
''For the city development concept, see New town.'' There are many places named Newtown, and a few spelled New Town: *New Town, Tasmania, suburb of Hobart, Tasmania, Australia *New Town, North Dakota, North Dakota, United States ==Newton, Newtown, New Town, and Newtonville== This should not be confused with * Newton (disambiguation) * Newtown * Newtonville ''see also'' * Newville * New City * Villeneuve
A New town or planned community or planned city is a city, town, or community that was designed from scratch, and grew up more or less following the plan. Many of the world's capital are planned cities, notably Washington, DC in the United States, Abuja in Nigeria, Brasília in Brazil, Canberra in Australia, and New Delhi and Gandhinagar in India and Islamabad in Pakistan. It was also common in European colonization of the Americas to build according to a plan either on fresh ground or on the ruins of earlier Amerindian cities. ==Ancient Rome== It is historically known that the city of Constantinople was a planned city. Roman Empire Emperor Constantine the Great chose the site for the new metropolis and began construction. His plans quickly fell into place. The modern city (now Istanbul) has changed much since then, but it must be remembered that the city did not develop due to simple human migrational patterns nor pure military advantage. Constantine wanted a city to mark his magnificence and Constantinople fulfilled the desire. ==Brazil== The country's capital, Brasília was a planned city built in the middle of the vast empty center of Brazil, at that time (1960) thousand of kilometers from any big city. It was built in four years, and to fulfill that task there were times when concrete was transported by airplane. The former capital of Brazil was Rio de Janeiro, and the resources tended to center around the southeast region of Brazil. While in part the city was built because there was the need for a neutral federal capital, the main reason was to promote the development of Brazil's hinterland and better integrate the entire territory of Brazil (although some say the real reason was to move the government to a place far from the masses). Brasília is approximately at the geographical center of Brazilian territory. The city is designed in the shape of an airplane, despite the fact that Lúcio Costa insists he shaped it like a butterfly. Housing and offices are situated on giant superblocks, everything following the original plan. The plan specifies which zones are residential, which zones are commercial, where industries can settle, where official buildings can be built, the maximum height of buildings, etc. ==Canada== When Prime Minister of Canada John A. MacDonald began to settle the west in Canada, he put the project under the command of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The CPR exercised complete control over the development of land under its ownership. The federal government of Canada sold every second square mile section along the proposed railway line route to the CPR. The CPR decided where to place train stations, and thus would decide where the dominant township of the area would be. In most instances the CPR would build a station on an empty section of land in order to make the largest profit off sales - meaning that the CPR founded many of the Canadian west's townships, such as Medicine Hat, Alberta and Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, from scratch. If an existing town was close to the newly constructed station but on land not owned by the CPR, the town was forced to move itself to the new site and reconstruct itself, essentially building a new town. Calgary, Alberta and Yorktown, Saskatchewan were among the towns that had to move themselves. After the CPR established a station at a particular site, it would plan how the town would be constructed. The side of the tracks with the station would go to business, while the other side would go to warehouses. Furthermore, the CPR controlled where major buildings went (by giving the town free land to build it where the CPR wanted it to go), the construction of roads and the placement and organization of class-structured residential areas. The CPR's influence over the development of the Canadian west's communities was one of the earliest examples of new town construction in the modern world. ==France== A program of new towns (French ''villes nouvelles'') was developed in the mid-1960s in France. Nine ''villes nouvelles'' were created. * Near Paris: Cergy-Pontoise, Marne-la-Vallée, Sénart (former Melun-Sénart), Évry, Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines * Near Lille: Villeneuve d'Ascq (Former Lille-Est) * Near Lyon: Isle d'Abeau * Near Marseille: Rives de l'Etang de Berre * Near Rouen: Val de Reuil ==Hong Kong== The area of Hong Kong is very mountainous and many places in the New Territories are remote to access by road transport. Hong Kong started developing new towns in the 1950s, to accommodate booming populations. In the early days the term "satellite cities" was used. The very first new towns included Tsuen Wan New Town and Kwun Tong. Wah Fu Estate was built in a remote corner on Hong Kong Island. In the late 1960s and the 1970s, another stage of new town developments was launched. Nine new towns have been developed so far. Land use is carefully planned and development provides plenty of room for public housing projects. Roads and later rail transport are usually available. The first towns are Sha Tin, Tsuen Wan New Town and Tuen Mun. Tuen Mun was intended to be self-reliant, but was not successful. Recent developments are Tin Shui Wai and Tung Chung. ==India== The period following independence saw India being defined into smaller geographical regions. New states like Gujarat were formed, hence their capitals were planned. *New Delhi is a planned city. *Chandigarh is a planned city. Its planning was done by Le Corbusier. *Gandhinagar is also a planned city, with a city plan different from that of Chandigarh. ==Ireland== Derry was the first ever planned city in Ireland, it was begun in 1613, which is when the name was changed to Londonderry. The walls were actually completed 5 years later in 1618. The central diamond within a walled city with four gates was thought to be a good design for defence.