
The Noahide laws are the ''mitzvot'' (commandments) that Judaism teaches that all of humankind is morally bound to follow. Although opinions differ on the reach of these laws, all contemporary authorities agree that there are seven main laws. ==Premise== According to rabbinic Judaism, the Noahide laws apply to all humanity through their descent from Noah after Deluge (mythology). In Judaism, ''B'nai Noach'' (Hebrew language, "Descendants of Noah", "The Children of Noah"), and ''Noahide'', are non-Jews who live in accord with the seven Noahide Laws (below). A non-Jewish person of any ethnic/religion is refered to as a bat(daughter)/ben (son) of Noah. Any organization of ''B'nai Noach'' is composed of gentiles who state that they following these rules. All denominations of Judaism hold that gentiles (non-Jews) are not obligated to follow ''halakha'' (Jewish law and custom); only Jews are obligated to do so. Judaism has but a limited tradition of active conversion and modern-day Judaism discourages proselytization. Rather, for non-Jews, the Noahide Laws may be considered the way to have a meaningful relationship with God or at least comply with a minimum threshold of divine law. Maimonides states in his work Mishneh Torah (''The laws of kings and their rulership 8:11'') that a non-Jew who is precise in the observance of these Seven Noahide commandments is considered to be a ''Righteous Gentile'' and has earned the afterlife. This follows a similar statement in the Talmud (tractate Sanhedrin 105b). However, according to Maimonides, a share in the World to Come is only earned if a person follows the Noahide laws specifically because they consider them to be of divine origin (through the Torah) and not if they simply consider them a good way to live (in which case they would simply be a wise person). Other authorities do not make this distinction. Noahide law differs from the Roman law for gentiles (''ius gentium'') because the latter was an enforceable judicial policy. Rabbinic Judaism has never adjudicated any cases under Noahide law (per Novak, 1983:28ff.), although scholars disagree about whether the Noahide law is a functional part of Halakha (cp. Bleich). == The seven laws == The seven laws are first mentioned in Tosefta Sanhedrin 9:4 and Talmud Sanhedrin 56a/b: # ''Shefichat damim'' - Do not murder. # ''Gezel'' - Do not steal/kidnap. # ''Avodah zarah'' - Do not worship false gods/idols. # ''Gilui arayot'' - Do not be sexually immoral (forbidden sexual acts are traditionally interpreted to include incest, sodomy, male homosexual sex acts and adultery) # ''Ever min ha-chai'' - Do not eat anything of the body of an unslaughtered animal # ''Birkat Hashem'' - Do not blasphemy. # ''Dinim'' - Set up righteous and honest courts and apply fair justice in judging offenders and uphold the principles of the last six. The Talmud says: "Righteous people of all nations have a share in the world to come" (Sanhedrin 105a). Any person who lives according to these laws is known as "the righteous among the gentiles". Maimonides states that this refers to those who have acquired knowledge of God and act in accordance with the Noahide laws. According to many rabbinical authorities all Gentiles are descendents of Noah and, therefore, Noahides. One which follows Torah is known as an "observant" Noahide. ==Subdividing the seven laws== Various rabbinic literature have different positions on the way the seven laws are to be subdivided in categories. Maimonides (Melakhim 10:6) lists one additional Noahide commandment forbidding the coupling of different kinds of animals and the mixing of trees. Radbaz expressed surprise that he left out castration and sorcery which were listed in Baraita (Sanhedrin 56B). The tenth century R. Saadia Gaon added tithes and levirate marriage. The eleventh century R. Nissim Gaon included listening to God's Voice, knowing God and serving God besides going on to say that all religious acts which can be understood through human reasoning are obligatory upon Jew and Gentile alike. The fourteenth century R. Nissim ben Reuben Gerondi added the commandment of charity. The sixteenth century Asarah Maamarot of R. Menahem Azariah of Fano enumerates thirty commandments, listing the latter twenty-three as extensions of the original seven. Another commentator (Kol Hiddnshei Maharitz Chayess I, end Ch. 10) suggests these are not related to the first seven, nor based on Scripture, but were passed down by tradition. The number thirty derives from the statement of Ulla in Hullin 92A though this third century C.E. Talmudic sage lists only three other rules in addition to the original seven, consisting of the prohibitions against homosexuality and cannibalism, as well as the imperative to honor the Torah. Rashi then remarks that he does not know the other Commandments referred to. Though the authorities seem to take it for granted that Ulla's thirty Commandments included the original seven, an additional thirty laws is also possible from the reading. The tenth century R. Samuel ben Hophni Gaon's list of thirty Noahide Commandments is based on Ulla's Talmudic statement though the text is problematic. He includes the prohibitions against suicide and false oaths, as well as the imperatives related to prayer, sacrifices and honoring one's parents. The commandments, according to Rav Shmuel ben Hophni Gaon (early Middle Ages), cover: * Idolatry ** No idolatry ** To pray ** To offer ritual sacrifices only to God * Blasphemy ** To believe in the singularity of God ** No blasphemy ** No witchcraft ** No soothsayers ** No conjurers ** No sorcerers ** No mediums ** No demonology ** No wizardry ** No necromancy ** To respect father & mother * Murder ** No murder ** No suicide ** No Molech worship (infant sacrifice) * Property ** No stealing * Sexual Immorality ** No adultery ** Formal marriages via bride price & marriage gifts ** No incest with a sister ** No homosexuality ** No bestiality ** Not to crossbreed animals ** No castration * Food Laws ** Not to eat a limb of a living creature ** Not to eat or drink blood ** Not to eat carrion (for those recognised by a Beth Din) * Justice ** To establish courts and a system of justice ** No false oaths The contemporary Rabbi Dr. Aaron Lichtenstein counts 66 instructions but Rabbi Harvey Falk has suggested that much work remains to be done in order to properly identify all of the Noahide Commandments, their divisions and subdivisions. Theft, robbery, and stealing covers the appropriate understanding of other persons, their property, and their rights. The establishment of courts of justice promotes the value of the responsibility of a corporate society of people to enforce these laws, and define these terms. The refusal to engage in unnecessary lust or cruelty demonstrates respect for the Creation (theology) itself, as renewed after the Flood. To not do Murder would include human sacrifice as being forbidden. ==Recent developments== David Novak, among others, has proposed that Noahide Law could serve as the basis for a more universal Jewish ethics and for cross-cultural moral reasoning (at least with Christians and Moslems). In recent years some non-Jews have tried to create organized Noahide religious movements, but being a Noahide has never been considered to be part of an organized religion. Still, the Jewish authority Maimonides classified Islam as a Noahide religion. The Chabad Lubavitch movement has been especially active in promoting Noahism among non-Jews and several Christianity congregations have abandoned traditional Christianity (rejecting the Nicene Creed) and adopted Noahidism in recent years. In the United States a few organized movements of non-Jews (primarily of Christian origin) have been influenced by Orthodox Judaism; rather than converting to Judaism, they have chosen to abandon previous religious affiliation and live by the Noahide Laws. The rainbow is the symbol of many organised Noahide groups. == Other religions as Noahide== From the Jewish perspective, if a non-Jew keeps all of the laws entailed in the categories covered by the Seven Noahide commandments as a threshold minimum initiation into the path of Torah, he is considered a ''Ger Toshav'' (inhabitant foreigner) when with a congregation of Israel. In fact, this is considered the ideal level for all humanity by Jewish theology. A ''Ger Tzedek'' is a person who prefers to proceed to religious conversion, a procedure that is generally encouraged by all sects of Judaism only after much thought and deliberation over the conversion has taken place. The term Noahide is not the name of any specific religion but a term used to describe religions and cultures compliant with the Noahide Laws outside of Israel. ===Islam=== Islam has a different tradition on Noah and his descendants; the Qur'an mentions additional narrative on Noah. As stated before, the Jewish authority Maimonides has maintained that Islam is a Noahide religion, although the Medieval sage Nissim of Gerona disagrees. ===Christianity=== Within Judaism it is a matter of debate whether or not all Christians should be considered Noahides. The strict view is that Christian theology is considered ''avodah zarah'' (loosely translated as "idolatry") for all people, both Jew and gentile, as it subscribes to the Trinity. Therefore most Christians cannot be considered Noahides. However, Unitarian Christians and other followers of Jesus who do not believe that Jesus is God would still be considered Noahides. The liberal view is that Christian theology is only considered ''avodah zarah'' for Jews, but it is permissible for gentiles. The Tosafists (early commentators on the Talmud) R. Jacob Tam (Rashi's grandson), in Bekhorot 2b and Sanhedrin 63b, ruled that trinitarianism could be permitted to gentiles as a form of ''shittuf'' ("association"). This view was accepted by R. Moses Isserles (Rema, Orah Hayyim 156:1.) The view of Maimonides is difficult to ascertain due to text alterations in different editions of his Mishneh Torah (code of Jewish law), Ma'akhalot Asurot 11:7. In any case, in this view Christian theology is not forbidden to gentiles, and all Christians are Noahides. Today most of Reform Judaism and Conservative Judaism view all Christians as Noahides. ==Traditions of Origin== One tradition is that the Noahide Laws are seven laws from the covenant made between God and Noah after the cessation of the deluge (mythology) which covered the whole world killing everyone except Noah and his family and the creatures of the Noah's Ark. They are never explicitly enumerated in the Bible, but the covenant that God made with Noah (Genesis 9) contains these admonitions: Food :Also, flesh with the life -the blood- in it do not eat. (4) Murder :I will also inquire about your blood, your life, from all animals, and from each human I will inquire about his brother's blood. :Who sheds the blood of man, by man his blood will be shed, because in the image of God was man made. A common tradition (mentioned in the Talmud) is that six were given to Adam and Eve in Paradise and one to Noah in Genesis chapter 9. In the story of Noah we see mention of Sacrifice, Kashrut, and "Uncovered Nakedness" (a biblical euphemism for incest within a patriarch's family). In the story of the Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:1-9) Heaven puts an end to the experiment in dictatorship (indicated by the phrases "the people is one") when it had replaced the plurality intended in the original Law-Court system. Others have interpreted it that the command for a plural legal system instead of any dictatorial system was initiated at this time. ==Christian criticism== Christian critics of the Noahide laws contend that insisting upon a basic set of moral laws is contrary to religious pluralism. Some believe that their existence implies that Jews may set up a legal system that would outlaw Christianity. The Jewish community responds by noting that it makes laws and customs for its own members (like all faiths) and does not set up governments to force Judaism beliefs on non-Jews; in contrast, some non-Jewish faiths have carried out such actions in practice. In addition, with their minimal threshold of morality, the Noahide law may be compared to Catholic