Nitrogen is the chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol N and atomic number 7. A common normally colorless, odorless, tasteless and mostly inert diatomic non-metal gas, nitrogen constitutes 78 percent of Earth's atmosphere and is a constituent of all living tissues. Nitrogen forms many important compounds such as ammonia, nitric acid, and cyanides. == Notable characteristics == Nitrogen is a non-metal, with an electronegativity of 3.0. It has five electrons in its outer shell, so is trivalent in most compounds. Pure nitrogen is an unreactive colorless diatomic gas at room temperature, and comprises about 78.08% of the Earth's atmosphere. It condensation at 77 K and freezes at 63 K. Liquid nitrogen is a common cryogen. == Applications == The greatest single commercial use of nitrogen is as a component in the manufacture of ammonia via the Haber process. Ammonia is subsequently used for fertilizer production and to produce nitric acid. Nitrogen is used as an inert atmosphere in tanks of explosive liquids, during production of electronic parts such as transistors, diodes, and integrated circuits, and is used in the manufacture of stainless steel. Liquid nitrogen (often referred to as LN2) is used as a coolant for the immersion freezing and transportation of food products, for the cryonics and reproductive cells (sperm and Ovum), and for the stable storage of biology samples. It is also used in the study of cryogenics, and for demonstrations in science education. Liquid nitrogen is produced by distillation from liquid air. The salts of nitric acid include some important compounds, for example saltpeter, or saltpeter, and ammonium nitrate. The former compound is a component of gunpowder, the latter important in fertilizer. Nitrated organic compounds, such as nitroglycerin and trinitrotoluene, are often explosives. Nitric acid is used as an oxidizer in liquid fueled rockets. Hydrazine and hydrazine derivatives find use as rocket fuels. Liquid nitrogen can also be used in the treatment of warts and of actinic keratosis (skin lesions that may progress to forms of skin cancer if untreated). == History == Nitrogen (Latin ''nitrum'', Greek language ''Nitron'' meaning "native soda", "genes", "forming") is formally considered to have been discovered by Daniel Rutherford in 1772, who called it ''noxious air'' or ''phlogisticated air''. That there was a fraction of air that did not support combustion was well known to the late 18th century Chemistry. Nitrogen was also studied at about the same time by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Henry Cavendish, and Joseph Priestley, who referred to it as ''burnt air'' or ''dephlogisticated air''. Nitrogen gas was inert enough that Antoine Lavoisier referred to it as ''azote'', which stands for ''without life''. Compounds of nitrogen were known in the Middle Ages. The alchemy knew nitric acid as ''aqua fortis''. The mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids was known as ''aqua regia'', celebrated for its ability to dissolve gold. Nitrogen is also used in filling automotive tires due to its relatively flat line of thermal expansion. == Occurrence == Nitrogen is the largest single component of the Earth's Earth's atmosphere (78.084% by volume, 75.5% by weight) and is acquired for industrial purposes by the fractional distillation of liquid air or by mechanical means of gaseous air (i.e. pressurised reverse osmosis membrane or PSA (Pressure Swing Adsorption). Compounds that contain this element have been observed in outer space. Nitrogen-14 is created as part of the nuclear fusion processes in stars. Nitrogen is a large component of animal waste (for example, guano), usually in the form of urea, uric acid, and compounds of these nitrogenous products. Molecular nitrogen has been known to occur in Titan (moon)'s atmosphere for some time, and has now been detected in interstellar space by David Knauth and coworkers using the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer. == Compounds == The main hydride of nitrogen is ammonia (Nhydrogen3) although hydrazine (N2H4) is also well known. Ammonia is somewhat more basic than water, and in solution forms ammonium ions (NH4+). Liquid ammonia is in fact slightly amphiprotic and forms ammonium and amide ions (NH2-); both amides and nitride (N3-) salts are known, but decompose in water. Singly and doubly substituted compounds of ammonia are called amines. Larger chains, rings and structures of nitrogen hydrides are also known but virtually unstable. Other classes of nitrogen anions are azides (N3-), which are linear and isoelectronic to carbon dioxide. Another molecule of the same structure is Nitrous_oxide (N2oxygen), or laughing gas. This is one of a variety of oxides, the most prominent of which are nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), which both contain an unpaired electron. The latter shows some tendency to Polymer and is an important component of smog. The more standard