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Newspaper[[Image:Brookgreen reading 9739.JPG|frame|Reading the newspaper: Brookgreen Gardens in Pawleys Island, South Carolina, South Carolina.]] A newspaper is a lightweight and disposable publication (more specifically, a periodical), usually printed on low-cost paper called newsprint. It may be general or special interest, and may be published daily, weekly, biweekly, monthly, bimonthly, or quarterly. General-interest newspapers are usually journals of current news on a variety of topics. Those can include Politics, crime, business, Sportswriting, and opinions (either editorials, columnists, or political cartoons). Many also include weather news and weather forecast. Newspapers increasingly use photographs to illustrate stories; they also often include comic strips and other entertainment, such as crosswords. ==Overview== The general variety is issued every day (a daily newspaper), often with the exception of Sundays and some List of holidays by country. Weekly newspapers, printed once a week, are also common; they tend to be smaller and less prestigious than daily papers. Most nations have at least one newspaper that circulates throughout the whole country: a national newspaper, as contrasted with a local newspaper serving a city or region. In the United States and Canada, there are few truly national newspapers, with the notable exceptions of ''USA Today'' in the United States and ''The Globe and Mail'' and ''National Post'' in Canada. Large metropolitan newspapers with expanded distribution networks such as ''The New York Times'', ''Washington Post'', and ''The Toronto Star'' can fill the role of ''de facto'' national newspapers. The owner of the newspaper, or person in charge, is the publisher. The person responsible for content is the editor, editor in chief, or executive editor. Newspapers have been developed around very narrow topic areas, such as news for merchants in a specific industry, fans of particular sports, fans of the arts or of specific artists, and participants in the same sorts of activities or lifestyles. == History == According to the World Association of Newspapers: 59 BC: Regular publications have been created and distributed by governments for millennia, including ''Acta Diurna'', a listing of events ordered by Julius Caesar in ancient Rome. A.D. 713: The first newspaper, ''Mixed News'' in Kaiyuan, was published as hand-written newssheet in Beijing, China. Kaiyuan is the name given to the year in which the paper is published. 1605: Johann Carolus publishes the first printed newspaper ''Relation aller fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien'' (''Collection of all distiguished and commemorateable news'') in Strasbourg, now in France but at the time an independent city within the (mostly) German-speaking Holy Roman Empire. 1621: The first English-language private newspaper, ''The Corante'', was first published, in London. 1631: ''La Gazette'', the first France newspaper, was founded. 1645: the oldest newspaper still in circulation, ''Post-och Inrikes Tidningar'' of Sweden, began publishing. 1650: The world's first daily printed newspaper, ''Einkommende Zeitungen'' (''Incoming news'') founded in Leipzig. 1690: ''Publick Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestick'' in Boston became the first newspaper published in US. It was suppressed after one issue. 1701: (September 6) Estimated first issue of the ''Norwich Post'', which was probably the first provincial newspaper. 1702: The first English daily newspaper, the ''Daily Courant'', was founded by Samuel Buckley on 11 March. (Publication ceased in 1735). 1709: ''Worcester Post-Man'' founded, which became ''Berrow’s Worcester Journal'' in 1753, The ''Worcester Post-Man/Berrow’s Worcester Journal'' is Britain’s oldest surviving unofficial newspaper. 1728: St. Petersburg Vedomosti, the oldest Russia newspaper still in circulation, is founded in Saint Petersburg. 1785: ''The Daily Universal Register'' was founded by John Walters. It became The Times on January 1, 1788. 1803: Just 15 years after the first British penal colony was established, Australia's military government published the ''Sydney Gazette'' and the ''New South Wales Advertiser'', Australia's first newspapers. 1821: ''The Guardian'' was founded. 1871: ''Yokohama Mainichi Shimbun'' (''Yokohama Daily News'') is launched as the first daily newspaper in Japan. Today, on a per-capita basis, Japan ranks first in the world in circulation of newspapers. 1884: Otto Merganthaler invented the linotype machine which, casts type in full lines using hot lead, a quantum leap in newspaper publishing, and issuing in the era of "hot lead." The systems remained in general production in the industry well into the 1980s, when computerized wikt:pagination became prominent. 1962: The ''Los Angeles Times'' drives linotype hot metal typesetters with perforated tape created from RCA computers speeding up the typesetting. The key was development of a dictionary and method to automate the hyphenation and justification of text in columns (tasks that had taken 40 percent of a manual operator's time). 