
Nestorius (c.386 - c.451) was Patriarch of Constantinople (April 10, 428 - June 22, 431). He received his clerical training as a pupil of Theodore of Mopsuestia in Antioch and gained a reputation for his sermons that led to his enthronement by Theodosius II as Patriarch following the death of Patriarch Sisinnius I of Constantinople in 428 C.E.. Nestorius is considered to be the originator of the Christology heresy known as Nestorianism, which emerged when he began preaching against the new title Theotokos or ''Mother of God'', beginning to be used of the Virgin Mary. His immediate antagonist was Cyril of Alexandria, bishop of Alexandria. Alongside the Christological debate, other factors were to come into play in the crisis that swiftly arose. These included a political struggle between the supporters of the See of Alexandria and the See of Antioch, the influence of the Emperor over the See of Constantinople, and the patriarchal primacy of the Pope. The theological debate centered on the use of the title of "mother of God" (''Theotokos'') for the Virgin Mary, which Nestorius did not recognize, preferring in his sermons, "mother of Christ" (''Christotokos''), on the grounds that the former title compromised Jesus' divinity. His views were opposed by Cyril who argued that Nestorius was actually denying the reality of the incarnation by making Jesus Christ into two different persons, (one human, one divine), sharing one body. A fuller discussion is as Nestorianism. The Emperor Theodosius II (401-450), was eventually induced to convoke a general church council, sited at Ephesus, which was a special seat for the veneration of Mary, where the ''theotokos'' formula was popular. The Emperor gave his support to the Patriarch of Constantinople, while Pope Celestine I was in agreement with Cyril. Cyril took charge of the Council of Ephesus in (431), opening debate before the long-overdue contingent from Antioch could arrive. The council deposed Nestorius and labelled him a heresy. In Nestorius' own words, :"When the followers of Cyril saw the vehemence of the emperor...they roused up a disturbance and discord among the people with an outcry, as though the emperor were opposed to God; they rose up against the nobles and the chiefs who acquiesced not in what had been done by them and they were running hither and thither. And...they took with them those who had been separated and removed from the monasteries by reason of their lives and their strange manners and had for this reason been expelled, and all who were of heretical sects and were possessed with fanaticism and with hatred against me. And one passion was in them all, Jews and pagans and all the sects, and they were busying themselves that they should accept without examination the things which were done without examination against me; and at the same time all of them, even those that had participated with me at table and in prayer and in thought, were agreed...against me and vowing vows one with another against me...In nothing were they divided." In the following months, seventeen bishops who supported Nestorius's doctrine were removed from their sees, and his principal supporter, John I of Antioch, patriarch of Antioch succumbed to Imperial pressure around March, 433 and abandoned Nestorius. At the end, Theodosius II, who had supported Nestorius' appointment, bowed to the influence of his sister Pulcheria to issue an Imperial edict (August 3, 435) that exiled Nestorius to a monastery in the Great Oasis of Hibis (al-Khargah), in Egypt, securely within the diocese of Cyril. In East and West, Nestorius' writings were burnt wherever they could be found. Hence they survive mainly in Syriac. This led to a split within the church and to the creation of separate Nestorianism that flourished in the Middle East and central Asia. After 1500 years stigmatized as a heretic, a book written by Nestorius was discovered in 1895, known as the ''Bazaar of Heracleides'', written towards the end of his life, in which he explicitly denies the heresy for which he was condemned, instead, affirming of Christ "the same one is twofold" - an expression that some consider similar to the formulation of the Council of Chalcedon. Nestorius's earlier surviving writings, however, including his letter written in response to Cyril's charges against him, contain material that seems to support charges that he held that Christ had two personhoods. So the question of whether Nestorius was actually a Nestorian is still a matter of debate. ==Related Topics== *Nestorianism *Christology ==External link== *[http://www.monachos.net/patristics/christology/nestorius_writings.shtml Writing of Nestorius] *[http://www.aramaic.org/NESTOR.html Aramaic Bible Society website, "The lynching of Nestorius"] concentrates on the political pressures around the Council of Ephesus and analyzes the rediscovered ''Bazaar'' of Nestorius.
