
Nationalism is an ethnicity-politics ideology that sustains the concept of a nation-identity for an exclusive group of people. It is the discrete or implied doctrine which holds the preservation and independence of its distinct identity, in all its aspects, and the "glory and wellbeing" of the nation as core aspects of its fundamental values ethos. Appeals to a deeper cultural mythos are often a part of nationalist doctrine. Nationalists may base their concept of "nation" on certain varied concepts of legitimacy (political science). These can derive from the Romanticism theory of "cultural identity", the Liberalism argument that political legitimacy is derived from the consent of a region's population, or a certain combination of the two. The modern vernacular use of ''nationalism'' refers to the political (and military) exercise of ethnic and religious nationalism, as defined below. Political scientists usually tend to research and focus on the more extreme forms of nationalism typically related with militarism and separatism, etc.. == Background == Nationalism is a controversial term, as its most general definition is broad and has been controversial throughout history, and specific examples of nationalism are extremely diverse. Often the most negative consequences of the clash of nationalisms, ethnic tension, war, and political conflicts within states, are taken for nationalism itself, leading some to view the general concept of nationalism negatively and others to argue that viewing nationalism through its most negative consequences distorts the meaning of the term. Depending on the specific content of a nationalism, it may or may not necessarily imply that one nation is better than another. At times it simply argues that a given nation is better off when it is permitted to govern themselves (see:self determination), following its own political, economic, and cultural interests independently. Jingoism is a more pejorative term for a nationalism that emphasizes the superiority of one nation over another. All forms of nationalism must answer the question of who belongs to the nation and who does not, and what belonging to a nation means. Early theories of nationalism took the view that the existence and boundaries of a nation were the natural consequence of ethnicity and geography. However, in the late 20th century, theorists of nationalism influenced by postmodernism began to argue that the concept of nations is a socially constructed phenomenon. Benedict Anderson, for example, termed the concept of nation as "imagined communities". Ernest Gellner further discusses the concept: "Nationalism is not the awakening of nations to self-consciousness: it invents nations where they do not exist." (Anderson and Gellner deploy terms such as 'imagined' and 'invent' in a neutral, descriptive manner. The use of these terms in this context is not intended to imply that nations are fictional or fantastic.) As such, they view the necessary conditions for nationalism as including such things as the printing press and capitalism. Anthony Smith proposes a synthesis of 'post-modernist' and traditional views. According to Smith, the preconditions for the formation of a nation are a fixed homeland (current or historical), high autonomy, hostile surroundings, memories of battles, sacred centres, languages and scripts, special customs, historical records and thinking. Smith considers that nations are formed through the inclusion of the whole populace (not just elites), constitution of legal and political institutions, nationalist ideology, international recognition and drawing up of borders. == Evolution of nationalism == The nation-state was born in Europe with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648. People long before that time often displayed great zeal for the place that they lived very much like nationalism, but it did not rely exclusively on the idea of nationhood. Divisions along the lines of religion and culture were more important in times past and rather than owing allegiance to the land on which they lived; they tended to owe their allegiance to the ruler who reigned over them. The ancient Greeks called everyone who was not Greek a barbarian but the Greek city states often fought amongst themselves for dominance. Nationalism can be thought of as recognition that another nation exists but one nation is superior whereas before that only one nation was recognized and barbarians were simply people who had not yet been conquered and made part of the nation. Nationalism was still an elite phenomenon for a couple of centuries after the Treaty of Westphalia, but during the 19th century in Europe, it spread widely and became popularized. Nationalism has dominated European and even global politics ever since. Much of 19th century European politics can be seen as a struggle between newer nationalist movements and old autocratic regimes. In some cases, nationalism took a liberal anti-monarchical face whereas in other cases, nationalist movements were co-opted by conservative monarchical regimes. Gradually through that century the old multi-national states such as the Austro-Hungarian Empire began to lose their grip, and various localized states were absorbed into larger national entities, most notably Germany and Italy. By the end of the 19th century, nationalistic ideas had begun to spread into Asia. In India, nationalism began to encourage calls for the end of British rule. In China, nationalism created a justification for the Chinese state that was at odds with the idea of the universal empire. In Japan, nationalism combined with Japanese exceptionalism. The World War I marked the final destruction of several multinational states (Ottoman Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, and to some extent Russia). The Versailles Treaty was marked by an attempt to recognize the principle of nationalism, as most of Europe was divided into nation states in an attempt to keep the peace. However, several multinational states and empires survived. The 20th century has also been marked by the slow assertion of nationalism around the world with the destruction of European colonialisms, the Soviet Union, and various other smaller multinational states. At the same time, particularly in the latter half of the century, trends which some have interpreted as anti-nationalistic have taken place. The European Union is now transferring power from the national level to both local and continental bodies. Also, many critics of globalization assert that trade agreements, such as NAFTA and the GATT, and the increasing internationalization of trade markets are weakening the sovereignty of the nation state. However, nationalism continues to assert itself in response to those trends. Street demonstrators vehemently oppose the negative aspects of globalization (see ATTAC), nationalistic parties continue to do well in elections, and most people continue to have a strong sense of attachment to their nationality. Moreover, it is not necessarily the case that globalism and European federalism are necessarily opposed to nationalism. For example, many theorists of Chinese nationalism within the People's Republic of China have articulated the idea that China's national power is substantially enhanced, rather than being reduced, by engaging in international trade and multinational organizations. With regard to European federalism, some of the strongest supporters of a more powerful European Union are local nationalist groups such as Catalans and Welsh nationalism who believe that a stronger EU centre will create a Region (Europe) and limit the power of current nation-states. == Forms of nationalism == Nationalism may manifest itself as part of official state ideology or as a popular (non-state) movement and may be expressed along civic, ethnic, cultural, religious or ideological lines. However such categories are not mutually exclusive, and many nationalist theories combine some or all of these elements to varying degrees. ''Civic nationalism'' (also ''civil nationalism'') is the form of nationalism in which the state derives legitimacy (political science) from the active participation of its citizenship, the "will of the people"; "political representation". This theory was first developed by Jean-Jacques Rousseau and put down in various writings, particularly ''On the Social Contract''. (See Social contract theories for a more in-depth discussion of the historical development of this philosophy.) Civic nationalism lies within the tradition of rationalism and liberalism. It is the theory behind representative democracy such as the United States and France. ''Ethnic nationalism'' is the form of nationalism in which the state derives political legitimacy from historical cultural or hereditary groupings (ethnicities). This was developed by Johann Gottfried von Herder, who introduced the concept of the ''Volk''. ''Romantic nationalism'' (also ''organic nationalism'', ''identity nationalism'') is the form of ethnic nationalism in which the state derives political legitimacy as a natural ("organic") consequence of race; in the spirit of Romanticism and opposed to Enlightenment rationalism. Romantic nationalism relies upon the existence of a historical ethnic culture which meets the Romantic Ideal; folklore developed as a Romantic nationalist concept. The Brothers Grimm were inspired by Johann Gottfried Herder's writings to create an idealized collection of tales which they labeled as ethnic German. See Populism and Nationalism; Giuseppe Mazzini (Italy), Jules Michelet (France), Johann Gottlieb Fichte (Germany), Roman Dmowski (Poland). ''Cultural nationalism'' is a form of nationalism where only culture and not any hereditary features (such as skin pigmentation) becomes the central aspect of what constitutes the nation. The best example for cultural nationalists are the Chinese who consider their nation to be based on culture. Race is being played down by these nationalists as they consider Manchus and other national minorities as part of the Chinese nation. The Qing dynasty's willingness to adapt to Chinese customs shows the supremacy of the mainstream Chinese culture. Many Chinese on Taiwan consider themselves Chinese nationalists because of their cultural background but they reject the Chinese Communist government. ''State nationalism'' is a variant on civic nationalism, very often combined with ethnic nationalism. The nationalistic feelings are so strong that they often get priority over universal rights and liberties. The success of the state often contrasts and conflicts with the principles of a democratic society. The maintenance of the national state is a superior argument, as if it brings better government on its own. Typical examples are Nazism, but also the contemporary Turkish nationalism, and in a lesser form the right-wing Franquism in Spain, and the Jacobin attitude towards the unitary and centralist French state, as well as Belgian nationalism, fiercely opposed towards equal rights and more autonomy for the Flemings, and the Basque or Corsican nationalists. Systematically, wherever state nationalism is strong, there are conflicting appeals to both the loyalty of the people, and on territories, as the Turkish nationalism and its repression of Kurdish nationalism, the opposition between strong central governement in Spain and France with Basque, Catalan, and Corsican nationalism. ''Religious nationalism'' is the form of nationalism in which the state derives political legitimacy as a consequence of shared religion. Zionism is an example, though many, if not most, forms of ethnic nationalism are in some ways religious nationalism as well. For example, Ireland nationalism is associated with Catholicism; India nationalism is associated with Hinduism. In modern India, a contempary form of Hindu nationalism, or Hindutva has been prominent among many followers of the Bharatiya Janata Party and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. In general, religious nationalism is viewed as a form of ethnic nationalism. Sometimes however religion is more of a marker of a group than the motivation for their nationalism. For example although most Irish nationalism leaders of the last 100 years are Catholic, in the 19th century, and especially in the 18th century, many nationalistic leaders were Protestant. Irish nationalists are not fighting for theology distinctions like transubstantiation, the status of the Virgin Mary, or the primacy of the Pope. Rather they are fighting for an ideology that identifies the geographical island of Ireland, with a particular view of Irish culture, which for some nationalists, does include Catholicism but has as a more dominant element other elements of culture. For many nations that had to struggle against the consequences of the imperialism of another nation, nationalism was linked to the pursuit of an ideal of freedom. ''Islam'' is nominally opposed to any notion of Nationalism, Tribalism, Racism, or any other categorization of people not based on one's beliefs. Instead of nationalism, Islam advocates a strong feeling of community between all muslims, which is called the ''Ummah''. This feeling of communal consciousness is emphasised by the awareness that a Muslim's daily prayers are shared with others as the sun sweeps across the globe, and during the holy month of Ramadan when worldwide Muslims fast and give charity together, and culminates in the sacred Hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca in which muslim men and women of all cultures, colours, and backgrounds come together. The word ''ummah'' is often incorrectly translated into English as the Islamic "nation" (not to be confused with the "Nation of Islam" which differs altogether from the teachings of Islam and is disapproved of by most Muslims). However, the concept of the ''Ummah'' is often strongly linked to the Caliphates and Empires of Islam's history. In the theories of some Islamic thinkers, the community of muslims should unite to form a modern version of these empires, and so this can be seen as a unique, religiously based form of nationalism. An extreme form of this view is associated with Islamism. ''Banal nationalism'' is a concept put forward by Michael Billig (Prof. Social sciences, University of Loughborough) whereby the everyday, less visible forms of nationalism exist, that remind and shape the minds of the nations on a day to day basis. == Extremism == Ultra-nationalists are extreme nationalists or patriotism. The term has a clearly pejorative meaning, and is particularly used for those ardently opposed to international cooperation. See also: chauvinism, jingoism Extremist political movements such as fascism and Stalinism are usually marked by a strong combination of ethnic nationalism and state nationalism, the most extreme example being Nazism (see Nazi Germany). While Stalinism was not overtly nationalist in doctrine, ethnic minorities within the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe were brutally repressed during Stalin's reign, and a strong nationalist character was encouraged during World War II (the Great Patriotic War). ===Ultra-nationalists=== Politicians and movements often held by the Anglo-Saxon mainstream to be ultra-nationalist include: *Croix de Feu, inter-war fascist movement in France *Shintaro Ishihara, Tokyo Governor *Jörg Haider, Austrian Freedom Party politician *Kach, Israeli group *Jean-Marie Le Pen, National_Front_(France) leader *Zeljko Raznatovic ''(Arkan),'' Serbian politician and militia commander *Vladimir Zhirinovsky, Russian politician == Commonalities of all forms of nationalism == Some political theorists make the case that any discrimination of forms of nationalism is false. All forms of nationalism rely on the population being a nation; that is, that all the members of the population believe that they share some kind of common culture, and culture can't be wholly separated from ethnicity. Even the supposedly ethnically neutral "civic culture" of the United States, for example, relies on English language as the one national language, has "God" on its coinage and in its Pledge of Allegiance, and designates official holidays, which promote cultural biases. See also the concept of Manifest Destiny, American nativism, the House Un-American Activities Committee. ===What makes nationalism so attractive?