
The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) is a treaty, opened for signature on July 1, 1968, restricting the possession of nuclear weapons. The vast majority of sovereign states (189) are parties to the treaty. However two out of seven nuclear powers and one possible nuclear power have not ratified the treaty. The treaty was proposed by Ireland, who as a result received the honor of becoming the first signatory. The treaty is often summarised by its ''three pillars: nonproliferation, disarmament, and the right to peacefully use nuclear technology.'' [http://www.indonesiamission-ny.org/issuebaru/Events/opening_npt.htm] In New York City, on May 11, 1995, more than 170 countries decided to extend the treaty indefinitely and without conditions. ==First pillar: non-proliferation== Only five states are permitted by the NPT to own nuclear weapons: the United States (signed 1968), United Kingdom (1968), France (1992), Soviet Union (1968; obligations and rights assumed by Russia), and the People's Republic of China (1992). These were the only states possessing such weapons at that time, and are also the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. These 5 Nuclear Weapons States (NWS) agree not to transfer nuclear weapons technology to other states, and the non-NWS state parties agree not to seek to develop nuclear weapons. The 5 NWS parties have made undertakings not to use their nuclear weapons against a non-NWS party except in response to a nuclear attack, or a conventional attack in alliance with a Nuclear Weapons State. However, these undertakings have not been incorporated formally into the treaty, and the exact details have varied over time. The United States, for instance, has indicated that it may use nuclear weapons in response to an attack with non-nuclear "weapons of mass destruction", such as biological weapon or chemical weapons, since the US may not use either of these in retaliation. The previous United Kingdom Secretary of State for Defence, Geoff Hoon, has also explicitly invoked the possibility of the use of the country's nuclear weapons in response to a non-conventional attack by "rogue states". ==Second pillar: disarmament== Article VI and the preamble indicate that the NWS parties pursue to reduce and liquidate their stockpiles. After more than 30 years this has remained only a promise. In Article I, the NWS declare not to "induce any non-nuclear-weapon State to ... acquire nuclear weapons". A preemptive-strike doctrine and otherwise threatening postures can be viewed as induction by non-NWS parties. Article X states that any state can withdraw from the treaty if they feel that "extraordinary events", for example a perceived threat, force them to do so. ==Third pillar: the right to peacefully use nuclear technology== Since very few of the nuclear weapons states and states not possessing nuclear weapons, but using nuclear reactions for energy generation, are willing to completely abandon possession of nuclear fuel, the third pillar of the NPT provides other states with the possibility to do the same, but under conditions to make it difficult to develop nuclear weapons. For some states, this third pillar of the NPT - which allows uranium enrichment for fuel reasons - is a major loophole. This is only a small step away from developing nuclear warheads, and this can be done in secret or by withdrawing from the NPT (like North Korea). So at the moment, the only barrier to bomb construction is political will. Mohamed ElBaradei, the head of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the UN's nuclear regulatory body, has said that if they wanted to, 40 countries could develop nuclear bombs. An alternative to the third pillar would be the requirement that all states, including the NWS parties, not only disarm, but also completely close down the nuclear fuel cycle. ==History== Three states - India, Pakistan, and Israel - have declined to sign the treaty. India and Pakistan are confirmed nuclear powers, and Israel is widely believed to possess nuclear weapons, although it has never conducted tests (see List of countries with nuclear weapons). These countries argue that the NPT creates a club of "nuclear haves" and a larger group of "nuclear have-nots" by restricting the legal possession of nuclear weapons to those states that tested them before 1967, but the treaty never explains on what ethical grounds such a distinction is valid. South Africa undertook a nuclear weapons program, allegedly with the assistance of Israel, and Vela Incident a nuclear test over the Atlantic, but has since renounced its nuclear program and signed the treaty in 1991 after destroying its small nuclear arsenal. India and Pakistan have publicly announced possession of nuclear weapons, and have detonated nuclear tests. Israel has been developing nuclear weapons at its Dimona site in the Negev since 1958, and is believed to have stockpiled between 100 to 