
Mustard gas (HD) is a chemical compound that was first used as a chemical weapon in World War I. In pure form, it is a colourless, odourless, viscous liquid at room temperature and causes blistering of the skin. The name comes from impure mustard gas, which is usually yellow-brown in colour and has an odour resembling mustard, garlic or horseradish. It is otherwise not related to mustard in any way. It was first synthesised by Frederick Guthrie in 1860, though it is possible that it was developed as early as 1822 by M. Depretz. V. Meyer would publish a paper in 1886 describing a synthesis which produced good yields. The abbreviation LOST comes from Lommel and Steinkopf who developed a process for mass-producing the gas for war use at the Germany company Bayer AG. Other names for mustard gas include ''HD'', ''senfgas'', ''sulfur mustard'', ''blister gas'', ''S-LOST'', and ''Kampfstoff LOST'' or ''Yperite'' or ''Yperiet''. "mustine" as shown in older medical dictionaries a substance used in chemotherapy to treat/cure cancer.The use of mustard gas in chemotherapy has ceased in most countries in recent years. Mustard gas is now listed in List of Schedule 1 substances (CWC) of the Chemical Weapons Convention: its production is all but prohibited. ==Chemistry== Chemically, it is a thioether with the formula carbon4hydrogen8chlorine2sulfur. Its structure can be described as 1,1-thio-''bis''-[2-chloroethane], (ClCH2CH2)2S, 2,2′-dichlorodiethyl sulfide or ''bis''-(2-chloroethyl)-sulfide. Mustard gas can be synthesized by reacting sulfur dichloride (SCl2) with two moles of ethylene (C2H4). The compound readily eliminates chloride ion by intramolecular nucleophilic substitution to form a cyclic sulfonium ion. This very reactive intermediate is particularly detrimental to cellular health as it has a strong tendency to bond to the guanine nitrogen in DNA strands. This leads to either immediate cellular death or, as recent research has found, cancer. Mustard gas is not very soluble in water but is very soluble in fat, contributing to its rapid absorption into the skin. In the wider sense, compounds with the structural element BCH2CH2X, where ''X'' is any leaving group and ''B'' is a Lewis base are known as ''mustards''. Such compounds can form cyclic onium ions that readily react with nucleophiles. Examples are ''bis''-(2-chloroethyl)ether or the (2-haloethyl)amines. ==Physiological effects== Mustard gas is a strong vesicant (a compound that causes blisters). Those exposed usually suffer no immediate symptoms. The exposure develops (in 4 to 24 hours) into deep, itching or burning blisters wherever the mustard contacted the skin; the eyes (if exposed) become sore and the eyelids swollen, possibly leading to conjunctivitis and blindness. At very high concentrations, if inhaled, it causes bleeding and blistering within the respiration, damaging the mucous membrane and leading to pulmonary edema. Blister agent exposure over more than 50% body surface area is usually fatal. Skin damage can be reduced if povidone iodine in a base of glycofurol is rapidly applied, but since mustard initially has no symptoms, the exposure is usually not identified until the blisters rise. The vesicant property can be neutralised by oxidation or chlorination, common bleach (NaOCl-) can be used or decontamination solution "DS2" (2% NaOH, 70% diethylenetriamine, 28% ethylene glycol monomethyl ether). Mustard gas is also carcinogenic (cancer causing) and mutagenic (causing damage to DNA of exposed cells). ==History== It was first Use of poison gas in World War I by the German army against Canada soldiers in 1917 and later also against the France – the name ''Yperite'' comes from its usage by the German army near the city of Ypres. It took the British over a year to develop their own mustard gas weapon, first using it in September 1918 during the breaking of the Hindenburg Line. Mustard gas was dispersed as an aerosol in a mixture with other chemicals, giving it a yellow-brown colour and a distinctive odour. Mustard gas was lethal in only about 1% of cases. Its effectiveness was as an incapacitating agent: a wounded soldier slows an advancing army much more than a dead one. The countermeasures against the gas were quite ineffective, since a soldier wearing a gas mask was not protected against absorbing it through the skin. Furthermore, mustard gas was a persistent agent which would remain in the environment for days and continue to cause sickness. If mustard gas contaminated a soldier's clothing and equipment, then other soldiers he came into contact with would also be poisoned. Towards the end of the war it was even used in high concentrations as an area-denial