Nickel

:''This article is about the element nickel. See also nickel (U.S. coin) and nickel (Canadian coin).'' {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" style="margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em;" |colspan="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"| {| align="center" border="0" |colspan="2" align="center"|cobalt – nickel – copper |- |rowspan="3" valign="center"|Ni
Palladium

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Periodic table (standard)

|} |- !colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|General |- |List of elements by name, List of elements by symbol, List of elements by number |nickel, Ni, 28 |- |Chemical series |transition metals |- |periodic table group, periodic table period, periodic table block |group 10 element, period 4 element, d-block |- |Density, Mohs hardness scale |8908 kilogram per cubic metre, 4.0 |- |color |align="center"|lustrous, metallic
|- !colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|Atomic properties |- |Atomic weight |1 E-26 kg |- |Atomic radius (calc.) |1 E-10 m |- |Covalent radius |121 picometre |- |van der Waals radius |163 pm |- |Electron configuration |[Argon]3d⁸4s² |- |electron 's per energy level |2, 8, 16, 2 |- |Oxidation states (Oxide) |2,3 (mildly basic) |- |Crystal structure |cubic, face-centered |- !colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|Physical properties |- |State of matter |solid (magnetism) |- |Melting point |1728 kelvin (2651 �Fahrenheit) |- |Boiling point |3186 K (5275 �F) |- |Molar volume |6.59 scientific notation10^-6 cubic metre per mole |- |Heat of vaporization |370.4 kilojoule per mole |- |Heat of fusion |17.47 kJ/mol |- |Vapor pressure |237 Pascal at 1726 K |- |Velocity of sound |4970 metre per second at 293.15 K |- !colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|Miscellaneous |- |Electronegativity |1.91 (Pauling scale) |- |Specific heat capacity |440 joule per kilogram-kelvin |- |Electrical conductivity |14.3 10⁶/ (m�ohm) |- |Thermal conductivity | 90.7 watt per metre-kelvin |- |1^st ionization potential |737.1 kJ/mol |- |2^nd ionization potential |1753 kJ/mol |- |3^rd ionization potential |3395 kJ/mol |- |4^th ionization potential |5300 kJ/mol |- !colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|Most stable isotopes |- |colspan="2"| {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" width="100%" ! Isotope ! natural abundance ! half-life ! decay mode ! decay energy (Electron volt) ! decay product |- |⁵⁶Ni |synthetic radioisotope |1 E5 s day |electron capture
Gamma radiation | -
0.158, 0.811 |⁵⁶cobalt
- |- |⁵⁸Ni |68.077% |colspan="4"|Ni is stable isotope with 30 neutrons |- |⁵⁹Ni |syn. |1 E12 s year |ε | - |⁵⁹cobalt |- |⁶⁰Ni |26.233% |colspan="4"|Ni is stable with 32 neutrons |- |⁶¹Ni |1.14% |colspan="4"|Ni is stable with 33 neutrons |- |⁶²Ni |3.634% |colspan="4"|Ni is stable with 34 neutrons |- |⁶³Ni |syn. |1 E9 s y |Beta decay |0.0669 |⁶³copper |- |⁶⁴Ni |0.926% |colspan="4"|Ni is stable with 36 neutrons |} |- !colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|International System of Units units & standard temperature and pressure are used except where noted. |} Nickel is a metallic chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Ni and atomic number 28. == Notable characteristics == Nickel is silvery white metal that takes on a high polish. It belongs to the iron group, and is hard, malleable, and ductile. It occurs combined with sulfur in millerite, with arsenic in the mineral niccolite, and with arsenic and sulfur in nickel glance. On account of its permanence in air and inertness to oxidation, it is used in the smaller coins, for plating iron, brass, etc., for chemical apparatus, and in certain alloys, as German silver. It is magnetic, and is very frequently accompanied by cobalt, both being found in meteoric iron. It is chiefly valuable for the alloys it forms. Nickel is one of the five ferromagnetic elements. Because of the precise alloy used, the US "nickel" coin is not ferromagnetic, while the Canadian coin of the same name is up to and including the year 1958. The most common oxidation state of nickel is +2, though 0, +1 and +3 Ni