200 warheads. The Israeli government refuses to confirm or deny these claims, although this is now regarded as an open secret after scientist Mordechai Vanunu revealed the program to a British newspaper. North Korea ratified the treaty, but revoked its signature after a dispute with inspectors over inspections of non-declared nuclear facilities. Iran also signed, but as of 2004 is under suspicion from the United States of having violated the treaty through an active program to develop nuclear weapons. The International Atomic Energy Agency is investigating. In August 2004, according to a New York Times editorial, United States intelligence officials and non-governmental experts concluded that diplomatic efforts to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons to Iran and North Korea have failed to slow their weapons development programs. [http://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/08/politics/08nuke.html?hp] (''registration required'') On February 10 2005 North Korea publicly declared that it does in fact possess nuclear weapons and pulled out of the six-nation talks hosted by China to find a diplomatic solution to the issue. "We had already taken the resolute action of pulling out of the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty and have manufactured nuclear arms for self-defence to cope with the Bush administration's evermore undisguised policy to isolate and stifle the DPRK," a North Korean Foreign Ministry statement said regarding the issue. In June of 2005, however, high-level diplomatic discussion bettween North Korean & U.S. diplomates managed to restart the 6-nation talks, though a presice meeting date has not of yet (mid-June, 2005). Every five years, there is a Review Conference on the treaty. At the [http://www.un.org/events/npt2005/ 7th Review Conference in May 2005], there were stark differences between the United States, which wanted the conference to focus on proliferation, especially on its allegations against Iran, and most other countries, who emphasized the lack of serious nuclear disarmament by the nuclear powers. The Non-Aligned Movement [http://www.un.org/events/npt2005/statements/npt02malaysia.pdf reiterated their position] that NATO's nuclear sharing arrangement violates the treaty. ==Parties to the treaty== {| |- valign=top | *Afghanistan *Albania *Algeria *Andorra *Angola *Antigua and Barbuda *Argentina *Armenia *Australia *Austria *Azerbaijan *The Bahamas *Bahrain *Bangladesh *Barbados *Belarus *Belgium *Belize *Benin *Bhutan *Bolivia *Bosnia and Herzegovina *Botswana *Brazil *Brunei *Bulgaria *Burkina Faso *Burundi *Cambodia *Cameroon *Canada *Cape Verde *Central African Republic *Chad *Chile *People's Republic of China *Republic of China *Colombia *Comoros *Democratic Republic of the Congo *Republic of the Congo *Costa Rica *Côte d'Ivoire *Croatia *Cuba *Cyprus *Czech Republic *Denmark *Djibouti *Dominica *Dominican Republic *East Timor *Ecuador *Egypt *El Salvador *Equatorial Guinea *Eritrea *Estonia *Ethiopia *Fiji *Finland *France *Gabon *The Gambia | *Georgia (country) *Germany *Ghana *Greece *Grenada *Guatemala *Guinea *Guinea-Bissau *Guyana *Haiti *Holy See (Vatican City) *Honduras *Hungary *Iceland *Indonesia *Iran *Iraq *Ireland *Italy *Jamaica *Japan *Jordan *Kazakhstan *Kenya *Kiribati *North Korea *South Korea *Kuwait *Kyrgyzstan *Laos *Latvia *Lebanon *Lesotho *Liberia *Libya *Liechtenstein *Lithuania *Luxembourg *Republic of Macedonia *Madagascar *Malawi *Malaysia *Maldives *Mali *Malta *Marshall Islands *Mauritania *Mauritius *Mexico *Federated States of Micronesia *Moldova *Monaco *Mongolia *Morocco *Mozambique *Myanmar *Namibia *Nauru *Nepal *Netherlands *New Zealand *Nicaragua *Niger *Nigeria | *Norway *Oman *Palau *Panama *Papua New Guinea *Paraguay *Peru *Philippines *Poland *Portugal *Qatar *Romania *Russia (through the Soviet Union) *Rwanda *Saint Kitts and Nevis *Saint Lucia *Saint Vincent and the Grenadines *Samoa *San Marino *São Tomé and Príncipe *Saudi Arabia *Senegal *Serbia and Montenegro (through Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) *Seychelles *Sierra Leone *Singapore *Slovakia *Slovenia *Solomon Islands *Somalia *South Africa *Spain *Sri Lanka *Sudan *Suriname *Swaziland *Sweden *Switzerland *Syria *Tajikistan *Tanzania *Thailand *Togo *Tonga *Trinidad and Tobago *Tunisia *Turkey *Turkmenistan *Tuvalu *Uganda *Ukraine *United Arab Emirates *United Kingdom *United States *Uruguay *Uzbekistan *Vanuatu *Venezuela *Vietnam *Yemen (through the Yemen Arab Republic and People's Democratic Republic of Yemen) *Zambia *Zimbabwe |} ==See also== * Nuclear Free World Policy * North Korea and weapons of mass destruction * Iran's nuclear program * 13 steps (an important section in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference of the Treaty) * Nuclear proliferation * Nuclear reactor * Nuclear war * List of countries with nuclear weapons * Nuclear fission * Nuclear fusion ==External links== * [http://www.betterworldlinks.org/book74a.htm Better World Links on the NPT] * [http://disarmament2.un.org/wmd/npt/npttext.html Text of the treaty] * [http://www.fas.org/nuke/control/npt/text/npt3.htm Signatories to the treaty] * [http://www.motherearth.org/a2000/ Abolition 2000 Europe] * [http://piquancy.blogspot.com/2005/04/chasm-between-haves-and-have-nots.html Is the NPT still valid or can we find other alternatives?] Nuclear weapons Treaties United States treaties Arms control
