
Nefertiti was the wife of the Egyptian Pharaoh Amenhotep IV (later Akhenaten), and mother-in-law of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun. Her name roughly translates to "the beautiful one is come". She also shares her name with a type of elongated gold bead that she was often portrayed as wearing, known as "nefer" beads. She was made famous by her bust, now in Egyptian Museum of Berlin, shown to the right. The bust is one of the most copied works of ancient Egypt. It was attributed to the sculptor Djhutmose, and was found in his workshop. == Family == Nefertiti's parentage is not known, but it has been conjectured that she may have been a daughter of later Pharaoh Ay and his wife Tey. Another theory that has gained some support identifies Nefertiti with the Mitanni princess Tadukhipa. Depending on which reconstruction of the genealogy of the ancient Egyptian pharaohs is followed, her husband Akhenaten may have been the father or half-brother of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun (later called Tutankhamun). The exact dates of when Nefertiti was married to Amenhotep IV and later, promoted to his Queen are uncertain. However, the couple had six known daughters. This is a list with suggested years of birth: *Meritaten - year 2 (1348 BC). *Meketaten - year 3 (1347 BC). *Ankhesenpaaten, later queen of Tutankhamun - year 4 (1346 BC). *Neferneferuaten Tasherit - year 6 (1344 BC). *Neferneferure - year 9 (1341 BC). *Setepenre - year 11 (1339 BC). In year 4 of his reign (1346 BC) Amenhotep IV started his famous worship of Aten. This year is also believed to mark the beginning of his construction of a new capital, Akhetaten, at what is known today as Amarna. In year 5 of his reign (1345 BC), Amenhotep IV officially changed his name to Akhenaten as evidence of his new worship. The date given for the event has been estimated to fall around January 2 of that year. In year 7 of his reign (1343 BC) the capital was moved from Thebes, Egypt to Amarna, though construction of the city seems to have continued for two more years (till 1341 BC). The new city was dedicated to the royal couple's new religion. Nefertiti's famous bust is also thought to have been created around this year. In an inscription estimated to November 21 of year 12 of the reign (1338 BC), her daughter Meketaten is mentioned for the last time; she is thought to have died shortly after that date. A relief in Akhenaten's tomb in the Royal Wadi at Amarna appears to show her funeral. In year 14 of Akhenaten's reign (1336 BC), Nefertiti herself vanishes from the historical record, and there is no word of her after that date. Theories include a sudden death that was so emotionally painful to her husband that he taboo, or a fall from favor and subsequent replacement that led to its being politically incorrect to discuss her. Regardless, the verifiable knowledge of this episode has been completely lost to history. Her disappearance coincides with the rise of co-ruler Smenkhkare to the throne and the mention of Akhenaten's new Queen Kiya. Smenkhkare is thought to have been married to her daughter Meritaten. It has been suggested that Smenkhkare replaced Nefertiti as Akhenaten's chief consort and that the two Pharaohs were lovers. In any case both Smenkhkare and Akhenaten died in 1334 BC/1333 BC. Akhenaten died after at least 29 years of life, and seventeen years of reign. Smenkhkare had been his co-ruler for four years. There are also theories that identify Nefertiti with Smenkhkare. They were succeeded by Tutankhaten, who is thought to have been a son of either Amenhotep III or Akhenaten, and was probably a younger brother of Smenkhkare. He married Nefertiti's daughter Ankhesenpaaten. The royal couple were young and inexperienced, by any estimation of their age. Some theories believe that Nefertiti was still alive and had an influence on them. If this is the case that influence and presumably her own life would have ended by year 3 of Tutankhaten's reign (1331 BC). In that year, Tutankhaten changed his name to Tutankhamun, as evidence of his worship of Ammon, and abandoned Amarna to return the capital to Thebes. If Nefertiti was Tadukhipa she would be about thirty-five years old at the time. As can be seen by the suggested identifications between Tadukhipa, Nefertiti, Smenkhkare and Kiya, the records of their time and their lives are largely incomplete, and the findings of both Archaeology and historians may develop new theories vis-à-vis Nefertiti and her precipitous exit from the public stage. ==The mummy discovered?