
#REDIRECT Musical notation
Music notation is a system of writing for music. The term sheet music is used for written music to distinguish from audio recordings. In sheet music for musical ensemble, a score shows music for all players together, while parts contain only the music played by an individual musician. A score can be constructed (laboriously) from a complete set of parts and vice versa. Present day standard music notation is based on a five-line Musical staff with symbols for each note showing duration and pitch in twelve tone equal temperament. Pitch is shown using the diatonic scale, with accidentals to allow notes on the chromatic scale, and duration is shown in beats and fractions of a beat. == Origins == There is some evidence that a kind of musical notation was practiced by the Egyptians from the 3rd millennium BC and by others in the Orient in ancient times. Ancient Greece had a sophisticated form of musical notation, which was in use from at least the 6th century BC until approximately the 4th century AD; many fragments of compositions using this notation survive. The notation consists of symbols placed above text syllables. An example of a complete composition — indeed the ''only'' surviving complete composition using this notation — is the Seikilos epitaph, which has been variously dated between the 2nd century BC to the 1st century AD. Knowledge of the ancient Greek notation was lost around the time of the fall of the Roman Empire. Scholar and music theorist Isidore of Seville, writing in the early 7th century, famously remarked that it was impossible to notate music. By the middle of the 9th century, however, a form of notation began to develop in monasteries in Europe for Gregorian chant, using symbols known as neumes; the earliest surviving musical notation of this type is in the ''Musica disciplina'' of Aurelian of Réôme, from about 850. There are scattered survivals from the Iberian peninsula before this time of a type of notation known as Visigothic neumes, but its few surviving fragments have not yet been deciphered. Other types of notation date from the 10th century in China and Japan. In East Asia, as later in India and elsewhere in Asia, music was notated with the use of characters for sounds. Rhythmic motifs could also be prescribed in a similar way. In Europe, on the other hand, the foundations were laid for a purely symbolic notation of music, which does not seem to have been brought to existence anywhere else. == Standard notation described == === Elements of the staff === A staff (in British English, also ''stave'') is generally presented with a clef, which indicates the particular range of pitches encompassed by the staff. A ''treble clef'' placed at the beginning of a line of music indicates that the lowest line of the staff represents the note E above middle C, while the highest line represents the note F one octave higher. Other common clefs include the ''bass clef'' (second G below middle C to A below middle C), ''alto clef'' (F below middle C to G above middle C) and ''tenor clef'' (D below middle C to E above middle C). These last two clefs are examples of ''C clefs'', in which the line pointed to by the clef should be interpreted as a middle C. In a similar fashion, the treble clef points to a G and the bass clef points to an F. In early music, the clef was written as a letter and its location on the staff was chosen by the writer. The treble clef and bass clef used today are stylized versions of the letters G and F, respectively. Their locations are now standardized. Unusual clefs are used for certain requirements, such as the low G clef used for classical guitar music and tenor parts in choral music. Following the clef, the key signature on a staff indicates the key of the piece by specifying certain notes to be held flat or sharp throughout the piece, unless otherwise indicated. The key signature is presented in the order of the circle of fifths, with flats B-E-A-D-G-C-F and sharps in the opposite order, F-C-G-D-A-E-B. Another common element of a staff is the time signature, which indicates the rhythmic characteristics of the piece. Time signatures generally consist of two numbers; the upper number indicates the number of beats per measure (or "bar"), while the lower indicates what sort of note constitutes a "beat". A time signature of 4/4 (also known as "common time" and sometimes indicated with a large "C" symbol) implies that there will be four beats per measure, with each beat constituting a quarter note. A signature of 2/2 (or "cut time", a "C" with a vertical slash) allows 2 beats per measure, with each half note lasting a beat. This is important, because the first beat of each bar is generally stressed. Less commonly, music that lacks rigid rhythmic organization is written without a time signature. Notes representing a pitch outside of the scope of the five line staff can be represented using leger lines, which provide a single note with additional lines and spaces. Octave (8va) notation is used, particularly for keyboard music, where notes are substantially above or below the staff. Multiple staves can be grouped together to form a staff system. A system is used where two staves