[http://www.planningni.gov.uk/AreaPlans_Policy/Conservation/Londonderry/HistoricCityCA.pdf] In Ireland, as in the United Kingdom, the term "new town" is often used to refer to planned towns built after World War II which were discussed as early as 1941. The term "new town" in Ireland was also used for some earlier developments, notably during the Georgian architecture. Part of Limerick city was built in a planned fashion as "Newtown Pery". In 1961 the first new town of Shannon Town was commenced and a target of 6,000 inhabitants was set, this has been exceeded. Craigavon in County Armagh was also a successful town built in Northern Ireland and commenced in 1966 outside of Belfast and has a population exceeding 50,000. It was not until 1967 that the Wright Report planned four towns in County Dublin. These were Blanchardstown, Clondalkin, Lucan, Dublin and Tallaght but in actuallity this was reduced to Blanchardstown, Lucan-Clondalkin and Tallaght, each of these towns has approximately 50,000 inhabitants today. None of the Dublin towns were particularily successful this is partly due to their proximity to the city of Dublin and lack of services. Craigavon and Shannon were the more successful towns but it took several decades for them to mature. Craigavon was somewhat less successful than Shannon, with entire blocks of apartments and shops lying empty, and later derelict, before eventually being bulldozed. The area is now mostly a dormitory town for Belfast. Shannon is of some regional importance today as an economic centre (with the Shannon Free Zone and Shannon International Airport), but until recently failed to expand in population as anticipated. Since the late 1990s, and particularly in the early 2000s, the population has been expanding at a much faster rate, with town rejuvenation, new retail and entertainment facilities and many new housing developments. The most recent new town in Ireland is Adamstown, Dublin in County Dublin. As of 2005, building has commenced and it is anticipated that occupation will commence later in this year with the main development being completed within a ten year timescale. == Japan == Borrowed from New Town movement in the UK, Japan has built some 30 new towns all over the country. Most of them are located near Tokyo and Kansai regions. These towns, unlike those in the UK, do not provide employments. Much of the residents commute to the nearby city. These towns fostered the infamous congestion of commuter trains. Japan has also developed the concept of new towns to what Manuel Castells and Sir Peter Hall call technopole. In the past, the Japanese government had proposed relocating the capital to a planned city, but this plan was cancelled. == Netherlands == One province of The Netherlands, Flevoland (pop. 330,000 (March 2002)), was reclaimed from IJsselmeer. After a flood in 1916, it was decided that the Zuiderzee, an inland sea within the Netherlands, would be closed and reclaimed. In 1932, the Afsluitdijk was completed, which closed off the sea completely. The Zuiderzee was subsequently called IJsselmeer. The first part of the new lake that was reclaimed was the Noordoostpolder (Northeast polder). This new land included, among others, the former island of Urk and it was included with the province of Overijssel. After this, other parts were also reclaimed: the eastern part in 1957 and the southern part in 1968. The municipalities on the three parts voted to become a separate province, which happened in 1986. The capital of Flevoland is Lelystad, but the biggest city is Almere (pop. 170.704 in January 2004). New towns outside Flevoland are Hoofddorp and IJmuiden near Amsterdam, Hellevoetsluis near Rotterdam and the navy port Den Helder. ==Poland== The very diverse layouts in Poland's planned cities is the result of the different aesthetics that were held as ideal during the development of these planned communities. Planned cities in Poland have a long history and fall primarily into three time periods during which planned towns developed in Poland. These are the Nobles' Democracy (16th century-18th century c.), the interwar period (1918-1939) and Socialist Realism (1944-1956). ===Nobleman's Republic=== The extreme opulence that Poland's nobility enjoyed during the Renaissance left Poland's elites with not only obscene amounts of money to spend, but also motivated them to find new ways to invest their hefty fortunes away from the grasp of the Royal Treasury. Jan Zamoyski, Great Crown Chancellor and Hetman whose financial empire within the Polish Republic was known as the "Zamoyski Ordinate" spanned 6400 km² with 11 cities and over 200 villages, in addition to the royal lands he controlled of over 17 500 km² with 112 cities and 612 villages. The "Zamoyski Ordinate" functioned as a country with in a country, and Zamoyski founded the city of Zamosc in order to circumvent royal tariffs and duties while also serving as the capital for his mini-state. Zamość as he named his city was planned by the renowned Paduan architect Bernardo Morando and modelled on Renaissance theories of the 'ideal city'. Realizing the importance of trade, Zamoyski issued special location charters for representatives of peoples traditionally engaged in trade, i.e. to Greeks, Armenians and Sefardic Jews and secured exemptions on taxes, customs duties and tolls, which contributed to its fast development. Zamość was so successful that 11 years after its construction began it had only 26 empty lots left. During the following years Zamosc Academy and numerous churches were built as well as fortifications were completed. Zamość Zamoyski's success spawned numerous other Polish nobles to found their own "private" cities such as Bialystok and many of these towns survive today, while Zamość was added to the UN World Heritage list in 1992 and is today considered one of the most precious urban complexes in Europe and in the world. ===Interwar period=== The preeminent example of a planned