Natural satellite - meaning of word
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Natural satellite



The common noun moon (not capitalized) is used to mean any natural satellite of the other planets. There are, at least, 140 moons within Earth's solar system, and presumably many others orbiting the planets of other stars. Typically the larger gas giants have extensive systems of moons. Mercury (planet) and Venus (planet) have no moons at all, Earth has one large moon ("The Moon"), Mars (planet) has two tiny moons, and Pluto (planet) a large companion called Charon (moon) (sometimes considered to be a double planet). ==Origin== Most moons are assumed to have been formed out of the same collapsing region of protoplanetary disk that gave rise to its primary. However, there are many exceptions and variations to this standard model of moon formation that are known or theorized. Several moons are thought to be captured foreign objects, fragments of larger moons shattered by large impacts, or (in the case of Earth's Moon) a portion of the planet itself blasted into orbit by a large impact. As most moons are known only through a few distant observations through probes or telescopes, most theories about them are still uncertain. ==Physical characteristics== Most moons in the solar system are tidal locking to their primaries; an exception is Saturn (planet)'s moon Hyperion (moon), which rotates chaotically due to a variety of external influences. No moons have moons of their own; the tidal effects of their primaries make orbits around them unstable. However, several moons have companions in their Lagrangian points (eg, Saturn's moons Tethys (moon) and Dione (moon)). The recent discovery of 243 Ida's moon Dactyl (asteroid) confirms that some asteroids also have Asteroid moons. Some, like 90 Antiope, are double asteroids with two equal-sized components. ==Moons of the Solar system== The largest moons in the solar system (those bigger than about 3000 km across) are Earth's Moon, Jupiter (planet)'s Galilean moons Io (moon), Europa (moon), Ganymede (moon), and Callisto (moon), Saturn (planet)'s moon Titan (moon), and Neptune (planet)'s captured moon Triton (moon). For smaller moons see the appropriate planets. A comparative table classifying the moons of the solar system by diameter, also including a column for some notable asteroids, planets, and Kuiper belt objects.
Diameter(km) Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Other objects
5000-6000

Ganymede (moon) Titan (moon)



4000-5000

Callisto (moon)



Mercury (planet)
3000-4000 Moon
Io (moon)
Europa (moon)





2000-3000




Triton (moon)
Pluto (planet)
1000-2000



Rhea (moon)
Iapetus (moon)
Dione (moon)
Tethys (moon)
Titania (moon)
Oberon (moon)
Umbriel (moon)
Ariel (moon)


90377 Sedna
90482 Orcus
50000 Quaoar
20000 Varuna
28978 Ixion
100-1000

Himalia (moon)
Amalthea (moon)
Enceladus (moon) Mimas (moon)
Hyperion (moon)
Phoebe (moon)
Janus (moon)
Epimetheus (moon)
Prometheus (moon)
Miranda (moon)
Sycorax (moon)
Puck (moon)
Portia (moon)
Proteus (moon)
Nereid (moon)
Larissa (moon)
Galatea (moon)
Despina (moon)

Charon (moon)
1 Ceres
2 Pallas
3 Juno
4 Vesta
(and many others)
50-100

Thebe (moon)
Elara (moon)
Pasiphaë (moon)
Pandora (moon) Caliban (moon)
Juliet (moon)
Belinda (moon)
Cressida (moon)
Rosalind (moon)
Desdemona (moon)
Bianca (moon)
Thalassa (moon)
Naiad (moon)
S/2002 N 4

(Too many to list)
10-50
Phobos (moon)
Deimos (moon)
Carme (moon)
Metis (moon)
Sinope (moon)
Lysithea (moon)
Ananke (moon)
Leda (moon)
Adrastea (moon)
Siarnaq (moon) Atlas (moon)
Helene (moon)
Albiorix (moon)
Telesto (moon)
Pan (moon)
Paaliaq (moon)
Calypso (moon)
Ymir (moon)
Kiviuq (moon)
Tarvos (moon)
Ijiraq (moon)
Ophelia (moon) Cordelia (moon)
Setebos (moon)
Prospero (moon)
Stephano (moon)
S/1986 U 10
S/2001 U 2
S/2001 U 3
S/2003 U 3
Trinculo (moon)
S/2003 U 1
S/2003 U 2
S/2002 N1
S/2002 N 2
S/2002 N 3
S/2003 N 1