1973: Harris introduced editing terminals, which were quickly followed by terminals from Raytheon, Atex, Digital Equipment Corporation and others. The output was strips of type on film from phototypesetters ("cold type" replacing the "hot type" of linotype machines. Atex worked with the ''Minneapolis Star'' to develop the first pagination system that allowed the creation and output of full editorial pages, eliminating the need for manual paste-up of strips of film. The Atex system featured "Atex Messaging" which is widely believed to be the forerunner of both e-mail and instant messenger applications. == Format == Most modern newspapers are in one of three sizes: * broadsheets (291/2 by 231/2 inches), generally associated with more intellectual newspapers. * tabloids: half the size of broadsheets, and often seen as sensationalism in contrast to them. * Berliner (format) or Midi (newspaper) (470×315 mm), used by European papers such as ''Le Monde''. They are usually printed on a thin, somewhat rough, off-white coloured paper known as ''newsprint''. Since the 1980s, many newspapers have been printed with three-color process photography and graphics. This highlights the fact that the layout of the newspaper is of major importance in getting attention so readers will see and enjoy large sections of the newspaper. To help their titles stand out on the newsstands, some newspapers are not printed on conventional off-white coloured newsprint. For example, the ''Financial Times'' is printed on a distinctive salmon pink paper, the Italian sports newspaper ''La Gazzetta dello Sport'' is printed on pink paper, while ''L'Équipe'' (formerly ''L'Auto'') is printed on yellow paper. (Both the latter promoted major cycling races and their newsprint colours were reflected in the colours of the jerseys used to denote the race leader; thus, the leader in the Giro d'Italia wears a pink jersey, while the Tour de France leader wears a yellow jersey, or maillot jaune). == Circulation and readership == The number of copies sold on an average day is called the newspaper's circulation, and is used to set advertising rates. [[Image:Newspaper_vendor.jpg|thumb|250px|Newspaper vendor, Paddington, London, February 2005]] According to United Nations data from 1995 Japan has three daily papers with a circulation well above 4 million. Germany's ''Bild-Zeitung'', with a circulation of 4.5 million, was the only other paper in that category. In the United Kingdom ''The Sun'' is the top seller, with around 3.2 million copies distributed daily (late-2004). In India, ''The Times of India'' is the largest English language newspaper with 2.14 million copies daily. In the United States and the United Kingdom at least, circulation has been declining for many years. ''USA Today'' has daily circulation of approximately 2 million, making it the most widely distributed paper in the country. However, the validity of ''USA Today'''s circulation figures are disputed by some in the newspaper community. This is because of the newspaper's contracts with hotels. Many of its papers are delivered to hotel guests who do not realise they are being charged for it. In 2004, several large U.S. newspapers were found to have overstated their circulation. == Business side == Almost all newspapers make nearly all their money from advertising. The income from the customer's payment at the newsstand is a pittance in comparison. That is why all newspapers cost little and some are free. The portion of the newspaper that is not advertising is called ''editorial content'' or ''editorial matter''. Publishers of commercial newspapers strive for higher circulation so that advertising in their newspaper becomes more effective, allowing the newspaper to attract more advertisers and charge more for the service. But some advertising sales also market demographics: Some newspapers might sacrifice higher circulation numbers in favor of an audience with a higher income. Many paid-for newspapers offer a variety of subscription plans. For example, someone might only want a Sunday paper, or perhaps only Sunday and Saturday, or maybe only a workweek subscription, or perhaps a day subscription. Some newspapers provide some or all of their content on the Internet, either at no cost or for a fee. In some cases free access is only available for a matter of days or weeks, or readers must register and provide personal data. In other cases, extensive free archives are provided. == Newspaper journalism == Since newspapers began as a journal (record of current events), the profession involved in the making of newspapers began to be called ''journalism''. Much emphasis has been placed upon the value of the journalist to be accurate and fair in the historical record. (See Ethics). In the yellow journalism era of the 19th century, many newspapers in the United States relied on sensational stories that were meant to anger or excite the public, rather than to inform. The more restrained style of reporting that relies on fact checking and accuracy regained popularity around World War II. Criticism of journalism is varied and sometimes vehement. Charges of sensationalism have diminished to a degree. But credibility is questioned because of anonymous sources; errors in