=== One reason why nationalism has maintained its appeal over the centuries might be that belonging to a culturally, economically or politically strong nation makes one feel better regardless of one's own contribution to this strength. This is often reflected in form of increase in confidence of the nation, when the nation is economically strong; or as a means to garner popular support when the ruling elites perceives external threat that needs to bring up a national unified front to tackle the threat. == Prominent nationalists== * Michel Aflak * Mustafa Kemal Atatürk * Menachem Begin * Ariel Sharon * Simón Bolívar * Ahmed Ben Bella * Winston Churchill * Francisco Franco * Daniel O'Connell * David Ben-Gurion * Michael Collins (Irish leader) * António de Oliveira Salazar * Augusto Pinochet * John Diefenbaker * Juan Peron *Joseph Stalin * Emir Faisal * Vicente Fox * Charles de Gaulle * Christoph Blocher * Chiang Kai-shek * Mahatma Gandhi * Johann Gottfried von Herder, ''Materials for the Philosophy of the History of Mankind'' [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1784herder-mankind.html] * Theodor Herzl * Eamon de Valera * Adolf Hitler * Benito Mussolini * Sir John A. Macdonald * Nelson Mandela * Daniel Malan * Gamal Abdel Nasser * Kwame Nkrumah * Gavrilo Princip * Muammar al-Qaddafi * Jean-Jacques Rousseau * Louis Riel * Patrice Lumumba * Norman Manley * Pim Fortuyn * Reza Shah * Jozef Tiso * Malcolm X * Zeev Jabotinsky Benedict Anderson has stated, "only face-to-face contact can sustain community: nations are in some sense an illusion." [http://www.socresonline.org.uk/2/1/8.html] (see also [http://www.nationalismproject.org/what/anderson.htm]). == Historical nationalism == Historical events (''not'' just wars) in which nationalism played an essential role have included: * The French Revolution between 1789 and 1799 * The Rebellions of 1837 in Upper and Lower Canada * The current war, " The Troubles " in Northern Ireland, as well as the liberation of most of Ireland from British rule in 1921. * The 1848 Revolutions, which occurred throughout the European continent * The black nationalist opposition to white nationalist rule in Zimbabwe, formerly Rhodesia during the 1960s and 1970s * The Italian unification under the rule of Piedmont (Italy) and Sardinia * German Unification under Otto von Bismarck of Prussia * The Arab Revolt of 1916-1918 * The rise of Reza Shah in 1921. * The nationalization of the Suez Canal by Gamal Abdel Nasser. * The unification of Syria and Egypt under the United Arab Republic and its demise. * Nationalism and resistance in Algeria as a prelude to the Algerian War of Independence. * The establishment of the apartheid state in South Africa but the National Party of South Africa; Afrikaner nationalists. * The conflict between two different nationalisms, Canadian and Quebecois during the Quebec referendums on independence of 1980 and 1995. As well as the 1972 FLQ terrorist attacks in Quebec * The Fiji coups of Fiji coups of 1987 and Fiji coup of 2000. * The rebellions and revolutions in Africa during the 1960s and 1970s against white colonial rule * The rise in white nationalist or anti-immigrant violence in western countries since the 1970s The two World Wars, World War I and World War II, can also be described as historical events fueled by nationalism, though wars are listed in the following section. == Related concepts == === Nation and state, nation-state === A nation is not to be confused with a state, although nation is many times wrongfully used as a synonym for such. See: nation state. === Anti-nationalism === Anti-nationalism is the idea that nationalism is dangerous and leads to conflict and war. Inherent in anti-nationalism is the idea that one must reject all forms of jingoism. But there may be other reasons. For example, there was a perception in pre-World War I by European socialist movements that nationalism was being used to prevent workers uniting against capitalism. Adherents to globalisation also discourage nationalistic tendencies, as nationalism can be a barrier to global trade and a global capitalist system. Another example is in present-day Germany, Ireland and Japan where there are people who are not comfortable with any nationalistic, patriotic, or even cultural symbols, because these have become associated (and permanently discredited in their view) with violent nationalism (see self-hatred). Prominent anti-nationalists have included: * Arthur C. Clarke * Albert Einstein * T.H. White * Vladimir Lenin * Stanley Hauerwas === Patriotism === Patriotism is mostly synonymous with nationalism. However, in an English language context, it differs in that ''patriotism'' is usually regarded as something positive within the national group, while nationalism is usually projected on others, usually with a negative effect. In a Continental European context, the distinction is rather that ''nationalism'' is projected towards one's own people, i.e. one's ''nation,'' while ''patriotism'' connotes a state — or an empire — and its government. See also chauvinism. === Language === A common language has been one of the main presuppositions for nationalism; in France, for example, before the French Revolution, Languages of France such as Breton and Occitan were spoken in the various regions which were mutually incomprehensible. Following the Revolution, French was imposed as the national language. For instance, in Brittany, Breton language were forbidden. The same phenomenon occurred in Britain and the United States. In the majority of the cases, policies were passed to accelerate the downsizing of minority language groups at various moments in history. Even a policy of laissez-faire with regard to languages will generally lead to a unification under the language of the prevailing group or groups. See also: Language policy in France Some theorists believe that nationalism became pronounced in the 19th century for the simple reason that language became more important as unifier due to increased literacy. With increasing numbers of people reading newspapers, books, pamphlets and so on, which were increasingly widely available and read since the spread of the printing press, it became possible for the first time to develop a broader cultural attachment that went beyond the local community. At the same time, differences in language solidified, breaking down old dialects, and excluding those from completely different language groups. Nationalist movements from Ireland to India promote the teaching, preservation, and usage of traditional languages, such as Celtic languages, Hebrew language, and Hindi language. See also: Language revival Even the United States, a country which supposedly transcends nationality, has a long tradition of discrimination for other languages than English. Prominent examples are the German language, which was nearly eradicated during World War I; French language and Italian language have nearly disappeared from everyday life. Today Spanish in the United States is a large second language across large portion of the country. Some politicians, such as Pat Buchanan have consciously opposed the rise of Spanish as a second American language, for fear that it would undermine traditional institutions. In the Arab World during the colonial period, the Turkish language, French language, Spanish language and English language were often forced upon the Arabs. When the colonial period ended (mostly after World War Two), a process of "Arabisation" began; reviving Arabic to unify their states and to facilitate a broader Arab identity. Countries such as Algeria and Western Sahara have undergone large scale Arabisations, going from French and Spanish to Arabic respectively. Pan-Arabism was a major motivation for this, as were dreams of national liberation which mostly, except for in a few notable cases, such as Western Sahara), came to fruition. While within the Arab World itself (which is basically a political entity), some nationalistic attempts were made to emancipate a domestic vernacular from the repression of classical Arabic as a formal foreign language, that is incomprehensible to the illiterate natives of some politically - while not necessarily linguistically, culturally or racially - Arabized country. These attempts took place in Egypt first in mid 20th century by the Egyptian scholar and nationalist Ahmad Lutfi al-Sayyid, who called upon the formalization of the Egyptian Vernacular as the native language of the Egyptian people. And again recently by the Egyptian researcher Bayoumi Andil whose research and investigations in what he define as the "Modern Egyptian Language" leaded him to declare it "irrelevant" to Arabic, and constituting the fourth phase of the ancient Egyptian language, as descendant from Coptic Language, with which it is intimately related, on the syntactic, morphological, and phonological levels. Similar attempts of emphasizing and stressing minority languages which are completely independent of Arabic, were made by the Nubians who were split between Egypt and the Sudan. And also to a relatively more successful extent, by the Amazigh (also known as Imazighen or Berber) in Morocco. ===Racism=== Although nationalism does not necessarily imply a belief in one's own superiority over others, excesses of nationalism have not infrequently led to racist variants of the ideology (see Jingoism). Excessive nationalism or self-pride has convinced many European powers that they were morally justified in imposing their rule on smaller or militarily weaker nations. Around the beginning of the 20th century in many countries all over the world a tendency existed to mix nationalism with racism. One of the clearest examples of racist nationalism was embodied in the Nazi movement in Germany with the resulting the Holocaust. However there are other examples of racism that could have been motivated through nationalism, including ethnic cleansings during the Yugoslav wars in the 1990s, the removal of Germans from the Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic during the 1940s, the repressions against blacks in the United States during the 1930s, the extermination of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire in 1915, state terrorism bombing and gas attacks by the British army in Iraq in the 1920s and 1930s, killing of the Boers in British concentration camps at the end of the 19th century, and others. ===Pride=== Exceeding or violated pride or in the worst case both together can be the most potent driving forces for the rise of nationalism. In Germany the soil for nationalism was prepared by a sequence of a period with exceeding pride followed by a period of defeat and devastation. Whereas during the "Wilhelminian" era exceeding pride has been risen by the German government, the period after WWI was determined by violated pride due to defeat and the conditions of the Versailles Treaty. In conjunction with the resulting economic devastation due to hyperinflation (1922, 1923, and 1929), this led to the rise of Nazism. ==Quotes about Nationalism==