community in interwar Poland is Gdynia. After World War I when Poland regained its independence it lacked a commercial seaport, making it necessary to build one from scratch. The extensive and modern seaport facilities in Gdynia, the most modern and extensive port facilities in Europe at the time, became Poland's central port on the Baltic. In the shadow of the port, the city took shape mirroring in its scope only the rapid development of 19th century Chicago, going from a small fishing village of 1,300 in 1921 into a full blown city with a population over 126,000 less than 20 years later. The City's Central Business District that developed in Gdynia is a showcase of Art Deco and Modernist architectural styles and predominate much of the cityscape. There are also villas, particularly in the city's villa districts such as Kamienna Góra where Historicism inspired Neo-Renaissance and Neo-Baroque architecture ===Socialist realism=== After the destruction of most Polish cities in World War II, the Communist regime that took power in Poland sought to bring about architecture that was in line with its vision of society. Thus urban complexes arose that reflected the ideals of socialist realism. This can be seen in districts of Polish cities such as Warsaw's MDM. The City of Nowa Huta (now district of Krakow) was built as the epitome of the proletarian future of Poland. ==Singapore== The new town planning concept was introduced into Singapore with the building of the first New Town, Queenstown, Singapore from July 1952 to 1973 by the country's public housing authority, the Housing and Development Board. Today, the vast majority of the approximately 11,000 public housing flats are organised into 22 new towns across the country. Each new town is designed to be completely self-sustainable. Helmed by a hierachy of commercial developments ranging from a town centre to precinct-level outlets, there is no need to venture out of town to meet the most common needs of residences. Employment can be found in industral estates located within several towns. Educational, health care, and recreational needs are also taken care of with the provision of schools, hospitals, parks, sports complexes, and so on. Singapore's expertise in successful new town design was international recognised when the Building and Social Housing Foundation (BSHF) of the United Nations awarded the World Habitat Award to Tampines New Town, which was selected as a representative of Singapore's new towns, on 5 October 1992. ==United Kingdom== The term is used in the United Kingdom, in the main, to refer to the towns developed after World War II under the New Towns Act 1946. But the idea has a far longer history. The town of Winchelsea is said to be the first new town in Britain, constructed to a grid system under the instructions of Edward I of England in 1280, and largely completed by 1292. Around 1900 the garden city movement, following on the ideas of Ebenezer Howard and Sir Patrick Geddes and the work of Raymond Unwin, manifested itself at Letchworth, England and Welwyn Garden City in Hertfordshire, England. Following World War II, a number of towns (eventually numbering 28) were designated as New Towns and were developed partly to house the large numbers of people who had lost homes during the War. New Towns policy was also informed by a series wartime commissions, including: * the Barlow Commission (1940) into the distribution of industrial population, * the Scott Committee into rural land use (1941) * the Uthwatt Committee into compensation and betterment (1942) * (later) the John Reith, 1st Baron Reith into New Towns (1947). Also crucial to thinking was the Patrick Abercrombie (1944), which envisaged moving 1.5 million people from London to new and expanded towns. Together these committees reflected a strong consensus to halt the uncontrolled sprawl of London and other large cities, under the axiom ''if we can build better, we can live better''. This consensus should probably be viewed in conjunction with emerging concern for social welfare reform (typified by the Beveridge Report). The first completed New Town (1946) was Stevenage, Hertfordshire. In the 1960s a number of New Towns were built in the south-east of England including Milton Keynes, famous (or perhaps infamous) for its car-oriented layout featuring many roundabouts and a grid-based road system (very unusual in the UK). Washington, Tyne and Wear was another, contrasting with the planned city of Washington, DC. In the 1990s an experimental "new town" developed by Charles, Prince of Wales was started at Poundbury in Dorset. Until the 1980s responsibility for developing the New Towns lay with New Town Development Corporations, under the umbrella of The Commission for the New Towns. From then, control was progressively repatriated to the local authorities, a process complete by 1992. Individual assets took longer to transfer. New towns in Wales: Cwmbran, Newtown, Powys There are five post-war new towns in Scotland: Cumbernauld, East Kilbride, Glenrothes, Irvine, Scotland and Livingston, Scotland. See also: Town and Country Planning in the United Kingdom; New towns in the United Kingdom for the full list of post-war new towns. == United States == In the early history of America, planned communities were quite common: Jamestown, Virginia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Williamsburg, Virginia, and Annapolis, Maryland are examples of this trend. Washington, DC, Indianapolis, Indiana, Indiana; Raleigh, North Carolina, North Carolina; Madison, Wisconsin, Wisconsin; Tallahassee, Florida, Florida; and Austin, Texas, Texas are unusual, having been carved out of the wilderness to serve as capital cities. (Other cities with this distinction are Brasília in Brazil, Yamoussoukro in Côte d'Ivoire, Canberra in Australia and Islamabad in Pakistan.) Pullman, now incorporated into Chicago's Southwest side, was a world renowned company town founded by the industrialist George M. Pullman in the 1880's. Greenbelt, Maryland, Maryland, which was built in the 1930s, was one of a series of planned communities built during that