oxides, dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3) and dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), are actually fairly unstable and explosive. The corresponding acids are nitrous acid (HNO2) and nitric acid (HNO3), with the corresponding salts called nitrites and nitrates. Nitric acid is one of the few acids stronger than hydronium. ==Biological role== Nitrogen is an essential part of amino acid and nucleic acids which makes nitrogen vital to all life. Legumes like the Soybean, can recover nitrogen directly from the atmosphere because their roots have nodules harboring microbes that do the actual conversion to ammonia in a process known as nitrogen fixation. The legume subsequently converts ammonia to nitrogen oxides and amino acids to form proteins. == Isotopes == There are two stable isotopes: N-14 and N-15. By far the most common is N-14 (99.634%), which is produced in the CNO cycle in stars. The rest is N-15. Of the ten isotopes produced synthetically, one has a half life of nine minutes and the remaining isotopes have half lives on the order of seconds or less. Biologically-mediated reactions (e.g., assimilation, nitrification, and denitrification) strongly control nitrogen dynamics in the soil. These reactions almost always result in N-15 enrichment of the substrate and depletion of the product. Although precipitation often contains subequal quantities of ammonium and nitrate, because ammonium is preferentially retained by the canopy relative to atmospheric nitrate, most of the atmospheric nitrogen that reaches the soil surface is in the form of nitrate. Soil nitrate is preferentially assimilated by tree roots relative to soil ammonium. == Precautions == Nitrate fertilizer washoff is a major source of ground water and river pollution. Cyano (-carbonN) containing compounds form extremely poisonous salts and are deadly to many animals and all mammals. == See also == * Nutrient * Nitrogen cycle * NOx ==References== *[http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/7.html Los Alamos National Laboratory – Nitrogen] == External links == * [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/N/index.html WebElements.com – Nitrogen] * [http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/N.html EnvironmentalChemistry.com – Nitrogen] * [http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele007.html It's Elemental – Nitrogen] * [http://www.sunysccc.edu/academic/mst/ptable/n.html Schenectady County Community College – Nitrogen] * [http://www.uigi.com/nitrogen.html Nitrogen N2 Properties, Uses, Applications] Nonmetals Pnictogens Nitrogen metabolism fa:نیتروژن lv:Slāpeklis mi:Hauota simple:Nitrogen th:ไนโตรเจน
Article changed over to new WikiProject Elements format by User:Dwmyers, and User:Malcolm Farmer. Elementbox converted 12:08, 23 Jun 2005 by User:Femto (previous revision was that of [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitrogen&oldid=15684938 02:15, 18 Jun 2005]). === Information Sources === Some of the text in this entry was rewritten from [http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/7.html Los Alamos National Laboratory - Nitrogen]. Additional text was taken directly from [http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/nitrogen/ USGS Nitrogen Statistics and Information], [http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/n_iig.html USGS Periodic Table - Nitrogen], from the Elements database 20001107 (via [http://www.dict.org dict.org]), Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) (via [http://www.dict.org dict.org]) and WordNet (r) 1.7 (via [http://www.dict.org dict.org]). Data for the table was obtained from the sources listed on the main page and WikiProject Elements but was reformatted and converted into SI units. == nitrogen == == premalignant == Sure, use that word if you want. User:Richard Cane 20:56, 19 May 2005 (UTC) :Thanks, Richard. Precancerous sounds amateurish, or maybe it's just me :-) User:Jfdwolff | User_talk:Jfdwolff 21:59, 19 May 2005 (UTC)
Nitrogen
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
Words begining with Nitrogen:
Nitrogen
Nitrogen
Nitrogen
Nitrogen-13
Nitrogen-13
Nitrogen-14
Nitrogen-15
Nitrogen-based_life
Nitrogen/Temp
Nitrogenase
Nitrogeneous_bases
Nitrogenomics
Nitrogenous_base
Nitrogenous_base
Nitrogenous_bases
Nitrogen_assimilation
Nitrogen_compounds
Nitrogen_cycle
Nitrogen_cycle
Nitrogen_deficiency
Nitrogen_Dioxide
Nitrogen_dioxide
Nitrogen_dioxide
Nitrogen_fixation
Nitrogen_fixation_process
Nitrogen_fixing
Nitrogen_gas
Nitrogen_Group
Nitrogen_group
Nitrogen_Group_Element
Nitrogen_inversion
Nitrogen_iodide
Nitrogen_metabolism
Nitrogen_monoxide
Nitrogen_narcosis
Nitrogen_narcosis
Nitrogen_Oxide
Nitrogen_oxide
Nitrogen_oxide
Nitrogen_oxides
Nitrogen_Oxide_Protocol
Nitrogen_Oxide_Protocol
Nitrogen_pollution
Nitrogen_tetroxide
Nitrogen_tetroxide
Nitrogen_trichloride
Nitrogen_triiodide
Nitrogen_triiodide
Nitrogen