=="Nation-nationalism are confused with the State"== In the article and in the discussion it is puzzling that contributors do not find it useful to distinguish between Nationalism (an ideology), a Nation (the objectification of a particular Nationalist ideology) and the State - how communities, national or other (civil, religious), organize themselves. Looking at current practice is confusing because practice is always in some grey area in between or, rather, a mix of different theoretical categories and explanations and their human expression in real-world politics. Also deducting theory from practical observation is somewhat dubious, from a purely scientific methodology perspective. Citing positive and supportive examples to one's views is irrelevant, for the test of an idea is how practice contradicts it, not affirms it. The result of these misgivings is that this article is seriouls flawed in that it cannot discover and expose the puprose or objective of Nationalism. --User:Modi 09:19, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC) =="Associating the concept of race with the body politic"== ::Nationalism is a political ideology developed in 18th and 19th centuries associating the concept of :race with the body politic (the state) in a "nation". Since the late 19th century, it has been the dominant paradigm. What exactly does this mean? Saying that nationalism "associat[es] the concept of race with the body politic in a 'nation'" does not clearly explain what nationalism is. Nationalism ''per se'' does not ''necessarily'' have anything to do with ''race,'' or so I thought--or, if it does, this needs to be explained very clearly. What it means to call nationalism "the dominant paradigm" is also very unclear. I'd just try to improve the article but, frankly, I don't feel I have a very firm grasp on the concept myself. --User:LMS :I would rather say that in history, for example in Nazi Germany, the word nationalism has been misused to cover up racism. -- User:Tsja You're right; I was conflating civic nationalism (Rousseau) and ethnic nationalism (:Johann Herder). However, distinguishing between them may be false as well; see [http://www.abo.fi/fak/hf/filosofi/Research/Nationalism_and_Political_Legitimacy.htm] for a counterpoint. :Race and :nationalism are historically linked concepts that both arose in the late 18th/19th centuries. I've actually had some (minimal) academic involvement in nationalism. If you give me a chance, I'll continue trying to make these entries more clear. I would appreciate it if people stopped just deleting huge swaths of work, though. I'm not trying to advance any extreme ideology. --TheCunctator =="The state derives political legitimacy in some way from its population"== I think the current article does not accurately reflect what nationalism is, at least as I understand the term: :Nationalism is a political ideology developed in the 18th and 19th centuries that in which the state derives political legitimacy in some way from its population, as opposed to :divine right, for example. It would follow from this that a democratic world government, which derived its political legitimacy from free elections, would be nationalist. But AFAIK a democratic world state would be the antithesis of nationalism. -- User:Simon J Kissane Not at all; the concept of the constitutional democracy is a form of civic nationalism. Nationalism is just the ideology of nations; the United States, France, etc., are nations. Unfortunately ethnic conflict and separatist movements are pretty much inevitable wherever you have nations, unless they're a perfect civic nation, which many argue is impossible--and those problems are known as nationalist problems. Thus the vernacular use of nationalism, with its attendant connotations of ethnic conflict. You're conflating ethnic nationalism with nationalism. See the references, etc. Look up "social contract". A democratic world government would be the ultimate civic nation. In some sense it could also be thought of as the ultimate ethnic nation as well (where the common ethnicity is the human race). --TheCunctator : Ethnic conflicts and separatist movements are inevitable wherever you have nations denying the right to equality to other nations. A rich humanity cannot be composed of anything but all human cultures, i.e., all ethnic groups being given a chance to contribute to the culture of the human specie in their own way. I think reading the definition of ethnicity can clarify the difference between wishing for all nation to have a sovereign State of their own and wanting all members of a given race to be packed together in the same State because the other "races" are considered "weaker". I don't see how two concepts could be further away from each other despite both being associated in one way or another to nationalism. -- User:Mathieugp 22:04, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC) Yes, I was conflating ethnic nationalism and civil nationalism. I was not aware of civil nationalism before. But I think a world government still wouldn't even be civil nationalism. To quote from the Internet Modern History Sourcebook: :the very nature of nationalism requires that boundaries be drawn. Unless these boundaries are purely civic, successful nationalism, in many cases produced a situation in which substantial groups of outsiders were left within "nation-states". A world state would entail no boundaries, be they civic or ethnic. There would be no non-citizens. As you say, "nationalism is just the ideology of nations", but a world state would be the end to nations as an independent existence. Hence I still say that the article is wrong where it says "Nationalism is a political ideology developed in the 18th and 19th centuries that in which the state derives political legitimacy in some way from its population, as opposed to :divine right, for example" -- a democratic world state would fit that definition, but it would not be nationalist. -- User:Simon J Kissane Internationalism? :-) ==Population -> imagined community== I changed "population" in the opening definition to "imagined community" because the nation is seldom isomorphic with the population living within state boundaries. After the French revolution, there was debate over whether Jews (many of whom had roots in France that pre-date the French) belonged to the French nation. Bismarck and other German conservatives excluded Jews from the German nation (with horrible consequences several decades later). Conversely, Germans outside of German borders are considered members of the German nation. Similarly, Jews living outside of Israel, although they do not have Israeli citizenship (they do not belong to the state), are considered members of the Jewish nation, and Arabs born in Israel are not considered members of that nation. Indeed, one could go so far as to say that the notion of nation developed to provide a basis of state legitimacyor identity that is explicitly ''other'' than "population" SR This sounds wrong: :the state derives political legitimacy in some way from an imagined community What's with the "imagined community" thing? I never heard that before. --User:Ed Poor ==1898 Spanish-American War== So "Ethnic nationalist conflicts" includes "1898 -- Spanish-American War"? On reading the article devoted to that war, one only sees one Empire getting the spoils of the other. The "ethnic conflict" would be the philipine civil war against the USA invaders that ensued til 1914. And so and so for Cuba etc. Perique ::Agreed--User:JinFX 09:36, 2005 Feb 17 (UTC) ==Palestinian matters== :"Palestinian nationalism is associated with Islam." Palestinian nationalism, like all Arab nationalisms, is a secular movement. Islamic liberation movements in Palestine can be more accurately described as pan-Islamic rather than nationalist. I've replaced it with "Indian nationalism is associated with Hinduism." :1987-91 -- First Palestinian Intifada :2000-01 -- Second Palestinian Intifada The Intifada is not a completely nationalist conflict (in some ways, it was anti-nationalist). It was also driven by religion and democracy. --druid =="nation-building by the United States in the 1960s"== The article states: : the failure of "nation-building" by the United States in the 1960s Pardon my ignorance, but what massive nation-building project did the United States have in the 1960s? Is this a reference to Vietnam? I'm not sure how a reference to Vietnam ends up in the first paragraph of "nationalism". -- User:Daniel Quinlan =="nation-state was born in Europe with the Treaty of Westphalia"== The article states: ''The nation-state was born in Europe with the Treaty of Westphalia (1648),'' which is fairly reasonable, but maybe too much anyway. What about the Reformation, and what about the dissolution of the Kalmar Union? Both occured more than 100 years before. User:Johan Magnus :It ''is'' hard to edit an article that begins this way. How about Philip IV of France or Tudor England at the latest? (A popular sense of "Englishness" actually developed during the 14th century and was defined, as nationalism always is, by its enemy, in that case France.) A good Wikipedia article is always a ''report'' never an ''essay'': this one is a soapbox. Can't do anything with it. User:Wetman 19:17, 1 Feb 2004 (UTC) ==Chauvinism== Some uninformed fools really mix up chauvinism with nationalism. These idiots have no idea what they are talking about. - User:212.137.33.208 14:02, 11 Aug 2003 (UTC) :I have made it clearer that it isn't a ''fact'' that nationalism is like chauvinism (this wasn't strictly neccesary, because they both draw from the same general thoughts, and so are ''linked'', which is what the article said, but I should give the benefit of the doubt to the other side). I started from the older version because chauvinism wasn't an important part of the article anyways and didn't deserve a whole discussion (rebutal to the assertations added, rebutal to rebutal, etc.) User:Paullusmagnus 14:16, 11 Aug 2003 (UTC) =="examples of racism that could have been motivated through nationalism"== I don't know enough about the subject to really comment or change the paragraph starting "However there are other examples of racism that could have been motivated through nationalism exist, including" which seems a little non-npov to me. If I'm off base, then I'm sorry for wasting your time :) User:Dysprosia 07:57, 22 Aug 2003 (UTC) ==Ultranationalism== Why does ultranationalism redirects to nationalism when both have different definitions in the dictionary? See [http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=ultranationalism Ultranationalism at Dictionary.com] and [http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=nationalism Nationalism at Dictionary.com]. I think it is really important not to mislead people into associating two opposing ideas: favorable sentiment towards one's own culture and superiority complex vis-a-vis other cultures. Also, some of the discussions on nationalism here seem to completely ignore the actual meaning of the word nation as clearly stated in Wikipedia. -- User:Mathieugp : Just for the record, Ultra-nationalism has since been made into its own article, though it is still a stub. --User:Joy 18:25, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC) ==Internationalism== I am not sure if nationalism is in opposition to internationalism. That makes absolutely no sense. How can "seeking greater ties between nations and peoples" be in opposition with nationalism? Unless I am misreading, the definition of internationalism seem to recognize the existence of nations and in fact wish for these entities to be more aware of each other, to better communicate and respect each others. Aren't internationalism and nationalism complementary? Doesn't "inter" mean "between". I think this not correct. What do you think? -- User:Mathieugp 16:08, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC) :I expect there are different kinds of internationalism. Some forms of internationalism emphasize the ''nation'' in internationalism, while others would see it as a way of breaking down national barriers and building a community that transcends national identification. It seems to me that certain forms of internationalism, such as socialist internationalism, globalization, or European federalism are very much opposed to nationalism, since nationalists place a priority on national self determination, free from other national groups. -- User:Peregrine981 17:02, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC) :: I agree with you that we cannot generalize about all "flavors" of internationalism. That is precisely why I do not believe it is correct to have “(in contrast to internationalism …)” because for a lot of people who identify as internationalists, the recognition of all national identities as valuable components of humanity is part of the equation. :: The way I see it, nationalists come in different shapes depending on which nation they identify to and which type of nationalism they claim they support. The understanding of what nationalism is differs a great deal between French and German cultures for example. It also differs a lot between those tagged “left-wing” or “right-wing”. For the majority of the people who live in a free nation-state today, the issue is practically non-existent. There really is no need to be nationalist for them since brave people secured the independence of their nation a long time ago. Nationalism in this context is looked at suspiciously, sometimes for good reasons. For others, nationalism is seen as a way to secure the future of the language and/or culture they feel is threatened inside the political body in which they are a minority (ie, deprived from real political power). :: I don't really understand why you grouped socialist internationalism, globalization, and European federalism in a category in which all oppose nationalism though. :: All members of the European union are independent nation-states that have agreed to create a supranational order where they administer things they have in common. They contribute about 3% of their national budget to the activities of this government. All States contributing to this union are sovereign, and not only did they keep their national identity, their language and their culture, they have begun accepting other nationalisms or regionalisms (France with Corsica and Brittany, Spain with the Basques etc). The priorities of France, Italy, Germany and others are still national, but they accept that they are not the only nation on the earth and must cooperate wherever it makes sense. What has been unified is essentially the international policy of all these national groups, without melting all identities into a single one. Rather, every one is now comfortable being European all the while being German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Corsican or Basque. That's the best example of international cooperation this planet has seen in a long time. :: As for socialist internationalism, well from what I read, it does not oppose nationalism, rather the excesses of it which are chauvinism and ultranationalism. :: Now when we are talking about purely economic globalization of markets as envisioned by certain