
New Guinea, located just north of Australia, is the List of islands by size island having become separated from the Australian mainland when the area now known as the Torres Strait flooded around 5000 BC. The name Papua also refers to the island in whole or in part. (Refer to Papua (disambiguation) for clarification.) ==Political divisions== The island is divided politically along east-west lines, roughly into equal halves: *The portions of the island of New Guinea (''Irian'' in Bahasa Indonesia) located west of 141°E longitude (see [http://www.papuaweb.org/goi/pp/peta-hr.gif map]) are incorporated into Indonesia as the provinces: **West Irian Jaya (Irian Jaya Barat)with Merauke as its capital **Papua (Indonesian province) (formerly Irian Jaya)with the city of Jayapura as its capital. A proposal to split this into Papua Tengah (Central Papua) and Papua Timur (East Papua) has not been implemented.[[Image:FlagofWestPapua.png|right|thumb|225px|Flag of West Papua West Papua]] :Papuans actively have supported a broad-based independence movement, the Organisasi Papua Merdeka or OPM, against Indonesia since 1962. Its military arm is the TPN, or the Liberation Army of Free Papua. The Indonesian authorities view this as a separatist and a terrorist movement, the members of which are guilty of high treason. The OPM has charged the Indonesian government with racism, genocide, political assassination, torture and terrorism. Amnesty International has estimated more than 100,000 Papuans have died as a result of government-sponsored violence against West Papuans, while others have set the number at more than 200,000. *The eastern part forms the primary part of the nation of Papua New Guinea, which has been an independent country since 1975. ==The people== Populated by nearly a thousand different Papua Melanesian tribal groups since 45,000 BC, New Guinea is the home of the world's oldest independent societies and a staggering number of separate languages, the Papuan languages. The separation was not merely linguistic; warfare among societies was a factor in the evolution of the ''men's house'': separate housing of groups of adult men, from the single-family houses of the women and children, for mutual protection against the other groups. Pig-based trade between the groups and pig-based feasts are a common theme with the other peoples of Southeast Asia and Oceania. Most societies practice agriculture, supplemented by hunting and gathering. The island's population is comprised of roughly two indigenous ethnic groups: Papuans and Austronesians. Papuans are Melanesian peoples with brown skin and woolly hair, who closely resemble the Australian Aborigine of Australia in appearance. Current archaeological evidence indicates they are the oldest human residents of New Guinea, and they constitute the majority of the West Papuan population. Austronesians are of Southeast Asia, or Micronesia, stock. These seafaring peoples colonized New Guinea from the north, it is estimated, several thousand years after the arrival of the Papuans. Other routes of colonization of Papua are surmised to have been land bridges from the Australian continent and neighboring islands after a climate change lowered the sea level. Over the millennia, the confluence of people and cultures of the islands of Micronesia, Melanesia and Polynesia, and the region's history of European and Asian colonization, have combined to create a highly ethnically diverse island. The Indonesian government of West Papua has instituted an aggressive transmigration program designed to bring chiefly Sumatra and Java (island) immigrants to West Papua to tip the largely black population toward a more Asian "balance." To date, more than 1 million Asian immigrants have settled in West Papua as part of the transmigration program. ==Ecology== With some 1 E11 m² of tropical land, New Guinea has an immense ecological value: 11,000 plant species; nearly 600 unique bird species, including the bird of paradise; over 400 Amphibia; 455 butterfly species; marsupials including bondegezou, Goodfellow's tree kangaroo, Huon tree kangaroo, long-beaked echidna, tenkile, alpine wallaby, cuscus and possums; and various other mammal species. Most of these species are shared, at least in their origin, with the continent of Australia, which was until fairly recent geological times, part of the same landmass. See Australia-New Guinea for an overview. ==History== ''Main article: History of Papua New Guinea'' The first European claim occurred in 1828, when the Netherlands formally claimed the western half of the island. In 1883, following