social teachings. While most Christians would consider the Ten Commandments to be binding on them and would see some of the Noahide laws as essentially a subset of these (though the requirement to set up courts, and the dietary regulation, are not explicit in the commandments), many Jewish thinkers consider Noahide Laws as "general categories of commandments, each containing many components and details," the execution of which is left to Jewish rabbis. This, in addition to the teaching of the Jewish law that punishment for violating one of the seven Noahide Laws includes a theoretical death penalty (Talmud, tractate Sanhedrin 57a), is a factor in the opposition of the notion of a Noahide legal system. The Jewish community responds by noting that Jews in practice rarely carry out the death penalty, even within the Jewish community. Jewish law, in practice, sees the death penalty as an indicator of how serious an offense should be understood, and not as an actual call to kill someone. (''See also:'' Death_penalty#Jewish_view_of_the_death_penalty.) According to the New Testament book of Acts (15:20,29), the idolatry, blood, and immorality laws were recognized as laws laid down for gentiles by the early disciples of Jesus (though ante-exile Jewish, Christian, and Rabbinical Jewish interpretations as to what these mean differ); however the extent to which Jewish law in general was binding on gentile Christians was a matter of dispute in the early church, as is clear from some of the letters of Paul of Tarsus, especially Galatians (written before Acts, though referring to later events). The ordained decided at the Council of Jerusalem (mentioned in Acts) that the Law of Moses is not binding at all on Christians in se as "the Law of Moses," though some of it is applicable in effect because it reflects the Divine Law that is written into the hearts of men (Book of Jeremiah 31:33). As a result, many Christians would see the adoption of the Noachide laws as unnecessary. This meeting in Jerusalem is considered by some to be the first documented Jewish council dealing with Gentiles who had expressed interest in living under a Jewish legal system. Here James the Just dictates the first epistle to gentiles who wish to be under Israel's law. It is apparently taken for granted that such gentiles understood the prohibitions against Idolatry, Blasphemey, Murder & Stealing, but specific problems of contact with things polluted through Idolatry, Kashrut (the term "Strangled" referring to meat that has been killed without draining the blood) and Sexual Immorality needed to be outlined by the Beth Din. == Further reading == * Bleich, J. David. “Judaism and natural law” in ''Jewish law annual'', vol. VII 5-42 * Bleich, J. David. “Tikkum Olam: Jewish Obligations to Non-Jewish Society” in ''Tikkun olam: social responsibility in Jewish thought and law''. Edited by David Shatz, Chaim I. Waxman and Nathan J. Diament. Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 1997. ISBN: 0765759519 * Broyde, Michael J. “The Obligation of Jews to Seek Observance of Noahide Laws by Gentiles: A Theoretical Review” in ''Tikkun olam: social responsibility in Jewish thought and law''. Edited by David Shatz, Chaim I. Waxman and Nathan J. Diament. Northvale, N.J. : Jason Aronson, 1997. ISBN: 0765759519 * Clorfene C and Rogalsky Y. ''The Path of the Righteous Gentile: An Introduction to the Seven Laws of the Children of Noah''. New York: Phillip Feldheim, 1987. ISBN 087306433X. [http://moshiach.com/action/morality/introduction.php Online version]. * Novak, David. ''The image of the non-Jew in Judaism: an historical and constructive study of the Noahide Laws''. New York : E. Mellen Press, 1983. * Novak, David. ''Natural law in Judaism''. Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 1998. * Rakover, Nahum. ''Law and the Noahides: law as a universal value''. Jerusalem: Library of Jewish Law, 1998. ==See also== * Judaism * Religious pluralism * Sons of Noah == External links == *[http://www.hamayim.org HaMayim.org] - Noahide group *[http://www.aish.com/wallcam/7_Noachide_Laws.asp Aish haTorah] - Explanation on the 7 laws *[http://www.noahide.org Institute of Noahide Law] *[http://www.7for70.com Moshiach and 7 Laws of Noah] *[http://www.christocracy.org Noahide site with a somewhat wider definition of Noahidism] *[http://www.rabbiyess.com/registry01.html Righteous Gentile Registry] *[http://www.kensmen.com/catholic/jc2.html Criticism of the Noahide Laws from a Catholic] *[http://www.asknoah.org asknoah.org] Jewish law and rituals
Needs merged w Noachide Laws User:Sam Spade :Done. I have removed the links to the Netzarim websites for now. Could anyone who knows more about this explain what they're all about? User:Jfdwolff
User:Jfdwolff | User_talk:Jfdwolff 22:21, 8 May 2004 (UTC) :''From User_talk:203.252.193.19:'' Dear user:203.252.193.19, I see you're reintroduced the links on the Noahide Laws page. I was hoping you would explain on the talk:Noahide Laws what these pages are really about. The first site has, as you state, a Muslim undertone (which might not actually fall within the good definition of B'nei Noach), while the book site is connected to the Netzarim, who follow Jesus as a teacher—something that possibly disqualifies for Ben Noach status according to many Orthodox Jewish authorities. Please comment. User:Jfdwolff | User_talk:Jfdwolff 12:25, 12 May 2004 (UTC) :For details of how Islam is a bnei noah religion please read Maimonides comments to R Obadiah. Who is this J-man you mention? Are you confusing Ribi Yehoshua Ben Joseph perhaps? Ribi Yehoshua was just a simple human being, nothing extraordinary about him at all. As for Netzarim they are orthodox Jews not Messianic wannabies. There are many orthodox Jewish groups who promote a messiah the Chabadniks for example. The dinstinctive line between legitimate orthodox and fake orthodox is whether they are Torah-observant or not and are part of the legitimate Beth Din System. Whether Islam is a valid Ben Noah religion is a debate between several Rishonim, and Maimonides' view is complemented by that of Rabbi Nissim of Gerona, who had his reservations on this issue. User_talk:Jfdwolff 16:28, 13 May 2004 (UTC) :Yes I am familiar with the debate. It seems those who shared Maimonides view won. User:203.252.193.19 05:16, 14 May 2004 (UTC) I take issue with the Netzarim claim that they are "part of the Beth Din" system. They derive legitimacy from the implicit approval of a particular community (not even the Beth Din but the communal board). That's not how most Orthodox Jews would define legitimacy as part of the Beth Din system. User_talk:Jfdwolff 16:28, 13 May 2004 (UTC) :Good point I think it would be a good idea for you to edit the Netzarim article with that point in mind. User:203.252.193.19 05:16, 14 May 2004 (UTC) Why do the Netzarim insist on being called "Bnei Noah" if they are only upwards compatible? User:Jfdwolff | User_talk:Jfdwolff 16:28, 13 May 2004 (UTC) :Do they insist? They seem quite difficult to understand and I don't know much about them. From what we have heard here they are not very helpful nor friendly. They will also probably tell you that you have to use their credit card order form (which isn't even on a secure server!) to dish out around 300 dollars for a handfull of photocopied spiral-bound "books" and that you have to get your answers from them. Even Dr. Zed thinks this sounds a bit like a scam. But don't take our word for it, just try writing to them to ask them and see what they say. If you are a Jew you can use this form http://www.netzarim.co.il/MisrQlit/CntcQlit.htm but if you are not jewish they will insist that you contact them through this form http://www.netzarim.co.il/MisrKhtz/CntcKhtz.htm make what you want out of that! One of our faculty is a Jew but the rest of us who share the same interests (just a small bunch in the department) thought it was plain racist. :o) User:203.252.193.19 05:16, 14 May 2004 (UTC) ::Hello, who is this? Tell me if you see meUser:Zestauferov 10:25, 31 May 2004 (UTC) User:203.252.193.19, it might be helpful if you didn't chop up my replies. It gives the impression (for users who don't check the timestamp) that I'm making separate points.
I'm only making ''one'' point: some elements of Wikipedia have recently become a NPOV-free zone. One of them is the "External links" section. By adding links that go against the content of the article, or focus exclusively on a fringe element, there is a loss of NPOV that is only corrected if other people take the time to read the ''whole'' page that's been referenced. When it comes to external links, in my experience, ''more is less''. Another site that was recently added ([http://www.hamayim.org/ Hamayim.org]) is a much better example and probably warrants inclusion.
The Islam-related site is being hosted by "christocracy.org"&mdash:not exactly inspiring credibility for a Bnei Noach organisation!
BTW, "connection to the Beth Din system" is not an absolute requirement for Noachide organisations, although it raises their credibility substantially.
PS I do appreciate your input—the Bnei Noach and Noahide Laws are not commonly known to the broader public while they certainly have encyclopedic value! User:Jfdwolff | User_talk:Jfdwolff 08:16, 14 May 2004 (UTC) :I put the christocracy.org link back in it seems like a good counter argument to the very iconoclastic noahide.com site. What was the islam connection? User:Zestauferov 10:25, 31 May 2004 (UTC) ==Recent edits== I just found myself reverting edits by User:64.12.113.38, who has been consistently adding material which might or might not be correct, but is heavily POV-larded. For everyone's information: the site http://www.public-action.com publishes articles titled "The American Coup d'Etat And The War For Jewish Supremacy" and the like. Hardly a useful resource without some form of disclaimer ("Warning:conspiracy theory with antisemitic overtones"). User:Jfdwolff | User_talk:Jfdwolff 22:28, 31 May 2004 (UTC) :That site had to be linked to because the Noahide site took all their controversial material down, apparently in order to hide it after people got wise to it. Everything else I've added is accurate. Check it out... Nothing "POV" about the facts, Ma'am. User:64.12.113.38 64.12.113.38, please sign your entries (with a~~~~ , four tildes).
You haven't defended your additions, which seem to be largely based on the "controversial" material you refer to. Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not, and linking to mirrored sites is entirely unhelpful. You might prefer to create a section titled "criticism" and incorporate all your material without the risk of being reverted.
Also, you should have awaited my response before reverting to your version again! User:Jfdwolff | User_talk:Jfdwolff 22:51, 31 May 2004 (UTC) :My additions are based on this pro-Noahide site: http://www.moshiach.com/action/morality/introduction.php Read the stuff in the "In This Section" area. Breaking the Noahide Laws is punishable by decapitation. It would be criminal to worship Jesus, believe in the Trinity, have images of Mary holding Christ, etc. -- everything I mention. The only reason I linked to the other site is because I'd seen the original Noahide site before it was stripped-down unbeknownst to me, went to look for it, and found it mirrored at the URL in question. I simply wanted the information to be available. My POV is that Christians and others who like Christmas trees ought to know just what Chabad is trying to accomplish. But that aside, the information IS relevant to the topic, which is "The Noahide Laws." User:64.12.116.83 23:06, 31 May 2004 (UTC) Thank you, 64.12.116.83. Actually, your work must have started on the Apologia website, which links to the "moshiach.com" site. You will have noticed that I have conducted a long-overdue copyedit of the article, which incorporates ''all'' your additions (apart from the links). I have moved the christian views to the "criticism" section.
I have removed the "capital punishment for learning Torah" comment. Although the Talmud mentions this, the term ''chayav mita'' in this context is not an instruction for the courts, just as much as observing Shabbat is not punished.