(Too many to list)
less than 10 3753 Cruithne¹
At least 47, see Jupiter's natural satellites for a listing. Erriapo (moon)
Narvi (moon)
Skathi (moon)
Mundilfari (moon)
Suttungr (moon)
Thrymr (moon)
Pallene (moon)
Polydeuces (moon)
Methone (moon)
S/2004 S 3
S/2005 S 1



(Too many to list)
¹ It is debatable whether Cruithne counts as a real moon; it is mainly placed here for comparison's sake. In addition to the moons of the various planets there are also over 30 known asteroid moons, asteroids that orbit other asteroids. ==See also== * Jupiter's natural satellites * Saturn's natural satellites * Uranus' natural satellites * Neptune's natural satellites * Timeline of natural satellites * Naming of natural satellites * Quasi-satellite == External links == === Jupiter's moons === * [http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~sheppard/satellites/jupsatdata.html Data on Jupiter's satellites] * [http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/faculty/jewitt/jmoons/jmoons.html Jupiter's new moons (discovered in 2000)] * [http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~sheppard/satellites/jup.html Jupiter's new moons (discovered in 2002)] * [http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~sheppard/satellites/jup2003.html Jupiter's new moons (discovered in 2003)] === Saturn's moons === * [http://www.news.cornell.edu/releases/Oct00/Saturn.moons.deb.html Saturn's new moons (discovered in 2000)] * [http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~sheppard/satellites/sat2003.html Saturn's new moon (discovered in 2003)] === Neptune's moons === * [http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/whatsnew/pr/030113A.html Neptune's new moons (discovered in 2003)] === All moons === *[http://www.planetary.org/learn/solarsystem/moons.html Moons of the Solar System (The Planetary Society)] *[http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~sheppard/satellites Scott Sheppard's page] *[http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov JPL's Solar System Dynamics page] ---- Moons bs:Prirodni satelit th:ดาวบริวาร