a short-lived French annexation of New Ireland, the self-governing colony of Queensland annexed south-eastern New Guinea. However, the Queensland government's superiors in the United Kingdom revoked the claim, and (formally) assumed direct responsibility in 1884, when Germany claimed north-eastern New Guinea as a protectorate. The first Dutch government posts were established in 1898 and in 1902 Manokwari on the North coast, Fak-Fak in the West and Merauke in the South at the border with British New Guinea (later renamed Papua). Both the Dutch and the British tried to suppress warfare and headhunting once common between the villages of the populace. In 1906 the British government transferred total responsibility for south-east New Guinea to Australia. During World War I, Australian forces seized German New Guinea, which in 1920 became a League of Nations League of Nations Mandated territory of Australia. The Australian territories became collectively known as The Territories of Papua and New Guinea (until February 1942). Netherlands New Guinea and the Australian territories were invaded in 1942 by the Japanese. The Australian territories were put under military administration and were known simply as New Guinea. The highlands, northern and eastern parts of the island became key battlefields in the South West Pacific Theatre of World War II. Papuans often gave vital assistance to the Allies, fighting alongside Australian and United States troops, and carrying equipment and injured men across New Guinea. Following the return to civil administration, the Australian section was known as the Territory of Papua-New Guinea (1945-49) and then as Papua and New Guinea. Although the rest of the Dutch East Indies achieved independence as Indonesia on 27 December 1949, the Netherlands regained control of western New Guinea. During the 1950s the Dutch government began to prepare Netherlands New Guinea for full independence and allowed elections in 1959; an elected Papuan Council, the New Guinea Council (''Nieuw Guinea Raad'') took office on April 5 1961. The Council decided on the name of West Papua, a national emblem, a flag called the Morning Star or ''Bintang Kejora'', and a national anthem; these were adopted and the flag was first raised — next to the Dutch flag — on December 1 1961. However, Indonesia threatened with an invasion, after full mobilisation of its army, by 15 August 1962. It had received with military help from the Soviet Union. Under strong pressure of the Kennedy administration the Dutch, who were prepared to resist an Indonesian attack, had to go to the conference table. On 1 October 1962 the Dutch handed over the territory to a temporary UN administration (UNTEA). On 1 May 1963 Indonesia took control. The territory was renamed West Irian and then Irian Jaya. In 1969 Indonesia, under the 1962 New York Agreemnt had to organize a plebiscite to seek the consent of the Papuans for Indonesian rule. This so called Act of Free Choice (''Pepera'') resulted under strong threats and intimidations of the Indonesian army in a 100 % vote for continued Indonesian rule. From 1971, the name Papua New Guinea was used for the Australian territory. In 1975, Australia granted full independence to Papua New Guinea. In 2000, amid increasing discontent and opposition to Indonesian rule, Irian Jaya was formally renamed "The Province of Papua" and a large measure of "special autonomy" was granted in 2001. This law on special autonomy, however, was never implemented. On the contrary, beginning of 2003 President Megawati Sukarnoputri announced the division of the province into three parts, while the name "Papua" for the province would again revert to Irian. With strong public protest by Papuans only the province of West Irian Jaya, with Manokwari as its capital, covering the Bird's Head peninsula was split from Papua Province. In 2005 a new proposal came from Jakarta to split the province into five provinces, with the clear purpose to eliminate all anti-Indonesian and pro-independence action. ==External links== *[http://natzoo.si.edu/Publications/ZooGoer/2001/2/intoxnewguineabirds.cfm ''The Intoxicating Birds of New Guinea'' by John Tidwell] *[http://www.fpcn-global.org/index.php?module=htmlpages&func=display&pid=1 Online documentaries re OPM sponsored by West German-based Friends of Peoples Close to Nature] Islands Melanesia New Guinea minnan:Sin Guinea