386 births
451 deaths
Ancient Roman Christianity
Patriarchs of Constantinople
Assyrian Church of the East
Heretics
I removed the following text because of the copyright notice at the bottom: Nestorius (c 381 - c 451) became the patriarch of Constantinople in 428 with the help of Emperor Theodosius II (401-450). He believed that there were two persons in Jesus Christ, one human and the other divine. Furthermore, he argued that Virgin Mary gave birth to the human person only--though she was the passive recipient of the divine person--and could not, therefore, be called ''Theotokos'' (Mother of God). His views were based in Antiochene theology and originated in thinkers such as Diodore of Tarsus (d c 390) and Theodore of Mopsuestia (c 350-428). Although he argued zealously against Arianism and Pelagianism, his views caused him trouble with the Church. The Council of Ephesus (431), led by his adversary, Cyril of Alexandria (412-444), condemned him as a heretic, thus ending his patriarchate. Very few of his writings exist today because in 435 Theodosius II ordered them to be burnt. In 436 Nestorius was exiled to Egypt and remained there until his death around 451. During the same year, the Council of Chalcedon formulated the doctrine that Jesus Christ has two natures, human and divine, united in one person, thereby affirming that Mary should be called ''Theotokos''. Even so, Nestorius' supporters spread his beliefs to the east, and during the fifth century, they formed their own independent body. Ibas, bishop of Edessa (435-457), helped the Nestorians establish a school, an ecclesiastical center and a patriarchal see. Nestorianism survives today in parts of Iraq, Iran, and Syria. Elise M. Bender Copyright © 1995, Elise M. Bender. This file (all the above) may be copied on the condition that the entire contents, including the header and this copyright notice, remain intact. ---- Notice the copyright notice at the bottom. A fair argument could probably be made that the links alone make the text no longer intact, assuming those are the only changes made to it from Elise's original text. More importantly, there is nothing to prevent anyone from drastically altering the text and leaving Elise Bender's name associated with it, or simply deleting the copyright notice. Either of these would place Wikipedia in violation of the copyright conditions. This is why Wikipedia only accepts contributions that are in the public domain. user:Wesley Agree. This is an GNU FDLd wiki where all text is assumed to be content libre and editable by anyone -- including those that only want the bits and pieces. --user:maveric149 My understanding is that Elise still owns the copyright, but has agreed to license it irrevocably under the GFDL. When she clicked on the "Save" button she agreed to the terms of the GFDL (as per the notice above the button), which I understand does not allow any other restrictions. I belive that her comments here then have no contractural force, providing that other users obey the terms of the GFDL licence in their re-use of the material. But, hey!, I am not a lawyer, and this is not legal advice. Suggestion: We should have a copy of the GFDL on a protected page, and link to it from the boilerplate above the button. -- Anon. Clarification to what I wrote previously (written before I saw what Anon wrote) IANAL: Most of what wikipedia accepts is in fact copyrighted and ''not'' in the public domain. By hitting save we all agree to license our unique contributions under the GNU FDL even though each and every contributor still owns the copyright to what they themselfs wrote. Public domain stuff can be copied by anybody, however any modifications that are made to the public domain material are copyrighted and owned by whoever made the modifications (lists, OCR errors and corrections ect. have dubious copyrightability though). --user:maveric149 Ok, I just looked at Wikipedia:Copyrights. That confirms what maveric149 says about everything being under the GFDL, but also says there can be no invariant sections (which the GFDL allows in general). Elise's copyright notice appears to make the entire text invariant, because it says it has to remain intact. It also doesn't mention the GFDL at all; did Elise post it here, or did someone copy it here from elsewhere? I'm also concerned that the copyright notice says that the "file's" header information has to remain, although I don't see anything resembling a header in the above text. Is there any way to confirm that Elise's text is licensed under the GFDL in the first place? Any way to get permission to use it? Or perhaps we should just expand the current article to cover a comparable amount of material without using the questionable text, just to stay in the clear. Mind you, I like the content and writing of the text, I just want to make sure it's ok to both use and edit it. -- user:Wesley
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Words begining with Nestorius:
