add the ceremony of washing one another's feet, as Jesus did to his disciples the night before his suffering. {| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="float: right; margin: 0 15px 0 15px; border-right-width: thick; border-bottom-width: thick; background: #f7f8ff; border: 1px #8888aa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 70%; line-height: normal" width="45%" ! bgcolor="#99CCFF" style="font-size:125%" | Easter |- | valign="top" bgcolor="#E7FFFF" | In the second century, the Church at Rome began celebrating the day of Jesus' resurrection on the Sunday following the Passover of the 14th of Nisan. The observance grew in importance for the majority of Christians, eventually overshadowing and then displacing the Apostolic Passover tradition (as referred to by the bishop of Smyrna, Polycarp). The new celebration became known by the non-christian title of Easter (though it still bears a name derived from "Passover" in many languages). |} Some differences between observing groups are: some observe the celebration on the night before Passover, at the same time that Jesus held his Last Supper, while others observe it at the same time that the Passover was sacrificed, that is, the time of Jesus' death, which occurred "at the ninth hour" of the day (Matthew 27:46-50, Mark 15:34-37, Luke 23:44-46), or approximately 3:30 pm (see evening and Time for technical reference on time). ==Gregorian dates== {| ! Jewish year ! Starting at sunset ! Ending at nightfall |- | 5764 | 5 April 2004 | 13 April 2004 |- | 5765 | 23 April 2005 | 1 May 2005 |- | 5766 | 12 April 2006 | 20 April 2006 |- | 5767 | 2 April 2007 | 10 April 2007 |- | 5768 | 19 April 2008 | 27 April 2008 |} ==See also== *Kitniyot *Quartodecimanism * The restriction is against consumption of any chometz (Exodus 13:3). Chometz is any of the five grains (wheat, spelt, barley, oats, and rye) that have come into contact with water for more than 18 minutes. Ashkenazi Jews (generally of Eastern European origin) also included legumes (rice, corn, soy beans, string beans, peas, lentils, peanuts, mustard, sesame seeds and poppy seeds) as restricted items for Passover. However, the Conservative Judaism Rabbinical Assembly of Israel has [http://www.responsafortoday.com/engsums/3_4.htm ruled] that it is permitted (and perhaps even obligatory) to eliminate this custom. fa:پسح la:Pascha PassoverTabernacle and Jerusalem Temples