weapon, which often forced soldiers to abandon heavily contaminated positions. Since then, mustard gas has also been reportedly used by: * United Kingdom against Bolsheviks in 1919; * United Kingdom against Iraqi rebels in 1920; * Spain against Morocco in 1923-1926; * Soviet Union in a province of China in 1930; * Italy against Ethiopia in 1935-1940; * Japan against China in 1937-1945; * Egypt against North Yemen in 1963-1967; * Iraq against Iran in 1983-1988; and * Iraq against Kurds in 1988. Also, in 1943 a US stockpile was bombed in Bari, Italy, accidentally exposing thousands of civilians and 628 friendly troops. Most of the mustard gas found in Germany after World War II was dumped into the Baltic Sea. It is possible to mistake a piece of polymerization mustard gas for amber, which can lead to severe health problems. shell (projectile)s containing mustard gas and other toxic ammunition from World War I (as well as conventional explosives) can still occasionally be found in France; they used to be disposed of by explosion at sea, but current environmental regulations prohibit this and so the French government is building an automated factory to dispose of the backlog of shells. The largest stockpile of mustard gas in the United States was stored at the Edgewood Arsenal, Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland. Mustard gas was stored in several one-ton (900 kg) containers on the base under heavy guard. A disposal plant built on site neutralized the last of this stockpile in February, 2005. This stockpile had priority due to its proximity to several populated areas and schools in the area. The closest schools were fitted with overpressurization units to protect the students and staff in the event of a catastrophic explosion and fire at the site. Unexploded shells containing mustard gas and other chemical agents are still present in several test ranges in proximity to Edgewood area schools, but the smaller amounts (4–14 pounds; 2–6 kg) present considerably less risk. They are being systematically detected and excavated for disposal. There are several other sites in the United States where smaller stockpiles are awaiting neutralization in compliance with international chemical weapons treaties. ==External links== *[https://ccc.apgea.army.mil/sarea/products/textbook/Web_Version/chapters/chapter_7.htm#mustard Textbook of Military Medicine - Intensive overview of mustard gas. Includes many references to scientific literature] *[http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/Chemistry/MOTM/mustard/mustard.htm Bristol University - Basic Chemical Overview] :This reference has several errors in it: :# The Fredrick Guthrie synthesis should be from ethylene and SCl2, not ethylene and Cl2 as stated. :# The hydrolysis reaction pathway produces two molecules of HCl and the last one produced is H2O, not three molecules of HCl as shown in the reference. :# The molecular structure given for nitrogen mustard (N-mustard) is not correct. The nitrogen atom should have a hydrogen bonded to it. *[http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/M/mustardg.html mustard gas, Organic Chemistry] :This reference also has an error in it. :In the sentence on synthesis of mustard gas, the phrase "sulfur monochloride, S2Cl2" should be "sulfur dichloride, SCl2" *[http://cfrterrorism.org/weapons/mustard.html Questions and Answers for Mustard Gas] Thioethers Organochlorides Chemical weapons
Is it known how the Mustard gas causes blisters? User:AxelBoldt 19:03 Oct 10, 2002 (UTC) http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/chemical/mustardg.htm has more detail than some of the other Web pages I've seen. Any help? ---- There is something not quite right here: it the first section, Mustard gas is said to be odorless, while further down in the article is "has a distinct odor", these two don't mix. Also I am in doubt whether the first statement of Mustard gas being odorless is really true, as far as I know the name does NOT come from the color of the substance, but from a very light odor resembling mustard or garlic. I will try to find references on this. :I changed the statement about odorlessness a bit to correspond with the source mentioned in the link at the bottom. -- User:Nixdorf ---- How the compound with single bonds only can be polymerised? --User:Grzes 01:23, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC) == Fatality Rate == The Wikipedia article states: "Mustard gas was dispersed as an aerosol in a mixture with other chemicals, giving it a yellow-brown colour and a distinctive odour. Mustard gas was lethal in only about 1% of cases." The article I linked to: https://ccc.apgea.army.mil/sarea/products/textbook/Web_Version/chapters/chapter_7.htm#mustard states: "The British had 180,983 chemical casualties; the injuries of 160,970 (88%) were caused solely by mustard. Of these casualties, 4,167 (2.6%) died. Of the 36,765 single-agent U.S. chemical casualties, the injuries of 27,711 (75%) were caused solely by mustard. Of the casualties who reached a medical treatment facility (MTF), 599 (2.2%) died." With a reference to: Gilchrist HL. Statistical consideration of gas casualties, I: Gas casualties. In: Weed FW, ed. Medical Aspects of Gas Warfare. Vol 14. In: The Medical Department of the United States Army in the World War. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office; 1926: 273–279." Later in the textbook: "Mustard-related death occurs in about 3% of the casualties who reach an MTF; of those who die, most die 4 or more days after exposure ... Of the casualties who died, 84% required at least 4 days of hospitalization. The causes of death are usually pulmonary insufficiency from airway damage, superimposed infection, and sepsis. Rarely, the amount of mustard will be overwhelming and cause death within 1 to 2 days; in these circumstances, death might be due to neurological factors or massive airway damage." However, it does state that in modern times (The Iran-Iraq war) there are even fewer fatalities due to mustard exposure. The Textbook of Military Medicine Article aligns with my previous knowledge of the fatality rate of mustard gas, and provides a reference. Perhaps an even more ambitious edit could go through both the textbook and the wiki article and add references to the wiki article backing up some facts. I may do it in about a month, but I have never edited an article before, and time is scarce at the moment. BTW, I am assuming that this textbook is under the public domain - it is produced by the government. == This was in the article == I just noticed, www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Mustard-gas has the exact same data for mustard gas as wikipedia does. Who has the rights to this? Some guy posted this in the article, thinking it was the discussion.
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
Words begining with Mustard_gas:
Mustard_gas
Mustard_gas
Mustard gas
Mustard gas (HD) is a chemical compound that was first used as a chemical weapon in World War I. In pure form, it is a colourless, odourless, viscous liquid at room temperature and causes blistering of the skin. The name comes from impure mustard gas, which is usually yellow-brown in colour and has an odour resembling mustard, garlic or horseradish. It is otherwise not related to mustard in any way. It was first synthesised by Frederick Guthrie in 1860, though it is possible that it was developed as early as 1822 by M. Depretz. V. Meyer would publish a paper in 1886 describing a synthesis which produced good yields. The abbreviation LOST comes from Lommel and Steinkopf who developed a process for mass-producing the gas for war use at the Germany company Bayer AG. Other names for mustard gas include ''HD'', ''senfgas'', ''sulfur mustard'', ''blister gas'', ''S-LOST'', and ''Kampfstoff LOST'' or ''Yperite'' or ''Yperiet''. "mustine" as shown in older medical dictionaries a substance used in chemotherapy to treat/cure cancer.The use of mustard gas in chemotherapy has ceased in most countries in recent years. Mustard gas is now listed in List of Schedule 1 substances (CWC) of the Chemical Weapons Convention: its production is all but prohibited. ==Chemistry== Chemically, it is a thioether with the formula carbon4hydrogen8chlorine2sulfur. Its structure can be described as 1,1-thio-''bis''-[2-chloroethane], (ClCH2CH2)2S, 2,2′-dichlorodiethyl sulfide or ''bis''-(2-chloroethyl)-sulfide. Mustard gas can be synthesized by reacting sulfur dichloride (SCl2) with two moles of ethylene (C2H4). The compound readily eliminates chloride ion by intramolecular nucleophilic substitution to form a cyclic sulfonium ion. This very reactive intermediate is particularly detrimental to cellular health as it has a strong tendency to bond to the guanine nitrogen in DNA strands. This leads to either immediate cellular death or, as recent research has found, cancer. Mustard gas is not very soluble in water but is very soluble in fat, contributing to its rapid absorption into the skin. In the wider sense, compounds with the structural element BCH2CH2X, where ''X'' is any leaving group and ''B'' is a Lewis base are known as ''mustards''. Such compounds can form cyclic onium ions that readily react with nucleophiles. Examples are ''bis''-(2-chloroethyl)ether or the (2-haloethyl)amines. ==Physiological effects== Mustard gas is