influential circles (or rather multinationals), we can clearly say that in this case, national identities are seen as barriers that should be broken down. For a number of mostly valid reasons, a good amount of people from a variety of (sometimes conflicting) political movements do not put globalization under "type of internationalism" but more under "type of imperialism". I do think it is important not to mislead people. If certain forms of internationalism are opposed to nationalism, they deserve their own category. ;-) -- User:Mathieugp 21:44, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC) :::I think that we agree on the main point, that internationalism can mean many different things, so the initial use of it as opposed to nationalism is not necessarily correct. :::As to the European federalism, I would say that it is definetely opposed to nationalism. The idea of a federal Europe would subordinate the powers of nation states to a greater entity. The EU is not federal, but many in the organization would like it to be a federal structure. Socialist internationalism, in my understanding, believed that the workers of the world had more in common with each other than the upper classes in their own nations, and therefore believed that national identity was of secondary importance. Any rate, you're probably quite right that these points need to be elaborated in the articles on nationalism and internationalism. User:Peregrine981 19:29, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC) : Yes, it is true that some of the proponents of a true European federalism have voiced against nationalism. I think we should not forget that nationalism is still perceived very negatively in Europe, where the national sentiments of millions of people was used to start imperialist wars and justify hateful crimes. There is also the easy association a lot of people make between nationalism and racism. I am not really an expert on this, but my understanding is that federalism is supported mostly in Germany, where the issue of national pride is not anything close to what it is in the neighbouring countries. I think a great number of Germans thinks national socialism whenever they hear the word nationalism for a number of obvious historical and cultural reasons. In France, it is out of the question for pretty much all major political parties. However, opinions can change. I think generally everyone in Europe supports the idea that traditional nation-states are a thing of the past, as success of the current European Union prooves, but I personally doubt that there will ever be a majority favorable to a dissolution of all national identites. :: It's actually quite complex. Some of the strongest proponents of more power for Brussels (i.e. a Europe of the regions) are actually local nationalists. Welsh, Basque, and Catlan nationalists tend to be extremely pro-Europe. User:Roadrunner 16:34, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC) : As for socialist internationalism, you are right. A lot of socialists consider the interests of all workers to be above national interests (which makes sense when you think about it). However, I do not believe they support the idea of suppressing all national sentiments to acheive greater solidarity between peoples. These socialist voices are probably just trying to emphasize the need not to let exaggerated national pride come in the way of the collective interests of all humans. Hopefully, through discussion, we will be able to get a real NPOV for these articles. Nice exchanging with you. :-) -- User:Mathieugp 20:26, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC) == Imagined Communities == It seems as if there should be some consideration of Benedict Anderson's Imagined Communities, in which he states that the definition of the nation is "an imagined political community" and that "Nationalism is not the awakening of nations to self-conciousness: it invents nations where they do not exist," (6). Thus, nations are not natural occurences of human collectives but instead percieved communities of people. By all means, the idea of imagined communities deserves some space in the article.User:Peregrine981 14:04, 16 Jun 2004 (UTC) =="modern"== Made some changes. One thing that you have to be careful about is using the term "modern" to mean recent. Modern has some other meanings (see modernism) Benedict Anderson's work is actually post-modern. User:Roadrunner 16:27, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC) =="the definition of nationalism is misunderstood"== NPOV'ed the statement that "the definition of nationalism is misunderstood." I doubt that the people who that statement is directed at believe that they are misunderstanding the term. User:Roadrunner 16:34, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC) ==Palestine== Can we talk about Palestinian nationalism in this article, or link to Palestinian nationalism? If we do, does that come under the heading of ethnic nationalism? That is, are "Palestinians" a distinct ethnic group? Or are they just "whoever calls himself a Palestinian"? --User:Ed Poor 15:40, 24 Sep 2004 (UTC) == Islam and nationalism == The statement "Islam is fiercely opposed to any notion of Nationalism" appears totlly wrong to me. What Islam does not accept, is the nationalism of civil nation-states, based on a secular nationalism. However, islam fiercely advocates the primacy, in political rights and other perspectives, of the islamic nation, the community of all muslims, he 'Ummah'. In this islamic nation, all civil laws are subordinate to the Quran, the Hadiths and as such, to the rules laid down in the Shariak, including the islamic personal law. At the same time, one observes that in most islamic states -states where islam has the majority- there isa significant discrimination of all non-muslim citizens. E.g. even in Turkey, that pretends to adhere to all principles of the democratoc state of law -prior condition for eventual tighter relations with the European Union- thousands of imams are paid as civil servants, while at the same time, no single non-islamic cleric is paid by the state. Worse, the state even organises, contols and finances sending out Turkish imams to preach in mosques all over the EU, most often reachers who don't understand nor master, nor recognise the official languag, nor the law in those states. At the same time, state-paid imams officially consacrate polygamous mariages -in total contradiction with the equality of sexes, .... To conclude: islam appears to me a prime example of fierce nationalism.--User:Rudi Dierick 15:24, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC) ==Very interesting read== I came across this very interesting read on the Croation Studies website. I'd say this is one of the most enlightened (and enlightening) dicussion on the subject of nationalism I have found on the Internet. I recommend it to all Wikipedians who contributed or want to contribute to Nationalism : [http://www.croatianstudies.org/index.php?action=page&id=49 Croatian Nationalism And The Croatian National Movement (1966-1972) In Anglo-American Publications - A Critical Assessment] --User:Mathieugp, 18:08, 30 Nov 2004 : While that article basically has a point, it's also written from a nationalist standpoint and gets a bit too argumentative as it goes on, and misses on corroboration on several occasions. This can be attributed to the political circumstances of the time — it was written in 1989. So, anyway, that's the caveat emptor... --User:Joy 19:04, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC) == Communism & Nationalism == "Extremist political movements such as fascism and communism are usually marked by a strong combination of ethnic nationalism" This is not true. It would be better if it said, "...fascism and Stalinism are usually marked by a..." Where in Marxist theory does he talk of ethnic nationalism? It is important to distinguish between orthodox Marxism/Communism, and the betrayal of this doctrine by Stalin. --User:Mattkidd12, 19:56, 1 Dec 2004 :I put communism in because invariably nationalism is a characteristic in mainstream communist states, not only Stalinist states - this happened in the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, Vietnam, Cambodia and China. :*The Soviet Union is already covered in the article - though the Space Race and nuclear arms buildup occurred after Stalin was dead and Stalinism was discredited. The nuclear weapons stockpile was held up as the triumph of communist and Russian technology over captalist and American technology. :*The Vietnam War was characterised on the North Vietnamese side by strong nationalist flavour, which led to the extermination of 2/3s of the Montagnards, and persecution of the ethnic Chinese, leading to a border war with China. :*Yugoslavian communism was based upon strong Serbian nationalism, leading to that country's violent breakup. :*Cambodia's rule by the Khmer Rouge was based on a strong Khmer nationalist basis with dire repercussions for the Chinese, Hmong and Vietnamese minorities - which then led to the invasion by communist Vietnam in order to safeguard the Vietnamese minority, and then a Vietnamese nationalist vision of a united Indo-China. :*China encouraged and still encourages Han migration to areas such as Tibet and Xinjiang, areas not traditionally Han. Dissent in Tibet :*The Sino-Soviet Split occurred largely because of nationalist rivalry over which country was was going to lead world communism. :*And finally in most communist countries, ethnic minorities are viewed as a "fifth column" of counterrevolutionaries with numerous examples of these minorities being violently liquidated. :Only one of the countries listed above is an examples of a Stalinist state - all were or are ''communist'' states showing extreme nationalist tendencies. :As a side note, the argument can be made that fascism and communism aren't alone when it comes to examples of extreme nationlism - Britain, France and the United States among other democratic countries have at times shown extreme nationalist tendencies. :--User:Kudz75 23:57, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC) I agree with what you are saying, but its wrong to call any of these "communist states". I suppose it depends on how you define Stalinism. If you define it as a variant of Marxism, a strong, centralized and authoritarian state, where a one-party totalitarian regime is imposed, then all of these countries can be defined as Stalinist. A "communist state" is a contradiction in terms, because if there was communism, there wouldn't be a state. I agree that Ho Chi Minh etc were more nationalist than Marxist, but I still think its wrong to call Communism (the ideology) nationalist, because it's clear that Marx, Engels, and even Lenin were strongly anti-nationalist. Class is important to them, not nationality. Hence, "workers of the world unite". :Communism and Democracy are impossible fancies,neither is a good generalization to use, nationalism is something else; it would be best to say peoples who identify themselves apart from their peers tend to have strong nationalism --User:JinFX 09:28, 2005 Feb 17 (UTC) ::Also, this frankly annoys me: :::*The Soviet Union is already covered in the article - though the Space Race and nuclear arms buildup occurred after Stalin was dead and Stalinism was discredited. The nuclear weapons stockpile was held up as the triumph of communist and Russian technology over captalist and American technology. ::It's irrelevant to the discussion. Moreover, most of the time, the US stockpile was larger than the Soviet one. To top this off, the US was alone of the two powers regarding the scaring their population into thinking they were in danger of being attacked by the other. If this point of yours is to be an argument, you need to toss right-wing capitalism into the mix with fascism and commuism. --User:TVPR 09:43, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC) == Zionism == Couldn't we add Zionism to a form of nationalism? After all, its aim is to create a nation-state for Jews...therefore nationalism? :Very strong point, O unsigned one. Seconded.--User:TVPR 09:45, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC) == KAch == Kach is not the same as Kahane Hai (although I'd understand why you might think that). They are in fact two separate groups. I have therefore removed the '(Kahane Hai)' that stood after the 'Kach' == Link to new article == I just created an article called Historiography and nationalism and would appreciate comments, criticism, revision, and possible amplification by the editors here. User:Zora 09:30, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
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Nationalism