== As Nefertiti's tomb was never completed and no mummy was ever found, the location of Nefertiti's body has long been a subject of curiosity and speculation. On June 9, 2003, archaeologist Joann Fletcher, a specialist in ancient hair, from the University of York in England, announced that Nefertiti's mummy may have been one found in the famous cache of mummies in tomb KV35 in Egypt's Valley of the Kings. Ms. Fletcher led an expedition, funded by the Discovery Channel, that examined what is believed to have been Nefertiti's mummy. Furthermore, it suggests that Nefertiti was in fact the Pharaoh Smenkhkare. The mummy that was examined by the team was discovered damaged in a way that suggested the body had been desecrated either at the time of death or shortly after. Mummification techniques, such as the use of embalming fluid and the presence of an intact brain suggest an eighteenth dynasty royal mummy. Among the most suggestive features are the age of the body, the presence of embedded nefer beads, the fact that the arm had been buried in the position reserved for pharaohs and had been snapped off by vandals and replaced with another arm in a normal position, and a wig of a rare style worn by Nefertiti. On June 12, 2003, Zahi Hawass, head of Egypt's Supreme Council for Antiquities, dismissed the claim, citing insufficient evidence. On August 30, 2003, Reuters quoted Dr. Hawass as saying, "I'm sure that this mummy is not a female." He is also quoted as saying "Dr Fletcher has broken the rules and therefore, at least until we have reviewed the situation with her university, she must be banned from working in Egypt." ==Immortality== Nefertiti's place as an icon in popular culture is secure: she has become a celebrity, the second most famous "Queen" of Egypt in the European imagination and influenced through photographs the changed standards of feminine beauty of the 20th century. ==Further reading== * Cyril Aldred, ''Akhenaten: King of Egypt'' (Thames and Hudson, 1988) contains much material on her * Rita E. Freed, Yvonne J. Markowitz, Sue H. D'Auria, ''Pharaohs of the Sun: Akhenaten - Nefertiti - Tutankhamen'' (Museum of Fine Arts, 1999) == External links == *[http://www.geocities.com/scribelist/do_we_have_.htm Do We Have the Mummy of Nefertiti?] by Marianne Luban, 1999 (predates Joann Fletcher's work). * J. Kluger, A. Dorfman, ''Nefertiti found?'', Time, June 16, 2003; [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1101030616-457370,00.html online edition] *[http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/nefertiti/story/story.html Tracking Nefertiti] Discovery article on Joann Fletcher's work. *[http://touregypt.net/featurestories/dcnefertiti.htm A Critical Analysis of the Discovery Channel's "Nefertiti Revealed"] *[http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/653/eg8.htm Spinning Nefertiti] *[http://www.thehallofmaat.com/maat/read.php?f=1&i=144802&t=144802 Discussion on the ''Nefertiti found?'' program] *[http://touregypt.net/featurestories/nefertiti.htm A more detailed profile of Nefertiti] *[http://www.specialtyinterests.net/eae.html The Encyclopedia of El Amarna, examining her time and connections] Ancient Egyptians Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt Queen consorts nds:Nofretete
===Nefertiti's Bust=== The following text has been moved here from Talk:Nefertiti bust. See below for the Nefertit talk section. : I saw this bust when it made the rounds in the US way back when. It had an article with it describing how Tutmose was commisioned to carve it. Nefertiti sat for him a few times, but then he was left to finish it without her needing to be present. The finished piece was overdue and all inquiries were answered with a response something like, "It's almost ready." After some time, a detachment was sent to investigate. They found Tutmose had constructed a shrine for the scultpure and was on his knees worshipping it. However, I haven't been able to find any information that even ''hints'' at this event. Does anyone else have any information on this? Can we post what I wrote just from memory (and, therefore probably contains some errors)? —User:Frecklefoot 16:16 10 Jun 2003 (UTC) : What does "Found in his workshop" mean? Who found it, and what happened to it then? -- User:Zoe :: It was found in a ruined building in the deserted city of Amarna in 1912, by a German archaelogical expedition. The building was identified as Tutmose's house/studio based on a item with an owner's name and job title on it found in a rubbish pit - since it gave his occupation as "sculptor", and the building was clearly a sculpture workshop, it seemed a logical connection. The head was found on the floor of a storeroom. As was standard practise in those days, as a find it belonged to the expedition, and it was taken back to Berlin where it has remained ever since. (Come back please, Zoe!) User:Jnc 18:55, 10 Aug 2003 (UTC) ---- : Does this need to be a separate article? Nefertiti's bust should be discussed in Nefertiti, and I can't think of anything that could be said about the bust that wouldn't