a strong vesicant (a compound that causes blisters). Those exposed usually suffer no immediate symptoms. The exposure develops (in 4 to 24 hours) into deep, itching or burning blisters wherever the mustard contacted the skin; the eyes (if exposed) become sore and the eyelids swollen, possibly leading to conjunctivitis and blindness. At very high concentrations, if inhaled, it causes bleeding and blistering within the respiration, damaging the mucous membrane and leading to pulmonary edema. Blister agent exposure over more than 50% body surface area is usually fatal. Skin damage can be reduced if povidone iodine in a base of glycofurol is rapidly applied, but since mustard initially has no symptoms, the exposure is usually not identified until the blisters rise. The vesicant property can be neutralised by oxidation or chlorination, common bleach (NaOCl-) can be used or decontamination solution "DS2" (2% NaOH, 70% diethylenetriamine, 28% ethylene glycol monomethyl ether). Mustard gas is also carcinogenic (cancer causing) and mutagenic (causing damage to DNA of exposed cells). ==History== It was first Use of poison gas in World War I by the German army against Canada soldiers in 1917 and later also against the France – the name ''Yperite'' comes from its usage by the German army near the city of Ypres. It took the British over a year to develop their own mustard gas weapon, first using it in September 1918 during the breaking of the Hindenburg Line. Mustard gas was dispersed as an aerosol in a mixture with other chemicals, giving it a yellow-brown colour and a distinctive odour. Mustard gas was lethal in only about 1% of cases. Its effectiveness was as an incapacitating agent: a wounded soldier slows an advancing army much more than a dead one. The countermeasures against the gas were quite ineffective, since a soldier wearing a gas mask was not protected against absorbing it through the skin. Furthermore, mustard gas was a persistent agent which would remain in the environment for days and continue to cause sickness. If mustard gas contaminated a soldier's clothing and equipment, then other soldiers he came into contact with would also be poisoned. Towards the end of the war it was even used in high concentrations as an area-denial weapon, which often forced soldiers to abandon heavily contaminated positions. Since then, mustard gas has also been reportedly used by: * United Kingdom against Bolsheviks in 1919; * United Kingdom against Iraqi rebels in 1920; * Spain against Morocco in 1923-1926; * Soviet Union in a province of China in 1930; * Italy against Ethiopia in 1935-1940; * Japan against China in 1937-1945; * Egypt against North Yemen in 1963-1967; * Iraq against Iran in 1983-1988; and * Iraq against Kurds in 1988. Also, in 1943 a US stockpile was bombed in Bari, Italy, accidentally exposing thousands of civilians and 628 friendly troops. Most of the mustard gas found in Germany after World War II was dumped into the Baltic Sea. It is possible to mistake a piece of polymerization mustard gas for amber, which can lead to severe health problems. shell (projectile)s containing mustard gas and other toxic ammunition from World War I (as well as conventional explosives) can still occasionally be found in France; they used to be disposed of by explosion at sea, but current environmental regulations prohibit this and so the French government is building an automated factory to dispose of the backlog of shells. The largest stockpile of mustard gas in the United States was stored at the Edgewood Arsenal, Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland. Mustard gas was stored in several one-ton (900 kg) containers on the base under heavy guard. A disposal plant built on site neutralized the last of this stockpile in February, 2005. This stockpile had priority due to its proximity to several populated areas and schools in the area. The closest schools were fitted with overpressurization units to protect the students and staff in the event of a catastrophic explosion and fire at the site. Unexploded shells containing mustard gas and other chemical agents are still present in several test ranges in proximity to Edgewood area schools, but the smaller amounts (4–14 pounds; 2–6 kg) present considerably less risk. They are being systematically detected and excavated for disposal. There are several other sites in the United States where smaller stockpiles are awaiting neutralization in compliance with international chemical weapons treaties. ==External links== *[https://ccc.apgea.army.mil/sarea/products/textbook/Web_Version/chapters/chapter_7.htm#mustard Textbook of Military Medicine - Intensive overview of mustard gas. Includes