For real info on Papua and West Papua try http://members.optushome.com.au/daeron and New Guinea back on http://fandom.net/~daeron ; and the tragic genocide at http://members.optushome.com.au/daeron/Genocide ; same author but without his words being twisted. Example compare the current Papua_(Indonesia_province) against the original authors version http://members.optushome.com.au/daeron/West%20Papua ---- == Reference on population migration == The bushmen are not the same race as other Africans; there was no mention of the Veddoids or Melanesians; for this reason I substituted a reference to a paper on the Veddoid population. It mentions evidence for Veddoid people in Southwest Asia, India, China, and Australasia as well. (unattributed) It's not terribly helpful/useful to delete text and simply insert a reference in its place. The root peoples of the so-called "Veddoid" peoples ''are'' the San bushmen. I refer you to Spencer Wells' recent DNA investigations that traced San (possessors of the oldest known human DNA on the planet) DNA directly from the San to the Tamils/Dravidians in southern India and then on to Australia in an effort to pinpoint human migration patterns out of Africa. It reinforces what pan-Africanists/Afrocentrists have been saying for decades. It is also why I, as an African American living in a multicultural, multinational community, am constantly mistaken for an East Indian/Bangladeshi. And that is precisely why I wrote the passage as I did. User:Deeceevoice 08:54, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC) I've reverted (and tweaked) the text. The revision is simply incorrect. User:Deeceevoice 08:40, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC) A source: [http://www.janeresture.com/oceania_ethnology/melanesia.htm Oceanea Ethnology: Melanesia] :"The basic population [of Fiji] is Negroid, a tall, dark-skinned people with broad features and a mop of black, woolly hair who at an early period occupied the whole area from New Guinea to Fiji. ''At the present time, they exist as a people inhabiting the western three-quarters of Papua New Guinea.'' Elsewhere they had been modified through the migration through the southeast of New Guinea and the island chain of Melanesia, of those Indonesian folk who became the Polynesians and the Micronesians." User:Deeceevoice 08:59, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC) Many laypeople have old-fashioned thoughts when it comes to anthropology. Modern genetics has proven that Africans and Aboriginal Australians are genetically farthest apart, despite their superficial resemblance. Read reliable books such as ''The History and Geography of Human Genes'' by Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza. All modern humans are believed to have African origins, of course, but that doesn't mean Aboriginal Australians are genetically closest to Africans. Here is an excerpt from [http://www.ecotao.com/holism/hu_sap.htm Homo sapiens sapiens, the true, modern human]: :''Australian aborigines are genetically the most distant from the Africans.'' See also [http://www.mcdonald.cam.ac.uk/genetics/iceage.pdf Ice Ages and the mitochondrial DNA chronology of human dispersals: a review], which provides several good maps of human migration, and see carefully that Aboriginal Australians are descendants of Asians with the M and N types of mtDNA. Deeceevoice, you probably misunderstand Spencer Wells' studies. The followings are excerpts from National Geographic's article ''[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/12/1212_021213_journeyofman.html Documentary Redraws Humans' Family Tree]'': :''In his [Spencer Wells'] view, the early travelers followed the southern coastline of Asia, crossed about 250 kilometers (155 miles) of sea, and colonized Australia by around 50,000 years ago. The Aborigines of Australia, Wells says, are the descendants of the first wave of migration out of Africa.'' and :''Wells says a second wave of hominids left Africa around 45,000 years ago, reproduced rapidly, and settled in the Middle East; smaller groups went off to India and China.'' :''Isolated by mountains and the sea for many generations, and exposed to a colder climate and less sunlight than in Africa, the Asian populations became paler over time.'' Since Asians went out of Africa later than Aboriginal Australians did, the former are genetically closer to Africans than the latter are. The current version describing New Guinean people as ''Africanoids'' is simply incorrect. - User:TAKASUGI Shinji 08:04, 2005 Apr 18 (UTC) Sorry, but that's just silly. And, no, I haven't misunderstood Spencer Wells' findings. Genetic "proximity," if you will, is not about timelines. It is about when and how distinctly/widely mutations occurred from the "root stock." Clearly, physically, Asians