I'm glad you've been willing to discuss your edits, and hope you accept my most recent reshuffling. User:Jfdwolff | User_talk:Jfdwolff 23:22, 31 May 2004 (UTC) :It looks nice, yes... good job -- except for the link removal. Maybe I'll mirror the site myself or something to get it away from the site you object to (which I didn't really look at, BTW). I think it's important to link to that information in particular, somehow, because it's so easy to read, "straight-up," and shows the true nature of the Noahide laws -- a nature that is usually masked by intimating they're just "seven wittle laws, no big whoop" when in reality, they entail the criminalization of Christianity. Anyway, can you explain what you mean about "chayav mita" and the prohibition against Torah-reading? I don't speak Hebrew myself, so I'm a tad clueless (OK, I'm a lot clueless!). I am fascinated and stunned by this topic and want to "get it right." (Yup, Apologia is mine; it's pretty Catlick, so be warned! LOL) User:64.12.116.83 00:08, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC) Sorry, the words ''chayav mita'' in Hebrew mean "guilty of the death penalty". As I indicated, the Talmud uses it occasionally when the death is "enforced by Heaven" rather than by the earthly court. In this category fall the two "prohibitions" for Noahides: studying Torah and keeping the Shabbat. This probably explains why they're not included in the "seven" referred to in the article.
I understand your worries, but the main thrust of the Noahide laws is certainly not the criminalisation of anything. At the moment, there are no signs that anyone is close to introducing Noahide legislature anywhere.
Concerning the site: you might prefer to link exclusively to the Apologia website with some form of a disclaimer. The http://www.public-action.com has rather strong anti-Jewish overtones and would probably harm your claims rather than support them... User:Jfdwolff | User_talk:Jfdwolff 00:21, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC) ==Catholics== I notice one of the external links claims to be catholic view, yet it seems to have an anti-judaism feel. I know that by Papal decree there is a defacto excommunication for any anti-semitic catholic, so I was wondering who had the authority to claim that the site represents the catholic view? In the past I have enjoyed conversations with a catholic priests about Paul's "mission to the gentiles" (authorized by Simeon) being primarily concerned with keeping Jews jewish and depaganizing gentiles to become noahide rather than proselytize them. We did disagree on the nature of the idolatry laws and the right of orthodox rabbis to define the laws in detail however (one made a good point about the extent of Bethei Din jurisdictions other than the messianic Beth Din of which their first Pope would have been a judge), but virtually everything else was harmonious. Anyway I think that the wording of that link must be changed.User:Zestauferov 16:12, 10 Jul 2004 (UTC) :I agree that the link has an anti-Judaism feel. Do you propose removal of the link? Or do you think that excising the words "from a Catholic perspective" or adding a qualifying statement would be better? :User:Acegikmo1 01:46, 11 Jul 2004 (UTC) ==Source== Here is a good source Talmudic Encyclopaedia, 1981, p. 350 & 395-396.User:Zestauferov 13:26, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC) ==Disambiguation== This article needs more sections & sub-sections. There seems to be a confusion between those described as noahide adj. (equivalent to Ger Ha Shaar in the Tanakh) independent from a Beth Din (for whom only 7 laws apply and who may eat carrion) and Noahides n.prop. (Gerim Toshav Areilim) recognised by a Beth Din (for whom the 7 laws are categories) forbidden from eating carrion. It should also be mentioned that the controvercial Chabad movement was the only Beth Din in recent times to recognise Noahides (making them Ger Toshav). The number of Bethei Din now following in their footsteps is not docuented, but the despised Modern-Orthodox Netzarim Beth Din (based in Ra'anana, Israel) is now included among them.User:193.63.146.184 10:30, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC) ==Anti-Catholics== I have nothing against Jews, but the sly efforts of Jfdwolff 17:59, 8 Mar 2005 Jfdwolff to sully the catholic reputation are too much to stomach. They are blatently trying to protray all catholics as miso-Judaics on the basis of a page by one out-of-line catholic. As the comments by Zestauferov and Acegikmo1 01:46, 11 Jul 2004 (UTC) above agree, the title of the link is misguideing and even hateful. Catholics aim to be friends of the Jews. Indeed we believe the very origin of out tradition to be Noahide. The man who wrote the page of the link in question is obviously unaware that there is a defacto excommunication for anyone who becomes racist or anti-semitic within the church. If Jfdwolff is not spin-mongering he should appologise for his honest mistake and not repeat it again.User:217.35.76.197 18:00, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC) :Jayjg wikipaedia is not supposed to be a propaganda tool. The man is defacto excommunicatred. I.e. he can no-longer be called a catholic. Would you call a Jew Jewish if he began to believe in Jesus? He would be an apostate and you know it. Anti-semitism makes any catholic an apostate.User:217.35.76.197 19:53, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC) ::If you can provide some evidence he is an apostate, that would be great. Otherwise, I'd prefer to just let him describe himself, rather than trust the excommunication of an IP address. User:JayjgUser_talk:Jayjg 22:43, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC) I do not feel the need to apologise, especially in the light of your inflammatory language. As far as I'm concerned, these external links shouldn't be there at all; I can live with the present description. I'm pleased to hear that "Catholics aim to be friends of the Jews". It hasn't exactly always been that way. User:Jfdwolff | User_talk:Jfdwolff 22:34, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC) ==Are Christianity and Islam Noachide?== By the grace of G-d Shalom everyone! The category "Noahide Religions" is extreemly misleading Rambam doesn't say Muslims are Noahide just not idolworshipers.A Noahide (Ben Noah, Chasid Umot haOilam) according to Rambam and others is someone who officialy accepts the 7 Laws and observes them.According to letters of the Rambam Islam is herecy, a false religion started by a false prophet: Mohammed the False Prophet - Islam the False Religion Rivka Olenick -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- "A prophet will the Lord, thy God raise unto thee, a prophet from the midst of thee, of thy brethren." Deuteronomy 18:15 The false prophet, the navi sheker, the "madman" Mohammed, as the Rambam calls him, convinced his followers of Islam that there are several verses in our scriptures that allude to his being a prophet. The Rambam states: "These arguments have been rehearsed so often that they have become nauseating. It is not enough to declare that they are altogether feeble; to cite as proofs these verses is ridiculous and absurd in the extreme. Neither the untutored multitude nor the apostates themselves who delude others with them believe in them or entertain any illusion about them. Their purpose in citing these verses is to win favor in the eyes of the Gentiles by demonstrating that they believe the statement of the Koran that Mohammed was mentioned in the Torah. The Muslims themselves put no faith in their arguments, they neither accept nor cite them, because they are manifestly so falicious." Mohammed claimed that Deuteronomy 18:15 specifically refers to him. He said that it was he who God arose as "a prophet from the midst of thee." Of course, he himself nor anyone else ever found one word in the scriptures that proved that Mohammed arose as a prophet. Yet, he and his blind followers accuse us of manipulating the text of the Torah. They ignorantly claim that we purposely removed every trace of the name of Mohammed from it. However it was they that would not accept the main precepts of the Torah, out of defiance to the Revelation at Sinai. So in great desperation they created a book that horrendously warps and taints our scriptures and undermines Moses as the greatest Prophet. After all this they attempted to legitimize the Koran as a book of truth. Isn't it amazing that exactly what they accuse us of - "altering" the Torah text - is exactly what they altered when they made up this "imitation" and called it the Koran. What they believe is so obviously false, yet the world is convinced that this is a book of truth only because of the vast numbers who read it, and not because it contains any real truth. The Rambam says: "Therefore, all the nations instigated by envy and impiety rose up against us, and all the kings of the earth motivated by injustice and enmity applied themselves to persecute us." There arose a new sect, which combined the two methods of conquest and controversy, into one, because it believed that this procedure would be more effective in wiping out every trace of the Jewish nation and religion. They claimed to prophecy and found a new faith, Islam, contrary to the Divine religion and to contend that it was equally God given. Thereby it hoped to raise doubts and create confusion, since one is opposed to the other and both supposedly emanate from a Divine source, which would lead to the destruction of both religions. For such a remarkable plan contrived by a man who is envious and querulous. He will strive to kill his enemy and to save his own life, but when he finds it impossible to attain his objective, he will devise a scheme whereby they both will be slain." He slays them both because he really knows that he cannot destroy God, but he cannot tolerate God's Divine word and so out of his own insanity he kills those who represent God and kills himself believing he will enter paradise. The Torah states that the prophet that will arrive "from the midst of thee" is a person that will keep the Torah in tact as it was given to us by Moses from God. The Ninth Principle of our Thirteen Principles of Faith states: "I believe with perfect faith that the Torah will not be changed, and that there will never be another Torah given by God." As it says: "Thou shalt not add thereto, nor diminish from it." Deuteronomy 13:1. "A prophet will the Lord thy God raise unto thee, from the midst of thee, of thy brethren." Islam took this sentence completely out of context and made inferences. All the statements before and after must be understood so that the meaning and purpose of the statements is known. The sentence quoted above was taken from a paragraph in Deuteronomy that specifically warns the Jewish people about the prohibitions of soothsaying, astrology, divination, sorcery, etc. The Gentiles believe they can manipulate and use these practices in order to predict and/or prevent future events. They even depend on using these methods, rather than seeking truth. Judaism adamantly opposes such practices. The Torah commands us many times that we are not allowed to use