fit into the article on Nefertiti herself. If there is a good reason to have this as a separate article, let me know; otherwise, I'll redirect it in a few days... -- User:Oliver Pereira 17:12 19 Jun 2003 (UTC) :: No, go ahead and redirect it. I thought the story (up top of this page) was enough to make it a seperate article, but I can't find any evidence of it on the Internet, so I don't want to include it since I can't provide any evidence. So, go ahead and redirect it. —User:Frecklefoot 18:55 19 Jun 2003 (UTC) Here ends the moved text. -- User:Oliver Pereira 20:07 19 Jun 2003 (UTC) ===Nefertiti=== I've removed the statement that Nefertiti was Tutankhamun's aunt. I've never heard this. Does anyone know where it came from? -- User:Oliver Pereira 23:16 Feb 2, 2003 (UTC) From The Columbia [http://www.wikipedia.org Encyclopedia], Sixth Edition, 2001 for instance: :Nefertiti ... , queen of ancient Egypt; wife of Ikhnaton (XVIII dynasty) and aunt of Tutankhamen. She seems to have been divorced by Ikhnaton late in his reign.. User:Egil 23:22 Feb 2, 2003 (UTC) Interesting! Does it clarify how she is his aunt? By marriage to Akhenaton or by blood? On Tutankhamun's father's side, or mother's side? I think we have to treat this claim with caution, given that no-one agrees on who Tutankhamun's parents were, let alone his aunts and uncles! Ancient Egyptian genealogy is all a bit of a mess, unfortunately... -- User:Oliver Pereira 23:45 Feb 2, 2003 (UTC) ---- There's some material here that ought to be in other pages - in particular, we ought to have a separate page for Tadukhipa. But let's not add too much about Akhenaten's reigm etc here - there are other pages for that.. User:Jnc 21:48, 19 Aug 2003 (UTC) I moved the Tadukhipa bio details to a separate page for her. Next step is to move some Akhenaten material to his page. After that we can try and get each page to more accurately show the current range of scholarly theories about them. User:Jnc 20:09, 21 Aug 2003 (UTC) ---- ===Nefertiti found?=== Far too much attention is given to ''Nefertiti found?'' and Joann Fletcher's "announcement". I won't go so far as to say that her claims have been debunked, but she has very little evidence of substance to back her claims. I have added links both in support and in disagreement with her claims. : User:Ffabris 22:21, 27 Dec 2003 (UTC)
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Nefertiti
Nefertiti was the wife of the Egyptian Pharaoh Amenhotep IV (later Akhenaten), and mother-in-law of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun. Her name roughly translates to "the beautiful one is come". She also shares her name with a type of elongated gold bead that she was often portrayed as wearing, known as "nefer" beads. She was made famous by her bust, now in Egyptian Museum of Berlin, shown to the right. The bust is one of the most copied works of ancient Egypt. It was attributed to the sculptor Djhutmose, and was found in his workshop. == Family == Nefertiti's parentage is not known, but it has been conjectured that she may have been a daughter of later Pharaoh Ay and his wife Tey. Another theory that has gained some support identifies Nefertiti with the Mitanni princess Tadukhipa. Depending on which reconstruction of the genealogy of the ancient Egyptian pharaohs is followed, her husband Akhenaten may have been the father or half-brother of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun (later called Tutankhamun). The exact dates of when Nefertiti was married to Amenhotep IV and later, promoted to his Queen are uncertain. However, the couple had six known daughters. This is a list with suggested years of birth: *Meritaten - year 2 (1348 BC). *Meketaten - year 3 (1347 BC). *Ankhesenpaaten, later queen of Tutankhamun - year 4 (1346 BC). *Neferneferuaten Tasherit - year 6 (1344 BC). *Neferneferure - year 9 (1341 BC). *Setepenre - year 11 (1339 BC). In year 4 of his reign (1346 BC) Amenhotep IV started his famous worship of Aten. This year is also believed to mark the beginning of his construction of a new capital, Akhetaten, at what is known today as Amarna. In year 5 of his reign (1345 BC), Amenhotep IV officially changed his name to Akhenaten as evidence of his new worship. The date given for the event has been estimated to fall around January 2 of that year. In year 7 of his reign (1343 BC) the capital was moved from Thebes, Egypt to Amarna, though construction of the city seems to have continued for two more years (till 1341 BC). The new city was dedicated to the royal couple's new religion. Nefertiti's famous bust is also thought to have been created around this year. In an inscription estimated to November 21 of year 12 of the reign (1338 BC), her daughter Meketaten is mentioned for the last time; she is thought to have died shortly after that