are required to cover the range of the instrument (as with a keyboard instrument), or where multiple related instruments are played (as with three violin parts on a score). A score for ensemble music includes multiple systems, as does most organ music (where the pedals are written as a separate system). Various directions to the player regarding matters such as tempo and dynamics (music) are added above or below the staff, often in Italian language (sometimes abbreviated). For vocal music, lyrics are written. Here is a sample illustrating some common musical notation. : : media:Wtk1-fugue2.mid === Development of music notation === The ancestors of modern symbolic music notation originated in the Catholic church, as monks developed methods to put plainchant (sacred songs) to paper. The earliest of these ancestral systems, from the 8th century, did not originally utilise a staff, and used ''Neume'' (or ''neuma'' or ''pneuma''), a system of dots and strokes that were placed above the text. Although capable of expressing considerable musical complexity, they could not exactly express pitch or time and served mainly as a reminder to one who already knew the tune, rather than a means by which one who had never heard the tune could sing it exactly at sight. To address the issue of exact pitch, a staff was introduced consisting originally of a single horizontal line, but this was progressively extended until a system of four parallel, horizontal lines was standardised on. The vertical positions of each mark on the staff indicated which pitch or pitches it represented (pitches were derived from a musical mode, or key (music)). Although the 4-line staff has remained in use until the present day for plainchant, for other types of music, staffs with differing numbers of lines have been used at various times and places for various instruments. The modern system of a universal standard 5-line staff was first adopted in France, and became widely used by the 16th century (although the use of staffs with other numbers of lines was still widespread well into the 17th century). Because the Neume system arose from the need to notate songs, exact timing was initially not a particular issue as the music would generally follow the natural rhythms of the Latin language. However, by the 10th century a system of representing up to four note lengths had been developed. These lengths were relative rather than absolute, and depended on the duration of the neighboring notes. It was not until the 14th century that something like the present system of fixed note lengths arose. Starting in the 15th century, vertical ''bar lines'' were used to divide the staff into sections. These did not initially divide the music into measures of equal length (as most music then featured far fewer regular rhythmic patterns than in later periods), but appear to have been introduced as an aid to the eye for "lining up" notes on different staves that were to be played or sung at the same time. The use of regular measures became commonplace by the end of the 17th century. It is worth noting that standard notation was originally developed for use with voice. Proponents of other systems claim that standard notation is less than ideally suited to instrumental music. === Symbols used in modern musical notation === The following table shows some of the symbols used in Modern musical notation. {| | Note value (in decreasing length) | |- | Rest (music)s (in decreasing length) | |- | Clefs | |} See also: Da capo, Dal Segno, Coda (music), Fermata, Accent (music). Terms for note durations in American and British English: {| |+Note values ! duration !! American !! British |- | 2 || double whole note || breve |- | 1 || whole note || semibreve |- | 1/2 || half note || minim |- | 1/4 || quarter note || crochet |- | 1/8 || eighth note || quaver |- | 1/16 || sixteenth note || semiquaver |- | 1/32 || thirty-second note || demisemiquaver |- | 1/64 || sixty-fourth note || hemidemisemiquaver |- | 1/128 || hundred twenty-eighth note || quasihemidemisemiquaver |} In U.S. parlance, ''semibreve'' and ''minim'' are used only in discussions of early music; ''whole note'' and ''half note'' are used in other contexts. The ''double whole note'' is rarely used in baroque and later eras. When it appears, it is written as oo or |O|. ===Effects=== According to Philip Tagg (1979, p.28-32) and Richard Middleton (1990, p.104-6) musicology and to a degree European-influenced musical practice suffer from a 'notational centricity', "a methodology slanted by the characteristics of notation." "Musicological methods tend to foreground those musical parameters which can be easily notated...they tend to neglect or have difficulty with parameters which are not easily notated", such as Fred Lerdahl. "Notation-centric training induces particular forms of ''listening'', and these then tend to be applied to ''all'' sorts of music, appropriately or not." Notational centricity also encourages "reification: the score comes to be seen as 'the music', or perhaps the music in an ideal form." == Other notation systems== ===Figured bass=== Figured bass notation originated in baroque era (music) basso continuo parts. It is also used extensively