facts, spelling, and grammar; real or perceived bias; and scandals involving plagiarism and fabrication. In the past newspapers have often been owned by so-called press barons, and were used either as a rich man's toy, or used as a politics tool. More recently in the United States, a greater number of newspapers (and all of the largest ones) are being run by large media corporations such as Gannett (the largest in the United States) Cox, The Tribune Company, etc. Many industry watchers have concerns that the growing need for profit growth natural to corporations will have a negative impact on the overall quality of journalism. Even though the opinions of the owners are often relegated to the ''editorial'' section, and the opinions of the readers are in the ''op-ed'' ("opposite the editorial page") and ''letters to the editors'' sections of the paper, newspapers have been used for political purposes by insinuating some kind of bias outside of the editorial section and into straight ''news''. For example, ''The New York Times'' is often criticised for a left-wing politics slant to its stories, or, by others, for supporting the American political establishment in nearly all cases, whereas ''The Wall Street Journal'' has a history of emphasising the position of the right-wing politics. Some ways newspapers have tried to improve their credibility are: appointing ombudsman, developing ethics policies and training, using more stringent corrections policies, communicating their processes and rationale with readers, and asking sources to review articles after publication. Many larger newspapers are now using more aggressive random fact-checking to further improve the chances that false information will be found before it is printed. ==The future of newspapers== The future of newspapers is cloudy, with overall readership slowly declining in most developed countries due to increasing competition from television and the Internet. The 57th annual World Newspaper Congress, held in Istanbul in June 2004, reported circulation increases in only 35 of 208 countries studied. Most of the increase came in developing countries, notably China. A report at the gathering said China tops total newspaper circulation, with more than 85 million copies of papers sold every day, followed by India with 72 million—China and India are the two most populous countries in the world—followed by Japan with 70 million and the United States with 55 million. The report said circulation declined by an average of 2.2 percent across 13 of the 15 countries that made up the European Union before May 1. The biggest declines were in Ireland, down 7.8 percent; Britain, down 4.7 percent; and Portugal, where numbers fell by 4.0 percent. One growth area is the distribution of free newspapers, which are not reflected in the above circulation data. They grew 16 percent in 2003. Another growth area is high-quality tabloids, particularly in the UK, where several of the major broadsheets are experimenting with the format (see Broadsheet#Switch to smaller sizes). Smaller and easier to hold than broadsheets, but presenting real journalism rather than traditional tabloid fodder, they appear to have drawn some younger readers who are otherwise abandoning newspapers. Newspapers also face increased competition from the Internet for classified ads, especially for jobs, which have long been a key source of revenue. ==Newspapers in different countries== === Afghanistan === Printed in Afghanistan and other countries by Afghan nationals. List of newspapers in and out of print:
NewspaperDo any newspapers not have advertisements -- is this inevitable? ---- Some newspapers have editorial but not advertising, and some newspapers have advertising but no editorial. These are called Money Savers, Shoppers, etc. user:esun -- Nov. 2, 2002 --- Warning: I am gonna do some re-writes unless someone has the urge to take it on. There are some things that grate on my nerves here. But I'm lazy. Please someone, take this on. :See also Wikipedia:Pages needing attention - User:Hephaestos 04:14 13 Jul 2003 (UTC) ::I know about that, but as I said, I'm lazy. especially so now since my vactaion is almost over. I'm :pretty sure I'm gonna have to take this on myself anyway, but it distracts me from writing an article :about vending machines, of which is still stewing around in my head in the way to present it. I :get sidetracked often when I see something that needs attention. Fixing a spelling mistake or placing :a comma correctly is ok, but sitting down and doing a complete re-write of something I didn't intend to :in the first place just makes me tired. I wanna write what I want to, not fix poor articles, but I can't :stand to leave something that is not good enough. OK, all the time I just spent explaining, I could have fixed this article&emdash;but I'm an idiot. User:Dmsar 04:35 13 Jul 2003 (UTC) --- ''The first regular English language newspaper, The Daily Courant was published for the first time on March 11, 1702.'' -- In what city? User:RickK 04:42 13 Jul 2003 (UTC) --- There is a good, brief Newspaper Timeline here, on the website of the World Association of Newspapers (WAN) [http://www.wan-press.org/article2822.html]. I