era. The Levittowns - in Long Island, Pennsylvania and New Jersey - typified the planned communities of the 1950s and early 1960s. California's Rohnert Park is another example of a planned city built at the same time as Levittown's which was marketed to attract middle class people into an area only populated with farmers with the phrase, "A Country Club for the middle class." The era of the modern planned city began in 1963 with the creation of Reston, Virginia, which was begun just a year before Columbia, Maryland, Maryland. In more recent years, New Urbanism has set the stage for new cities, with places like the idyllic Seaside, Florida, Florida and Disney's new town of Celebration, Florida, Florida. == See also == * List of planned cities * ''Cardus'' and ''decumanus'' in Roman ''coloniae''. * Company town * Garden city movement * Grid plan * Housing estate * Model village * Newtown * Shannon Town * Utopia * Urban planning * Urban planner * List of urban planners ==External links== * [http://www.villes-nouvelles.equipement.gouv.fr/index2.html French new towns] (in French) * [http://whc.unesco.org/sites/564.htm Renaissance town of Zamość] * [http://www.info.gov.hk/tdd/towns/index.htm Hong Kong new towns] * [http://www.tcpa.org.uk/ Town and Country Planning Association] (formerly the Garden Cities Association) New towns Planned cities Urban studies and planning Housing in the United Kingdom
Currently this article is located at new town, and both planned community and planned city redirect here. I think that this article should instead be located at planned city, because all of the "new towns" are also "planned cities" while some of the planned cities don't really meet the definition of "new town". Because there is currently an edit history on planned city (just two different redirects), however, only a sysop can do this page move. User:Leif~User:Leif (User_talk:Leif)User_talk:Livajo">User:Livajo|User:Livajo | User talk:Livajo 09:21, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
:Try searching under dormitory town. Loads of links (note the spelling). User:Icundell 09:40, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
:I have fixed the spelling in the article User:Icundell
::Aha. I didn't know what a dormitory town was, or that there was such a thing. It seems to be a primarily British term which is probably why. User:Livajo_|_User_talk:Livajo">User:Livajo|User:Livajo | User talk:Livajo 10:11, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
:::Note that Wikipedia also has articles for both dormitory town and bedroom community. ~leif
::They are sometimes known as commuter towns. People live there, but don't work there. User:Icundell 10:41, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
== Planned settlement ==
I concur that New town is a bit problematic, but think Planned city and Planned community are also, because 'city' and 'community' are both imprecise terms, just as 'town' is.
How about Planned settlement? A settlement is where people settle - town, city or village. It also has the advantage that things like the US Model cities program could be comfortably encompassed.
Thoughts?
User:Icundell 10:48, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
: No. One of the wikipedia rules is to put things where people will find them. People will not look for an article on planned settlements. They might look for New town or planned city or possibly planned community. Redirect should take care of anyone's problems finding stuff, but planned settlement seems awfully jargony and academic. User:DavidLevinson 18:22, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
:What part of the word 'settlement' is jargony or academic? User:Icundell 18:40, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
== Request for Move discussion ==
The following discussion is being moved from WP:RM. There is no consensus to move the article.
====New town → Planned city====
*See note on Talk:New town User:Leif 21:01, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
** Like some of the participants on the discussion on the Talk:New town page, I see no pressing reason or urgency for the move. Any confusion over the popularity of terms are solved by the redirects. The redirects work, directing anyone who wants Planned city and Planned community to New town. As the old adage goes, ''if it ain't broke... In agreement with a few of the comments left by participants on the talk page, the term \"new town\" seems more prevalent than the more academic/ivory tower \"planned city.\" Ergo, objection. —User:ExplorerCDT 20:00, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
*Support'''. "New town" is quite ambiguous, whereas "planned city" refers quite clearly to what the article is about. I'm not sure I've ever heard "new town" used to refer to the idea of a planned city; a ridiculous number of settlements in the world are named something like "new town" or "new city" in some language, most of which are ''not'' planned cities. (Novgorod immediately springs to mind...) —User:Tkinias 22:43, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
* To make it 'official', Oppose (object seems so confrontational), because I see no pressing need for it. 'New town' is in common usage, the redirects get the job done and a substantial majority of links into the page come via that term or very similar terms. Further, since the concept as it is used today came out of the ''New town movement'', it more accurately reflects its theoretical roots. I would also strongly oppose breaking the article up, as suggested on its talk page. The time might come, but it's not here yet. User:Icundell 01:22, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
:Thinking on it further, ''if'' it is moved I would argue that Planned settlement is much the best option, since that covers any form of place created from scratch - city, town or village. It is a properly generic term, free of any sort of bias. I maintain opposition to this proposal and to breaking up the article (as unwarranted fragmentation), but would probably back a move to ''Planned Settlement'' (also the re-directs would be a lot more straightforward, wouldn't they?) User:Icundell 11:29, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