these means. All future events that the Jewish people will learn of will be predicted by a Prophet and will all come true and that we would never have to resort to astrology or any other means in order to know truths. We rely on the truths spoken by our Prophets who will not give us any new laws or any new additions to the Torah. "...of thy brethren" means that the Prophet will be one of us, meaning the descendants of Jacob, not Esau or Ishmael. "But My covenant will I establish with Isaac whom Sarah will bear unto thee at this set time in the next year." "But God said: Not so, Sarah thy wife shall bear thee a son, and thou shalt call his name Isaac. With him will I keep My covenant for an everlasting covenant for his seed after him." Genesis 17: 19 and 21. "It is, my co-religionists, one of the fundamental articles of the faith of Israel, that the future redeemer of our people will spring only from the stock of Solomon son of David. He will gather our nation, assemble our exiles, redeem us from our degradation, propagate the true religion, and exterminate his opponents, as it is clearly stated in Scripture, "I see him but not now, I behold him but not high, there shall step forth a star out of Jacob, and a scepter shall arise out of Israel. And shall smite through the corners of Moab, and break down all the sons of Seth. And Edom shall be a possession, Seir also, even his enemies, shall be a possession, while Israel doeth valiantly." Numbers 24:17-18 "If any heretics rise up to corrupt the people, they will undermine the faith of the young folks and they will not find a savior. Beware of them and know that in our opinion, it is permitted to slay them, for they repudiate the statement in the prophecy of Moses who commanded us to act." "According to the law which they shall teach thee, and according to the judgment which the shall tell thee thou shalt do." Deutoronomy 17:11. "They assert in wicked defiance that they believe most firmly in the prophecy of Moses, as the Arabs and Byzantines say yet they destroy and nullify his law and kill the adherents thereof. Whoever joins them is just like his seducer." The Rambam from Letter to Yemen. **** Besides that Islam endorses Jihad against the infadels which ultimatly is an endorsment of murder robbery forced conversions of Jews and real Noahides for that matter etc. Even if it would actualy be a Noahide religion Bnei Noah are forbiden to start Milchomat Reshut. Similar arguements exclude Christianity from being a Noahide religion. We have to either delete this section or rewrite it. User:Ariel Sokolovsky :Ariel, please avoid jargon. I'm not sure if you are correct. It is a ''machlokes rishonim'' whether the trinity is ''avodah zarah'' or not. User:Jfdwolff | User_talk:Jfdwolff 07:52, 17 May 2005 (UTC) == Christian critics section -- verify? rework? == Hi. Can't quite follow the whole past discussion. But it strikes me that the "Christian critics" section needs some reworking. Can someone provide a reference to verify these critics? Also, I find it POV to put a Jewish rebuttal to each possible criticism in the same paragraph. Better to list/clarify the criticisms, with the sources/authors, and then a rebuttal paragraph. Otherwise, it doesn't sound like we are giving the critics their due. Finally, the paragraph about the 10 commandments is somewhat POV. By far most of the weight is on a Jewish explanation, not on the Christian critique or concern. (Which is what? That the Noahide are redundant w/the 10? Pretty weak critique to justify such a long rebuttal!) Maybe rename subsection, eg "Christian and Jewish disagreements about the Noahide approach"? Thanks. User:HG 06:28, 24 May 2005 (UTC) PS -- I looked at that webpage by "a Catholic". Polemical and fringe. Granted, an encyclopedia could have a section that lists (and refutes?) various fringe groups from either side. Is there a wiki protocol for dealing w/fringe sources? In any case, still need the context of mainstream Christian attitudes/criticisms -- if any -- of the Noahide laws and of the Noahides as a Jewish stab at a universal/minimum law/ethics. User:HG 06:40, 24 May 2005 (UTC) :More mainstream Christian responses would be better. As for the point-rebuttal format, it seems to be commonly used in controversial Wikipedia articles. User:JayjgUser_talk:Jayjg 16:12, 24 May 2005 (UTC) == Bibliography via ATLA database == If this is inappropriate procedure within Wikipedia, I apologize. Feel free to delete if it's bad ettiquette or takes up too much space. User:HG 19:58, 24 May 2005 (UTC) Here are some selected items from ATLA, searching "Noahide". Perhaps this will help us find relevant and reliable sources. (And some full text links.) 1 Noahide laws, Christian covenants, and Jewish expectations. Author: Schwartz, G David. Source: Journal of Ecumenical Studies 27 no 4 Fall 1990, p 767-772. Doc. Type: Article Libraries Worldwide: 771 , View Full Text on remote site (ATLA)* http://firstsearch.oclc.org/WebZ/DARead?key=0022-0558%2528199023%252927%253A4%253C767%253ANLCCAJ%253E%26sp01sw11-54185-e94indbd-ti6wur%2632650b846185cdd3b06173133bbbd7fcde7fc74d880fd002e091210fbcf73abe&sessionid=0&db=ATLA_FT&format=URL (ATLAReligion) 2 Rabbi Jacob Emden's views on Christianity. HG: NB -- SAYS Paul ok by Noahide law to do outreach to pagans!? Author: Falk, Harvey. Source: Journal of Ecumenical Studies 19 no 1 Wint 1982, p 105-111. Doc. Type: Article Libraries Worldwide: 771 , View Full Text on remote site (ATLA)* http://firstsearch.oclc.org/WebZ/DARead?key=0022-0558%2528198224%252919%253A1%253C105%253ARJEVOC%253E%26sp01sw11-54185-e94indbd-ti6wur%26f4c0c588d5b4d4fa5c4ca7dbd4b640e31f9def4185801716d2b6618508b31561&sessionid=0&db=ATLA_FT&format=URL (ATLAReligion) 3 The Image of the Non-Jew in Judaism: An Historical and Constructive Study of the Noahide Laws Author: Libowitz, Richard. Source: Journal of Ecumenical Studies 22 no 4 Fall 1985, p 793-794. Doc. Type: Review Libraries Worldwide: 771 , View Full Text on remote site (ATLA)* http://firstsearch.oclc.org/WebZ/DARead?key=0022-0558%2528198523%252922%253A4%253C793%253ATIOTNI%253E%26sp01sw11-54185-e94indbd-ti6wur%26c632fd124954754171a51f983c7fac1ef77477214e6dd08b95b3ecafc4710038&sessionid=0&db=ATLA_FT&format=URL (ATLAReligion) 4 The Jewish view of natural law Author: Jackson, Bernard S. Source: Journal of Jewish Studies 52 no 1 Spr 2001, p 136-145. Doc. Type: Article Libraries Worldwide: 352 (ATLAReligion) 5 Lo statuto noachide Author: Fontana, Raniero. Source: Estudios b�icos 61 no 3 2003, p 419-435. Doc. Type: Article Libraries Worldwide: 109 (ATLAReligion) 6 Die "Religion Noahs", ihre Herkunft und ihre Bedeutung Author: Dietrich, Ernst Ludwig, Source: Zeitschrift f?igions- und Geistesgeschichte 1 no 4 1948, p 301-315. Doc. Type: Article Libraries Worldwide: 183 (ATLAReligion) 7 Noahide law from the Genizah : the thirty laws of Samuel ben Hophni Gaon. Author: Lichtenstein, Aaron. Source: Hebrew Studies 28 1987, p 113-116. Doc. Type: Article Libraries Worldwide: 156 University of Chicago (ATLAReligion) 8 John Selden, the law of nature, and the origins of government. Author: Sommerville, J P. Source: Historical Journal 27 Je 1984, p 437-447. Doc. Type: Article Libraries Worldwide: 767 (ATLAReligion) 9 Making Theological Room for Each Other : A Jewish Perspective. Author: Troster, Lawrence. Source: Ecumenism no 94 Je 1989, p 24-26. Doc. Type: Article Libraries Worldwide: 49 (ATLAReligion) 10 Covenant implications for ministry : a Jewish perspective. Author: Shudnow, Sanford H. Source: Military Chaplains' Review Sum 1992, p 57-66. Doc. Type: Article Libraries Worldwide: 284 University of Chicago (ATLAReligion) 11 Taryag and the Noahide Commandments. Author: Cohen, Naomi G. Source: Journal of Jewish Studies 43 Spr 1992, p 46-57. Doc. Type: Article Libraries Worldwide: 352 (ATLAReligion) 12 Universal moral law in the theology of Hermann Cohen. Author: Novak, David. Source: Modern Judaism 1 My 1981, p 101-117. Doc. Type: Article Libraries Worldwide: 469 University of Chicago (ATLAReligion) 13 Do Noachites have to believe in revelation : (A passage in dispute between Maimonides, Spinoza, Mendelssohn and H Cohen) Author: Schwarzschild, Stephen S, Source: Jewish Quarterly Review ns 53 Jl 1962, p 30-65. Doc. Type: Article Libraries Worldwide: 539 (ATLAReligion) 14 Do Noachites have to believe in revelation : (A passage in dispute between Maimonides, Spinoza, Mendelssohn and H Cohen) Author: Schwarzschild, Stephen S, Source: Jewish Quarterly Review ns 52 Ap 1962, p 297-308. Doc. Type: Article Libraries Worldwide: 539 (ATLAReligion) 15 Jewish Law Association Studies II : the Jerusalem Conference volume Author: Jackson, Bernard S.Publication: Atlanta, Ga : Scholars Pr, 1986. Document: English : Book (ATLAReligion) 16 The Image of the Non-Jew in Judaism: An Historical and Constructive Study of the Noahide Laws Author: Novak, David.Publication: Toronto : Edwin Mellen Pr, 1983. Document: English : Book (ATLAReligion) 17 Assisting in a violation of Noachide law. Author: Broyde, Michael J. In: Jewish Law Association Studies VIII; Atlanta : Scholars Pr, 1996. (p 11-20.) Doc. Type: Essay (ATLAReligion) 18 The "Law" and the Noahides. Author: Rakover, Nahum. In: Politics and theopolitics in the Bible and postbiblical literature; Sheffield, Eng : JSOT Pr, 1994. (p 148-159.) Doc. Type: Essay (ATLAReligion) 19 Der universalistische Aspekt im Judentum : die noachitischen Gebote. Author: Schwarz, Joel. In: Lernen in Jerusalem - Lernen mit Israel; Berlin : Inst Kirche und Judentum, 1993. (p 110-117.) Doc. Type: Essay (ATLAReligion) 20 Who cares about the seven laws of Noah? a status report. Author: Lichtenstein, Aharon. In: Jewish Law Association studies IV; Atlanta : Scholars Pr, 1990. (p 181-190.) Doc. Type: Essay (ATLAReligion) 21 The "law" and the Noahides. Author: Rakover, Nahum. In: Jewish Law Association studies IV; Atlanta : Scholars Pr, 1990. (p 169-180.) Doc. Type: Essay (ATLAReligion) 22 Israel, the Noahide Laws and Maimonides : Jewish-Gentile legal relations in Maimonidean thought. Author: Frimer, Dov I. In: Jewish Law Association Studies II; Atlanta, Ga : Scholars Pr, 1986. (p 89-102.) Doc. Type: Essay (ATLAReligion) 23 The origin of the Noahide laws. Author: Novak, David. In: Perspectives on Jews and Judaism; New York : Rabbinal Assembly, 1978. (p 301-310.) Doc. Type: Essay (ATLAReligion) 24 The Image of the Non-Jew in Judaism: An Historical and Constructive Study of the Noahide Laws Author: Wolf, Arnold J. Source: Conservative Judaism 39 Fall 1986, p 117-121. Doc. Type: Review Libraries Worldwide: 173 (ATLAReligion) 25 The Image of the Non-Jew in Judaism: An Historical and Constructive Study of the Noahide Laws Author: Dorff, Elliot N. Source: Journal of Religion 67 no 1 Ja 1987, p 120-122. Doc. Type: Review Libraries Worldwide: 1264 (ATLAReligion) 26 The Image of the Non-Jew in Judaism: An Historical and Constructive Study of the Noahide Laws Author: Ford, Lewis S. Source: Encounter 46 Wint 1985, p 87-88. Doc. Type: Review Libraries Worldwide: 457 University of Chicago (ATLAReligion) ==Link Suggestion== [http://www.carintech.com/xil/xil/e7cm.htm A Noachide Code] this website attempts to color-code morality using the Noachide rainbow (it's pretty cryptic).