are quite different from indigenous African peoples, who obviously closely resemble not only the Australian aborigines, but the Papuans, as well. The genetic mutations of Asians over time and the resultant phenotypical differences make them a population distinct from Africanoid peoples. Put an Asian in the middle of, say, Namibia, and they'd be immediately recognizable as foreign to the land. Do the same with a Papuan, and there would be no such recognition. They are black-skinned, look ''identical'' to black Africans and their descendants the world over and have woolly, nappy hair. User:Deeceevoice 16:21, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC) :You are repeating the 19th-century anthropology, which incorrectly relied mainly on physical appearance. Today, anthropologists agree that DNA is more important than color of complexion. Thinking Papuans are Africans is just silly. People in a tropic region should have dark complexion to avoid UV, and that's all. This article needs more attention from real anthropologists, to remove the error the current version has. - User:TAKASUGI Shinji 16:46, 2005 Apr 18 (UTC) Further, Spencer Wells' DNA tests reveal distinct linkages between the San bushmen, the Tamil/Dalit people of southern India and the Australian aborigines. Nappy hair and black skin are definitively black African/Africanoid phenotypes. Anthropologists generally concur that the Africanoid Papuan peoples reached New Guinea via a land bridge connecting it to Australia that became visible after a climate change that caused sea level to drop. The Southeast Asians came by sea from the north. What this article needs is objectivity -- not fiction that makes no sense whatsoever. IMO, you can't simply pull black-skinned, nappy-headed black people out of the air (actually, I was thinking about a part of one's anatomy, but I'm being polite) and call them Asians. Your link claiming that "Australian aborigines are genetically the most distant from the Africans" sounds intriguing -- and ridiculous -- enough so that I ''will'' take a look at it. (I'm trying to remain open-minded.) But I'm crunching a deadline at the moment and won't be able to get to it immediately. Peace. User:Deeceevoice 17:40, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC) Takasugi, I've come across some additional information, which may shed some light on our disagreement. One source I consulted focused on the Australian land bridge. Another focused on additional routes of migration from Southeast Asia as being the first. In each case, however, the oldest waves of migration into New Guinea were characterized as "Negrito" in phenotype. (There's no secret that Bantu-like black peoples were the first inhabitants of these areas also.) ''Is'' the general consensus that the first humans in New Guinea came from the north? I haven't had a chance to read up on this widely, but here's a passage I came across (it mentions sea and land-bridge approaches from the north):
Melanesia
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
Words begining with New_Guinea:
New_Guinea
New_Guinea
New_Guinea
New_Guinea_Company
New_Guinea_Papua
New_Guinea_Pidgin
New_Guinea_Singing_Dog
New Guinea
New Guinea, located just north of Australia, is the List of islands by size island having become separated from the Australian mainland when the area now known as the Torres Strait flooded around 5000 BC. The name Papua also refers to the island in whole or in part. (Refer to Papua (disambiguation) for clarification.) ==Political divisions== The island is divided politically along east-west lines, roughly into equal halves: *The portions of the island of New Guinea (''Irian'' in Bahasa Indonesia) located west of 141°E longitude (see [http://www.papuaweb.org/goi/pp/peta-hr.gif map]) are incorporated into Indonesia as the provinces: **West Irian Jaya (Irian Jaya Barat)with Merauke as its capital **Papua (Indonesian province) (formerly Irian Jaya)with the city of Jayapura as its capital. A proposal to split this into Papua Tengah (Central Papua) and Papua Timur (East Papua) has not been implemented.