complexes are observed. ==Applications== About 65 percent of the nickel consumed in the Western World is used to make austenitic stainless steel. Another 12 percent goes into superalloys. The remaining 23% of consumption is divided between alloy steels, rechargeable batteries, catalysts and other chemicals, coinage, foundry products, and plating. Applications include: *Stainless steel and other corrosion-resistant alloys. *Nickel steel is used for armor plates and burglar-proof vaults. *The alloy Alnico is used in magnets. *Mu-metal has an especially high Permeability (electromagnetism), and is used to screen magnetic fields. *Monel metal is a Nickel alloy highly resistant to corrosion, used for ship propellors, kitchen supplies, and chemical industry plumbing *Smart wire, or shape memory alloys, are used in robotics. *Rechargeable Battery (electricity), such as nickel metal hydride batteries and nickel cadmium batteries. *Coin. In the United States and Canada, nickel is used in five-Cent (currency) coins called Nickel (U.S. coin). See also clad. *In electroplating. *In crucibles for chemical laboratory. *Finely divided nickel is a catalyst for hydrogenation vegetable oils. == History == Nickel use is ancient, and can be traced back as far as 3500 BC. Bronzes from what is now Syria had a nickel content of up to two percent. Further, there are Chinese manuscripts suggesting that "white copper" (e.g. baitung) was used in the Orient between 1400 and 1700 BC. However, because the ores of nickel were easily mistaken for ores of silver, any understanding of this metal and its use dates to more contemporary times. Minerals containing nickel (e.g. kupfernickel, or false copper) were of value for coloring glass green. In 1751, Baron Axel Frederik Cronstedt was attempting to extract copper from kupfernickel (now called niccolite), and obtained instead a white metal that he called nickel. The first nickel coin of the pure metal was made in 1881. == Biological role == Many but not all hydrogenases contain nickel in addition to iron-sulfur clusters. Nickel centers are a common element in those hydrogenases whose function is to oxidize rather than evolve hydrogen. The nickel center appears to undergo changes in oxidation state, and evidence has been presented that the nickel center might be the active site of these enzymes. A nickel-tetrapyrrole coenzyme, Co-F430, is present in the methyl CoM reductase and in methanogenic bacteria. The tetrapyrrole is intermediate in structure between porphyrin and corrin. Changes in redox state, as well as changes in nickel coordination, have recently been observed. There is also a nickel-containing carbon monoxide dehydrogenase. Little is known about the structure of the nickel site. Due to studies on chicks and rats (the latter of which are relatively close to humans genetically), nickel is apparently essential for proper liver function. == Occurrence == The bulk of the nickel mined comes from two types of ore deposits. The first are laterites where the principal ore minerals are nickeliferous limonite: (Fe,Ni)O(OH) and garnierite (a hydrous nickel silicate): (Ni,Mg)₃Si₂O₅(OH). The second are magmatic sulfide deposits where the principal ore mineral is pentlandite: (Ni,Fe)₉S₈. In terms of supply, the Sudbury, Ontario region of Ontario, Canada, produces about 30 percent of the world's supply of nickel. The Sudbury deposit is located in an area with evidence of a massive meteorite impact event early in the geologic history of Earth. Other deposits are found elsewhere in Canada, as well as in Russia, New Caledonia, Australia, Cuba, and Indonesia. The deposits in tropical areas are typically laterites which are produced by the intense weathering of ultramafic igneous rocks and the resulting secondary concentration of nickel bearing oxide and silicate minerals. Based on geophysics evidence, most of the nickel on Earth is postulated to be concentrated in the Earth's core. == Extraction and Purification== Nickel can be recovered using extractive metallurgy. Oxy-hydroxide ores are treated using hydrometallurgy, and from sulfide mineral concentrates using pyrometallurgical or hydrometallurgical techniques. Sulfide mineral