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
Words begining with Noahide_Laws:
Noahide_Laws
Noahide_Laws
Noahide Laws
The Noahide laws are the ''mitzvot'' (commandments) that Judaism teaches that all of humankind is morally bound to follow. Although opinions differ on the reach of these laws, all contemporary authorities agree that there are seven main laws. ==Premise== According to rabbinic Judaism, the Noahide laws apply to all humanity through their descent from Noah after Deluge (mythology). In Judaism, ''B'nai Noach'' (Hebrew language, "Descendants of Noah", "The Children of Noah"), and ''Noahide'', are non-Jews who live in accord with the seven Noahide Laws (below). A non-Jewish person of any ethnic/religion is refered to as a bat(daughter)/ben (son) of Noah. Any organization of ''B'nai Noach'' is composed of gentiles who state that they following these rules. All denominations of Judaism hold that gentiles (non-Jews) are not obligated to follow ''halakha'' (Jewish law and custom); only Jews are obligated to do so. Judaism has but a limited tradition of active conversion and modern-day Judaism discourages proselytization. Rather, for non-Jews, the Noahide Laws may be considered the way to have a meaningful relationship with God or at least comply with a minimum threshold of divine law. Maimonides states in his work Mishneh Torah (''The laws of kings and their rulership 8:11'') that a non-Jew who is precise in the observance of these Seven Noahide commandments is considered to be a ''Righteous Gentile'' and has earned the afterlife. This follows a similar statement in the Talmud (tractate Sanhedrin 105b). However, according to Maimonides, a share in the World to Come is only earned if a person follows the Noahide laws specifically because they consider them to be of divine origin (through the Torah) and not if they simply consider them a good way to live (in which case they would simply be a wise person). Other authorities do not make this distinction. Noahide law differs from the Roman law for gentiles (''ius gentium'') because the latter was an enforceable judicial policy. Rabbinic Judaism has never adjudicated any cases under Noahide law (per Novak, 1983:28ff.), although scholars disagree about whether the Noahide law is a functional part of Halakha (cp. Bleich). == The seven laws == The seven laws are first mentioned in Tosefta Sanhedrin 9:4 and Talmud Sanhedrin 56a/b: # ''Shefichat damim'' - Do not murder. # ''Gezel'' - Do not steal/kidnap. # ''Avodah zarah'' - Do not worship false gods/idols. # ''Gilui arayot'' - Do not be sexually immoral (forbidden sexual acts are traditionally interpreted to include incest, sodomy, male homosexual sex acts and adultery) # ''Ever min ha-chai'' - Do not eat anything of the body of an unslaughtered animal # ''Birkat Hashem'' - Do not blasphemy. # ''Dinim'' - Set up righteous and honest courts and apply fair justice in judging offenders and uphold the principles of the last six. The Talmud says: "Righteous people of all nations have a share in the world to come" (Sanhedrin 105a). Any person who lives according to these laws is known as "the righteous among the gentiles". Maimonides states that this refers to those who have acquired knowledge of God and act in accordance with the Noahide laws. According to many rabbinical authorities all Gentiles are descendents of Noah and, therefore, Noahides. One which follows Torah is known as an "observant" Noahide. ==Subdividing the seven laws== Various rabbinic literature have different positions on the way the seven laws are to be subdivided in categories. Maimonides (Melakhim 10:6) lists one additional Noahide commandment forbidding the coupling of different kinds of animals and the mixing of trees. Radbaz expressed surprise that he left out castration and sorcery which were listed in Baraita (Sanhedrin 56B). The tenth century R. Saadia Gaon added tithes and levirate marriage. The eleventh century R. Nissim Gaon included listening to God's Voice, knowing God and serving God besides going on to say that all religious acts which can be understood through human reasoning are obligatory upon Jew and Gentile alike. The fourteenth century R. Nissim ben Reuben Gerondi added the commandment of charity. The sixteenth century Asarah Maamarot of R. Menahem Azariah of Fano enumerates thirty commandments, listing the latter twenty-three as extensions of the original seven. Another commentator (Kol Hiddnshei Maharitz Chayess I, end Ch. 10) suggests these are not related to the first seven, nor based on Scripture, but were passed down by tradition. The number thirty derives from the statement of Ulla in Hullin 92A though this third century C.E. Talmudic sage lists only three other rules in addition to the original seven, consisting of the prohibitions against homosexuality and cannibalism, as well as the imperative to honor the Torah. Rashi then remarks that he does not know the other Commandments referred to. Though the authorities seem to take it for granted that Ulla's thirty Commandments included the original seven, an additional thirty laws is also possible from the reading. The tenth century R. Samuel ben Hophni Gaon's list of thirty Noahide Commandments is based on Ulla's Talmudic statement though the text is problematic. He includes the prohibitions against suicide and false oaths, as well as the imperatives related to prayer, sacrifices and honoring one's parents. The commandments, according to Rav Shmuel ben Hophni Gaon (early Middle Ages), cover: * Idolatry ** No idolatry ** To pray ** To offer ritual sacrifices only to God * Blasphemy ** To believe in the singularity of God ** No blasphemy ** No witchcraft ** No soothsayers ** No conjurers ** No sorcerers ** No mediums ** No demonology ** No wizardry ** No necromancy ** To respect father & mother * Murder ** No murder ** No suicide ** No Molech worship (infant sacrifice) * Property ** No stealing * Sexual Immorality ** No adultery ** Formal marriages via bride price & marriage gifts ** No incest with a sister ** No homosexuality ** No bestiality ** Not to crossbreed animals ** No castration * Food Laws ** Not to eat a limb of a living creature ** Not to eat or drink blood ** Not to eat carrion (for those recognised by a Beth Din) * Justice ** To establish courts and a system of justice ** No false oaths The contemporary Rabbi Dr. Aaron Lichtenstein counts 66 instructions but Rabbi Harvey Falk has suggested that much work remains to be done in order to properly identify all of the Noahide Commandments, their divisions and subdivisions. Theft, robbery, and stealing covers the appropriate understanding of other persons, their property, and their rights. The establishment of courts of justice promotes the value of the responsibility of a corporate society of people to enforce these laws, and define these terms. The refusal to engage in unnecessary lust or cruelty demonstrates respect for the Creation (theology) itself, as renewed after the Flood. To not do Murder would include human sacrifice as being forbidden. ==Recent developments== David Novak, among others, has proposed that Noahide Law could serve as the basis for a more universal Jewish ethics and for cross-cultural moral reasoning (at least with Christians and Moslems). In recent years some non-Jews have tried to create organized Noahide religious movements, but being a Noahide has never been considered to be part of an organized religion. Still, the Jewish authority Maimonides classified Islam as a Noahide religion. The Chabad Lubavitch movement has been especially active in promoting Noahism among non-Jews and several Christianity congregations have abandoned traditional Christianity (rejecting the Nicene Creed) and adopted Noahidism in recent years. In the United States a few organized movements of non-Jews (primarily of Christian origin) have been influenced by Orthodox Judaism; rather than converting to Judaism, they have chosen to abandon previous religious affiliation and live by the Noahide Laws. The rainbow is the symbol of many organised Noahide groups. == Other religions as Noahide== From the Jewish perspective, if a non-Jew keeps all of the laws entailed in the categories covered by the Seven Noahide commandments as a threshold minimum initiation into the path of Torah, he is considered a ''Ger Toshav'' (inhabitant foreigner) when with a congregation of Israel. In fact, this is considered the ideal level for all humanity by Jewish theology. A ''Ger Tzedek'' is a person who prefers to proceed to religious conversion, a procedure that is generally encouraged by all sects of Judaism only after much thought and deliberation over the conversion has taken place. The term Noahide is not the name of any specific religion but a term used to describe religions and cultures compliant with the Noahide Laws outside of Israel. ===Islam=== Islam has a different tradition on Noah and his descendants; the Qur'an mentions additional narrative on Noah. As stated before, the Jewish authority Maimonides has maintained that Islam is a Noahide religion, although the Medieval sage Nissim of Gerona disagrees. ===Christianity=== Within Judaism it is a matter of debate whether or not all Christians should be considered Noahides. The strict view is that Christian theology is considered ''avodah zarah'' (loosely translated as "idolatry") for all people, both Jew and gentile, as it subscribes to the Trinity. Therefore most Christians cannot be considered Noahides. However, Unitarian Christians and other followers of Jesus who do not believe that Jesus is God would still be considered Noahides. The liberal view is that Christian theology is only considered ''avodah zarah'' for Jews, but it is permissible for gentiles. The Tosafists (early commentators on the Talmud) R. Jacob Tam (Rashi's grandson), in Bekhorot 2b and Sanhedrin 63b, ruled that trinitarianism could be permitted to gentiles as a form of ''shittuf'' ("association"). This view was accepted by R. Moses Isserles (Rema, Orah Hayyim 156:1.) The view of Maimonides is difficult to ascertain due to text alterations in different editions of his Mishneh Torah (code of Jewish law), Ma'akhalot Asurot 11:7. In any case, in this view Christian theology is not forbidden to gentiles, and all Christians are Noahides. Today most of Reform Judaism and Conservative Judaism view all Christians as Noahides. ==Traditions of Origin== One tradition is that the Noahide Laws are seven laws from the covenant made between God and Noah after the cessation of the deluge (mythology) which covered the whole world killing everyone except Noah and his family and the creatures of the Noah's Ark. They are never explicitly enumerated in the Bible, but the covenant that God made with Noah (Genesis 9) contains these admonitions: Food :Also, flesh with the life -the blood- in it do not eat. (4) Murder :I will also inquire about your blood, your life, from all animals, and from each human I will inquire about his brother's blood. :Who sheds the blood of man, by man his blood will be shed, because in the image of God was man made. A common tradition (mentioned in the Talmud) is that six were given to Adam and Eve in Paradise and one to Noah in Genesis chapter 9. In the story of Noah we see mention of Sacrifice, Kashrut, and "Uncovered Nakedness" (a biblical euphemism for incest within a patriarch's family). In the story of the Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:1-9) Heaven puts an end to the experiment in dictatorship (indicated by the phrases "the people is one") when it had replaced the plurality intended in the original Law-Court system. Others have interpreted it that the command for a plural legal system instead of any dictatorial system was initiated at this time. ==Christian criticism== Christian critics of the Noahide laws contend that insisting upon a basic set of moral laws is contrary to religious pluralism. Some believe that their existence implies that Jews may set up a legal system that would outlaw Christianity. The Jewish community responds by noting that it makes laws and customs for its own members (like all faiths) and does not set up governments to force Judaism beliefs on non-Jews; in contrast, some non-Jewish faiths have carried out such actions in practice. In addition, with their minimal