''An event mentioned in this article is a MediaWiki:May 11 selected anniversaries''. (may be in HTML comment) ------ ==US and NPT== Didn't the US never ratify the treaty?--User:IFaqeer 02:55, Sep 17, 2004 (UTC) :The US ratified the NPT on 5 March 1970. Interestingly, China and France appear to have only acceded to the treaty in 1992. User:Impi 11:07, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC) :You're probably thinking of the CTBT. User:Srs 17:22, 8 May 2005 (UTC) ::Right, the US Senate rejected the CTBT in October 1999, so that's probably what User:IFaqeer was thinking of. User:Impi 16:37, 9 May 2005 (UTC) == Headline text == IRAN AND USA Dear Friends: I have bet with my friend regarding the following? Did Iran and US have any exchange of officials during the period 1980 and 2000? What does ending diplomatic relations mean?Is there no visit of officials between the countries breaking diplomatic relations?I am sorry to be asking such a basic thing when I understand that this is normally the case.But my friend can not visualise this scenario? == non proliferation treaty == == See what? == Anyone know what the "See..." at the end of the article is supposed to reference? User:68.39.174.205 01:19, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC) ==Taiwan and NPT== Should there be a mention somewhere about the ROC ratification the NNPT? Even though the U.N. no longer acknowledges the existence of the Taiwanese government, the ROC has stated that they will abide by the provisions of the treaty. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction --User:MGS 20:45, 2 May 2005 (UTC)
#REDIRECT Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
#REDIRECT Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
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Words begining with Nuclear_Non-Proliferation_Treaty:
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Nuclear_Non-Proliferation_Treaty/Treaty_text
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) is a treaty, opened for signature on July 1, 1968, restricting the possession of nuclear weapons. The vast majority of sovereign states (189) are parties to the treaty. However two out of seven nuclear powers and one possible nuclear power have not ratified the treaty. The treaty was proposed by Ireland, who as a result received the honor of becoming the first signatory. The treaty is often summarised by its ''three pillars: nonproliferation, disarmament, and the right to peacefully use nuclear technology.'' [http://www.indonesiamission-ny.org/issuebaru/Events/opening_npt.htm] In New York City, on May 11, 1995, more than 170 countries decided to extend the treaty indefinitely and without conditions. ==First pillar: non-proliferation== Only five states are permitted by the NPT to own nuclear weapons: the United States (signed 1968), United Kingdom (1968), France (1992), Soviet Union (1968; obligations and rights assumed by Russia), and the People's Republic of China (1992). These were the only states possessing such weapons at that time, and are also the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. These 5 Nuclear Weapons States (NWS) agree not to transfer nuclear weapons technology to other states, and the non-NWS state parties agree not to seek to develop nuclear weapons. The 5 NWS parties have made undertakings not to use their nuclear weapons against a non-NWS party except in response to a nuclear attack, or a conventional attack in alliance with a Nuclear Weapons State. However, these undertakings have not been incorporated formally into the treaty, and the exact details have varied over time. The United States, for instance, has indicated that it may use nuclear weapons in response to an attack with non-nuclear "weapons of mass destruction", such as biological weapon or chemical weapons, since the US may not use either of these in retaliation. The previous United Kingdom Secretary of State for Defence, Geoff Hoon, has also explicitly invoked the possibility of the use of the country's nuclear weapons in response to a non-conventional attack by "rogue states". ==Second pillar: disarmament== Article VI and the preamble indicate that the NWS parties pursue to reduce and liquidate their stockpiles. After more than 30 years this has remained only a promise. In Article I, the NWS declare not to "induce any non-nuclear-weapon State to ... acquire nuclear weapons". A