Nationalism is an ethnicity-politics ideology that sustains the concept of a nation-identity for an exclusive group of people. It is the discrete or implied doctrine which holds the preservation and independence of its distinct identity, in all its aspects, and the "glory and wellbeing" of the nation as core aspects of its fundamental values ethos. Appeals to a deeper cultural mythos are often a part of nationalist doctrine. Nationalists may base their concept of "nation" on certain varied concepts of legitimacy (political science). These can derive from the Romanticism theory of "cultural identity", the Liberalism argument that political legitimacy is derived from the consent of a region's population, or a certain combination of the two. The modern vernacular use of ''nationalism'' refers to the political (and military) exercise of ethnic and religious nationalism, as defined below. Political scientists usually tend to research and focus on the more extreme forms of nationalism typically related with militarism and separatism, etc.. == Background == Nationalism is a controversial term, as its most general definition is broad and has been controversial throughout history, and specific examples of nationalism are extremely diverse. Often the most negative consequences of the clash of nationalisms, ethnic tension, war, and political conflicts within states, are taken for nationalism itself, leading some to view the general concept of nationalism negatively and others to argue that viewing nationalism through its most negative consequences distorts the meaning of the term. Depending on the specific content of a nationalism, it may or may not necessarily imply that one nation is better than another. At times it simply argues that a given nation is better off when it is permitted to govern themselves (see:self determination), following its own political, economic, and cultural interests independently. Jingoism is a more pejorative term for a nationalism that emphasizes the superiority of one nation over another. All forms of nationalism must answer the question of who belongs to the nation and who does not, and what belonging to a nation means. Early theories of nationalism took the view that the existence and boundaries of a nation were the natural consequence of ethnicity and geography. However, in the late 20th century, theorists of nationalism influenced by postmodernism began to argue that the concept of nations is a socially constructed phenomenon. Benedict Anderson, for example, termed the concept of nation as "imagined communities". Ernest Gellner further discusses the concept: "Nationalism is not the awakening of nations to self-consciousness: it invents nations where they do not exist." (Anderson and Gellner deploy terms such as 'imagined' and 'invent' in a neutral, descriptive manner. The use of these terms in this context is not intended to imply that nations are fictional or fantastic.) As such, they view the necessary conditions for nationalism as including such things as the printing press and capitalism. Anthony Smith proposes a synthesis of 'post-modernist' and traditional views. According to Smith, the preconditions for the formation of a nation are a fixed homeland (current or historical), high autonomy, hostile surroundings, memories of battles, sacred centres, languages and scripts, special customs, historical records and thinking. Smith considers that nations are formed through the inclusion of the whole populace (not just elites), constitution of legal and political institutions, nationalist ideology, international recognition and drawing up of borders. == Evolution of nationalism == The nation-state was born in Europe with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648. People long before that time often displayed great zeal for the place that they lived very much like nationalism, but it did not rely exclusively on the idea of nationhood. Divisions along the lines of religion and culture were more important in times past and rather than owing allegiance to the land on which they lived; they tended to owe their allegiance to the ruler who reigned over them. The ancient Greeks called everyone who was not Greek a barbarian but the Greek city states often fought amongst themselves for dominance. Nationalism can be thought of as recognition that another nation exists but one nation is superior whereas before that only one nation was recognized and barbarians were simply people who had not yet been conquered and made part of the nation. Nationalism was still an elite phenomenon for a couple of centuries after the Treaty of Westphalia, but during the 19th century in Europe, it spread widely and became popularized. Nationalism has dominated European and even global politics ever since. Much of 19th century European politics can be seen as a struggle between newer nationalist movements and old autocratic regimes. In some cases, nationalism took a liberal anti-monarchical face whereas in other cases, nationalist movements were co-opted by conservative monarchical regimes. Gradually through that century the old multi-national states such as the Austro-Hungarian Empire began to lose their grip, and various localized states were absorbed into larger national entities, most notably Germany and Italy. By the end of the 19th century, nationalistic ideas had begun to spread into Asia. In India, nationalism began to encourage calls for the end of British rule. In China, nationalism created a justification for the Chinese state that was at odds with the idea of the universal empire. In Japan, nationalism combined with Japanese exceptionalism. The World War I marked the final destruction of several multinational states (Ottoman Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, and to some extent Russia). The Versailles Treaty was marked by an attempt to recognize the principle of nationalism, as most of Europe was divided into nation states in an attempt to keep the peace. However, several multinational states and empires survived. The 20th century has also been marked by the slow assertion of nationalism around the world with the destruction of European colonialisms, the Soviet Union, and various other smaller multinational states. At the same time, particularly in the latter half of the century, trends which some have interpreted as anti-nationalistic have taken place. The European Union is now transferring power from the national level to both local and continental bodies. Also, many critics of globalization assert that trade agreements, such as NAFTA and the GATT, and the increasing internationalization of trade markets are weakening the sovereignty of the nation state. However, nationalism continues to assert itself in response to those trends. Street demonstrators vehemently oppose the negative aspects of globalization (see ATTAC), nationalistic parties continue to do well in elections, and most people continue to have a strong sense of attachment to their nationality. Moreover, it is not necessarily the case that globalism and European federalism are necessarily opposed to nationalism. For example, many theorists of Chinese nationalism within the People's Republic of China have articulated the idea that China's national power is substantially enhanced, rather than being reduced, by engaging in international trade and multinational organizations. With regard to European federalism, some of the strongest supporters of a more powerful European Union are local nationalist groups such as Catalans and Welsh nationalism who believe that a stronger EU centre will create a Region (Europe) and limit the power of current nation-states. == Forms of nationalism == Nationalism may manifest itself as part of official state ideology or as a popular (non-state) movement and may be expressed along civic, ethnic, cultural, religious or ideological lines. However such categories are not mutually exclusive, and many nationalist theories combine some or all of these elements to varying degrees. ''Civic nationalism'' (also ''civil nationalism'') is the form of nationalism in which the state derives legitimacy (political science) from the active participation of its citizenship, the "will of the people"; "political representation". This theory was first developed by Jean-Jacques Rousseau and put down in various writings, particularly ''On the Social Contract''. (See Social contract theories for a more in-depth discussion of the historical development of this philosophy.) Civic nationalism lies within the tradition of rationalism and liberalism. It is the theory behind representative democracy such as the United States and France. ''Ethnic nationalism'' is the form of nationalism in which the state derives political legitimacy from historical cultural or hereditary groupings (ethnicities). This was developed by Johann Gottfried von Herder, who introduced the concept of the ''Volk''. ''Romantic nationalism'' (also ''organic nationalism'', ''identity nationalism'') is the form of ethnic nationalism in which the state derives political legitimacy as a natural ("organic") consequence of race; in the spirit of Romanticism and opposed to Enlightenment rationalism. Romantic nationalism relies upon the existence of a historical ethnic culture which meets the Romantic Ideal; folklore developed as a Romantic nationalist concept. The Brothers Grimm were inspired by Johann Gottfried Herder's writings to create an idealized collection of tales which they labeled as ethnic German. See Populism and Nationalism; Giuseppe Mazzini (Italy), Jules Michelet (France), Johann Gottlieb Fichte (Germany), Roman Dmowski (Poland). ''Cultural nationalism'' is a form of nationalism where only culture and not any hereditary features (such as skin pigmentation) becomes the central aspect of what constitutes the nation. The best example for cultural nationalists are the Chinese who consider their nation to be based on culture. Race is being played down by these nationalists as they consider Manchus and other national minorities as part of the Chinese nation. The Qing dynasty's willingness to adapt to Chinese customs shows the supremacy of the mainstream Chinese culture. Many Chinese on Taiwan consider themselves Chinese nationalists because of their cultural background but they reject the Chinese Communist government. ''State nationalism'' is a variant on civic nationalism, very often combined with ethnic nationalism. The nationalistic feelings are so strong that they often get priority over universal rights and liberties. The success of the state often contrasts and conflicts with the principles of a democratic society. The maintenance of the national state is a superior argument, as if it brings better government on its own. Typical examples are Nazism, but also the contemporary Turkish nationalism, and in a lesser form the right-wing Franquism in Spain, and the Jacobin attitude towards the unitary and centralist French state, as well as Belgian nationalism, fiercely opposed towards equal rights and more autonomy for the Flemings, and the Basque or Corsican nationalists. Systematically, wherever state nationalism is strong, there are conflicting appeals to both the loyalty of the people, and on territories, as the Turkish nationalism and its repression of Kurdish nationalism, the opposition between strong central governement in Spain and France with Basque, Catalan, and Corsican nationalism. ''Religious nationalism'' is the form of nationalism in which the state derives political legitimacy as a consequence of shared religion. Zionism is an example, though many, if not most, forms of ethnic nationalism are in some ways religious nationalism as well. For example, Ireland nationalism is associated with Catholicism; India nationalism is associated with Hinduism. In modern India, a contempary form of Hindu nationalism, or Hindutva has been prominent among many followers of the Bharatiya Janata Party and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. In general, religious nationalism is viewed as a form of ethnic nationalism. Sometimes however religion is more of a marker of a group than the motivation for their nationalism. For example although most Irish nationalism leaders of the last 100 years are Catholic, in the 19th century, and especially in the 18th century, many nationalistic leaders were Protestant. Irish nationalists are not fighting for theology distinctions like transubstantiation, the status of the Virgin Mary, or the primacy of the Pope. Rather they are fighting for an ideology that identifies the geographical island of Ireland, with a particular view of Irish culture, which for some nationalists, does include Catholicism but has as a more dominant element other elements of culture. For many nations that had to struggle against the consequences of the imperialism of another nation, nationalism was linked to the pursuit of an ideal of freedom. ''Islam'' is nominally opposed to any notion of Nationalism, Tribalism, Racism, or any other categorization of people not based on one's beliefs. Instead of nationalism, Islam advocates a strong feeling of community between all muslims, which is called the ''Ummah''. This feeling of communal consciousness is emphasised by the awareness that a Muslim's daily prayers are shared with others as the sun sweeps across the globe, and during the holy month of Ramadan when worldwide Muslims fast and give charity together, and culminates in the sacred Hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca in which muslim men and women of all cultures, colours, and backgrounds come together. The word ''ummah'' is often incorrectly translated into English as the Islamic "nation" (not to be confused with the "Nation of Islam" which differs altogether from the teachings of Islam and is disapproved of by most Muslims). However, the concept of the ''Ummah'' is often strongly linked to the Caliphates and Empires of Islam's history. In the theories of some Islamic thinkers, the community of muslims should unite to form a modern version of these empires, and so this can be seen as a unique, religiously based form of nationalism. An extreme form of this view is associated with Islamism. ''Banal nationalism'' is a concept put forward by Michael Billig (Prof. Social sciences, University of Loughborough) whereby the everyday, less visible forms of nationalism exist, that remind and shape the minds of the nations on a day to day basis. == Extremism == Ultra-nationalists are extreme nationalists or patriotism. The term has a clearly pejorative meaning, and is particularly used for those ardently opposed to international cooperation. See also: chauvinism, jingoism Extremist political movements such as fascism and Stalinism are usually marked by a strong combination of ethnic nationalism and state nationalism, the most extreme example being Nazism (see Nazi Germany). While Stalinism was not overtly nationalist in doctrine, ethnic minorities within the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe were brutally repressed during Stalin's reign, and a strong nationalist character was encouraged during World War II (the Great Patriotic War). ===Ultra-nationalists=== Politicians and movements often held by the Anglo-Saxon mainstream to be ultra-nationalist include: *Croix de Feu, inter-war fascist movement in France *Shintaro Ishihara, Tokyo Governor *Jörg Haider, Austrian Freedom Party politician *Kach, Israeli group *Jean-Marie Le Pen, National_Front_(France) leader *Zeljko Raznatovic ''(Arkan),'' Serbian politician and militia commander *Vladimir Zhirinovsky, Russian politician == Commonalities of all forms of nationalism == Some political theorists make the case that any discrimination of forms of nationalism is false. All forms of nationalism rely on the population being a nation; that is, that all the members of the population believe that they share some kind of common culture, and culture can't be wholly separated from ethnicity. Even the supposedly ethnically neutral "civic culture" of the United States, for example, relies on English language as the one national language, has "God" on its coinage and in its Pledge of Allegiance, and designates official holidays, which promote cultural biases. See also the concept of Manifest Destiny, American nativism, the House Un-American Activities Committee. ===What makes nationalism so attractive?