[[Image:FlagofWestPapua.png|right|thumb|225px|Flag of West Papua West Papua]] :Papuans actively have supported a broad-based independence movement, the Organisasi Papua Merdeka or OPM, against Indonesia since 1962. Its military arm is the TPN, or the Liberation Army of Free Papua. The Indonesian authorities view this as a separatist and a terrorist movement, the members of which are guilty of high treason. The OPM has charged the Indonesian government with racism, genocide, political assassination, torture and terrorism. Amnesty International has estimated more than 100,000 Papuans have died as a result of government-sponsored violence against West Papuans, while others have set the number at more than 200,000. *The eastern part forms the primary part of the nation of Papua New Guinea, which has been an independent country since 1975. ==The people== Populated by nearly a thousand different Papua Melanesian tribal groups since 45,000 BC, New Guinea is the home of the world's oldest independent societies and a staggering number of separate languages, the Papuan languages. The separation was not merely linguistic; warfare among societies was a factor in the evolution of the ''men's house'': separate housing of groups of adult men, from the single-family houses of the women and children, for mutual protection against the other groups. Pig-based trade between the groups and pig-based feasts are a common theme with the other peoples of Southeast Asia and Oceania. Most societies practice agriculture, supplemented by hunting and gathering. The island's population is comprised of roughly two indigenous ethnic groups: Papuans and Austronesians. Papuans are Melanesian peoples with brown skin and woolly hair, who closely resemble the Australian Aborigine of Australia in appearance. Current archaeological evidence indicates they are the oldest human residents of New Guinea, and they constitute the majority of the West Papuan population. Austronesians are of Southeast Asia, or Micronesia, stock. These seafaring peoples colonized New Guinea from the north, it is estimated, several thousand years after the arrival of the Papuans. Other routes of colonization of Papua are surmised to have been land bridges from the Australian continent and neighboring islands after a climate change lowered the sea level. Over the millennia, the confluence of people and cultures of the islands of Micronesia, Melanesia and Polynesia, and the region's history of European and Asian colonization, have combined to create a highly ethnically diverse island. The Indonesian government of West Papua has instituted an aggressive transmigration program designed to bring chiefly Sumatra and Java (island) immigrants to West Papua to tip the largely black population toward a more Asian "balance." To date, more than 1 million Asian immigrants have settled in West Papua as part of the transmigration program. ==Ecology== With some 1 E11 m² of tropical land, New Guinea has an immense ecological value: 11,000 plant species; nearly 600 unique bird species, including the bird of paradise; over 400 Amphibia; 455 butterfly species; marsupials including bondegezou, Goodfellow's tree kangaroo, Huon tree kangaroo, long-beaked echidna, tenkile, alpine wallaby, cuscus and possums; and various other mammal species. Most of these species are shared, at least in their origin, with the continent of Australia, which was until fairly recent geological times, part of the same landmass. See Australia-New Guinea for an overview. ==History== ''Main article: History of Papua New Guinea'' The first European claim occurred in 1828, when the Netherlands formally claimed the western half of the island. In 1883, following a short-lived French annexation of New Ireland, the self-governing colony of Queensland annexed south-eastern New Guinea. However, the Queensland government's superiors in the United Kingdom revoked the claim, and (formally) assumed direct responsibility in 1884, when Germany claimed north-eastern New Guinea as a protectorate. The first Dutch government posts were established in 1898 and in 1902 Manokwari on the North coast, Fak-Fak in the West and Merauke in the South at the border with British New Guinea (later renamed Papua). Both the Dutch and the British tried to suppress warfare and headhunting once common between the villages of the populace. In 1906 the British government transferred total responsibility for south-east New Guinea to Australia. During World War I, Australian forces seized German New Guinea, which in 1920 became a League of Nations League of Nations Mandated territory of Australia. The Australian territories became collectively known as The Territories of Papua and New Guinea (until February 1942). Netherlands New Guinea and the Australian territories were invaded in 1942 by the Japanese. The Australian territories were put under military administration and were known simply as New Guinea. The highlands, northern and eastern parts of the island became key battlefields in the South West Pacific Theatre of World War II. Papuans often gave vital assistance