*Oppose. As per previous post, although I think probably a situation of having both a new town and planned city page would be best (they are different concepts really, though related. See motorway and freeway for example). User:Zoney ♣ User talk:Zoney 03:19, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
*Oppose too - I've said on the Talk:New town that there could be two separate articles. -- User:ALoan User_talk:ALoan 09:49, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
*Support. Maybe "New Town" is used by some people, but here in Canada, I have never heard it used. Ever. User:SECProto 15:57, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC)
*Comment: Folks, I think what we have here is another US-UK thing, just with Canada coming down on the US side for a change ;). I just reread the article and realized that "New Town" is an official usage in the UK (New Towns Act). I still maintain that the term is ambiguous, but I think we need to recognize that the reason for the disagreement has a lot to do with differing trans-Atlantic usage. I like User:Icundell's proposal of Planned settlement as the best, most generic term. The first city cited is Washington, D.C., which (by U.S. standards *grin*) is ''not'' a particularly new town; it also mentions colonial-era American cities, which would be the ''oldest'' ones in the hemisphere. Therefore New town is a bit misleading. The article does not, BTW, currently have enough "meat" to warrant fragmentation IMO. —User:Tkinias 19:22, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
*Oppose. The term is used in the UK exclusively to refer to sub-city level towns run by a planning committee or (in the case of Cramlington and perhaps one or two others) a local borough council, developed after WWII to deal with population overspill from large cities. There is a lot of room for organic growth--the history of the New Towns in the UK at least is a very significant part of the urbanization of the English countryside. There is no need for a move. Keep the section of the article that applies to these developments in its present place and pop the other, conceptually different, material into Planned city instead of the current redirect to New town. --User:Tony_Sidaway|User_talk:Tony_Sidaway#Page_Footer">User:Tony Sidaway|User:Tony Sidaway|User talk:Tony Sidaway#Page_Footer 12:57, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
*Oppose - I was born in a New Town and although some of the London overspill 'New Town's were planned, not all of them were (mostly it was a designation) and they certainly weren't 'cities'. The term also has legal sense in that there was a commission for the New Towns which chose where they should be, etc. --User:VampWillow:User_talk:VampWillow">User:VampWillow|User:VampWillow:User_talk:VampWillow 18:18, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
*Oppose for many of the reasons said above. To reiterate, a new town is actually a reference to a planning concept which can be (and has been) applied to urban areas on either sides of the Atlantic and elsewhere. It is not so much on whether the urban area is "new" or not, or whether the urban area is a "town" or a "city". This page might be of some use to those unfamiliar with the term "new town" as a concept: [http://www.wsu.edu/~owenms/URBAN/NOTES6.HTM The Garden City and New Town Movements]--User:Huaiwei 18:59, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
Words begining with New_town:
New_Town
New_town
New_town
New_Town,_ND
New_Town,_North_Dakota
New_Town,_Tasmania
New_Town,_Tasmania
New_Towns
New_towns
New_towns
New_towns_in_Hong_Kong
New_towns_in_Singapore
New_Towns_in_the_United_Kingdom
New_Towns_in_the_United_Kingdom
New_towns_in_the_United_Kingdom
New_towns_in_the_United_Kingdom
New_Town_(album)
New_town_(disambiguation)
New_Town_Plaza
New Town
''For the city development concept, see New town.'' There are many places named Newtown, and a few spelled New Town: *New Town, Tasmania, suburb of Hobart, Tasmania, Australia *New Town, North Dakota, North Dakota, United States ==Newton, Newtown, New Town, and Newtonville== This should not be confused with * Newton (disambiguation) * Newtown * Newtonville ''see also'' * Newville * New City * Villeneuve
New town
A New town or planned community or planned city is a city, town, or community that was designed from scratch, and grew up more or less following the plan. Many of the world's capital are planned cities, notably Washington, DC in the United States, Abuja in Nigeria, Brasília in Brazil, Canberra in Australia, and New Delhi and Gandhinagar in India and Islamabad in Pakistan. It was also common in European colonization of the Americas to build according to a plan either on fresh ground or on the ruins of earlier Amerindian cities. ==Ancient Rome== It is historically known that the city of Constantinople was a planned city. Roman Empire Emperor Constantine the Great chose the site for the new metropolis and began construction. His plans quickly fell into place. The modern city (now Istanbul) has changed much since then, but it must be remembered that the city did not develop due to simple human migrational patterns nor pure military advantage. Constantine wanted a city to mark his magnificence and Constantinople fulfilled the desire. ==Brazil== The country's capital, Brasília was a planned city built in the middle of the vast empty center of Brazil, at that time (1960) thousand of kilometers from any big city. It was built in four years, and to fulfill that task there were times when concrete was transported by airplane. The former capital of Brazil was Rio de Janeiro, and the resources tended to center around the southeast region of Brazil. While in part the city was built because there was the need for a neutral federal capital, the main reason was to promote the development of Brazil's hinterland and better integrate the entire territory of Brazil (although some say the real reason was to move the government to a place far