Nucleotide

{| style="float:right;" border=1px |+ Nucleotide codes |- ! Code || |Equivalence || Complement |- | Adenine || A || T or U |- | Cytosine || C || G |- | guanine || G || C |- | thymine or uracil || T || A |- | M || A or C || K |- | R || A or G || Y |- | W || A or T || W |- | S || C or G || S |- | Y || C or T || R |- | K || G or T || M |- | V || A or C or G || B |- | H || A or C or T || D |- | D || A or G or T || H |- | B || C or G or T || V |- | X or N || A or C or G or T || X |} A nucleotide is a monomer or the structural unit of nucleotide chains forming nucleic acids as RNA and DNA. A nucleotide consists of a heterocyclic nucleobase, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate or polyphosphate Functional group. Nucleotides also play important roles in cell (biology)ular energy transport and transformations (notably Adenosine triphosphate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), and in enzyme regulation (see for example, protein kinase). The nucleobase can be purines or pyrimidines, the sugar can be deoxyribose in DNA or ribose in RNA, and the phosphate chain can be a monophosphate, diphosphate, or triphosphate. A nucleotide that lacks the phosphate group is called nucleoside. == Nomenclature == Nucleotide names are abbreviated into standard four-letter codes. The first letter is lower case and indicates whether the nucleotide in question is a ribonucleotide (r) or deoxyribonucleotide (d). The second letter indicates the nucleobase: : G: Guanine : A: Adenine : T: Thymine : C: Cytosine : U: Uracil ''not present in DNA, but takes the place of Thymine in RNA'' The third and fourth letters indicate the length of the attached phosphate chain (Mono-, Di-, Tri-) and the presence of a phosphate (P). For example, deoxy-cytosine-triphosphate is abbreviated as dCTP. == Chemical structures == === Nucleotides === {| |- align="center" valign="bottom" |
w:Adenosine monophosphate
AMP |
w:Adenosine diphosphate
ADP |
w:Adenosine triphosphate
ATP |- align="center" valign="bottom" |
w:Guanosine monophosphate
GMP |
w:Guanosine diphosphate
GDP |
w:Guanosine triphosphate
GTP |- align="center" valign="bottom" |
w:Thymidine monophosphate
TMP |
w:Thymidine diphosphate
TDP |
w:Thymidine triphosphate
TTP |- align="center" valign="bottom" |
w:Uridine monophosphate
UMP |
w:Uridine diphosphate
UDP |
w:Uridine triphosphate
UTP |- align="center" valign="bottom" |
w:Cytidine monophosphate
CMP |
w:Cytidine diphosphate
CDP |
w:Cytidine triphosphate
CTP |- |} === Deoxynucleotides === {| |- align="center" valign="bottom" |
w:Deoxyadenosine monophosphate
dAMP |
w:Deoxyadenosine diphosphate
dADP |
w:Deoxyadenosine triphosphate
dATP |- align="center" valign="bottom" |
w:Deoxyguanosine monophosphate
dGMP |
w:Deoxyguanosine diphosphate
dGDP |
w:Deoxyguanosine triphosphate
dGTP |- align="center" valign="bottom" |
w:Deoxythymidine monophosphate
dTMP |
w:Deoxythymidine diphosphate
dTDP |
w:Deoxythymidine triphosphate
dTTP |- align="center" valign="bottom" |
w:Deoxyuridine monophosphate
dUMP |
w:Deoxyuridine diphosphate
dUDP |
w:Deoxyuridine triphosphate
dUTP |- align="center" valign="bottom" |
w:Deoxycytidine monophosphate
dCMP |
w:Deoxycytidine diphosphate
dCDP |
w:Deoxycytidine triphosphate
dCTP |- |} == See also == * Gene * Genetics * Chromosome == External links == * [http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/misc/naabb.html Abbreviations and Symbols for Nucleic Acids, Polynucleotides and their Constituents] (IUPAC) * [http://www.iupac.org/reports/provisional/abstract04/BB-prs310305/Chapter10.pdf Provisional Recommendations 2004] (IUPAC) Nucleic acids Nucleotides

See other meanings of words starting from letter:

N

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Words begining with Nucleotide:

Nucleotide
Nucleotides
Nucleotides
Nucleotide_diversity
Nucleotide_excision_repair
Nucleotide_sequence