Nitrogen is the chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol N and atomic number 7. A common normally colorless, odorless, tasteless and mostly inert diatomic non-metal gas, nitrogen constitutes 78 percent of Earth's atmosphere and is a constituent of all living tissues. Nitrogen forms many important compounds such as ammonia, nitric acid, and cyanides. == Notable characteristics == Nitrogen is a non-metal, with an electronegativity of 3.0. It has five electrons in its outer shell, so is trivalent in most compounds. Pure nitrogen is an unreactive colorless diatomic gas at room temperature, and comprises about 78.08% of the Earth's atmosphere. It condensation at 77 K and freezes at 63 K. Liquid nitrogen is a common cryogen. == Applications == The greatest single commercial use of nitrogen is as a component in the manufacture of ammonia via the Haber process. Ammonia is subsequently used for fertilizer production and to produce nitric acid. Nitrogen is used as an inert atmosphere in tanks of explosive liquids, during production of electronic parts such as transistors, diodes, and integrated circuits, and is used in the manufacture of stainless steel. Liquid nitrogen (often referred to as LN2) is used as a coolant for the immersion freezing and transportation of food products, for the cryonics and reproductive cells (sperm and Ovum), and for the stable storage of biology samples. It is also used in the study of cryogenics, and for demonstrations in science education. Liquid nitrogen is produced by distillation from liquid air. The salts of nitric acid include some important compounds, for example saltpeter, or saltpeter, and ammonium nitrate. The former compound is a component of gunpowder, the latter important in fertilizer. Nitrated organic compounds, such as nitroglycerin and trinitrotoluene, are often explosives. Nitric acid is used as an oxidizer in liquid fueled rockets. Hydrazine and hydrazine derivatives find use as rocket fuels. Liquid nitrogen can also be used in the treatment of warts and of actinic keratosis (skin lesions that may progress to forms of skin cancer if untreated). == History == Nitrogen (Latin ''nitrum'', Greek language ''Nitron'' meaning "native soda", "genes", "forming") is formally considered to have been discovered by Daniel Rutherford in 1772, who called it ''noxious air'' or ''phlogisticated air''. That there was a fraction of air that did not support combustion was well known to the late 18th century Chemistry. Nitrogen was also studied at about the same time by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Henry Cavendish, and Joseph Priestley, who referred to it as ''burnt air'' or ''dephlogisticated air''. Nitrogen gas was inert enough that Antoine Lavoisier referred to it as ''azote'', which stands for ''without life''. Compounds of nitrogen were known in the Middle Ages. The alchemy knew nitric acid as ''aqua fortis''. The mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids was known as ''aqua regia'', celebrated for its ability to dissolve gold. Nitrogen is also used in filling automotive tires due to its relatively flat line of thermal expansion. == Occurrence == Nitrogen is the largest single component of the Earth's Earth's atmosphere (78.084% by volume, 75.5% by weight) and is acquired for industrial purposes by the fractional distillation of liquid air or by mechanical means of gaseous air (i.e. pressurised reverse osmosis membrane or PSA (Pressure Swing Adsorption). Compounds that contain this element have been observed in outer space. Nitrogen-14 is created as part of the nuclear fusion processes in stars. Nitrogen is a large component of animal waste (for example, guano), usually in the form of urea, uric acid, and compounds of these nitrogenous products. Molecular nitrogen has been known to occur in Titan (moon)'s atmosphere for some time, and has now been detected in interstellar space by David Knauth and coworkers using the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer. == Compounds == The main hydride of nitrogen is ammonia (Nhydrogen3) although hydrazine (N2H4) is also well known. Ammonia is somewhat more basic than water, and in solution forms ammonium ions (NH4+). Liquid ammonia is in fact slightly amphiprotic and forms ammonium and amide ions (NH2-); both amides and nitride (N3-) salts are known, but decompose in water. Singly and doubly substituted compounds of ammonia are called amines. Larger chains, rings and structures of nitrogen hydrides are also known but virtually unstable. Other classes of nitrogen anions are azides (N3-), which are linear and isoelectronic to carbon dioxide. Another molecule of the same structure is Nitrous_oxide (N2oxygen), or laughing gas. This is one of a variety of oxides, the most prominent of which are nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), which both contain an unpaired electron. The latter shows some tendency to Polymer and is an important component of smog. The more standard oxides, dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3) and dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), are