think the statement about the ''The Daily Courant'' is erroneous and this brief section should be replaced. There is also a page listing "the world's oldest newspapers" here: [http://www.wan-press.org/article2823.html]. These could be used as reference by someone who wants to update this history. - Tom Arnold, March 11, 2004 --- ''Ironically, recent criticism of American journalism appearing in the early 2000s includes that which says newspapers are too unbiased.'' I've ''never'' heard of this. I've heard people who won't read the paper because of bias, but people saying newspapers ''aren't'' biased? That's just unheard of. User:MSTCrow 02:42, May 26, 2004 (UTC) :Can someone please address this? I've gone back and re-read the "newspaper journalism" section, and I'm thinking it's rather subjective, assumes that all journalism is one large bloc of journalistic methods, and it needs to be removed and given a total rewrite. :User:MSTCrow 05:36, 30 May 2004 (UTC) ==Newspaper sections== About the newspaper sections listed under the "United States" section: Are sections much different in other countries? Does this belong under "United States"? User:Maurreen 03:48, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC) == split off student newspaper? == Given that nearly every university has its own, student newspapers in general seem worthy although individuals don't. It woudl also give a good place to redirect to. Thoughts? User:Duncharris|User talk:duncharris 19:26, 14 Nov 2004 (UTC) :Right now, I think the separate article has too little material to warrant being on its own. If there is going to be a separate article, I think it should focus on topics that are particular to student newspapers (such as censorship in that setting, etc.) User:Maurreen 21:27, 14 Nov 2004 (UTC) ==The future of newspapers== I found this two links relavant [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/business/daily/graphics/newspapers_022005.html] and [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A37138-2005Feb19.html] === The Sun === * Is The Sun really considered a newspaper? * Is it worth mentioning that The Economist considers itself a newspaper rather than a magazine? Src: [http://www.economist.com/help/DisplayHelp.cfm?folder=663377#About_The_Economist] : IMHO, no. It doesn't fit any of the generally accepted criteria of newspaper, as compared to magazine. I think the term is kept as part of the Economist's quirky personality (god bless it). - User:DavidWBrooks 13:06, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC) See other meanings of words starting from letter: NNA | NB | NC | ND | NE | NF | NG | NH | NI | NJ | NK | NL | NM | NO | NP | NR | NS | NT | NU | NW | NX | NY | NZ |Words begining with Newspaper: Newspaper Newspaper Newspapercover NewspaperIndex Newspapering Newspaperman Newspapers Newspapers Newspapers_by_country Newspapers_by_country Newspapers_by_language Newspapers_by_world_region Newspapers_in_Arizona Newspapers_in_Brampton Newspapers_in_Hong_Kong Newspapers_in_Kentucky Newspapers_in_Philadelphia Newspapers_in_Serbia_and_Montenegro Newspapers_in_Washington Newspapers_of_Alabama Newspapers_of_Arkansas Newspapers_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina Newspapers_of_California Newspapers_of_Chicago Newspapers_of_Chicagoland Newspapers_of_Chicagoland Newspapers_of_China Newspapers_of_China Newspapers_of_Colorado Newspapers_of_Florida Newspapers_of_Georgia Newspapers_of_Hawaii Newspapers_of_Hawaii Newspapers_of_Hawaii/to_do Newspapers_of_Hong_Kong Newspapers_of_Hong_Kong Newspapers_of_Idaho Newspapers_of_Illinois Newspapers_of_Iowa Newspapers_of_Kansas Newspapers_of_Marshall,_Texas Newspapers_of_Marshall,_TX Newspapers_of_Maryland Newspapers_of_Massachusetts Newspapers_of_Michigan Newspapers_of_Minnesota Newspapers_of_Missouri Newspapers_of_Montana Newspapers_of_Mumbai Newspapers_of_Nebraska Newspapers_of_New_Hampshire Newspapers_of_New_Jersey Newspapers_of_New_York_state Newspapers_of_North_Carolina Newspapers_of_North_Dakota Newspapers_of_Oregon Newspapers_of_Pennsylvania Newspapers_of_South_Carolina Newspapers_of_Tennessee Newspapers_of_the_Americas Newspapers_of_the_Americas Newspapers_of_Utah Newspapers_of_Washington,_DC Newspapers_of_Washington_state Newspapers_of_Wisconsin Newspaper_Agency_Corporation Newspaper_archives_online Newspaper_chains Newspaper_Circulation Newspaper_circulation Newspaper_circulation Newspaper_column Newspaper_comic_strip Newspaper_comic_strips Newspaper_companies Newspaper_companies_of_Ireland Newspaper_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom Newspaper_companies_of_the_United_kingdom Newspaper_editors Newspaper_endorsements_in_the_U.S._presidential_election,_2004 Newspaper_endorsements_in_the_U.S._presidential_election,_2004 Newspaper_from_the_future Newspaper_Guild Newspaper_joint_operating_agreement Newspaper_of_Hong_Kong Newspaper_of_record Newspaper_of_record Newspaper_Preservation_Act Newspaper_Preservation_Act_of_1970 Newspaper_publishers Newspaper_publishers_of_the_19th_century Newspaper_publishers_of_the_20th_century Newspaper_Rock_State_Historic_Monument Newspaper_stamp Newspaper_stubs |
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