to the Allies, fighting alongside Australian and United States troops, and carrying equipment and injured men across New Guinea. Following the return to civil administration, the Australian section was known as the Territory of Papua-New Guinea (1945-49) and then as Papua and New Guinea. Although the rest of the Dutch East Indies achieved independence as Indonesia on 27 December 1949, the Netherlands regained control of western New Guinea. During the 1950s the Dutch government began to prepare Netherlands New Guinea for full independence and allowed elections in 1959; an elected Papuan Council, the New Guinea Council (''Nieuw Guinea Raad'') took office on April 5 1961. The Council decided on the name of West Papua, a national emblem, a flag called the Morning Star or ''Bintang Kejora'', and a national anthem; these were adopted and the flag was first raised — next to the Dutch flag — on December 1 1961. However, Indonesia threatened with an invasion, after full mobilisation of its army, by 15 August 1962. It had received with military help from the Soviet Union. Under strong pressure of the Kennedy administration the Dutch, who were prepared to resist an Indonesian attack, had to go to the conference table. On 1 October 1962 the Dutch handed over the territory to a temporary UN administration (UNTEA). On 1 May 1963 Indonesia took control. The territory was renamed West Irian and then Irian Jaya. In 1969 Indonesia, under the 1962 New York Agreemnt had to organize a plebiscite to seek the consent of the Papuans for Indonesian rule. This so called Act of Free Choice (''Pepera'') resulted under strong threats and intimidations of the Indonesian army in a 100 % vote for continued Indonesian rule. From 1971, the name Papua New Guinea was used for the Australian territory. In 1975, Australia granted full independence to Papua New Guinea. In 2000, amid increasing discontent and opposition to Indonesian rule, Irian Jaya was formally renamed "The Province of Papua" and a large measure of "special autonomy" was granted in 2001. This law on special autonomy, however, was never implemented. On the contrary, beginning of 2003 President Megawati Sukarnoputri announced the division of the province into three parts, while the name "Papua" for the province would again revert to Irian. With strong public protest by Papuans only the province of West Irian Jaya, with Manokwari as its capital, covering the Bird's Head peninsula was split from Papua Province. In 2005 a new proposal came from Jakarta to split the province into five provinces, with the clear purpose to eliminate all anti-Indonesian and pro-independence action. ==External links== *[http://natzoo.si.edu/Publications/ZooGoer/2001/2/intoxnewguineabirds.cfm ''The Intoxicating Birds of New Guinea'' by John Tidwell] *[http://www.fpcn-global.org/index.php?module=htmlpages&func=display&pid=1 Online documentaries re OPM sponsored by West German-based Friends of Peoples Close to Nature] Islands Melanesia New Guinea minnan:Sin Guinea
New Guinea
For real info on Papua and West Papua try http://members.optushome.com.au/daeron and New Guinea back on http://fandom.net/~daeron ; and the tragic genocide at http://members.optushome.com.au/daeron/Genocide ; same author but without his words being twisted. Example compare the current Papua_(Indonesia_province) against the original authors version http://members.optushome.com.au/daeron/West%20Papua ---- == Reference on population migration == The bushmen are not the same race as other Africans; there was no mention of the Veddoids or Melanesians; for this reason I substituted a reference to a paper on the Veddoid population. It mentions evidence for Veddoid people in Southwest Asia, India, China, and Australasia as well. (unattributed) It's not terribly helpful/useful to delete text and simply insert a reference in its place. The root peoples of the so-called "Veddoid" peoples ''are'' the San bushmen. I refer you to Spencer Wells' recent DNA investigations that traced San (possessors of the oldest known human DNA on the planet) DNA directly from the San to the Tamils/Dravidians in southern India and then on to Australia in an effort to pinpoint human migration patterns out of Africa. It reinforces what pan-Africanists/Afrocentrists have been saying for decades. It is also why I, as an African American living in a multicultural, multinational community, am constantly mistaken for an East Indian/Bangladeshi. And that is precisely why I wrote the passage as I did. User:Deeceevoice 08:54, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC) I've reverted (and