threshold of morality, the Noahide law may be compared to Catholic social teachings. While most Christians would consider the Ten Commandments to be binding on them and would see some of the Noahide laws as essentially a subset of these (though the requirement to set up courts, and the dietary regulation, are not explicit in the commandments), many Jewish thinkers consider Noahide Laws as "general categories of commandments, each containing many components and details," the execution of which is left to Jewish rabbis. This, in addition to the teaching of the Jewish law that punishment for violating one of the seven Noahide Laws includes a theoretical death penalty (Talmud, tractate Sanhedrin 57a), is a factor in the opposition of the notion of a Noahide legal system. The Jewish community responds by noting that Jews in practice rarely carry out the death penalty, even within the Jewish community. Jewish law, in practice, sees the death penalty as an indicator of how serious an offense should be understood, and not as an actual call to kill someone. (''See also:'' Death_penalty#Jewish_view_of_the_death_penalty.) According to the New Testament book of Acts (15:20,29), the idolatry, blood, and immorality laws were recognized as laws laid down for gentiles by the early disciples of Jesus (though ante-exile Jewish, Christian, and Rabbinical Jewish interpretations as to what these mean differ); however the extent to which Jewish law in general was binding on gentile Christians was a matter of dispute in the early church, as is clear from some of the letters of Paul of Tarsus, especially Galatians (written before Acts, though referring to later events). The ordained decided at the Council of Jerusalem (mentioned in Acts) that the Law of Moses is not binding at all on Christians in se as "the Law of Moses," though some of it is applicable in effect because it reflects the Divine Law that is written into the hearts of men (Book of Jeremiah 31:33). As a result, many Christians would see the adoption of the Noachide laws as unnecessary. This meeting in Jerusalem is considered by some to be the first documented Jewish council dealing with Gentiles who had expressed interest in living under a Jewish legal system. Here James the Just dictates the first epistle to gentiles who wish to be under Israel's law. It is apparently taken for granted that such gentiles understood the prohibitions against Idolatry, Blasphemey, Murder & Stealing, but specific problems of contact with things polluted through Idolatry, Kashrut (the term "Strangled" referring to meat that has been killed without draining the blood) and Sexual Immorality needed to be outlined by the Beth Din. == Further reading == * Bleich, J. David. “Judaism and natural law” in ''Jewish law annual'', vol. VII 5-42 * Bleich, J. David. “Tikkum Olam: Jewish Obligations to Non-Jewish Society” in ''Tikkun olam: social responsibility in Jewish thought and law''. Edited by David Shatz, Chaim I. Waxman and Nathan J. Diament. Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 1997. ISBN: 0765759519 * Broyde, Michael J. “The Obligation of Jews to Seek Observance of Noahide Laws by Gentiles: A Theoretical Review” in ''Tikkun olam: social responsibility in Jewish thought and law''. Edited by David Shatz, Chaim I. Waxman and Nathan J. Diament. Northvale, N.J. : Jason Aronson, 1997. ISBN: 0765759519 * Clorfene C and Rogalsky Y. ''The Path of the Righteous Gentile: An Introduction to the Seven Laws of the Children of Noah''. New York: Phillip Feldheim, 1987. ISBN 087306433X. [http://moshiach.com/action/morality/introduction.php Online version]. * Novak, David. ''The image of the non-Jew in Judaism: an historical and constructive study of the Noahide Laws''. New York : E. Mellen Press, 1983. * Novak, David. ''Natural law in Judaism''. Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 1998. * Rakover, Nahum. ''Law and the Noahides: law as a universal value''. Jerusalem: Library of Jewish Law, 1998. ==See also== * Judaism * Religious pluralism * Sons of Noah == External links == *[http://www.hamayim.org HaMayim.org] - Noahide group *[http://www.aish.com/wallcam/7_Noachide_Laws.asp Aish haTorah] - Explanation on the 7 laws *[http://www.noahide.org Institute of Noahide Law] *[http://www.7for70.com Moshiach and 7 Laws of Noah] *[http://www.christocracy.org Noahide site with a somewhat wider definition of Noahidism] *[http://www.rabbiyess.com/registry01.html Righteous Gentile Registry] *[http://www.kensmen.com/catholic/jc2.html Criticism of the Noahide Laws from a Catholic] *[http://www.asknoah.org asknoah.org] Jewish law and rituals
Noahide Laws
Needs merged w Noachide Laws User:Sam Spade :Done. I have removed the links to the Netzarim websites for now. Could anyone who knows more about this explain what they're all about? User:Jfdwolff
User:Jfdwolff | User_talk:Jfdwolff 22:21, 8 May 2004 (UTC) :''From User_talk:203.252.193.19:'' Dear user:203.252.193.19, I see you're reintroduced the links on the Noahide Laws page. I was hoping you would explain on the talk:Noahide Laws what these pages are really about. The first site has, as you state, a Muslim undertone (which might not actually fall within the good definition of B'nei Noach), while the book site is connected to the Netzarim, who follow Jesus as a teacher—something that possibly disqualifies for Ben Noach status according to many Orthodox Jewish authorities. Please comment. User:Jfdwolff | User_talk:Jfdwolff 12:25, 12 May 2004 (UTC) :For details of how Islam is a bnei noah religion please read Maimonides comments to R Obadiah. Who is this J-man you mention? Are you confusing Ribi Yehoshua Ben Joseph perhaps? Ribi Yehoshua was just a simple human being, nothing extraordinary about him at all. As for Netzarim they are orthodox Jews not Messianic wannabies. There are many orthodox Jewish groups who promote a messiah the Chabadniks for example. The dinstinctive line between legitimate orthodox and fake orthodox is whether they are Torah-observant or not and are part of the legitimate Beth Din System. Whether Islam is a valid Ben Noah religion is a debate between several Rishonim, and Maimonides' view is complemented by that of Rabbi Nissim of Gerona, who had his reservations on this issue. User_talk:Jfdwolff 16:28, 13 May 2004 (UTC) :Yes I am familiar with the debate. It seems those who shared Maimonides view won. User:203.252.193.19 05:16, 14 May 2004 (UTC) I take issue with the Netzarim claim that they are "part of the Beth Din" system. They derive legitimacy from the implicit approval of a particular community (not even the Beth Din but the communal board). That's not how most Orthodox Jews would define legitimacy as part of the Beth Din system. User_talk:Jfdwolff 16:28, 13 May 2004 (UTC) :Good point I think it would be a good idea for you to edit the Netzarim article with that point in mind. User:203.252.193.19 05:16, 14 May 2004 (UTC) Why do the Netzarim insist on being called "Bnei Noah" if they are only upwards compatible? User:Jfdwolff | User_talk:Jfdwolff 16:28, 13 May 2004 (UTC) :Do they insist? They seem quite difficult to understand and I don't know much about them. From what we have heard here they are not very helpful nor friendly. They will also probably tell you that you have to use their credit card order form (which isn't even on a secure server!) to dish out around 300 dollars for a handfull of photocopied spiral-bound "books" and that you have to get your answers from them. Even Dr. Zed thinks this sounds a bit like a scam. But don't take our word for it, just try writing to them to ask them and see what they say. If you are a Jew you can use this form http://www.netzarim.co.il/MisrQlit/CntcQlit.htm but if you are not jewish they will insist that you contact them through this form http://www.netzarim.co.il/MisrKhtz/CntcKhtz.htm make what you want out of that! One of our faculty is a Jew but the rest of us who share the same interests (just a small bunch in the department) thought it was plain racist. :o) User:203.252.193.19 05:16, 14 May 2004 (UTC) ::Hello, who is this? Tell me if you see meUser:Zestauferov 10:25, 31 May 2004 (UTC) User:203.252.193.19, it might be helpful if you didn't chop up my replies. It gives the impression (for users who don't check the timestamp) that I'm making separate points.
I'm only making ''one'' point: some elements of Wikipedia have recently become a NPOV-free zone. One of them is the "External links" section. By adding links that go against the content of the article, or focus exclusively on a fringe element, there is a loss of NPOV that is only corrected if other people take the time to read the ''whole'' page that's been referenced. When it comes to external links, in my experience, ''more is less''. Another site that was recently added ([http://www.hamayim.org/ Hamayim.org]) is a much better example and probably warrants inclusion.
The Islam-related site is being hosted by "christocracy.org"&mdash:not exactly inspiring credibility for a Bnei Noach organisation!
BTW, "connection to the Beth Din system" is not an absolute requirement for Noachide organisations, although it raises their credibility substantially.
PS I do appreciate your input—the Bnei Noach and Noahide Laws are not commonly known to the broader public while they certainly have encyclopedic value! User:Jfdwolff | User_talk:Jfdwolff 08:16, 14 May 2004 (UTC) :I put the christocracy.org link back in it seems like a good counter argument to the very iconoclastic noahide.com site. What was the islam connection? User:Zestauferov 10:25, 31 May 2004 (UTC) ==Recent edits== I just found myself reverting edits by User:64.12.113.38, who has been consistently adding material which might or might not be correct, but is heavily POV-larded. For everyone's information: the site http://www.public-action.com publishes articles titled "The American Coup d'Etat And The War For Jewish Supremacy" and the like. Hardly a useful resource without some form of disclaimer ("Warning:conspiracy theory with antisemitic overtones"). User:Jfdwolff | User_talk:Jfdwolff 22:28, 31 May 2004 (UTC) :That site had to be linked to because the Noahide site took all their controversial material down, apparently in order to hide it after people got wise to it. Everything else I've added is accurate. Check it out... Nothing "POV" about the facts, Ma'am. User:64.12.113.38 64.12.113.38, please sign your entries (with a
You haven't defended your additions, which seem to be largely based on the "controversial" material you refer to. Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not, and linking to mirrored sites is entirely unhelpful. You might prefer to create a section titled "criticism" and incorporate all your material without the risk of being reverted.
Also, you should have awaited my response before reverting to your version again! User:Jfdwolff | User_talk:Jfdwolff 22:51, 31 May 2004 (UTC) :My additions are based on this pro-Noahide site: http://www.moshiach.com/action/morality/introduction.php Read the stuff in the "In This Section" area. Breaking the Noahide Laws is punishable by decapitation. It would be criminal to worship Jesus, believe in the Trinity, have images of Mary holding Christ, etc. -- everything I mention. The only reason I linked to the other site is because I'd seen the original Noahide site before it was stripped-down unbeknownst to me, went to look for it, and found it mirrored at the URL in question. I simply wanted the information to be available. My POV is that Christians and others who like Christmas trees ought to know just what Chabad is trying to accomplish. But that aside, the information IS relevant to the topic, which is "The Noahide Laws." User:64.12.116.83 23:06, 31 May 2004 (UTC) Thank you, 64.12.116.83. Actually, your work must have started on the Apologia website, which links to the "moshiach.com" site. You will have noticed that I have conducted a long-overdue copyedit of the article, which incorporates ''all'' your additions (apart from the links). I have moved the christian views to the "criticism" section.
I have removed the "capital punishment for learning Torah" comment. Although the Talmud mentions this, the term ''chayav mita'' in this context is not an instruction for the courts, just as much as observing Shabbat is not punished.