from the masses). Brasília is approximately at the geographical center of Brazilian territory. The city is designed in the shape of an airplane, despite the fact that Lúcio Costa insists he shaped it like a butterfly. Housing and offices are situated on giant superblocks, everything following the original plan. The plan specifies which zones are residential, which zones are commercial, where industries can settle, where official buildings can be built, the maximum height of buildings, etc. ==Canada== When Prime Minister of Canada John A. MacDonald began to settle the west in Canada, he put the project under the command of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The CPR exercised complete control over the development of land under its ownership. The federal government of Canada sold every second square mile section along the proposed railway line route to the CPR. The CPR decided where to place train stations, and thus would decide where the dominant township of the area would be. In most instances the CPR would build a station on an empty section of land in order to make the largest profit off sales - meaning that the CPR founded many of the Canadian west's townships, such as Medicine Hat, Alberta and Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, from scratch. If an existing town was close to the newly constructed station but on land not owned by the CPR, the town was forced to move itself to the new site and reconstruct itself, essentially building a new town. Calgary, Alberta and Yorktown, Saskatchewan were among the towns that had to move themselves. After the CPR established a station at a particular site, it would plan how the town would be constructed. The side of the tracks with the station would go to business, while the other side would go to warehouses. Furthermore, the CPR controlled where major buildings went (by giving the town free land to build it where the CPR wanted it to go), the construction of roads and the placement and organization of class-structured residential areas. The CPR's influence over the development of the Canadian west's communities was one of the earliest examples of new town construction in the modern world. ==France== A program of new towns (French ''villes nouvelles'') was developed in the mid-1960s in France. Nine ''villes nouvelles'' were created. * Near Paris: Cergy-Pontoise, Marne-la-Vallée, Sénart (former Melun-Sénart), Évry, Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines * Near Lille: Villeneuve d'Ascq (Former Lille-Est) * Near Lyon: Isle d'Abeau * Near Marseille: Rives de l'Etang de Berre * Near Rouen: Val de Reuil ==Hong Kong== The area of Hong Kong is very mountainous and many places in the New Territories are remote to access by road transport. Hong Kong started developing new towns in the 1950s, to accommodate booming populations. In the early days the term "satellite cities" was used. The very first new towns included Tsuen Wan New Town and Kwun Tong. Wah Fu Estate was built in a remote corner on Hong Kong Island. In the late 1960s and the 1970s, another stage of new town developments was launched. Nine new towns have been developed so far. Land use is carefully planned and development provides plenty of room for public housing projects. Roads and later rail transport are usually available. The first towns are Sha Tin, Tsuen Wan New Town and Tuen Mun. Tuen Mun was intended to be self-reliant, but was not successful. Recent developments are Tin Shui Wai and Tung Chung. ==India== The period following independence saw India being defined into smaller geographical regions. New states like Gujarat were formed, hence their capitals were planned. *New Delhi is a planned city. *Chandigarh is a planned city. Its planning was done by Le Corbusier. *Gandhinagar is also a planned city, with a city plan different from that of Chandigarh. ==Ireland== Derry was the first ever planned city in Ireland, it was begun in 1613, which is when the name was changed to Londonderry. The walls were actually completed 5 years later in 1618. The central diamond within a walled city with four gates was thought to be a good design for defence.[http://www.planningni.gov.uk/AreaPlans_Policy/Conservation/Londonderry/HistoricCityCA.pdf] In Ireland, as in the United Kingdom, the term "new town" is often used to refer to planned towns built after World War II which were discussed as early as 1941. The term "new town" in Ireland was also used for some earlier developments, notably during the Georgian architecture. Part of Limerick city was built in a planned fashion as "Newtown Pery". In 1961 the first new town of Shannon Town was commenced and a target of 6,000 inhabitants was set, this has been exceeded. Craigavon in County Armagh was also a successful town built in Northern Ireland and commenced in 1966 outside of Belfast and has a population exceeding 50,000. It was not until 1967 that the Wright Report planned four towns in County Dublin. These were Blanchardstown, Clondalkin, Lucan, Dublin and Tallaght but in actuallity this was reduced to Blanchardstown, Lucan-Clondalkin and Tallaght, each of these towns has approximately 50,000 inhabitants today. None of the Dublin towns were particularily successful this is partly due to their proximity to the city of Dublin and lack of services. Craigavon and Shannon were the more successful towns but it took several decades for them to mature. Craigavon was somewhat less successful than Shannon, with entire blocks of apartments and shops lying empty, and later derelict, before eventually being bulldozed. The area is now mostly a dormitory town for Belfast. Shannon is of some regional importance today as an economic centre (with the Shannon Free Zone and Shannon International Airport), but until recently failed to expand in population as anticipated. Since the late 1990s, and particularly in the early 2000s, the population has been expanding at a much faster rate, with town rejuvenation, new retail and entertainment facilities and many new housing developments. The most recent new town in Ireland is Adamstown, Dublin in County Dublin. As of 2005, building