Natural satellite



Why are the asteroids included in a list of moons? They don't revolve around planets, if I recall, but around the Sun. - montrealais :I put them there merely for purpose of comparison. They're in the same general size class as moons, and so comparing them helps get a feel for them both. User:Bryan Derksen If we are going to include some of the larger asteroides in this artcle, should we also include the larger Kuiper Belt User:Jeff8765 :Sounds reasonable to me. Perhaps to save space, though, they should be combined into the asteroid column, which can then be renamed "minor planets" or somesuch and maybe moved to the right side of the table (rather than remaining between Mars and Jupiter)? I can do the work, if that sounds good to everyone. User:Bryan Derksen 02:45, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC) ::Sounds good to me --- I think that putting the "minor planets" column off to the right partially answers Montrealais' objection & accounts for KBOs nicely. Btw, I like having the minor planets in there for comparison. -- User:Hike395 05:38, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC) :::All prepped and ready to go, but I'm just about to turn in for the night so I'm not going to add any KBOs myself just yet. I'll get to it tomorrow if nobody beats me to it. User:Bryan Derksen 06:17, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC) :::Oh, this raises an interesting issue. Pluto itself has a diameter of only 2320 km, and Mercury 4879.4 km; both of these diameters fit into the range covered by the table. How about changing "minor planets" to "other objects" and including these two planets in with them as well? User:Bryan Derksen 06:27, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC) ::::While fewer people are considering Pluto a planet these days, Mercury's another story. I guess we'll have to wait for the IAU. - User:Jeandré, 2004-03-17t11:30z ---- I've changed the 750-1 000 row, to 900-1 000 to cut it off at ''2002 TX300''. Another option would be to include "(too many to list)" below ''20000 Varuna'' (and then order everything by size!), and change the row name to 500-1 000, since it's kind of ill-proportioned at the moment. - User:Jeandré, 2004-03-17t11:30z :Another alternative (which is more balanced) is to give upon listing "other objects" less than 1000km, because more and more TNOs will be discovered in that size range... Also, I think Ceres & Varuna are both >1000km? (I've seen a 1003 km estimate for Ceres). -- User:Hike395 15:11, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC) ::I agree with the 1000km cut off. Some (good?) sources: Varuna [http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/faculty/jewitt/varuna.html 900km (+125/-145)]. Ceres [http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/wrjs103sp.html 950 × 920], [http://www.hohmanntransfer.com/cgi-bin/get.cgi?num=1 930 and 970]. - User:Jeandré, 2004-03-17t17:12z :::Agree that Ceres is <1000km (took it out already) I did some research a while ago on Varuna's diameter. The latest paper from France & Spain[http://despa.obspm.fr/~tno/lellouch2002_varuna.pdf] gives a thermal estimate above 1000km. Dr. Jewitt's web page does not reflect the latest work, because it was published in 2001. In fact, the Lellouch paper cites the Jewitt paper. I'd like to stick with the latest results. --- User:Hike395 18:29, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC) :::More, from Lellouch's paper (JAE01 being the 2001 Jewitt paper) --- ::::''We find D = 1060+180−220 km. Although our central flux value, when rescaled to 850 m, is 25–30% lower than JAE01's, our inferred nominal value is slightly higher than theirs; this is due to different assumptions on the millimeter emissivity, the distribution of temperature, and the fact that JAE01 adopted the Rayleigh-Jeans approximation (which is relatively inaccurate at 0.8 mm – about 20% error for T = 45 K). With our model, we would infer a 1220+175 −200 km diameter from JAE01's measurements. The two determinations nonetheless overlap within error bars.'' :::So, shall we keep Varuna > 1000km? -- User:Hike395 ::::IANAA, but that looks good to me. I've found another [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2002A%26A...391.1133L&db_key=AST&high=3d6ea7529519790 link to Lellouch's 1060+180-220 data] on the [http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/tnodiam.html Johnston's Archive] site which I've found useful. - User:Jeandré, 2004-03-17t22:01z I really think Ceres should be on that table, at the very least; it's the largest asteroid and people will be curious about how the asteroids measure up. How about modifying that (too many to list) note to (and many others), and insert a couple of notable asteroids into the sub-1000km cells? User:Bryan Derksen 00:43, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC) :That's a good compromise. -- User:Hike395 ---- I was curious as to why Saturn's newest moons have been listed under unknown, I've been able to find figures that generally agree on [http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~sheppard/satellites/satsatdata.html Scott Sheppard's page] and a [http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sat_props.html JPL page]. Hope those are helpful, this is a very informative entry. - User:Patteroast :Thanks! I incorporated the diameters from Scott Sheppard. -- User:Hike395 ::I think there's some similar info for Uranus and Neptune's smaller moons on Scott Sheppard's site, also. It'd be nice to get rid of that unknown section. :) - User:Patteroast :::Done -- User:Hike395 ==Method?