I'm glad you've been willing to discuss your edits, and hope you accept my most recent reshuffling. User:Jfdwolff | User_talk:Jfdwolff 23:22, 31 May 2004 (UTC) :It looks nice, yes... good job -- except for the link removal. Maybe I'll mirror the site myself or something to get it away from the site you object to (which I didn't really look at, BTW). I think it's important to link to that information in particular, somehow, because it's so easy to read, "straight-up," and shows the true nature of the Noahide laws -- a nature that is usually masked by intimating they're just "seven wittle laws, no big whoop" when in reality, they entail the criminalization of Christianity. Anyway, can you explain what you mean about "chayav mita" and the prohibition against Torah-reading? I don't speak Hebrew myself, so I'm a tad clueless (OK, I'm a lot clueless!). I am fascinated and stunned by this topic and want to "get it right." (Yup, Apologia is mine; it's pretty Catlick, so be warned! LOL) User:64.12.116.83 00:08, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC) Sorry, the words ''chayav mita'' in Hebrew mean "guilty of the death penalty". As I indicated, the Talmud uses it occasionally when the death is "enforced by Heaven" rather than by the earthly court. In this category fall the two "prohibitions" for Noahides: studying Torah and keeping the Shabbat. This probably explains why they're not included in the "seven" referred to in the article.
I understand your worries, but the main thrust of the Noahide laws is certainly not the criminalisation of anything. At the moment, there are no signs that anyone is close to introducing Noahide legislature anywhere.
Concerning the site: you might prefer to link exclusively to the Apologia website with some form of a disclaimer. The http://www.public-action.com has rather strong anti-Jewish overtones and would probably harm your claims rather than support them... User:Jfdwolff | User_talk:Jfdwolff 00:21, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC) ==Catholics== I notice one of the external links claims to be catholic view, yet it seems to have an anti-judaism feel. I know that by Papal decree there is a defacto excommunication for any anti-semitic catholic, so I was wondering who had the authority to claim that the site represents the catholic view? In the past I have enjoyed conversations with a catholic priests about Paul's "mission to the gentiles" (authorized by Simeon) being primarily concerned with keeping Jews jewish and depaganizing gentiles to become noahide rather than proselytize them. We did disagree on the nature of the idolatry laws and the right of orthodox rabbis to define the laws in detail however (one made a good point about the extent of Bethei Din jurisdictions other than the messianic Beth Din of which their first Pope would have been a judge), but virtually everything else was harmonious. Anyway I think that the wording of that link must be changed.User:Zestauferov 16:12, 10 Jul 2004 (UTC) :I agree that the link has an anti-Judaism feel. Do you propose removal of the link? Or do you think that excising the words "from a Catholic perspective" or adding a qualifying statement would be better? :User:Acegikmo1 01:46, 11 Jul 2004 (UTC) ==Source== Here is a good source Talmudic Encyclopaedia, 1981, p. 350 & 395-396.User:Zestauferov 13:26, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC) ==Disambiguation== This article needs more sections & sub-sections. There seems to be a confusion between those described as noahide adj. (equivalent to Ger Ha Shaar in the Tanakh) independent from a Beth Din (for whom only 7 laws apply and who may eat carrion) and Noahides n.prop. (Gerim Toshav Areilim) recognised by a Beth Din (for whom the 7 laws are categories) forbidden from eating carrion. It should also be mentioned that the controvercial Chabad movement was the only Beth Din in recent times to recognise Noahides (making them Ger Toshav). The number of Bethei Din now following in their footsteps is not docuented, but the despised Modern-Orthodox Netzarim Beth Din (based in Ra'anana, Israel) is now included among them.User:193.63.146.184 10:30, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC) ==Anti-Catholics== I have nothing against Jews, but the sly efforts of Jfdwolff 17:59, 8 Mar 2005 Jfdwolff to sully the catholic reputation are too much to stomach. They are blatently trying to protray all catholics as miso-Judaics on the basis of a page by one out-of-line catholic. As the comments by Zestauferov and Acegikmo1 01:46, 11 Jul 2004 (UTC) above agree, the title of the link is misguideing and even hateful. Catholics aim to be friends of the Jews. Indeed we believe the very origin of out tradition to be Noahide. The man who wrote the page of the link in question is obviously unaware that there is a defacto excommunication for anyone who becomes racist or anti-semitic within the church. If Jfdwolff is not spin-mongering he should appologise for his honest mistake and not repeat it again.User:217.35.76.197 18:00, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC) :Jayjg wikipaedia is not supposed to be a propaganda tool. The man is defacto excommunicatred. I.e. he can no-longer be called a catholic. Would you call a Jew Jewish if he began to believe in Jesus? He would be an apostate and you know it. Anti-semitism makes any catholic an apostate.User:217.35.76.197 19:53, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC) ::If you can provide some evidence he is an apostate, that would be great. Otherwise, I'd prefer to just let him describe himself, rather than trust the excommunication of an IP address. User:JayjgUser_talk:Jayjg 22:43, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC) I do not feel the need to apologise, especially in the light of your inflammatory language. As far as I'm concerned, these external links shouldn't be there at all; I can live with the present description. I'm pleased to hear that "Catholics aim to be friends of the Jews". It hasn't exactly always been that way. User:Jfdwolff | User_talk:Jfdwolff 22:34, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC) ==Are Christianity and Islam Noachide?== By the grace of G-d Shalom everyone! The category "Noahide Religions" is extreemly misleading Rambam doesn't say Muslims are Noahide just not idolworshipers.A Noahide (Ben Noah, Chasid Umot haOilam) according to Rambam and others is someone who officialy accepts the 7 Laws and observes them.According to letters of the Rambam Islam is herecy, a false religion started by a false prophet: Mohammed the False Prophet - Islam the False Religion Rivka Olenick -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- "A prophet will the Lord, thy God raise unto thee, a prophet from the midst of thee, of thy brethren." Deuteronomy 18:15 The false prophet, the navi sheker, the "madman" Mohammed, as the Rambam calls him, convinced his followers of Islam that there are several verses in our scriptures that allude to his being a prophet. The Rambam states: "These arguments have been rehearsed so often that they have become nauseating. It is not enough to declare that they are altogether feeble; to cite as proofs these verses is ridiculous and absurd in the extreme. Neither the untutored multitude nor the apostates themselves who delude others with them believe in them or entertain any illusion about them. Their purpose in citing these verses is to win favor in the eyes of the Gentiles by demonstrating that they believe the statement of the Koran that Mohammed was mentioned in the Torah. The Muslims themselves put no faith in their arguments, they neither accept nor cite them, because they are manifestly so falicious." Mohammed claimed that Deuteronomy 18:15 specifically refers to him. He said that it was he who God arose as "a prophet from the midst of thee." Of course, he himself nor anyone else ever found one word in the scriptures that proved that Mohammed arose as a prophet. Yet, he and his blind followers accuse us of manipulating the text of the Torah. They ignorantly claim that we purposely removed every trace of the name of Mohammed from it. However it was they that would not accept the main precepts of the Torah, out of defiance to the Revelation at Sinai. So in great desperation they created a book that horrendously warps and taints our scriptures and undermines Moses as the greatest Prophet. After all this they attempted to legitimize the Koran as a book of truth. Isn't it amazing that exactly what they accuse us of - "altering" the Torah text - is exactly what they altered when they made up this "imitation" and called it the Koran. What they believe is so obviously false, yet the world is convinced that this is a book of truth only because of the vast numbers who read it, and not because it contains any real truth. The Rambam says: "Therefore, all the nations instigated by envy and impiety rose up against us, and all the kings of the earth motivated by injustice and enmity applied themselves to persecute us." There arose a new sect, which combined the two methods of conquest and controversy, into one, because it believed that this procedure would be more effective in wiping out every trace of the Jewish nation and religion. They claimed to prophecy and found a new faith, Islam, contrary to the Divine religion and to contend that it was equally God given. Thereby it hoped to raise doubts and create confusion, since one is opposed to the other and both supposedly emanate from a Divine source, which would lead to the destruction of both religions. For such a remarkable plan contrived by a man who is envious and querulous. He will strive to kill his enemy and to save his own life, but when he finds it impossible to attain his objective, he will devise a scheme whereby they both will be slain." He slays them both because he really knows that he cannot destroy God, but he cannot tolerate God's Divine word and so out of his own insanity he kills those who represent God and kills himself believing he will enter paradise. The Torah states that the prophet that will arrive "from the midst of thee" is a person that will keep the Torah in tact as it was given to us by Moses from God. The Ninth Principle of our Thirteen Principles of Faith states: "I believe with perfect faith that the Torah will not be changed, and that there will never be another Torah given by God." As it says: "Thou shalt not add thereto, nor diminish from it." Deuteronomy 13:1. "A prophet will the Lord thy God raise unto thee, from the midst of thee, of thy brethren." Islam took this sentence completely out of context and made inferences. All the statements before and after must be understood so that the meaning and purpose of the statements is known. The sentence quoted above was taken from a paragraph in Deuteronomy that specifically warns the Jewish people about the prohibitions of soothsaying, astrology, divination, sorcery, etc. The Gentiles believe they can manipulate and use these practices in order to predict and/or prevent future events. They even depend on using these methods, rather than seeking truth. Judaism adamantly opposes such practices. The Torah commands us many times that we are not allowed to use these means. All future events that the Jewish people will learn of will be predicted by a Prophet and will all come true and that we would