Passover

''Sources:'' ==Origins of the feast== ==Traditions and those who celebrate the Passover== ===Modern Jewish customs=== Pasta is not leavened. Why must it be replaced? :It increases in size when it cooks. For the same reason, rice and most beans are forbidden. So are most foods other than matzah that contain wheat flour, even if they don't increase in size when they cook. It may not be entirely rational, but religious observances tend to be based on belief and tradition, not reason. --User:Avocado 20:01, 2005 Apr 29 (UTC) ::Yeah, but not all Jews follow that custom...Pasta ''would'' be kitniyot, no? User:Penta 00:23, 1 May 2005 (UTC) Or is it hametz? THE FIRST DAY OF PASSOVER IS AS WELL A DAY OF MOURNING AS IT IS THE BEGINNING OF A CELEBRATION. IN JEWISH TRADITION THE FIRST BORN MALE IN EVERY HOUSEHOLD FASTS COMPLETELY AS A SIGN OF MOURNING FOR ALL THE FIRST BORN EGYPTIAN MALES WHO DIED DURING PASSOVER. THIS IS IN RECOGNITION OF THE FACT THAT SMALL CHILDREN WERE INNOCENT OF THE SINS OF EGYPTIAN SLAVERY AND DID NOT NECCESSARILY DESERVE TO DIE AS PUNISHMENT. :Nonsense. The firstborn fast on the day ''before'' Passover. The reason you give is not the accepted one. The firstborn fast because God still regretted having to kill any human (see eg Talmud Megillah 10b). User:Jfdwolff | User_talk:Jfdwolff 12:27, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC) ===Christian Passover=== ====Similar traditions in Roman Catholic and Protestant beliefs==== I think this should be a separate article. A "Christian Passover" topic will confuse anyone who is first learning about the true meaning of Pesach (Passover). The "true meaning of Pesach (Passover)" for who? Christians who observe Passover believe they are celebrating the culmination and "true meaning of Passover." -- ASmolderingWiki 22 June 2005. ==Gregorian dates== http://www.jewfaq.org/holidaya.htm#Dates and http://www.hebrewcalendar.net/htdocs/main.en.html as at 2004-12-17t13:22z. User:Jeandr� ==See also== ----- ''Discussion:'' ==See also, overpass== I really see no point in having this reference on this article. Any objections to removal? User:Jwinters :No, it is silly and sounds like a prank. User:Jfdwolff | User_talk:Jfdwolff 17:31, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC) Ok, I just deleted it. User:Jwinters | User talk:Jwinters 18:35, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC) ==Alleged "genocidal atrocity"== "the (alleged) fact that (the hypothetical) God killed all Egyptian firstborn sons": There should be some reference or comment on this genocidal atrocity. :as far as I can tell, that's in the article. Nonsense. Genocide would be the killing of all Egyptians, not just the firstborn. If you can find the Latin word for firstborn, then add ''-cide'' at the end, and ''presto'', you've found the right term for the killing of the firstborn. And therefore... User:Jfdwolff | User_talk:Jfdwolff 23:25, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC) Since I reorganized the talk page yesterday, allow me to clarify my position. Someone (unknown user) had written the above statement about the "genocidal atrocity". I then replied "as far as I can tell, that's in the article." What I mean by that is there is already a point in the article about the killing of the firstborn. User:Jwinters The fact is that the angel of death targeted only Egyptian children and while this may not be genocide it is certainly a crime against humanity. The festival of passover is celebrated over the bodies of countless dead children who no power over the fact that the Pharaoh kept the Jews as slaves. I feel that this should be made clear in the article. Holden 27 ==date== Someone should clear this issue up and delete one or the other of the statements. Although the Christian Holy Week occurs around the same time as Passover, Passover rarely occurs during Easter. This is because the Jewish holidays follow a lunar calendar, and Christian holidays follow the Gregorian calendar. Not exactly correct. The Christian calendar is designed so that Easter nearly always falls out during the week of passover or immediately after. When it doesn't, it is simply an error in the Christian calendar. User:Lukobe : It's not only the Christian calendar that is at fault. Look at this year (5765/2005): Easter is March 27, and the first day of Passover is April 24. Both are supposed to be near the vernal equinox (chodesh ha-aviv), and I'd say Easter gets it right this time. The reason Pesach is so late is the drift of the Hebrew calendar, which moves all of the holidays (relative to the solar calendar) an average of 1 day later every 200 years. (This is because the cycle of 7 leap years every 19 years is close, but not quite. We probably should have had one fewer leap year in there somewhere, so that Pesach would be a month earlier this year.) User:Dreyfus 23:47, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC) :I'm not sure that it's sensible to have a long debate about the date of Easter here. Christians, Roman or Eastern or Protestant, don't think if it as 'celebrating Passover' they think of it as celebrating Easter. It's virtually never called 'Passover' in Christian circles (possibly in Messianic Jewish circles). User:DJ Clayworth 14:55, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC) :There are Christians (now and throughout history) who celebrate Passover according to the Jewish calendar. It is a very separate and distinct celebration from Easter. (see [''http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter#Easter_and_the_early_Christian_Church Easter'']) Also, according to both articles (Passover and Easter) many languages call Easter by some name that is derived from "Pasch". ==Duplication with Passover Seder== Should parts of the "Modern Jewish Customs" section be merged with / replaced with a link to Passover Seder? There is substantial overlap. User:Avocado 01:10, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)

Passover

Jewish holy days

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