== What is the ordering of moons and others in each box? It is not alphabetical, order of discovery or distance from sun. Is it random? Or are there just mistakes in the ordering? User:Rmhermen 04:58, Apr 3, 2004 (UTC) :It could be that several different editors each thought the ordering was based on a different characteristic, and so the combination of their additions has resulted in this confusion. :) How about we arrange the names in order of size, since the table is already ordered that way on a large scale? For the little tiny moons that are all about the same size (or as near as we can tell, anyway) we could resort to some other ordering. User:Bryan Derksen 19:33, 3 Apr 2004 (UTC) ::Sounds good. We should mention that somewhere. Bound to more more moons discovered -but probably only small ones. Of course, the box with Sedna, Quaoar, etc. will be anyones guess as to size order. User:Rmhermen 20:00, Apr 3, 2004 (UTC) :::I suppose a good method of arranging the smallest moons when they all have the same size is to go by discovery order. I'm cringing at the thought of seeing all those S/2003 Jx's every which way, though... User:Patteroast ---- What source is being used for the moons' sizes? I was trying to do a little editting to put some of the ones in order when I noticed several weren't in the right box in the first place. I know it depends greatly on the source, but as an example, the only source cited on the page ([http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~sheppard/satellites Scott Sheppard's Site]) and [http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sat_props.html JPL's site] gives Himalia's diameter as well over 100 km, in fact it gives a figure larger than Amalthea! I'd go on an edit spree, but I want to know if there's a different source being used - want to keep it self-consistent. If not, I'll be happy to do some re-arranging. Also, I think I'll add JPL's page as an addition source in the article now. --User:Patteroast 22:01, 20 Apr 2004 (UTC) :Looks like User:Bryan Derksen started the page about 2 years ago by moving the table from some other page. I am not sure we can track down a single source used for sizes. Probably best to find the most reliable source we can and make whatever changes are necessary. User:Rmhermen 13:53, Apr 21, 2004 (UTC) :: I recall creating the table in the first place, but darned if I can remember what the specific source of the information was from. I believe (not certain, but fairly confident) that I took the information from existing Wikipedia pages. Some of that information would have been placed there by others, so I can't tell where it came from, but I recall that at the time I was expanding a lot of planet and moon pages with information gleaned from [http://www.nineplanets.org/ nineplanets.org]. You might concievably find an earlier version of the table in the history of moon, since it was about that time when I split it into separate articles for Earth's moon and moons in general. User:Bryan Derksen 15:18, 21 Apr 2004 (UTC) :::Well, if nobody minds, I'm going to update them. I'm using JPL's SSD information except where it's not available (a few of the most recent moons), in which case I'm using Scott Sheppard's data. --User:Patteroast 21:50, 21 Apr 2004 (UTC) ::::By all means. Just make sure to check the articles of the moons that need changing to avoid introducing inconsistencies that will confuse future editors all over again. :) User:Bryan Derksen 23:57, 21 Apr 2004 (UTC) :::::Okay, I went to try to do that, and.. I came up onto a few issues. 1) Some pages list the radius and some pages list the diameter. Not an unsurmountable problem, but it does cause some confusion. 2) With so many different references listing sometimes wildly different figures, which are to be trusted? For my own personal study, I've been using figures from JPL's Solar System Dynamics pages for the larger and mid-sized moons, and Scott Sheppard's page for best estimates of some other newly discovered moons. It just seems strange to change it to what I think is right without say. Perhaps there should be an agreed upon reference? 3) Finally, for irregular bodies, I've seen that the longest axis seems to be the favorite to be listed as the diameter or radius, instead of an average of all axes. I think this method's preferable, as it more accurately shows the volume of the object. Anyway, I could just start changing things, but I figured mentioning it somewhere would be a good bet, beforehand. Thoughts? :) --User:Patteroast 22:43, 24 May 2004 (UTC) ::::::If you are going to be working on them, standardizing them all on either radius or diameter would be great. I don't care which but could we get them all to the same standard. User:Rmhermen 14:48, May 25, 2004 (UTC) :::::::Right. I've started work on a new standard, using the mean diameter, using figures from JPL's SSD page where possible, and any info not available there being provided from Scott Sheppard's page. --User:Patteroast 15:23, 22 Jun 2004 (UTC) ---- I'd like to bring up a question.. would it be appropriate to create pages for unnamed moons? We have virtually the same amount of information about many of them as some recently discovered named moons.. and there are pages for un-numbered asteroids, which is sort of the same thing. I realize many would be named, but that may take years.. especially for objects like S/2000 J11 and S/1986 U10 which have been passed over for naming several times. I'd take up the task of creating the pages, and when they're named to change links and move them. How's that sound? --User:Patteroast 15:23, 22 Jun 2004 (UTC) :I'd say go for it, no reason not to. -- User:Curps 16:29, 22 Jun 2004 (UTC) ::Seconded. That's what the "move this page" function is for. :) User:Bryan Derksen 00:29, 23 Jun 2004 (UTC) ---- I moved Charon to be a moon of Pluto. I know all about the controversy over whether or not Pluto is a planet, but I think it is still usually accepted as one. In addition, given that Charon is its moon (whether or not it is a planet) Charon should still be considered a moon. If the consensus is that this is wrong and that Charon really should be under "Other Objects" then it should be footnoted to explain why this is the case for the reader. User:Mfriedma 15:45, 25 Dec 2004 (UTC) ==Jupiter's less-than-10km-diameter satellites== Back when I first implemented this table layout there were a whole lot fewer of these, but now that one cell is stretching the table hugely. Anyone object if I collapse it down to "too many to list, see Jupiter's natural satellites?" The downside is that there would no longer be a link for every moon in the solar system here, but I'm not so greatly worried about that now that there are categories and navigation footers and whatnot to keep track of them with. User:Bryan Derksen 00:58, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC) :Sounds fine to me. -- User:Patteroast 02:11, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC) :Ok with me. -- User:Hike395 ::Make that "at least XX, see Jupiter's natural satellites" and I'll be happy. ::User:Urhixidur 04:36, 2005 Jan 26 (UTC)


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Natural_satellite
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