date. A relief in Akhenaten's tomb in the Royal Wadi at Amarna appears to show her funeral. In year 14 of Akhenaten's reign (1336 BC), Nefertiti herself vanishes from the historical record, and there is no word of her after that date. Theories include a sudden death that was so emotionally painful to her husband that he taboo, or a fall from favor and subsequent replacement that led to its being politically incorrect to discuss her. Regardless, the verifiable knowledge of this episode has been completely lost to history. Her disappearance coincides with the rise of co-ruler Smenkhkare to the throne and the mention of Akhenaten's new Queen Kiya. Smenkhkare is thought to have been married to her daughter Meritaten. It has been suggested that Smenkhkare replaced Nefertiti as Akhenaten's chief consort and that the two Pharaohs were lovers. In any case both Smenkhkare and Akhenaten died in 1334 BC/1333 BC. Akhenaten died after at least 29 years of life, and seventeen years of reign. Smenkhkare had been his co-ruler for four years. There are also theories that identify Nefertiti with Smenkhkare. They were succeeded by Tutankhaten, who is thought to have been a son of either Amenhotep III or Akhenaten, and was probably a younger brother of Smenkhkare. He married Nefertiti's daughter Ankhesenpaaten. The royal couple were young and inexperienced, by any estimation of their age. Some theories believe that Nefertiti was still alive and had an influence on them. If this is the case that influence and presumably her own life would have ended by year 3 of Tutankhaten's reign (1331 BC). In that year, Tutankhaten changed his name to Tutankhamun, as evidence of his worship of Ammon, and abandoned Amarna to return the capital to Thebes. If Nefertiti was Tadukhipa she would be about thirty-five years old at the time. As can be seen by the suggested identifications between Tadukhipa, Nefertiti, Smenkhkare and Kiya, the records of their time and their lives are largely incomplete, and the findings of both Archaeology and historians may develop new theories vis-à-vis Nefertiti and her precipitous exit from the public stage. ==The mummy discovered?== As Nefertiti's tomb was never completed and no mummy was ever found, the location of Nefertiti's body has long been a subject of curiosity and speculation. On June 9, 2003, archaeologist Joann Fletcher, a specialist in ancient hair, from the University of York in England, announced that Nefertiti's mummy may have been one found in the famous cache of mummies in tomb KV35 in Egypt's Valley of the Kings. Ms. Fletcher led an expedition, funded by the Discovery Channel, that examined what is believed to have been Nefertiti's mummy. Furthermore, it suggests that Nefertiti was in fact the Pharaoh Smenkhkare. The mummy that was examined by the team was discovered damaged in a way that suggested the body had been desecrated either at the time of death or shortly after. Mummification techniques, such as the use of embalming fluid and the presence of an intact brain suggest an eighteenth dynasty royal mummy. Among the most suggestive features are the age of the body, the presence of embedded nefer beads, the fact that the arm had been buried in the position reserved for pharaohs and had been snapped off by vandals and replaced with another arm in a normal position, and a wig of a rare style worn by Nefertiti. On June 12, 2003, Zahi Hawass, head of Egypt's Supreme Council for Antiquities, dismissed the claim, citing insufficient evidence. On August 30, 2003, Reuters quoted Dr. Hawass as saying, "I'm sure that this mummy is not a female." He is also quoted as saying "Dr Fletcher has broken the rules and therefore, at least until we have reviewed the situation with her university, she must be banned from working in Egypt." ==Immortality== Nefertiti's place as an icon in popular culture is secure: she has become a celebrity, the second most famous "Queen" of Egypt in the European imagination and influenced through photographs the changed standards of feminine beauty of the 20th century. ==Further reading== * Cyril Aldred, ''Akhenaten: King of Egypt'' (Thames and Hudson, 1988) contains much material on her * Rita E. Freed, Yvonne J. Markowitz, Sue H. D'Auria, ''Pharaohs of the Sun: Akhenaten - Nefertiti - Tutankhamen'' (Museum of Fine Arts, 1999) == External links == *[http://www.geocities.com/scribelist/do_we_have_.htm Do We Have the Mummy of Nefertiti?] by Marianne Luban, 1999 (predates Joann Fletcher's work). * J. Kluger, A. Dorfman, ''Nefertiti found?'', Time, June 16, 2003; [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1101030616-457370,00.html online edition] *[http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/nefertiti/story/story.html Tracking Nefertiti] Discovery article on Joann Fletcher's work. *[http://touregypt.net/featurestories/dcnefertiti.htm A Critical Analysis of the Discovery Channel's "Nefertiti Revealed"] *[http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/653/eg8.htm Spinning Nefertiti] *[http://www.thehallofmaat.com/maat/read.php?f=1&i=144802&t=144802 Discussion on the ''Nefertiti found?'' program] *[http://touregypt.net/featurestories/nefertiti.htm A more detailed profile of Nefertiti] *[http://www.specialtyinterests.net/eae.html The Encyclopedia of El Amarna, examining her time and connections] Ancient Egyptians Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt Queen consorts nds:Nofretete