preemptive-strike doctrine and otherwise threatening postures can be viewed as induction by non-NWS parties. Article X states that any state can withdraw from the treaty if they feel that "extraordinary events", for example a perceived threat, force them to do so. ==Third pillar: the right to peacefully use nuclear technology== Since very few of the nuclear weapons states and states not possessing nuclear weapons, but using nuclear reactions for energy generation, are willing to completely abandon possession of nuclear fuel, the third pillar of the NPT provides other states with the possibility to do the same, but under conditions to make it difficult to develop nuclear weapons. For some states, this third pillar of the NPT - which allows uranium enrichment for fuel reasons - is a major loophole. This is only a small step away from developing nuclear warheads, and this can be done in secret or by withdrawing from the NPT (like North Korea). So at the moment, the only barrier to bomb construction is political will. Mohamed ElBaradei, the head of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the UN's nuclear regulatory body, has said that if they wanted to, 40 countries could develop nuclear bombs. An alternative to the third pillar would be the requirement that all states, including the NWS parties, not only disarm, but also completely close down the nuclear fuel cycle. ==History== Three states - India, Pakistan, and Israel - have declined to sign the treaty. India and Pakistan are confirmed nuclear powers, and Israel is widely believed to possess nuclear weapons, although it has never conducted tests (see List of countries with nuclear weapons). These countries argue that the NPT creates a club of "nuclear haves" and a larger group of "nuclear have-nots" by restricting the legal possession of nuclear weapons to those states that tested them before 1967, but the treaty never explains on what ethical grounds such a distinction is valid. South Africa undertook a nuclear weapons program, allegedly with the assistance of Israel, and Vela Incident a nuclear test over the Atlantic, but has since renounced its nuclear program and signed the treaty in 1991 after destroying its small nuclear arsenal. India and Pakistan have publicly announced possession of nuclear weapons, and have detonated nuclear tests. Israel has been developing nuclear weapons at its Dimona site in the Negev since 1958, and is believed to have stockpiled between 100 to 200 warheads. The Israeli government refuses to confirm or deny these claims, although this is now regarded as an open secret after scientist Mordechai Vanunu revealed the program to a British newspaper. North Korea ratified the treaty, but revoked its signature after a dispute with inspectors over inspections of non-declared nuclear facilities. Iran also signed, but as of 2004 is under suspicion from the United States of having violated the treaty through an active program to develop nuclear weapons. The International Atomic Energy Agency is investigating. In August 2004, according to a New York Times editorial, United States intelligence officials and non-governmental experts concluded that diplomatic efforts to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons to Iran and North Korea have failed to slow their weapons development programs. [http://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/08/politics/08nuke.html?hp] (''registration required'') On February 10 2005 North Korea publicly declared that it does in fact possess nuclear weapons and pulled out of the six-nation talks hosted by China to find a diplomatic solution to the issue. "We had already taken the resolute action of pulling out of the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty and have manufactured nuclear arms for self-defence to cope with the Bush administration's evermore undisguised policy to isolate and stifle the DPRK," a North Korean Foreign Ministry statement said regarding the issue. In June of 2005, however, high-level diplomatic discussion bettween North Korean & U.S. diplomates managed to restart the 6-nation talks, though a presice meeting date has not of yet (mid-June, 2005). Every five years, there is a Review Conference on the treaty. At the [http://www.un.org/events/npt2005/ 7th Review Conference in May 2005], there were stark differences between the United States, which wanted the conference to focus on proliferation, especially on its allegations against Iran, and most other countries, who emphasized the lack of serious nuclear disarmament by the nuclear powers. The Non-Aligned Movement [http://www.un.org/events/npt2005/statements/npt02malaysia.pdf reiterated their position] that NATO's nuclear sharing arrangement violates the treaty. ==Parties to the treaty== {| |- valign=top | *Afghanistan *Albania *Algeria *Andorra *Angola *Antigua and Barbuda *Argentina *Armenia *Australia *Austria *Azerbaijan *The Bahamas *Bahrain *Bangladesh *Barbados *Belarus *Belgium *Belize *Benin *Bhutan *Bolivia *Bosnia and Herzegovina *Botswana *Brazil *Brunei *Bulgaria *Burkina Faso *Burundi *Cambodia *Cameroon *Canada *Cape Verde *Central African Republic *Chad *Chile *People's Republic of China *Republic of China *Colombia *Comoros *Democratic Republic of the Congo *Republic of the Congo *Costa Rica *Côte d'Ivoire *Croatia *Cuba *Cyprus *Czech Republic *Denmark *Djibouti *Dominica *Dominican Republic *East Timor *Ecuador *Egypt *El Salvador *Equatorial Guinea *Eritrea *Estonia *Ethiopia *Fiji *Finland *France *Gabon *The Gambia | *Georgia (country) *Germany *Ghana *Greece *Grenada *Guatemala *Guinea *Guinea-Bissau *Guyana *Haiti *Holy See (Vatican City) *Honduras *Hungary *Iceland *Indonesia *Iran *Iraq *Ireland *Italy *Jamaica *Japan *Jordan *Kazakhstan *Kenya *Kiribati *North Korea *South Korea *Kuwait *Kyrgyzstan *Laos *Latvia *Lebanon *Lesotho *Liberia *Libya *Liechtenstein *Lithuania *Luxembourg *Republic of Macedonia *Madagascar *Malawi *Malaysia *Maldives *Mali *Malta *Marshall Islands *Mauritania *Mauritius *Mexico *Federated States of Micronesia *Moldova *Monaco *Mongolia *Morocco *Mozambique *Myanmar *Namibia *Nauru *Nepal *Netherlands *New Zealand *Nicaragua *Niger *Nigeria | *Norway *Oman *Palau *Panama *Papua New Guinea *Paraguay *Peru *Philippines *Poland *Portugal *Qatar *Romania *Russia (through the Soviet Union) *Rwanda *Saint Kitts and Nevis *Saint Lucia *Saint Vincent and the Grenadines *Samoa *San Marino *São Tomé and Príncipe *Saudi Arabia *Senegal *Serbia and Montenegro (through Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) *Seychelles *Sierra Leone *Singapore *Slovakia *Slovenia *Solomon Islands *Somalia *South Africa *Spain *Sri Lanka *Sudan *Suriname *Swaziland *Sweden *Switzerland *Syria *Tajikistan *Tanzania *Thailand *Togo *Tonga *Trinidad and Tobago *Tunisia *Turkey *Turkmenistan *Tuvalu *Uganda *Ukraine *United Arab Emirates *United Kingdom *United States *Uruguay *Uzbekistan *Vanuatu *Venezuela *Vietnam *Yemen (through the Yemen Arab Republic and People's Democratic Republic of Yemen) *Zambia *Zimbabwe |} ==See also== * Nuclear Free World Policy * North Korea and weapons of mass destruction * Iran's nuclear program * 13 steps (an important section in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference of the Treaty) * Nuclear proliferation * Nuclear reactor * Nuclear war * List of countries with nuclear weapons * Nuclear fission * Nuclear fusion ==External links== * [http://www.betterworldlinks.org/book74a.htm Better World Links on the NPT] * [http://disarmament2.un.org/wmd/npt/npttext.html Text of the treaty] * [http://www.fas.org/nuke/control/npt/text/npt3.htm Signatories to the treaty] * [http://www.motherearth.org/a2000/ Abolition 2000 Europe] * [http://piquancy.blogspot.com/2005/04/chasm-between-haves-and-have-nots.html Is the NPT still valid or can we find other alternatives?] Nuclear weapons Treaties United States treaties Arms control
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
''An event mentioned in this article is a MediaWiki:May 11 selected anniversaries''. (may be in HTML comment) ------ ==US and NPT== Didn't the US never ratify the treaty?--User:IFaqeer 02:55, Sep 17, 2004 (UTC) :The US ratified the NPT on 5 March 1970. Interestingly, China and France appear to have only acceded to the treaty in 1992. User:Impi 11:07, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC) :You're probably thinking of the CTBT. User:Srs 17:22, 8 May 2005 (UTC) ::Right, the US Senate rejected the CTBT in October 1999, so that's probably what User:IFaqeer was thinking of. User:Impi 16:37, 9 May 2005 (UTC) == Headline text == IRAN AND USA Dear Friends: I have bet with my friend regarding the following? Did Iran and US have any exchange of officials during the period 1980 and 2000? What does ending diplomatic relations mean?Is there no visit of officials between the countries breaking diplomatic relations?I am sorry to be asking such a basic thing when I understand that this is normally the case.But my friend can not visualise this scenario? == non proliferation treaty == == See what? == Anyone know what the "See..." at the end of the article is supposed to reference? User:68.39.174.205 01:19, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC) ==Taiwan and NPT== Should there be a mention somewhere about the ROC ratification the NNPT? Even though the U.N. no longer acknowledges the existence of the Taiwanese government, the ROC has stated that they will abide by the provisions of the treaty. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction --User:MGS 20:45, 2 May 2005 (UTC)
Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty
#REDIRECT Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
Nuclear non-proliferation treaty
#REDIRECT Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
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