=== One reason why nationalism has maintained its appeal over the centuries might be that belonging to a culturally, economically or politically strong nation makes one feel better regardless of one's own contribution to this strength. This is often reflected in form of increase in confidence of the nation, when the nation is economically strong; or as a means to garner popular support when the ruling elites perceives external threat that needs to bring up a national unified front to tackle the threat. == Prominent nationalists== * Michel Aflak * Mustafa Kemal Atatürk * Menachem Begin * Ariel Sharon * Simón Bolívar * Ahmed Ben Bella * Winston Churchill * Francisco Franco * Daniel O'Connell * David Ben-Gurion * Michael Collins (Irish leader) * António de Oliveira Salazar * Augusto Pinochet * John Diefenbaker * Juan Peron *Joseph Stalin * Emir Faisal * Vicente Fox * Charles de Gaulle * Christoph Blocher * Chiang Kai-shek * Mahatma Gandhi * Johann Gottfried von Herder, ''Materials for the Philosophy of the History of Mankind'' [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1784herder-mankind.html] * Theodor Herzl * Eamon de Valera * Adolf Hitler * Benito Mussolini * Sir John A. Macdonald * Nelson Mandela * Daniel Malan * Gamal Abdel Nasser * Kwame Nkrumah * Gavrilo Princip * Muammar al-Qaddafi * Jean-Jacques Rousseau * Louis Riel * Patrice Lumumba * Norman Manley * Pim Fortuyn * Reza Shah * Jozef Tiso * Malcolm X * Zeev Jabotinsky Benedict Anderson has stated, "only face-to-face contact can sustain community: nations are in some sense an illusion." [http://www.socresonline.org.uk/2/1/8.html] (see also [http://www.nationalismproject.org/what/anderson.htm]). == Historical nationalism == Historical events (''not'' just wars) in which nationalism played an essential role have included: * The French Revolution between 1789 and 1799 * The Rebellions of 1837 in Upper and Lower Canada * The current war, " The Troubles " in Northern Ireland, as well as the liberation of most of Ireland from British rule in 1921. * The 1848 Revolutions, which occurred throughout the European continent * The black nationalist opposition to white nationalist rule in Zimbabwe, formerly Rhodesia during the 1960s and 1970s * The Italian unification under the rule of Piedmont (Italy) and Sardinia * German Unification under Otto von Bismarck of Prussia * The Arab Revolt of 1916-1918 * The rise of Reza Shah in 1921. * The nationalization of the Suez Canal by Gamal Abdel Nasser. * The unification of Syria and Egypt under the United Arab Republic and its demise. * Nationalism and resistance in Algeria as a prelude to the Algerian War of Independence. * The establishment of the apartheid state in South Africa but the National Party of South Africa; Afrikaner nationalists. * The conflict between two different nationalisms, Canadian and Quebecois during the Quebec referendums on independence of 1980 and 1995. As well as the 1972 FLQ terrorist attacks in Quebec * The Fiji coups of Fiji coups of 1987 and Fiji coup of 2000. * The rebellions and revolutions in Africa during the 1960s and 1970s against white colonial rule * The rise in white nationalist or anti-immigrant violence in western countries since the 1970s The two World Wars, World War I and World War II, can also be described as historical events fueled by nationalism, though wars are listed in the following section. == Related concepts == === Nation and state, nation-state === A nation is not to be confused with a state, although nation is many times wrongfully used as a synonym for such. See: nation state. === Anti-nationalism === Anti-nationalism is the idea that nationalism is dangerous and leads to conflict and war. Inherent in anti-nationalism is the idea that one must reject all forms of jingoism. But there may be other reasons. For example, there was a perception in pre-World War I by European socialist movements that nationalism was being used to prevent workers uniting against capitalism. Adherents to globalisation also discourage nationalistic tendencies, as nationalism can be a barrier to global trade and a global capitalist system. Another example is in present-day Germany, Ireland and Japan where there are people who are not comfortable with any nationalistic, patriotic, or even cultural symbols, because these have become associated (and permanently discredited in their view) with violent nationalism (see self-hatred). Prominent anti-nationalists have included: * Arthur C. Clarke * Albert Einstein * T.H. White * Vladimir Lenin * Stanley Hauerwas === Patriotism === Patriotism is mostly synonymous with nationalism. However, in an English language context, it differs in that ''patriotism'' is usually regarded as something positive within the national group, while nationalism is usually projected on others, usually with a negative effect. In a Continental European context, the distinction is rather that ''nationalism'' is projected towards one's own people, i.e. one's ''nation,'' while ''patriotism'' connotes a state — or an empire — and its government. See also chauvinism. === Language === A common language has been one of the main presuppositions for nationalism; in France, for example, before the French Revolution, Languages of France such as Breton and Occitan were spoken in the various regions which were mutually incomprehensible. Following the Revolution, French was imposed as the national language. For instance, in Brittany, Breton language were forbidden. The same phenomenon occurred in Britain and the United States. In the majority of the cases, policies were passed to accelerate the downsizing of minority language groups at various moments in history. Even a policy of laissez-faire with regard to languages will generally lead to a unification under the language of the prevailing group or groups. See also: Language policy in France Some theorists believe that nationalism became pronounced in the 19th century for the simple reason that language became more important as unifier due to increased literacy. With increasing numbers of people reading newspapers, books, pamphlets and so on, which were increasingly widely available and read since the spread of the printing press, it became possible for the first time to develop a broader cultural attachment that went beyond the local community. At the same time, differences in language solidified, breaking down old dialects, and excluding those from completely different language groups. Nationalist movements from Ireland to India promote the teaching, preservation, and usage of traditional languages, such as Celtic languages, Hebrew language, and Hindi language. See also: Language revival Even the United States, a country which supposedly transcends nationality, has a long tradition of discrimination for other languages than English. Prominent examples are the German language, which was nearly eradicated during World War I; French language and Italian language have nearly disappeared from everyday life. Today Spanish in the United States is a large second language across large portion of the country. Some politicians, such as Pat Buchanan have consciously opposed the rise of Spanish as a second American language, for fear that it would undermine traditional institutions. In the Arab World during the colonial period, the Turkish language, French language, Spanish language and English language were often forced upon the Arabs. When the colonial period ended (mostly after World War Two), a process of "Arabisation" began; reviving Arabic to unify their states and to facilitate a broader Arab identity. Countries such as Algeria and Western Sahara have undergone large scale Arabisations, going from French and Spanish to Arabic respectively. Pan-Arabism was a major motivation for this, as were dreams of national liberation which mostly, except for in a few notable cases, such as Western Sahara), came to fruition. While within the Arab World itself (which is basically a political entity), some nationalistic attempts were made to emancipate a domestic vernacular from the repression of classical Arabic as a formal foreign language, that is incomprehensible to the illiterate natives of some politically - while not necessarily linguistically, culturally or racially - Arabized country. These attempts took place in Egypt first in mid 20th century by the Egyptian scholar and nationalist Ahmad Lutfi al-Sayyid, who called upon the formalization of the Egyptian Vernacular as the native language of the Egyptian people. And again recently by the Egyptian researcher Bayoumi Andil whose research and investigations in what he define as the "Modern Egyptian Language" leaded him to declare it "irrelevant" to Arabic, and constituting the fourth phase of the ancient Egyptian language, as descendant from Coptic Language, with which it is intimately related, on the syntactic, morphological, and phonological levels. Similar attempts of emphasizing and stressing minority languages which are completely independent of Arabic, were made by the Nubians who were split between Egypt and the Sudan. And also to a relatively more successful extent, by the Amazigh (also known as Imazighen or Berber) in Morocco. ===Racism=== Although nationalism does not necessarily imply a belief in one's own superiority over others, excesses of nationalism have not infrequently led to racist variants of the ideology (see Jingoism). Excessive nationalism or self-pride has convinced many European powers that they were morally justified in imposing their rule on smaller or militarily weaker nations. Around the beginning of the 20th century in many countries all over the world a tendency existed to mix nationalism with racism. One of the clearest examples of racist nationalism was embodied in the Nazi movement in Germany with the resulting the Holocaust. However there are other examples of racism that could have been motivated through nationalism, including ethnic cleansings during the Yugoslav wars in the 1990s, the removal of Germans from the Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic during the 1940s, the repressions against blacks in the United States during the 1930s, the extermination of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire in 1915, state terrorism bombing and gas attacks by the British army in Iraq in the 1920s and 1930s, killing of the Boers in British concentration camps at the end of the 19th century, and others. ===Pride=== Exceeding or violated pride or in the worst case both together can be the most potent driving forces for the rise of nationalism. In Germany the soil for nationalism was prepared by a sequence of a period with exceeding pride followed by a period of defeat and devastation. Whereas during the "Wilhelminian" era exceeding pride has been risen by the German government, the period after WWI was determined by violated pride due to defeat and the conditions of the Versailles Treaty. In conjunction with the resulting economic devastation due to hyperinflation (1922, 1923, and 1929), this led to the rise of Nazism. ==Quotes about Nationalism==
''Nationalism is an infantile disease. It is the measles of mankind.''" ~Albert Einstein''
Our hearts where they rocked our cradle== See also == * List of nationalist conflicts and organizations * National romanticism * National mysticism * Nationalism and sport * Populism * Jingoism * Xenophobia * Cultural identity * Korean nationalism * Nationalism in the United States * Arab Nationalism * Pan-Arabism * Pan-Africanism * Zionism * Pan-Iranism * Historiography and nationalism == External links == *[http://www.i3pep.org/archives/2004/11/23/nation-and-nationalism-one/ Nation and Nationalism Part 1] *[http://www.i3pep.org/archives/2004/11/23/nation-and-nationalism-two/ Nation and Nationalism Part 2] *[http://www.tamilnation.org/nation.htm What is a Nation?] - Nadesan Satyendra *[http://www.usip.org/research/rehr/relignat.html Religious Nationalism and Human Rights, David Little, United States Institute of Peace] also briefly discusses history of nationalism *[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook17.html Internet Modern History Sourcebook: Nationalism] — ''There's a lot of information here to incorporate'' *[http://www.ejil.org/journal/Vol6/No1/art6.html Alfred Verdross and Othmar Spann: German Romantic Nationalism, National Socialism and International Law], Anthony Carty, European Journal of International Law *[http://www.nationalismproject.org The Nationalism Project] is the world's most comprehensive website on nationalism. *[http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Fields/2704/article29.html The Prohibition of Nationalism in Islam] *[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nationalism/ The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry] == References == * Benedict Anderson. Imagined Communities. ISBN 0860913295. * Benedict Anderson. 1998. The Spectre of Comparison: Nationalism, Southeast Asia and the Wolrd. London: Verso. ISBN 1859841848. * Francis Fitzgerald. 1972. Fire in the Lake: The Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam. Boston: Back Bay Books. ISBN 0316159190. * Mark Juergensmeyer. The New Cold War: Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1993. ISBN 0520086511. * Anthony D. Smith. 1986. The Ethnic Origins of Nations London: Basil Blackwell. pp 6–18. * Michael Billig. Banal Nationalism. ISBN 0803975252. Ethnocentrism Nationalism Political theories Human migration lv:Nacionālisms th:ชาตินิยม
Our love where we spent our toil,
And our faith, and our hope, and our honor,
We pledge to our native soil.