Nefertiti
===Nefertiti's Bust=== The following text has been moved here from Talk:Nefertiti bust. See below for the Nefertit talk section. : I saw this bust when it made the rounds in the US way back when. It had an article with it describing how Tutmose was commisioned to carve it. Nefertiti sat for him a few times, but then he was left to finish it without her needing to be present. The finished piece was overdue and all inquiries were answered with a response something like, "It's almost ready." After some time, a detachment was sent to investigate. They found Tutmose had constructed a shrine for the scultpure and was on his knees worshipping it. However, I haven't been able to find any information that even ''hints'' at this event. Does anyone else have any information on this? Can we post what I wrote just from memory (and, therefore probably contains some errors)? —User:Frecklefoot 16:16 10 Jun 2003 (UTC) : What does "Found in his workshop" mean? Who found it, and what happened to it then? -- User:Zoe :: It was found in a ruined building in the deserted city of Amarna in 1912, by a German archaelogical expedition. The building was identified as Tutmose's house/studio based on a item with an owner's name and job title on it found in a rubbish pit - since it gave his occupation as "sculptor", and the building was clearly a sculpture workshop, it seemed a logical connection. The head was found on the floor of a storeroom. As was standard practise in those days, as a find it belonged to the expedition, and it was taken back to Berlin where it has remained ever since. (Come back please, Zoe!) User:Jnc 18:55, 10 Aug 2003 (UTC) ---- : Does this need to be a separate article? Nefertiti's bust should be discussed in Nefertiti, and I can't think of anything that could be said about the bust that wouldn't fit into the article on Nefertiti herself. If there is a good reason to have this as a separate article, let me know; otherwise, I'll redirect it in a few days... -- User:Oliver Pereira 17:12 19 Jun 2003 (UTC) :: No, go ahead and redirect it. I thought the story (up top of this page) was enough to make it a seperate article, but I can't find any evidence of it on the Internet, so I don't want to include it since I can't provide any evidence. So, go ahead and redirect it. —User:Frecklefoot 18:55 19 Jun 2003 (UTC) Here ends the moved text. -- User:Oliver Pereira 20:07 19 Jun 2003 (UTC) ===Nefertiti=== I've removed the statement that Nefertiti was Tutankhamun's aunt. I've never heard this. Does anyone know where it came from? -- User:Oliver Pereira 23:16 Feb 2, 2003 (UTC) From The Columbia [http://www.wikipedia.org Encyclopedia], Sixth Edition, 2001 for instance: :Nefertiti ... , queen of ancient Egypt; wife of Ikhnaton (XVIII dynasty) and aunt of Tutankhamen. She seems to have been divorced by Ikhnaton late in his reign.. User:Egil 23:22 Feb 2, 2003 (UTC) Interesting! Does it clarify how she is his aunt? By marriage to Akhenaton or by blood? On Tutankhamun's father's side, or mother's side? I think we have to treat this claim with caution, given that no-one agrees on who Tutankhamun's parents were, let alone his aunts and uncles! Ancient Egyptian genealogy is all a bit of a mess, unfortunately... -- User:Oliver Pereira 23:45 Feb 2, 2003 (UTC) ---- There's some material here that ought to be in other pages - in particular, we ought to have a separate page for Tadukhipa. But let's not add too much about Akhenaten's reigm etc here - there are other pages for that.. User:Jnc 21:48, 19 Aug 2003 (UTC) I moved the Tadukhipa bio details to a separate page for her. Next step is to move some Akhenaten material to his page. After that we can try and get each page to more accurately show the current range of scholarly theories about them. User:Jnc 20:09, 21 Aug 2003 (UTC) ---- ===Nefertiti found?=== Far too much attention is given to ''Nefertiti found?'' and Joann Fletcher's "announcement". I won't go so far as to say that her claims have been debunked, but she has very little evidence of substance to back her claims. I have added links both in support and in disagreement with her claims. : User:Ffabris 22:21, 27 Dec 2003 (UTC)
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