has commenced and it is anticipated that occupation will commence later in this year with the main development being completed within a ten year timescale. == Japan == Borrowed from New Town movement in the UK, Japan has built some 30 new towns all over the country. Most of them are located near Tokyo and Kansai regions. These towns, unlike those in the UK, do not provide employments. Much of the residents commute to the nearby city. These towns fostered the infamous congestion of commuter trains. Japan has also developed the concept of new towns to what Manuel Castells and Sir Peter Hall call technopole. In the past, the Japanese government had proposed relocating the capital to a planned city, but this plan was cancelled. == Netherlands == One province of The Netherlands, Flevoland (pop. 330,000 (March 2002)), was reclaimed from IJsselmeer. After a flood in 1916, it was decided that the Zuiderzee, an inland sea within the Netherlands, would be closed and reclaimed. In 1932, the Afsluitdijk was completed, which closed off the sea completely. The Zuiderzee was subsequently called IJsselmeer. The first part of the new lake that was reclaimed was the Noordoostpolder (Northeast polder). This new land included, among others, the former island of Urk and it was included with the province of Overijssel. After this, other parts were also reclaimed: the eastern part in 1957 and the southern part in 1968. The municipalities on the three parts voted to become a separate province, which happened in 1986. The capital of Flevoland is Lelystad, but the biggest city is Almere (pop. 170.704 in January 2004). New towns outside Flevoland are Hoofddorp and IJmuiden near Amsterdam, Hellevoetsluis near Rotterdam and the navy port Den Helder. ==Poland== The very diverse layouts in Poland's planned cities is the result of the different aesthetics that were held as ideal during the development of these planned communities. Planned cities in Poland have a long history and fall primarily into three time periods during which planned towns developed in Poland. These are the Nobles' Democracy (16th century-18th century c.), the interwar period (1918-1939) and Socialist Realism (1944-1956). ===Nobleman's Republic=== The extreme opulence that Poland's nobility enjoyed during the Renaissance left Poland's elites with not only obscene amounts of money to spend, but also motivated them to find new ways to invest their hefty fortunes away from the grasp of the Royal Treasury. Jan Zamoyski, Great Crown Chancellor and Hetman whose financial empire within the Polish Republic was known as the "Zamoyski Ordinate" spanned 6400 km² with 11 cities and over 200 villages, in addition to the royal lands he controlled of over 17 500 km² with 112 cities and 612 villages. The "Zamoyski Ordinate" functioned as a country with in a country, and Zamoyski founded the city of Zamosc in order to circumvent royal tariffs and duties while also serving as the capital for his mini-state. Zamość as he named his city was planned by the renowned Paduan architect Bernardo Morando and modelled on Renaissance theories of the 'ideal city'. Realizing the importance of trade, Zamoyski issued special location charters for representatives of peoples traditionally engaged in trade, i.e. to Greeks, Armenians and Sefardic Jews and secured exemptions on taxes, customs duties and tolls, which contributed to its fast development. Zamość was so successful that 11 years after its construction began it had only 26 empty lots left. During the following years Zamosc Academy and numerous churches were built as well as fortifications were completed. Zamość Zamoyski's success spawned numerous other Polish nobles to found their own "private" cities such as Bialystok and many of these towns survive today, while Zamość was added to the UN World Heritage list in 1992 and is today considered one of the most precious urban complexes in Europe and in the world. ===Interwar period=== The preeminent example of a planned community in interwar Poland is Gdynia. After World War I when Poland regained its independence it lacked a commercial seaport, making it necessary to build one from scratch. The extensive and modern seaport facilities in Gdynia, the most modern and extensive port facilities in Europe at the time, became Poland's central port on the Baltic. In the shadow of the port, the city took shape mirroring in its scope only the rapid development of 19th century Chicago, going from a small fishing village of 1,300 in 1921 into a full blown city with a population over 126,000 less than 20 years later. The City's Central Business District that developed in Gdynia is a showcase of Art Deco and Modernist architectural styles and predominate much of the cityscape. There are also villas, particularly in the city's villa districts such as Kamienna Góra where Historicism inspired Neo-Renaissance and Neo-Baroque architecture ===Socialist realism=== After the destruction of most Polish cities in World War II, the Communist regime that took power in Poland sought to bring about architecture that was in line with its vision of society. Thus urban complexes arose that reflected the ideals of socialist realism. This can be seen in districts of Polish cities such as Warsaw's MDM. The City of Nowa Huta (now district of Krakow) was built as the epitome of the proletarian future of Poland. ==Singapore== The new town planning concept was introduced into Singapore with the building of the first New Town, Queenstown, Singapore from July 1952 to 1973 by the country's public housing authority, the Housing and Development Board. Today, the vast majority of the approximately 11,000 public housing flats are organised into 22 new towns across the country. Each new town is designed to be completely self-sustainable. Helmed by a hierachy of commercial developments ranging from a town centre to precinct-level outlets, there is no need to venture out of town to meet the most common needs of residences. Employment can be found in industral estates located within several towns. Educational, health care, and recreational needs are also taken care of with the