many references to scientific literature] *[http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/Chemistry/MOTM/mustard/mustard.htm Bristol University - Basic Chemical Overview] :This reference has several errors in it: :# The Fredrick Guthrie synthesis should be from ethylene and SCl2, not ethylene and Cl2 as stated. :# The hydrolysis reaction pathway produces two molecules of HCl and the last one produced is H2O, not three molecules of HCl as shown in the reference. :# The molecular structure given for nitrogen mustard (N-mustard) is not correct. The nitrogen atom should have a hydrogen bonded to it. *[http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/M/mustardg.html mustard gas, Organic Chemistry] :This reference also has an error in it. :In the sentence on synthesis of mustard gas, the phrase "sulfur monochloride, S2Cl2" should be "sulfur dichloride, SCl2" *[http://cfrterrorism.org/weapons/mustard.html Questions and Answers for Mustard Gas] Thioethers Organochlorides Chemical weapons
Mustard gas
Is it known how the Mustard gas causes blisters? User:AxelBoldt 19:03 Oct 10, 2002 (UTC) http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/chemical/mustardg.htm has more detail than some of the other Web pages I've seen. Any help? ---- There is something not quite right here: it the first section, Mustard gas is said to be odorless, while further down in the article is "has a distinct odor", these two don't mix. Also I am in doubt whether the first statement of Mustard gas being odorless is really true, as far as I know the name does NOT come from the color of the substance, but from a very light odor resembling mustard or garlic. I will try to find references on this. :I changed the statement about odorlessness a bit to correspond with the source mentioned in the link at the bottom. -- User:Nixdorf ---- How the compound with single bonds only can be polymerised? --User:Grzes 01:23, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC) == Fatality Rate == The Wikipedia article states: "Mustard gas was dispersed as an aerosol in a mixture with other chemicals, giving it a yellow-brown colour and a distinctive odour. Mustard gas was lethal in only about 1% of cases." The article I linked to: https://ccc.apgea.army.mil/sarea/products/textbook/Web_Version/chapters/chapter_7.htm#mustard states: "The British had 180,983 chemical casualties; the injuries of 160,970 (88%) were caused solely by mustard. Of these casualties, 4,167 (2.6%) died. Of the 36,765 single-agent U.S. chemical casualties, the injuries of 27,711 (75%) were caused solely by mustard. Of the casualties who reached a medical treatment facility (MTF), 599 (2.2%) died." With a reference to: Gilchrist HL. Statistical consideration of gas casualties, I: Gas casualties. In: Weed FW, ed. Medical Aspects of Gas Warfare. Vol 14. In: The Medical Department of the United States Army in the World War. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office; 1926: 273–279." Later in the textbook: "Mustard-related death occurs in about 3% of the casualties who reach an MTF; of those who die, most die 4 or more days after exposure ... Of the casualties who died, 84% required at least 4 days of hospitalization. The causes of death are usually pulmonary insufficiency from airway damage, superimposed infection, and sepsis. Rarely, the amount of mustard will be overwhelming and cause death within 1 to 2 days; in these circumstances, death might be due to neurological factors or massive airway damage." However, it does state that in modern times (The Iran-Iraq war) there are even fewer fatalities due to mustard exposure. The Textbook of Military Medicine Article aligns with my previous knowledge of the fatality rate of mustard gas, and provides a reference. Perhaps an even more ambitious edit could go through both the textbook and the wiki article and add references to the wiki article backing up some facts. I may do it in about a month, but I have never edited an article before, and time is scarce at the moment. BTW, I am assuming that this textbook is under the public domain - it is produced by the government. == This was in the article == I just noticed, www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Mustard-gas has the exact same data for mustard gas as wikipedia does. Who has the rights to this? Some guy posted this in the article, thinking it was the discussion.
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
M
MA | MB | MC | MD | ME | MF | MG | MH | MI | MJ | MK | ML | MN | MO | MP | MR | MS | MT | MU | MW | MX | MY | MZ |Words begining with Mustard_gas:
Mustard_gas
Mustard_gas
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