actually fairly unstable and explosive. The corresponding acids are nitrous acid (HNO2) and nitric acid (HNO3), with the corresponding salts called nitrites and nitrates. Nitric acid is one of the few acids stronger than hydronium. ==Biological role== Nitrogen is an essential part of amino acid and nucleic acids which makes nitrogen vital to all life. Legumes like the Soybean, can recover nitrogen directly from the atmosphere because their roots have nodules harboring microbes that do the actual conversion to ammonia in a process known as nitrogen fixation. The legume subsequently converts ammonia to nitrogen oxides and amino acids to form proteins. == Isotopes == There are two stable isotopes: N-14 and N-15. By far the most common is N-14 (99.634%), which is produced in the CNO cycle in stars. The rest is N-15. Of the ten isotopes produced synthetically, one has a half life of nine minutes and the remaining isotopes have half lives on the order of seconds or less. Biologically-mediated reactions (e.g., assimilation, nitrification, and denitrification) strongly control nitrogen dynamics in the soil. These reactions almost always result in N-15 enrichment of the substrate and depletion of the product. Although precipitation often contains subequal quantities of ammonium and nitrate, because ammonium is preferentially retained by the canopy relative to atmospheric nitrate, most of the atmospheric nitrogen that reaches the soil surface is in the form of nitrate. Soil nitrate is preferentially assimilated by tree roots relative to soil ammonium. == Precautions == Nitrate fertilizer washoff is a major source of ground water and river pollution. Cyano (-carbonN) containing compounds form extremely poisonous salts and are deadly to many animals and all mammals. == See also == * Nutrient * Nitrogen cycle * NOx ==References== *[http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/7.html Los Alamos National Laboratory – Nitrogen] == External links == * [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/N/index.html WebElements.com – Nitrogen] * [http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/N.html EnvironmentalChemistry.com – Nitrogen] * [http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele007.html It's Elemental – Nitrogen] * [http://www.sunysccc.edu/academic/mst/ptable/n.html Schenectady County Community College – Nitrogen] * [http://www.uigi.com/nitrogen.html Nitrogen N2 Properties, Uses, Applications] Nonmetals Pnictogens Nitrogen metabolism fa:نیتروژن lv:Slāpeklis mi:Hauota simple:Nitrogen th:ไนโตรเจน
Nitrogen
Article changed over to new WikiProject Elements format by User:Dwmyers, and User:Malcolm Farmer. Elementbox converted 12:08, 23 Jun 2005 by User:Femto (previous revision was that of [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitrogen&oldid=15684938 02:15, 18 Jun 2005]). === Information Sources === Some of the text in this entry was rewritten from [http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/7.html Los Alamos National Laboratory - Nitrogen]. Additional text was taken directly from [http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/nitrogen/ USGS Nitrogen Statistics and Information], [http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/n_iig.html USGS Periodic Table - Nitrogen], from the Elements database 20001107 (via [http://www.dict.org dict.org]), Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) (via [http://www.dict.org dict.org]) and WordNet (r) 1.7 (via [http://www.dict.org dict.org]). Data for the table was obtained from the sources listed on the main page and WikiProject Elements but was reformatted and converted into SI units. == nitrogen == == premalignant == Sure, use that word if you want. User:Richard Cane 20:56, 19 May 2005 (UTC) :Thanks, Richard. Precancerous sounds amateurish, or maybe it's just me :-) User:Jfdwolff | User_talk:Jfdwolff 21:59, 19 May 2005 (UTC)
Nitrogen
Nitrogen
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
N
NA | NB | NC | ND | NE | NF | NG | NH | NI | NJ | NK | NL | NM | NO | NP | NR | NS | NT | NU | NW | NX | NY | NZ |Words begining with Nitrogen:
Nitrogen
Nitrogen
Nitrogen
Nitrogen-13
Nitrogen-13
Nitrogen-14
Nitrogen-15
Nitrogen-based_life
Nitrogen/Temp
Nitrogenase
Nitrogeneous_bases
Nitrogenomics
Nitrogenous_base
Nitrogenous_base
Nitrogenous_bases
Nitrogen_assimilation
Nitrogen_compounds
Nitrogen_cycle
Nitrogen_cycle
Nitrogen_deficiency
Nitrogen_Dioxide
Nitrogen_dioxide
Nitrogen_dioxide
Nitrogen_fixation
Nitrogen_fixation_process
Nitrogen_fixing
Nitrogen_gas
Nitrogen_Group
Nitrogen_group
Nitrogen_Group_Element
Nitrogen_inversion
Nitrogen_iodide
Nitrogen_metabolism
Nitrogen_monoxide
Nitrogen_narcosis
Nitrogen_narcosis
Nitrogen_Oxide
Nitrogen_oxide
Nitrogen_oxide
Nitrogen_oxides
Nitrogen_Oxide_Protocol
Nitrogen_Oxide_Protocol
Nitrogen_pollution
Nitrogen_tetroxide
Nitrogen_tetroxide
Nitrogen_trichloride
Nitrogen_triiodide
Nitrogen_triiodide
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