God gave all men all earth to love
But since our hearts are small
Ordained for each one spot should prove
Beloved over all."'' ~Rudyard Kipling
Nationalism
=="Nation-nationalism are confused with the State"== In the article and in the discussion it is puzzling that contributors do not find it useful to distinguish between Nationalism (an ideology), a Nation (the objectification of a particular Nationalist ideology) and the State - how communities, national or other (civil, religious), organize themselves. Looking at current practice is confusing because practice is always in some grey area in between or, rather, a mix of different theoretical categories and explanations and their human expression in real-world politics. Also deducting theory from practical observation is somewhat dubious, from a purely scientific methodology perspective. Citing positive and supportive examples to one's views is irrelevant, for the test of an idea is how practice contradicts it, not affirms it. The result of these misgivings is that this article is seriouls flawed in that it cannot discover and expose the puprose or objective of Nationalism. --User:Modi 09:19, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC) =="Associating the concept of race with the body politic"== ::Nationalism is a political ideology developed in 18th and 19th centuries associating the concept of :race with the body politic (the state) in a "nation". Since the late 19th century, it has been the dominant paradigm. What exactly does this mean? Saying that nationalism "associat[es] the concept of race with the body politic in a 'nation'" does not clearly explain what nationalism is. Nationalism ''per se'' does not ''necessarily'' have anything to do with ''race,'' or so I thought--or, if it does, this needs to be explained very clearly. What it means to call nationalism "the dominant paradigm" is also very unclear. I'd just try to improve the article but, frankly, I don't feel I have a very firm grasp on the concept myself. --User:LMS :I would rather say that in history, for example in Nazi Germany, the word nationalism has been misused to cover up racism. -- User:Tsja You're right; I was conflating civic nationalism (Rousseau) and ethnic nationalism (:Johann Herder). However, distinguishing between them may be false as well; see [http://www.abo.fi/fak/hf/filosofi/Research/Nationalism_and_Political_Legitimacy.htm] for a counterpoint. :Race and :nationalism are historically linked concepts that both arose in the late 18th/19th centuries. I've actually had some (minimal) academic involvement in nationalism. If you give me a chance, I'll continue trying to make these entries more clear. I would appreciate it if people stopped just deleting huge swaths of work, though. I'm not trying to advance any extreme ideology. --TheCunctator =="The state derives political legitimacy in some way from its population"== I think the current article does not accurately reflect what nationalism is, at least as I understand the term: :Nationalism is a political ideology developed in the 18th and 19th centuries that in which the state derives political legitimacy in some way from its population, as opposed to :divine right, for example. It would follow from this that a democratic world government, which derived its political legitimacy from free elections, would be nationalist. But AFAIK a democratic world state would be the antithesis of nationalism. -- User:Simon J Kissane Not at all; the concept of the constitutional democracy is a form of civic nationalism. Nationalism is just the ideology of nations; the United States, France, etc., are nations. Unfortunately ethnic conflict and separatist movements are pretty much inevitable wherever you have nations, unless they're a perfect civic nation, which many argue is impossible--and those problems are known as nationalist problems. Thus the vernacular use of nationalism, with its attendant connotations of ethnic conflict. You're conflating ethnic nationalism with nationalism. See the references, etc. Look up "social contract". A democratic world government would be the ultimate civic nation. In some sense it could also be thought of as the ultimate ethnic nation as well (where the common ethnicity is the human race). --TheCunctator : Ethnic conflicts and separatist movements are inevitable wherever you have nations denying the right to equality to other nations. A rich humanity cannot be composed of anything but all human cultures, i.e., all ethnic groups being given a chance to contribute to the culture of the human specie in their own way. I think reading the definition of ethnicity can clarify the difference between wishing for all nation to have a sovereign State of their own and wanting all members of a given race to be packed together in the same State because the other "races" are considered "weaker". I don't see how two concepts could be further away from each other despite both being associated in one way or another to nationalism. -- User:Mathieugp 22:04, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC) Yes, I was conflating ethnic nationalism and civil nationalism. I was not aware of civil nationalism before. But I think a world government still wouldn't even be civil nationalism. To quote from the Internet Modern History Sourcebook: :the very nature of nationalism requires that boundaries be drawn. Unless these boundaries are purely civic, successful nationalism, in many cases produced a situation in which substantial groups of outsiders were left within "nation-states". A world state would entail no boundaries, be they civic or ethnic. There would be no non-citizens. As you say, "nationalism is just the ideology of nations", but a world state would be the end to nations as an independent existence. Hence I still say that the article is wrong where it says "Nationalism is a political ideology developed in the 18th and 19th centuries that in which the state derives political legitimacy in some way from its population, as opposed to :divine right, for example" -- a democratic world state would fit that definition, but it would not be nationalist. -- User:Simon J Kissane Internationalism? :-) ==Population -> imagined community== I changed "population" in the opening definition to "imagined community" because the nation is seldom isomorphic with the population living within state boundaries. After the French revolution, there was debate over whether Jews (many of whom had roots in France that pre-date the French) belonged to the French nation. Bismarck and other German conservatives excluded Jews from the German nation (with horrible consequences several decades later). Conversely, Germans outside of German borders are considered members of the German nation. Similarly, Jews living outside of Israel, although they do not have Israeli citizenship (they do not belong to the state), are considered members of the Jewish nation, and Arabs born in Israel are not considered members of that nation. Indeed, one could go so far as to say that the notion of nation developed to provide a basis of state legitimacyor identity that is explicitly ''other'' than "population" SR This sounds wrong: :the state derives political legitimacy in some way from an imagined community What's with the "imagined community" thing? I never heard that before. --User:Ed Poor ==1898 Spanish-American War== So "Ethnic nationalist conflicts" includes "1898 -- Spanish-American War"? On reading the article devoted to that war, one only sees one Empire getting the spoils of the other. The "ethnic conflict" would be the philipine civil war against the USA invaders that ensued til 1914. And so and so for Cuba etc. Perique ::Agreed--User:JinFX 09:36, 2005 Feb 17 (UTC) ==Palestinian matters== :"Palestinian nationalism is associated with Islam." Palestinian nationalism, like all Arab nationalisms, is a secular movement. Islamic liberation movements in Palestine can be more accurately described as pan-Islamic rather than nationalist. I've replaced it with "Indian nationalism is associated with Hinduism." :1987-91 -- First Palestinian Intifada :2000-01 -- Second Palestinian Intifada The Intifada is not a completely nationalist conflict (in some ways, it was anti-nationalist). It was also driven by religion and democracy. --druid =="nation-building by the United States in the 1960s"== The article states: : the failure of "nation-building" by the United States in the 1960s Pardon my ignorance, but what massive nation-building project did the United States have in the 1960s? Is this a reference to Vietnam? I'm not sure how a reference to Vietnam ends up in the first paragraph of "nationalism". -- User:Daniel Quinlan =="nation-state was born in Europe with the Treaty of Westphalia"== The article states: ''The nation-state was born in Europe with the Treaty of Westphalia (1648),'' which is fairly reasonable, but maybe too much anyway. What about the Reformation, and what about the dissolution of the Kalmar Union? Both occured more than 100 years before. User:Johan Magnus :It ''is'' hard to edit an article that begins this way. How about Philip IV of France or Tudor England at the latest? (A popular sense of "Englishness" actually developed during the 14th century and was defined, as nationalism always is, by its enemy, in that case France.) A good Wikipedia article is always a ''report'' never an ''essay'': this one is a soapbox. Can't do anything with it. User:Wetman 19:17, 1 Feb 2004 (UTC) ==Chauvinism== Some uninformed fools really mix up chauvinism with nationalism. These idiots have no idea what they are talking about. - User:212.137.33.208 14:02, 11 Aug 2003 (UTC) :I have made it clearer that it isn't a ''fact'' that nationalism is like chauvinism (this wasn't strictly neccesary, because they both draw from the same general thoughts, and so are ''linked'', which is what the article said, but I should give the benefit of the doubt to the other side). I started from the older version because chauvinism wasn't an important part of the article anyways and didn't deserve a whole discussion (rebutal to the assertations added, rebutal to rebutal, etc.) User:Paullusmagnus 14:16, 11 Aug 2003 (UTC) =="examples of racism that could have been motivated through nationalism"== I don't know enough about the subject to really comment or change the paragraph starting "However there are other examples of racism that could have been motivated through nationalism exist, including" which seems a little non-npov to me. If I'm off base, then I'm sorry for wasting your time :) User:Dysprosia 07:57, 22 Aug 2003 (UTC) ==Ultranationalism== Why does ultranationalism redirects to nationalism when both have different definitions in the dictionary? See [http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=ultranationalism Ultranationalism at Dictionary.com] and [http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=nationalism Nationalism at Dictionary.com]. I think it is really important not to mislead people into associating two opposing ideas: favorable sentiment towards one's own culture and superiority complex vis-a-vis other cultures. Also, some of the discussions on nationalism here seem to completely ignore the actual meaning of the word nation as clearly stated in Wikipedia. -- User:Mathieugp : Just for the record, Ultra-nationalism has since been made into its own article, though it is still a stub. --User:Joy 18:25, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC) ==Internationalism== I am not sure if nationalism is in opposition to internationalism. That makes absolutely no sense. How can "seeking greater ties between nations and peoples" be in opposition with nationalism? Unless I am misreading, the definition of internationalism seem to recognize the existence of nations and in fact wish for these entities to be more aware of each other, to better communicate and respect each others. Aren't internationalism and nationalism complementary? Doesn't "inter" mean "between". I think this not correct. What do you think? -- User:Mathieugp 16:08, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC) :I expect there are different kinds of internationalism. Some forms of internationalism emphasize the ''nation'' in internationalism, while others would see it as a way of breaking down national barriers and building a community that transcends national identification. It seems to me that certain forms of internationalism, such as socialist internationalism, globalization, or European federalism are very much opposed to nationalism, since nationalists place a priority on national self determination, free from other national groups. -- User:Peregrine981 17:02, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC) :: I agree with you that we cannot generalize about all "flavors" of internationalism. That is precisely why I do not believe it is correct to have “(in contrast to internationalism …)” because for a lot of people who identify as internationalists, the recognition of all national identities as valuable components of humanity is part of the equation. :: The way I see it, nationalists come in different shapes depending on which nation they identify to and which type of nationalism they claim they support. The understanding of what nationalism is differs a great deal between French and German cultures for example. It also differs a lot between those tagged “left-wing” or “right-wing”. For the majority of the people who live in a free nation-state today, the issue is practically non-existent. There really is no need to be nationalist for them since brave people secured the independence of their nation a long time ago. Nationalism in this context is looked at suspiciously, sometimes for good reasons. For others, nationalism is seen as a way to secure the future of the language and/or culture they feel is threatened inside the political body in which they are a minority (ie, deprived from real political power). :: I don't really understand why you grouped socialist internationalism, globalization, and European federalism in a category in which all oppose nationalism though. :: All members of the European union are independent nation-states that have agreed to create a supranational