never have to resort to astrology or any other means in order to know truths. We rely on the truths spoken by our Prophets who will not give us any new laws or any new additions to the Torah. "...of thy brethren" means that the Prophet will be one of us, meaning the descendants of Jacob, not Esau or Ishmael. "But My covenant will I establish with Isaac whom Sarah will bear unto thee at this set time in the next year." "But God said: Not so, Sarah thy wife shall bear thee a son, and thou shalt call his name Isaac. With him will I keep My covenant for an everlasting covenant for his seed after him." Genesis 17: 19 and 21. "It is, my co-religionists, one of the fundamental articles of the faith of Israel, that the future redeemer of our people will spring only from the stock of Solomon son of David. He will gather our nation, assemble our exiles, redeem us from our degradation, propagate the true religion, and exterminate his opponents, as it is clearly stated in Scripture, "I see him but not now, I behold him but not high, there shall step forth a star out of Jacob, and a scepter shall arise out of Israel. And shall smite through the corners of Moab, and break down all the sons of Seth. And Edom shall be a possession, Seir also, even his enemies, shall be a possession, while Israel doeth valiantly." Numbers 24:17-18 "If any heretics rise up to corrupt the people, they will undermine the faith of the young folks and they will not find a savior. Beware of them and know that in our opinion, it is permitted to slay them, for they repudiate the statement in the prophecy of Moses who commanded us to act." "According to the law which they shall teach thee, and according to the judgment which the shall tell thee thou shalt do." Deutoronomy 17:11. "They assert in wicked defiance that they believe most firmly in the prophecy of Moses, as the Arabs and Byzantines say yet they destroy and nullify his law and kill the adherents thereof. Whoever joins them is just like his seducer." The Rambam from Letter to Yemen. **** Besides that Islam endorses Jihad against the infadels which ultimatly is an endorsment of murder robbery forced conversions of Jews and real Noahides for that matter etc. Even if it would actualy be a Noahide religion Bnei Noah are forbiden to start Milchomat Reshut. Similar arguements exclude Christianity from being a Noahide religion. We have to either delete this section or rewrite it. User:Ariel Sokolovsky :Ariel, please avoid jargon. I'm not sure if you are correct. It is a ''machlokes rishonim'' whether the trinity is ''avodah zarah'' or not. User:Jfdwolff | User_talk:Jfdwolff 07:52, 17 May 2005 (UTC) == Christian critics section -- verify? rework? == Hi. Can't quite follow the whole past discussion. But it strikes me that the "Christian critics" section needs some reworking. Can someone provide a reference to verify these critics? Also, I find it POV to put a Jewish rebuttal to each possible criticism in the same paragraph. Better to list/clarify the criticisms, with the sources/authors, and then a rebuttal paragraph. Otherwise, it doesn't sound like we are giving the critics their due. Finally, the paragraph about the 10 commandments is somewhat POV. By far most of the weight is on a Jewish explanation, not on the Christian critique or concern. (Which is what? That the Noahide are redundant w/the 10? Pretty weak critique to justify such a long rebuttal!) Maybe rename subsection, eg "Christian and Jewish disagreements about the Noahide approach"? Thanks. User:HG 06:28, 24 May 2005 (UTC) PS -- I looked at that webpage by "a Catholic". Polemical and fringe. Granted, an encyclopedia could have a section that lists (and refutes?) various fringe groups from either side. Is there a wiki protocol for dealing w/fringe sources? In any case, still need the context of mainstream Christian attitudes/criticisms -- if any -- of the Noahide laws and of the Noahides as a Jewish stab at a universal/minimum law/ethics. User:HG 06:40, 24 May 2005 (UTC) :More mainstream Christian responses would be better. As for the point-rebuttal format, it seems to be commonly used in controversial Wikipedia articles. User:JayjgUser_talk:Jayjg 16:12, 24 May 2005 (UTC) == Bibliography via ATLA database == If this is inappropriate procedure within Wikipedia, I apologize. Feel free to delete if it's bad ettiquette or takes up too much space. User:HG 19:58, 24 May 2005 (UTC) Here are some selected items from ATLA, searching "Noahide". Perhaps this will help us find relevant and reliable sources. (And some full text links.) 1 Noahide laws, Christian covenants, and Jewish expectations. Author: Schwartz, G David. Source: Journal of Ecumenical Studies 27 no 4 Fall 1990, p 767-772. Doc. Type: Article Libraries Worldwide: 771 , View Full Text on remote site (ATLA)* http://firstsearch.oclc.org/WebZ/DARead?key=0022-0558%2528199023%252927%253A4%253C767%253ANLCCAJ%253E%26sp01sw11-54185-e94indbd-ti6wur%2632650b846185cdd3b06173133bbbd7fcde7fc74d880fd002e091210fbcf73abe&sessionid=0&db=ATLA_FT&format=URL (ATLAReligion) 2 Rabbi Jacob Emden's views on Christianity. HG: NB -- SAYS Paul ok by Noahide law to do outreach to pagans!? Author: Falk, Harvey. Source: Journal of Ecumenical Studies 19 no 1 Wint 1982, p 105-111. Doc. Type: Article Libraries Worldwide: 771 , View Full Text on remote site (ATLA)* http://firstsearch.oclc.org/WebZ/DARead?key=0022-0558%2528198224%252919%253A1%253C105%253ARJEVOC%253E%26sp01sw11-54185-e94indbd-ti6wur%26f4c0c588d5b4d4fa5c4ca7dbd4b640e31f9def4185801716d2b6618508b31561&sessionid=0&db=ATLA_FT&format=URL (ATLAReligion) 3 The Image of the Non-Jew in Judaism: An Historical and Constructive Study of the Noahide Laws Author: Libowitz, Richard. Source: Journal of Ecumenical Studies 22 no 4 Fall 1985, p 793-794. Doc. Type: Review Libraries Worldwide: 771 , View Full Text on remote site (ATLA)* http://firstsearch.oclc.org/WebZ/DARead?key=0022-0558%2528198523%252922%253A4%253C793%253ATIOTNI%253E%26sp01sw11-54185-e94indbd-ti6wur%26c632fd124954754171a51f983c7fac1ef77477214e6dd08b95b3ecafc4710038&sessionid=0&db=ATLA_FT&format=URL (ATLAReligion) 4 The Jewish view of natural law Author: Jackson, Bernard S. Source: Journal of Jewish Studies 52 no 1 Spr 2001, p 136-145. Doc. Type: Article Libraries Worldwide: 352 (ATLAReligion) 5 Lo statuto noachide Author: Fontana, Raniero. Source: Estudios b�icos 61 no 3 2003, p 419-435. Doc. Type: Article Libraries Worldwide: 109 (ATLAReligion) 6 Die "Religion Noahs", ihre Herkunft und ihre Bedeutung Author: Dietrich, Ernst Ludwig, Source: Zeitschrift f?igions- und Geistesgeschichte 1 no 4 1948, p 301-315. Doc. Type: Article Libraries Worldwide: 183 (ATLAReligion) 7 Noahide law from the Genizah : the thirty laws of Samuel ben Hophni Gaon. Author: Lichtenstein, Aaron. Source: Hebrew Studies 28 1987, p 113-116. Doc. Type: Article Libraries Worldwide: 156 University of Chicago (ATLAReligion) 8 John Selden, the law of nature, and the origins of government. Author: Sommerville, J P. Source: Historical Journal 27 Je 1984, p 437-447. Doc. Type: Article Libraries Worldwide: 767 (ATLAReligion) 9 Making Theological Room for Each Other : A Jewish Perspective. Author: Troster, Lawrence. Source: Ecumenism no 94 Je 1989, p 24-26. Doc. Type: Article Libraries Worldwide: 49 (ATLAReligion) 10 Covenant implications for ministry : a Jewish perspective. Author: Shudnow, Sanford H. Source: Military Chaplains' Review Sum 1992, p 57-66. Doc. Type: Article Libraries Worldwide: 284 University of Chicago (ATLAReligion) 11 Taryag and the Noahide Commandments. Author: Cohen, Naomi G. Source: Journal of Jewish Studies 43 Spr 1992, p 46-57. Doc. Type: Article Libraries Worldwide: 352 (ATLAReligion) 12 Universal moral law in the theology of Hermann Cohen. Author: Novak, David. Source: Modern Judaism 1 My 1981, p 101-117. Doc. Type: Article Libraries Worldwide: 469 University of Chicago (ATLAReligion) 13 Do Noachites have to believe in revelation : (A passage in dispute between Maimonides, Spinoza, Mendelssohn and H Cohen) Author: Schwarzschild, Stephen S, Source: Jewish Quarterly Review ns 53 Jl 1962, p 30-65. Doc. Type: Article Libraries Worldwide: 539 (ATLAReligion) 14 Do Noachites have to believe in revelation : (A passage in dispute between Maimonides, Spinoza, Mendelssohn and H Cohen) Author: Schwarzschild, Stephen S, Source: Jewish Quarterly Review ns 52 Ap 1962, p 297-308. Doc. Type: Article Libraries Worldwide: 539 (ATLAReligion) 15 Jewish Law Association Studies II : the Jerusalem Conference volume Author: Jackson, Bernard S.Publication: Atlanta, Ga : Scholars Pr, 1986. Document: English : Book (ATLAReligion) 16 The Image of the Non-Jew in Judaism: An Historical and Constructive Study of the Noahide Laws Author: Novak, David.Publication: Toronto : Edwin Mellen Pr, 1983. Document: English : Book (ATLAReligion) 17 Assisting in a violation of Noachide law. Author: Broyde, Michael J. In: Jewish Law Association Studies VIII; Atlanta : Scholars Pr, 1996. (p 11-20.) Doc. Type: Essay (ATLAReligion) 18 The "Law" and the Noahides. Author: Rakover, Nahum. In: Politics and theopolitics in the Bible and postbiblical literature; Sheffield, Eng : JSOT Pr, 1994. (p 148-159.) Doc. Type: Essay (ATLAReligion) 19 Der universalistische Aspekt im Judentum : die noachitischen Gebote. Author: Schwarz, Joel. In: Lernen in Jerusalem - Lernen mit Israel; Berlin : Inst Kirche und Judentum, 1993. (p 110-117.) Doc. Type: Essay (ATLAReligion) 20 Who cares about the seven laws of Noah? a status report. Author: Lichtenstein, Aharon. In: Jewish Law Association studies IV; Atlanta : Scholars Pr, 1990. (p 181-190.) Doc. Type: Essay (ATLAReligion) 21 The "law" and the Noahides. Author: Rakover, Nahum. In: Jewish Law Association studies IV; Atlanta : Scholars Pr, 1990. (p 169-180.) Doc. Type: Essay (ATLAReligion) 22 Israel, the Noahide Laws and Maimonides : Jewish-Gentile legal relations in Maimonidean thought. Author: Frimer, Dov I. In: Jewish Law Association Studies II; Atlanta, Ga : Scholars Pr, 1986. (p 89-102.) Doc. Type: Essay (ATLAReligion) 23 The origin of the Noahide laws. Author: Novak, David. In: Perspectives on Jews and Judaism; New York : Rabbinal Assembly, 1978. (p 301-310.) Doc. Type: Essay (ATLAReligion) 24 The Image of the Non-Jew in Judaism: An Historical and Constructive Study of the Noahide Laws Author: Wolf, Arnold J. Source: Conservative Judaism 39 Fall 1986, p 117-121. Doc. Type: Review Libraries Worldwide: 173 (ATLAReligion) 25 The Image of the Non-Jew in Judaism: An Historical and Constructive Study of the Noahide Laws Author: Dorff, Elliot N. Source: Journal of Religion 67 no 1 Ja 1987, p 120-122. Doc. Type: Review Libraries Worldwide: 1264 (ATLAReligion) 26 The Image of the Non-Jew in Judaism: An Historical and Constructive Study of the Noahide Laws Author: Ford, Lewis S. Source: Encounter 46 Wint 1985, p 87-88. Doc. Type: Review Libraries Worldwide: 457 University of Chicago (ATLAReligion) ==Link Suggestion== [http://www.carintech.com/xil/xil/e7cm.htm A Noachide Code] this website attempts to color-code morality using the Noachide rainbow (it's pretty cryptic).
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
N
NA | NB | NC | ND | NE | NF | NG | NH | NI | NJ | NK | NL | NM | NO | NP | NR | NS | NT | NU | NW | NX | NY | NZ |Words begining with Noahide_Laws:
Noahide_Laws
Noahide_Laws
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