concentrates are produced by applying the froth flotation process. Nickel is extracted from its ores by conventional roasting and reduction processes which yield a metal of >95% purity. Final purification to >99.99% purity is performed by reacting Nickel and carbon monoxide to form Nickel carbonyl. This gas is passed into a large chamber at a higher temperature in which tens of thousands of nickel spheres are maintained in constant motion. The Nickel carbonyl decomposes depositing pure nickel onto the nickel spheres. The resultant carbon monoxide is re-circulated through the process. == Compounds == *Kamacite is a naturally occurring alloy of iron and nickel, usually in the proportion of 90:10 to 95:5 although impurities such as cobalt or carbon may be present. Kamacite occurs in nickel-iron meteorites. == Isotopes == Naturally occurring nickel is composed of 5 stable isotopes; 58-Ni, 60-Ni, 61-Ni, 62-Ni and 64-Ni with 58-Ni being the most abundant (68.077% natural abundance). 18 radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being 59-Ni with a half-life of 76,000 years, 63-Ni with a half-life of 100.1 years, and 56-Ni with a half-life of 6.077 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lifes that are less than 60 hours and the majority of these have half lifes that are less than 30 seconds. This element also has 1 meta state. Nickel-56 is produced in large quantities in type Ia supernovae and the shape of the light curve of these supernovae corresponds to the decay of nickel-56 to cobalt-56 and then to iron-56. Nickel-59 is a long-lived cosmogenic radionuclide with a half-life of 76,000 years. ⁵⁹Ni has found many applications in isotope geology. ⁵⁹Ni has been used to date the terrestrial age of meteorites and to determine abundances of extraterrestrial dust in ice and sediment. Nickel-60 is the daughter product of the extinct radionuclide ⁶⁰Fe (half-life = 1.5 Myr). Because the extinct radionuclide ⁶⁰Fe had such a long half-life, its persistence in solar_system materials at high enough concentrations may have generated observable variations in the isotopic composition of ⁶⁰Ni. Therefore, the abundance of ⁶⁰Ni present in extraterrestrial material may provide insight into the origin of the solar system and its early history. The isotopes of nickel range in atomic weight from 52 atomic mass unit (52-Ni) to 74 amu (74-Ni). However, there is also Nickel-78, whose half-life was recently measured to be 110 milliseconds, which is believed to be an important isotope involved in supernova nucleosynthesis of elements heavier than iron. [http://skyandtelescope.com/news/article_1502_1.asp] == Precautions == Exposure to nickel metal and soluble compounds should not exceed 0.05 mg/cm³ in nickel equivalents per 40-hour work week. Nickel sulfide fume and dust is believed to be carcinogen, and various other nickel compounds may be as well. Nickel carbonyl, [Ni(CO)₄], is an extremely toxic gas. The toxicity of metal carbonyls is a function of both the toxicity of a metal as well as the carbonyl's ability to give off highly toxic carbon monoxide gas, and this one is no exception. It is explosive in air. sensitization individuals may show an allergy to nickel affecting their skin. The amount of nickel which is allowed in products which come into contact with human skin is regulated by the European Union. In 2002 a report in the journal ''Nature (journal)'' researchers found amounts of nickel being emitted by 1 and 2 euro coins far in excess of those standards. This is believed to be due to a galvanic reaction. ==References== *[http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/28.html Los Alamos National Laboratory – Nickel] == External links == *[http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Ni/index.html WebElements.com – Ni] *[http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Ni.html EnvironmentalChemistry.com – Ni] *[http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v419/n6903/abs/419132a_fs.html&filetype=&_UserReference=C0A804ED4653F39333F43C407C6F3D7FE5CE Article in Nature on nickel emitted by euro coins] * [http://www.lme.co.uk London Metal Exchange] Chemical elements Transition metals mi:Konukōreko