tweaked) the text. The revision is simply incorrect. User:Deeceevoice 08:40, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC) A source: [http://www.janeresture.com/oceania_ethnology/melanesia.htm Oceanea Ethnology: Melanesia] :"The basic population [of Fiji] is Negroid, a tall, dark-skinned people with broad features and a mop of black, woolly hair who at an early period occupied the whole area from New Guinea to Fiji. ''At the present time, they exist as a people inhabiting the western three-quarters of Papua New Guinea.'' Elsewhere they had been modified through the migration through the southeast of New Guinea and the island chain of Melanesia, of those Indonesian folk who became the Polynesians and the Micronesians." User:Deeceevoice 08:59, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC) Many laypeople have old-fashioned thoughts when it comes to anthropology. Modern genetics has proven that Africans and Aboriginal Australians are genetically farthest apart, despite their superficial resemblance. Read reliable books such as ''The History and Geography of Human Genes'' by Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza. All modern humans are believed to have African origins, of course, but that doesn't mean Aboriginal Australians are genetically closest to Africans. Here is an excerpt from [http://www.ecotao.com/holism/hu_sap.htm Homo sapiens sapiens, the true, modern human]: :''Australian aborigines are genetically the most distant from the Africans.'' See also [http://www.mcdonald.cam.ac.uk/genetics/iceage.pdf Ice Ages and the mitochondrial DNA chronology of human dispersals: a review], which provides several good maps of human migration, and see carefully that Aboriginal Australians are descendants of Asians with the M and N types of mtDNA. Deeceevoice, you probably misunderstand Spencer Wells' studies. The followings are excerpts from National Geographic's article ''[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/12/1212_021213_journeyofman.html Documentary Redraws Humans' Family Tree]'': :''In his [Spencer Wells'] view, the early travelers followed the southern coastline of Asia, crossed about 250 kilometers (155 miles) of sea, and colonized Australia by around 50,000 years ago. The Aborigines of Australia, Wells says, are the descendants of the first wave of migration out of Africa.'' and :''Wells says a second wave of hominids left Africa around 45,000 years ago, reproduced rapidly, and settled in the Middle East; smaller groups went off to India and China.'' :''Isolated by mountains and the sea for many generations, and exposed to a colder climate and less sunlight than in Africa, the Asian populations became paler over time.'' Since Asians went out of Africa later than Aboriginal Australians did, the former are genetically closer to Africans than the latter are. The current version describing New Guinean people as ''Africanoids'' is simply incorrect. - User:TAKASUGI Shinji 08:04, 2005 Apr 18 (UTC) Sorry, but that's just silly. And, no, I haven't misunderstood Spencer Wells' findings. Genetic "proximity," if you will, is not about timelines. It is about when and how distinctly/widely mutations occurred from the "root stock." Clearly, physically, Asians are quite different from indigenous African peoples, who obviously closely resemble not only the Australian aborigines, but the Papuans, as well. The genetic mutations of Asians over time and the resultant phenotypical differences make them a population distinct from Africanoid peoples. Put an Asian in the middle of, say, Namibia, and they'd be immediately recognizable as foreign to the land. Do the same with a Papuan, and there would be no such recognition. They are black-skinned, look ''identical'' to black Africans and their descendants the world over and have woolly, nappy hair. User:Deeceevoice 16:21, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC) :You are repeating the 19th-century anthropology, which incorrectly relied mainly on physical appearance. Today, anthropologists agree that DNA is more important than color of complexion. Thinking Papuans are Africans is just silly. People in a tropic region should have dark complexion to avoid UV, and that's all. This article needs more attention from real anthropologists, to remove the error the current version has. - User:TAKASUGI Shinji 16:46, 2005 Apr 18 (UTC) Further, Spencer Wells' DNA tests reveal distinct linkages between the San bushmen, the Tamil/Dalit people of southern India and the Australian aborigines. Nappy hair and black skin are definitively black African/Africanoid