order where they administer things they have in common. They contribute about 3% of their national budget to the activities of this government. All States contributing to this union are sovereign, and not only did they keep their national identity, their language and their culture, they have begun accepting other nationalisms or regionalisms (France with Corsica and Brittany, Spain with the Basques etc). The priorities of France, Italy, Germany and others are still national, but they accept that they are not the only nation on the earth and must cooperate wherever it makes sense. What has been unified is essentially the international policy of all these national groups, without melting all identities into a single one. Rather, every one is now comfortable being European all the while being German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Corsican or Basque. That's the best example of international cooperation this planet has seen in a long time. :: As for socialist internationalism, well from what I read, it does not oppose nationalism, rather the excesses of it which are chauvinism and ultranationalism. :: Now when we are talking about purely economic globalization of markets as envisioned by certain influential circles (or rather multinationals), we can clearly say that in this case, national identities are seen as barriers that should be broken down. For a number of mostly valid reasons, a good amount of people from a variety of (sometimes conflicting) political movements do not put globalization under "type of internationalism" but more under "type of imperialism". I do think it is important not to mislead people. If certain forms of internationalism are opposed to nationalism, they deserve their own category. ;-) -- User:Mathieugp 21:44, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC) :::I think that we agree on the main point, that internationalism can mean many different things, so the initial use of it as opposed to nationalism is not necessarily correct. :::As to the European federalism, I would say that it is definetely opposed to nationalism. The idea of a federal Europe would subordinate the powers of nation states to a greater entity. The EU is not federal, but many in the organization would like it to be a federal structure. Socialist internationalism, in my understanding, believed that the workers of the world had more in common with each other than the upper classes in their own nations, and therefore believed that national identity was of secondary importance. Any rate, you're probably quite right that these points need to be elaborated in the articles on nationalism and internationalism. User:Peregrine981 19:29, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC) : Yes, it is true that some of the proponents of a true European federalism have voiced against nationalism. I think we should not forget that nationalism is still perceived very negatively in Europe, where the national sentiments of millions of people was used to start imperialist wars and justify hateful crimes. There is also the easy association a lot of people make between nationalism and racism. I am not really an expert on this, but my understanding is that federalism is supported mostly in Germany, where the issue of national pride is not anything close to what it is in the neighbouring countries. I think a great number of Germans thinks national socialism whenever they hear the word nationalism for a number of obvious historical and cultural reasons. In France, it is out of the question for pretty much all major political parties. However, opinions can change. I think generally everyone in Europe supports the idea that traditional nation-states are a thing of the past, as success of the current European Union prooves, but I personally doubt that there will ever be a majority favorable to a dissolution of all national identites. :: It's actually quite complex. Some of the strongest proponents of more power for Brussels (i.e. a Europe of the regions) are actually local nationalists. Welsh, Basque, and Catlan nationalists tend to be extremely pro-Europe. User:Roadrunner 16:34, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC) : As for socialist internationalism, you are right. A lot of socialists consider the interests of all workers to be above national interests (which makes sense when you think about it). However, I do not believe they support the idea of suppressing all national sentiments to acheive greater solidarity between peoples. These socialist voices are probably just trying to emphasize the need not to let exaggerated national pride come in the way of the collective interests of all humans. Hopefully, through discussion, we will be able to get a real NPOV for these articles. Nice exchanging with you. :-) -- User:Mathieugp 20:26, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC) == Imagined Communities == It seems as if there should be some consideration of Benedict Anderson's Imagined Communities, in which he states that the definition of the nation is "an imagined political community" and that "Nationalism is not the awakening of nations to self-conciousness: it invents nations where they do not exist," (6). Thus, nations are not natural occurences of human collectives but instead percieved communities of people. By all means, the idea of imagined communities deserves some space in the article.User:Peregrine981 14:04, 16 Jun 2004 (UTC) =="modern"== Made some changes. One thing that you have to be careful about is using the term "modern" to mean recent. Modern has some other meanings (see modernism) Benedict Anderson's work is actually post-modern. User:Roadrunner 16:27, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC) =="the definition of nationalism is misunderstood"== NPOV'ed the statement that "the definition of nationalism is misunderstood." I doubt that the people who that statement is directed at believe that they are misunderstanding the term. User:Roadrunner 16:34, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC) ==Palestine== Can we talk about Palestinian nationalism in this article, or link to Palestinian nationalism? If we do, does that come under the heading of ethnic nationalism? That is, are "Palestinians" a distinct ethnic group? Or are they just "whoever calls himself a Palestinian"? --User:Ed Poor 15:40, 24 Sep 2004 (UTC) == Islam and nationalism == The statement "Islam is fiercely opposed to any notion of Nationalism" appears totlly wrong to me. What Islam does not accept, is the nationalism of civil nation-states, based on a secular nationalism. However, islam fiercely advocates the primacy, in political rights and other perspectives, of the islamic nation, the community of all muslims, he 'Ummah'. In this islamic nation, all civil laws are subordinate to the Quran, the Hadiths and as such, to the rules laid down in the Shariak, including the islamic personal law. At the same time, one observes that in most islamic states -states where islam has the majority- there isa significant discrimination of all non-muslim citizens. E.g. even in Turkey, that pretends to adhere to all principles of the democratoc state of law -prior condition for eventual tighter relations with the European Union- thousands of imams are paid as civil servants, while at the same time, no single non-islamic cleric is paid by the state. Worse, the state even organises, contols and finances sending out Turkish imams to preach in mosques all over the EU, most often reachers who don't understand nor master, nor recognise the official languag, nor the law in those states. At the same time, state-paid imams officially consacrate polygamous mariages -in total contradiction with the equality of sexes, .... To conclude: islam appears to me a prime example of fierce nationalism.--User:Rudi Dierick 15:24, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC) ==Very interesting read== I came across this very interesting read on the Croation Studies website. I'd say this is one of the most enlightened (and enlightening) dicussion on the subject of nationalism I have found on the Internet. I recommend it to all Wikipedians who contributed or want to contribute to Nationalism : [http://www.croatianstudies.org/index.php?action=page&id=49 Croatian Nationalism And The Croatian National Movement (1966-1972) In Anglo-American Publications - A Critical Assessment] --User:Mathieugp, 18:08, 30 Nov 2004 : While that article basically has a point, it's also written from a nationalist standpoint and gets a bit too argumentative as it goes on, and misses on corroboration on several occasions. This can be attributed to the political circumstances of the time — it was written in 1989. So, anyway, that's the caveat emptor... --User:Joy 19:04, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC) == Communism & Nationalism == "Extremist political movements such as fascism and communism are usually marked by a strong combination of ethnic nationalism" This is not true. It would be better if it said, "...fascism and Stalinism are usually marked by a..." Where in Marxist theory does he talk of ethnic nationalism? It is important to distinguish between orthodox Marxism/Communism, and the betrayal of this doctrine by Stalin. --User:Mattkidd12, 19:56, 1 Dec 2004 :I put communism in because invariably nationalism is a characteristic in mainstream communist states, not only Stalinist states - this happened in the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, Vietnam, Cambodia and China. :*The Soviet Union is already covered in the article - though the Space Race and nuclear arms buildup occurred after Stalin was dead and Stalinism was discredited. The nuclear weapons stockpile was held up as the triumph of communist and Russian technology over captalist and American technology. :*The Vietnam War was characterised on the North Vietnamese side by strong nationalist flavour, which led to the extermination of 2/3s of the Montagnards, and persecution of the ethnic Chinese, leading to a border war with China. :*Yugoslavian communism was based upon strong Serbian nationalism, leading to that country's violent breakup. :*Cambodia's rule by the Khmer Rouge was based on a strong Khmer nationalist basis with dire repercussions for the Chinese, Hmong and Vietnamese minorities - which then led to the invasion by communist Vietnam in order to safeguard the Vietnamese minority, and then a Vietnamese nationalist vision of a united Indo-China. :*China encouraged and still encourages Han migration to areas such as Tibet and Xinjiang, areas not traditionally Han. Dissent in Tibet :*The Sino-Soviet Split occurred largely because of nationalist rivalry over which country was was going to lead world communism. :*And finally in most communist countries, ethnic minorities are viewed as a "fifth column" of counterrevolutionaries with numerous examples of these minorities being violently liquidated. :Only one of the countries listed above is an examples of a Stalinist state - all were or are ''communist'' states showing extreme nationalist tendencies. :As a side note, the argument can be made that fascism and communism aren't alone when it comes to examples of extreme nationlism - Britain, France and the United States among other democratic countries have at times shown extreme nationalist tendencies. :--User:Kudz75 23:57, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC) I agree with what you are saying, but its wrong to call any of these "communist states". I suppose it depends on how you define Stalinism. If you define it as a variant of Marxism, a strong, centralized and authoritarian state, where a one-party totalitarian regime is imposed, then all of these countries can be defined as Stalinist. A "communist state" is a contradiction in terms, because if there was communism, there wouldn't be a state. I agree that Ho Chi Minh etc were more nationalist than Marxist, but I still think its wrong to call Communism (the ideology) nationalist, because it's clear that Marx, Engels, and even Lenin were strongly anti-nationalist. Class is important to them, not nationality. Hence, "workers of the world unite". :Communism and Democracy are impossible fancies,neither is a good generalization to use, nationalism is something else; it would be best to say peoples who identify themselves apart from their peers tend to have strong nationalism --User:JinFX 09:28, 2005 Feb 17 (UTC) ::Also, this frankly annoys me: :::*The Soviet Union is already covered in the article - though the Space Race and nuclear arms buildup occurred after Stalin was dead and Stalinism was discredited. The nuclear weapons stockpile was held up as the triumph of communist and Russian technology over captalist and American technology. ::It's irrelevant to the discussion. Moreover, most of the time, the US stockpile was larger than the Soviet one. To top this off, the US was alone of the two powers regarding the scaring their population into thinking they were in danger of being attacked by the other. If this point of yours is to be an argument, you need to toss right-wing capitalism into the mix with fascism and commuism. --User:TVPR 09:43, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC) == Zionism == Couldn't we add Zionism to a form of nationalism? After all, its aim is to create a nation-state for Jews...therefore nationalism? :Very strong point, O unsigned one. Seconded.--User:TVPR 09:45, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC) == KAch == Kach is not the same as Kahane Hai (although I'd understand why you might think that). They are in fact two separate groups. I have therefore removed the '(Kahane Hai)' that stood after the 'Kach' == Link to new article == I just created an article called Historiography and nationalism and would appreciate comments, criticism, revision, and possible amplification by the editors here. User:Zora 09:30, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
Nationalism
Human societies
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NA | NB | NC | ND | NE | NF | NG | NH | NI | NJ | NK | NL | NM | NO | NP | NR | NS | NT | NU | NW | NX | NY | NZ |Words begining with Nationalism:
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