Nestorius
Nestorius
Nestorius_of_Constantinople
Nestorius
Nestorius (c.386 - c.451) was Patriarch of Constantinople (April 10, 428 - June 22, 431). He received his clerical training as a pupil of Theodore of Mopsuestia in Antioch and gained a reputation for his sermons that led to his enthronement by Theodosius II as Patriarch following the death of Patriarch Sisinnius I of Constantinople in 428 C.E.. Nestorius is considered to be the originator of the Christology heresy known as Nestorianism, which emerged when he began preaching against the new title Theotokos or ''Mother of God'', beginning to be used of the Virgin Mary. His immediate antagonist was Cyril of Alexandria, bishop of Alexandria. Alongside the Christological debate, other factors were to come into play in the crisis that swiftly arose. These included a political struggle between the supporters of the See of Alexandria and the See of Antioch, the influence of the Emperor over the See of Constantinople, and the patriarchal primacy of the Pope. The theological debate centered on the use of the title of "mother of God" (''Theotokos'') for the Virgin Mary, which Nestorius did not recognize, preferring in his sermons, "mother of Christ" (''Christotokos''), on the grounds that the former title compromised Jesus' divinity. His views were opposed by Cyril who argued that Nestorius was actually denying the reality of the incarnation by making Jesus Christ into two different persons, (one human, one divine), sharing one body. A fuller discussion is as Nestorianism. The Emperor Theodosius II (401-450), was eventually induced to convoke a general church council, sited at Ephesus, which was a special seat for the veneration of Mary, where the ''theotokos'' formula was popular. The Emperor gave his support to the Patriarch of Constantinople, while Pope Celestine I was in agreement with Cyril. Cyril took charge of the Council of Ephesus in (431), opening debate before the long-overdue contingent from Antioch could arrive. The council deposed Nestorius and labelled him a heresy. In Nestorius' own words, :"When the followers of Cyril saw the vehemence of the emperor...they roused up a disturbance and discord among the people with an outcry, as though the emperor were opposed to God; they rose up against the nobles and the chiefs who acquiesced not in what had been done by them and they were running hither and thither. And...they took with them those who had been separated and removed from the monasteries by reason of their lives and their strange manners and had for this reason been expelled, and all who were of heretical sects and were possessed with fanaticism and with hatred against me. And one passion was in them all, Jews and pagans and all the sects, and they were busying themselves that they should accept without examination the things which were done without examination against me; and at the same time all of them, even those that had participated with me at table and in prayer and in thought, were agreed...against me and vowing vows one with another against me...In nothing were they divided." In the following months, seventeen bishops who supported Nestorius's doctrine were removed from their sees, and his principal supporter, John I of Antioch, patriarch of Antioch succumbed to Imperial pressure around March, 433 and abandoned Nestorius. At the end, Theodosius II, who had supported Nestorius' appointment, bowed to the influence of his sister Pulcheria to issue an Imperial edict (August 3, 435) that exiled Nestorius to a monastery in the Great Oasis of Hibis (al-Khargah), in Egypt, securely within the diocese of Cyril. In East and West, Nestorius' writings were burnt wherever they could be found. Hence they survive mainly in Syriac. This led to a split within the church and to the creation of separate Nestorianism that flourished in the Middle East and central Asia. After 1500 years stigmatized as a heretic, a book written by Nestorius was discovered in 1895, known as the ''Bazaar of Heracleides'', written towards the end of his life, in which he explicitly denies the heresy for which he was condemned, instead, affirming of Christ "the same one is twofold" - an expression that some consider similar to the formulation of the Council of Chalcedon. Nestorius's earlier surviving writings, however, including his letter written in response to Cyril's charges against him, contain material that seems to support charges that he held that Christ had two personhoods. So the question of whether Nestorius was actually a Nestorian is still a matter of debate. ==Related Topics== *Nestorianism *Christology ==External link== *[http://www.monachos.net/patristics/christology/nestorius_writings.shtml Writing of Nestorius] *[http://www.aramaic.org/NESTOR.html Aramaic Bible Society website, "The lynching of Nestorius"] concentrates on the political pressures around the Council of Ephesus and analyzes the rediscovered ''Bazaar'' of Nestorius.