phenotypes. Anthropologists generally concur that the Africanoid Papuan peoples reached New Guinea via a land bridge connecting it to Australia that became visible after a climate change that caused sea level to drop. The Southeast Asians came by sea from the north. What this article needs is objectivity -- not fiction that makes no sense whatsoever. IMO, you can't simply pull black-skinned, nappy-headed black people out of the air (actually, I was thinking about a part of one's anatomy, but I'm being polite) and call them Asians. Your link claiming that "Australian aborigines are genetically the most distant from the Africans" sounds intriguing -- and ridiculous -- enough so that I ''will'' take a look at it. (I'm trying to remain open-minded.) But I'm crunching a deadline at the moment and won't be able to get to it immediately. Peace. User:Deeceevoice 17:40, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC) Takasugi, I've come across some additional information, which may shed some light on our disagreement. One source I consulted focused on the Australian land bridge. Another focused on additional routes of migration from Southeast Asia as being the first. In each case, however, the oldest waves of migration into New Guinea were characterized as "Negrito" in phenotype. (There's no secret that Bantu-like black peoples were the first inhabitants of these areas also.) ''Is'' the general consensus that the first humans in New Guinea came from the north? I haven't had a chance to read up on this widely, but here's a passage I came across (it mentions sea and land-bridge approaches from the north):
Although modern Australian aborigines and African Negroes are regarded by Westerners to be similar in physical appearance, ''serogenetic and DNA analysis seems to indicate that Negroes and Australians are the two least related peoples in the world'' [a fact which echoes your point]. Genetically the Australians and Melanesians seem closest related to Southeast Asians. Arguably, black Asians/Australians may have originated in Africa in prehistoric times, but if we count them as African, we should count most Europeans as Asian because Indo-Europeans purportedly migrated out of Central Asia, and by extension, all humans as African, since we all came out of Africa. But since modern Eurocentric views judge race by phenotype and not genotype, a discussion of black achievement can include non-African black civilizations in order to refute European stereotypes of color=destiny.Of course, the prehistoric "African" (phenotypically/genetically) presence in Asia is fairly widely accepted today -- but I suppose it's still convenient/easier to assume a more direct route from Africa to Australia to Papua than from Africa to Southeast Asia to Papua. It certainly was for the author of the article I found.) But that, of course, doesn't make it the only route, the first route, or even the predominant one. But assumptions being what they are, I think it important to come to the truths of this matter and to use precise language. If it is, indeed, correct that the earliest wave of migration definitively occurred from the north, then it is also important to note that these migrants were also "Afro-Asiatic," apparently being an offshoot of black African "root stock" that mutated/evolved in isolation over the centuries, producing peoples who are phenotypically closer to black Africans, but also who are genotypically more related to other (Afro-Asiatic?) Asian peoples," generally. That may sound awfully complicated; but it's certainly more accurate, given that most people's reflexive/stock images of "Asians" are, phenotypically, pale-skinned; sloe-eyed peoples with straight, dark hair. Tell me, any info regarding which Asian groups the Papuan DNA more closely resembled? (I realize this may be in the article link you provided -- which I will get to; I promise.) User:Deeceevoice 12:35, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC) == Native names; Highland agriculture == There must be quite a few native (non-Indonesian) names of the island (or land). Jared Diamond (2005), btw, has a nice treatment of the highland's agricultural practices. User:A-giau 23:34, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)
New Guinea
Melanesia
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N
NA | NB | NC | ND | NE | NF | NG | NH | NI | NJ | NK | NL | NM | NO | NP | NR | NS | NT | NU | NW | NX | NY | NZ |Words begining with New_Guinea:
New_Guinea
New_Guinea
New_Guinea
New_Guinea_Company
New_Guinea_Papua
New_Guinea_Pidgin
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