provision of schools, hospitals, parks, sports complexes, and so on. Singapore's expertise in successful new town design was international recognised when the Building and Social Housing Foundation (BSHF) of the United Nations awarded the World Habitat Award to Tampines New Town, which was selected as a representative of Singapore's new towns, on 5 October 1992. ==United Kingdom== The term is used in the United Kingdom, in the main, to refer to the towns developed after World War II under the New Towns Act 1946. But the idea has a far longer history. The town of Winchelsea is said to be the first new town in Britain, constructed to a grid system under the instructions of Edward I of England in 1280, and largely completed by 1292. Around 1900 the garden city movement, following on the ideas of Ebenezer Howard and Sir Patrick Geddes and the work of Raymond Unwin, manifested itself at Letchworth, England and Welwyn Garden City in Hertfordshire, England. Following World War II, a number of towns (eventually numbering 28) were designated as New Towns and were developed partly to house the large numbers of people who had lost homes during the War. New Towns policy was also informed by a series wartime commissions, including: * the Barlow Commission (1940) into the distribution of industrial population, * the Scott Committee into rural land use (1941) * the Uthwatt Committee into compensation and betterment (1942) * (later) the John Reith, 1st Baron Reith into New Towns (1947). Also crucial to thinking was the Patrick Abercrombie (1944), which envisaged moving 1.5 million people from London to new and expanded towns. Together these committees reflected a strong consensus to halt the uncontrolled sprawl of London and other large cities, under the axiom ''if we can build better, we can live better''. This consensus should probably be viewed in conjunction with emerging concern for social welfare reform (typified by the Beveridge Report). The first completed New Town (1946) was Stevenage, Hertfordshire. In the 1960s a number of New Towns were built in the south-east of England including Milton Keynes, famous (or perhaps infamous) for its car-oriented layout featuring many roundabouts and a grid-based road system (very unusual in the UK). Washington, Tyne and Wear was another, contrasting with the planned city of Washington, DC. In the 1990s an experimental "new town" developed by Charles, Prince of Wales was started at Poundbury in Dorset. Until the 1980s responsibility for developing the New Towns lay with New Town Development Corporations, under the umbrella of The Commission for the New Towns. From then, control was progressively repatriated to the local authorities, a process complete by 1992. Individual assets took longer to transfer. New towns in Wales: Cwmbran, Newtown, Powys There are five post-war new towns in Scotland: Cumbernauld, East Kilbride, Glenrothes, Irvine, Scotland and Livingston, Scotland. See also: Town and Country Planning in the United Kingdom; New towns in the United Kingdom for the full list of post-war new towns. == United States == In the early history of America, planned communities were quite common: Jamestown, Virginia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Williamsburg, Virginia, and Annapolis, Maryland are examples of this trend. Washington, DC, Indianapolis, Indiana, Indiana; Raleigh, North Carolina, North Carolina; Madison, Wisconsin, Wisconsin; Tallahassee, Florida, Florida; and Austin, Texas, Texas are unusual, having been carved out of the wilderness to serve as capital cities. (Other cities with this distinction are Brasília in Brazil, Yamoussoukro in Côte d'Ivoire, Canberra in Australia and Islamabad in Pakistan.) Pullman, now incorporated into Chicago's Southwest side, was a world renowned company town founded by the industrialist George M. Pullman in the 1880's. Greenbelt, Maryland, Maryland, which was built in the 1930s, was one of a series of planned communities built during that era. The Levittowns - in Long Island, Pennsylvania and New Jersey - typified the planned communities of the 1950s and early 1960s. California's Rohnert Park is another example of a planned city built at the same time as Levittown's which was marketed to attract middle class people into an area only populated with farmers with the phrase, "A Country Club for the middle class." The era of the modern planned city began in 1963 with the creation of Reston, Virginia, which was begun just a year before Columbia, Maryland, Maryland. In more recent years, New Urbanism has set the stage for new cities, with places like the idyllic Seaside, Florida, Florida and Disney's new town of Celebration, Florida, Florida. == See also == * List of planned cities * ''Cardus'' and ''decumanus'' in Roman ''coloniae''. * Company town * Garden city movement * Grid plan * Housing estate * Model village * Newtown * Shannon Town * Utopia * Urban planning * Urban planner * List of urban planners ==External links== * [http://www.villes-nouvelles.equipement.gouv.fr/index2.html French new towns] (in French) * [http://whc.unesco.org/sites/564.htm Renaissance town of Zamość] * [http://www.info.gov.hk/tdd/towns/index.htm Hong Kong new towns] * [http://www.tcpa.org.uk/ Town and Country Planning Association] (formerly the Garden Cities Association) New towns Planned cities Urban studies and planning Housing in the United Kingdom
New town
Currently this article is located at new town, and both planned community and planned city redirect here. I think that this article should instead be located at planned city, because all of the "new towns" are also "planned cities" while some of the planned cities don't really meet the definition of "new town". Because there is currently an edit history on planned city (just two different redirects), however, only a sysop can do this page move. User:Leif~User:Leif (User_talk:Leif)
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NA | NB | NC | ND | NE | NF | NG | NH | NI | NJ | NK | NL | NM | NO | NP | NR | NS | NT | NU | NW | NX | NY | NZ |Words begining with New_town:
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