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Preceded by: Sisinnius I of Constantinople | List of Constantinople patriarchs |
Succeeded by: Maximianus |
Nestorius
I removed the following text because of the copyright notice at the bottom: Nestorius (c 381 - c 451) became the patriarch of Constantinople in 428 with the help of Emperor Theodosius II (401-450). He believed that there were two persons in Jesus Christ, one human and the other divine. Furthermore, he argued that Virgin Mary gave birth to the human person only--though she was the passive recipient of the divine person--and could not, therefore, be called ''Theotokos'' (Mother of God). His views were based in Antiochene theology and originated in thinkers such as Diodore of Tarsus (d c 390) and Theodore of Mopsuestia (c 350-428). Although he argued zealously against Arianism and Pelagianism, his views caused him trouble with the Church. The Council of Ephesus (431), led by his adversary, Cyril of Alexandria (412-444), condemned him as a heretic, thus ending his patriarchate. Very few of his writings exist today because in 435 Theodosius II ordered them to be burnt. In 436 Nestorius was exiled to Egypt and remained there until his death around 451. During the same year, the Council of Chalcedon formulated the doctrine that Jesus Christ has two natures, human and divine, united in one person, thereby affirming that Mary should be called ''Theotokos''. Even so, Nestorius' supporters spread his beliefs to the east, and during the fifth century, they formed their own independent body. Ibas, bishop of Edessa (435-457), helped the Nestorians establish a school, an ecclesiastical center and a patriarchal see. Nestorianism survives today in parts of Iraq, Iran, and Syria. Elise M. Bender Copyright © 1995, Elise M. Bender. This file (all the above) may be copied on the condition that the entire contents, including the header and this copyright notice, remain intact. ---- Notice the copyright notice at the bottom. A fair argument could probably be made that the links alone make the text no longer intact, assuming those are the only changes made to it from Elise's original text. More importantly, there is nothing to prevent anyone from drastically altering the text and leaving Elise Bender's name associated with it, or simply deleting the copyright notice. Either of these would place Wikipedia in violation of the copyright conditions. This is why Wikipedia only accepts contributions that are in the public domain. user:Wesley Agree. This is an GNU FDLd wiki where all text is assumed to be content libre and editable by anyone -- including those that only want the bits and pieces. --user:maveric149 My understanding is that Elise still owns the copyright, but has agreed to license it irrevocably under the GFDL. When she clicked on the "Save" button she agreed to the terms of the GFDL (as per the notice above the button), which I understand does not allow any other restrictions. I belive that her comments here then have no contractural force, providing that other users obey the terms of the GFDL licence in their re-use of the material. But, hey!, I am not a lawyer, and this is not legal advice. Suggestion: We should have a copy of the GFDL on a protected page, and link to it from the boilerplate above the button. -- Anon. Clarification to what I wrote previously (written before I saw what Anon wrote) IANAL: Most of what wikipedia accepts is in fact copyrighted and ''not'' in the public domain. By hitting save we all agree to license our unique contributions under the GNU FDL even though each and every contributor still owns the copyright to what they themselfs wrote. Public domain stuff can be copied by anybody, however any modifications that are made to the public domain material are copyrighted and owned by whoever made the modifications (lists, OCR errors and corrections ect. have dubious copyrightability though). --user:maveric149 Ok, I just looked at Wikipedia:Copyrights. That confirms what maveric149 says about everything being under the GFDL, but also says there can be no invariant sections (which the GFDL allows in general). Elise's copyright notice appears to make the entire text invariant, because it says it has to remain intact. It also doesn't mention the GFDL at all; did Elise post it here, or did someone copy it here from elsewhere? I'm also concerned that the copyright notice says that the "file's" header information has to remain, although I don't see anything resembling a header in the above text. Is there any way to confirm that Elise's text is licensed under the GFDL in the first place? Any way to get permission to use it? Or perhaps we should just expand the current article to cover a comparable amount of material without using the questionable text, just to stay in the clear. Mind you, I like the content and writing of the text, I just want to make sure it's ok to both use and edit it. -- user:Wesley
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Nestorius
Nestorius
Nestorius_of_Constantinople
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