Nickel

Article changed over to new WikiProject Elements format by User:Dwmyers 19:59 Feb 24, 2003 (UTC) === Information Sources === Some of the text in this entry was rewritten from [http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/28.html Los Alamos National Laboratory - Nickel]. Additional text was taken directly from [http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/nickel/ USGS Nickel Statistics and Information], [http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/ni_iig.html USGS Periodic Table - Nickel], from the Elements database 20001107 (via [http://www.dict.org dict.org]), Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) (via [http://www.dict.org dict.org]) and WordNet (r) 1.7 (via [http://www.dict.org dict.org]). Data for the table was obtained from the sources listed on the subject page and WikiProject Elements but was reformatted and converted into SI units. ------ === Talk === ----- ''The amount of nickel which is allowed in products which come into contact with human skin is regulated by the European Union. In 2002 a report in the journal Nature researchers found amounts of nickel being emitted by 1 and 2 euro coins far in excess of those standards. This is believed to be due to a galvanic reaction.'' :wouldn't the quantity of nickel exposure from dental braces be far above any contact from handling coins? User:Crusadeonilliteracy

Nickel

Nickel

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Words begining with Nickel:

Nickel
Nickel
Nickel
Nickel(II)_chloride
Nickel-cadmium
Nickel-cadmium_battery
Nickel-cadmium_battery
Nickel-iron_battery
Nickel-titanium_alloy
Nickel/Temp
Nickelback
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Nickelback_albums
Nickelin
Nickeline
NickelKnowledge
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NickelKnowledge/Contributions
NickelKnowledge/old
Nickelocene
Nickelodeon
Nickelodeon-stub
Nickelodeon_(television)
Nickelodeon_(TV_Channel)
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Nickelodeon_(TV_channel)
Nickelodeon_(TV_station)
Nickelodeon_Australia
Nickelodeon_Games_and_Sports_for_Kids
Nickelodeon_Games_and_Sports_for_Kids
Nickelodeon_Game_Shows
Nickelodeon_GAS
Nickelodeon_Home_Video
Nickelodeon_jukebox
Nickelodeon_Kids'_Choice_Awards
Nickelodeon_Movies
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Nickelodeon_movie_theater
Nickelodeon_Shows
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Nickelodeon_SLAM!
Nickelodeon_stub
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Nickelodeon_Studios
Nickelodeon_TV_blocks
Nickelodeon_TV_channel
Nickelodeon_TV_station
Nickelodeon_TV_Weekend_Blocks
Nickelsville
Nickelsville,_VA
Nickelsville,_Virginia
Nickel_(Canadian_coin)
Nickel_(coin)
Nickel_(coin)
Nickel_(U.S._coin)
Nickel_(U.S._coin)
Nickel_And_Dimed
Nickel_and_Dimed
Nickel_and_Dimed
Nickel_and_Dimed:_On_(Not)_Getting_By_in_America
Nickel_and_Dimed:_On_(not)_Getting_by_in_America
Nickel_and_Dimed:_on_(not)_Getting_by_in_America
Nickel_and_Dimed:_on_(not)_getting_by_in_America
Nickel_arsenide
Nickel_Belt
Nickel_Belt_(electoral_district)
Nickel_Bronze
Nickel_bronze
Nickel_cadmium
Nickel_carbonyl
Nickel_Centre
Nickel_Centre,_Ontario
Nickel_chloride
Nickel_compounds
Nickel_Creek
Nickel_deposits_of_Finland
Nickel_grass
Nickel_hydride
Nickel_metal-hydride
Nickel_metallic_hydride
Nickel_metal_hydride
Nickel_metal_hydride
Nickel_metal_hydride_battery
Nickel_Nickel
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Nickel_Plate_Road
Nickel_Silver
Nickel_silver
Nickel_silver
Nickel_titanium_alloy