in accordion notation, and for jazz. For continuo and jazz parts, it implies improvisation by the performer; for accordion, it is used to notate the bass button to be used. ===Shape note=== The shape note system is found in some church hymnals, sheet music, and song books, especially in the U.S. Southern states. Instead of the customary elliptical note head, note heads of various shapes are used to show the position of the note on the major scale. Sacred Harp is one of the most popular tune books using shape notes. ===Popular music=== Fake books (and the Real Books) utilize standard notation, but with key signatures only on the beginning stave, for the melodic line with letter notation for chord names, chord symbols, written above. Improvisation is implied and this system is used for jazz and popular music. See Berklee College of Music. ===Letter notation=== The notes of the 12-tone scale can be written by their letter names, possibly with a trailing sharp or flat symbol. This is most often used when speaking about music or writing about it. Letter notation is used to identify chords. In both cases notes must be named for their diatonic functionality. Tonic Sol-fa is a type of notation using the initial letters of solfege. ===Solfege=== Solfege is a way of assigning syllables to names of the musical scale. In order, they are today: ''Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Ti, and Do'' (for the octave). Another common variations is: ''Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Si, Do''. These functional names of the musical notes were introduced by Guido of Arezzo (c.991 – after 1033) using the beginning syllables of the six lines of the Latin hymn Ut queant laxis. The original sequence was ''Ut, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La''. "Ut" became later "Do". See also: solfege, sargam ===Numbered notation=== The numbered musical notation system, better known as ''jianpu'', meaning "simplified notation" in Chinese, is widely used among the Chinese people and probably some other Asian communities. Numbers 1 to 7 represent the seven notes of the diatonic major scale, and number 0 represents the musical rest. Dots above a note indicate octaves higher, and dots below indicate octaves lower. Underlines of a note or a rest shorten it, while dots and dashes after lengthen it. The system also makes use of many symbols from the standard notation, such as bar lines, time signatures, accidentals, tie and slur, and the expression markings. ===Cipher notation=== In many cultures, including Music of China, Music of Indonesia and Music of India (sargam), the "sheet music" consists primarily of the numbers, letters or native characters representing notes in order. Those different systems are collectively know as cipher notations. The numbered notation is an example, so are letter notation and solfege if written in musical sequence. ===Braille music=== Braille music is a complete, well developed, and internationally accepted musical notation system that has symbols and notational conventions quite independent of print music notation. It is linear in nature, similar to a printed language and different from the two-dimensional nature of standard printed music notation. To a degree Braille music resembles [http://www.musicmarkup.info/scope/markuplanguages.html musical markup languages] such as [http://emusician.com/ar/emusic_xml_music/ XML for Music] or NIFF. See Braille music. ===Integer notation=== In ''integer notation'', or the integer model of pitch, all pitch classes and interval (music)s between pitch classes are designated using the numbers 0 through 11, as in modular arithmetic 12. It is not used to notate music for performance, but is a common musical analysis and musical composition tool when working with twelve tone technique, serialism, or otherwise atonality music. Pitch classes can be notated in this way by assigning the number 0 to some note - C natural by convention - and assigning consecutive integers to consecutive semitones; so if 0 is C natural, 1 is C sharp, 2 is D natural and so on up to 11 which is B natural. The C above this is not 12, but 0 again (12-12=0). Thus the system represents complete octave equivalence. One advantage of this system is that it ignores the "spelling" of notes (B sharp, C natural and D double-flat are all 0) according to their diatonic functionality. Thus the system represents complete enharmonic equivalency. One drawback is that pitches, intervals, and simultaneity (chord (music)s) are all notated in the same manner. ''4'', for instance, indicates the arbitrarily decided fourth pitch (E, if C=0), or two pitches four semitones apart (such as 0 and 4 or 2 and 6). ''024'' indicates a simultaneity or succession (such as a melodic fragment) consisting of three notes, each a whole tone apart (for example, C, D and E, or G sharp, B flat and C) and the first and last a major third apart. This notation may be used to represent all traditional permutations of a tone row or set in a matrix (music). The integer model of pitch is one of the basis of atonal or set theory (music) techniques in musical analysis, which now may include diatonic set theory and tonal music. It carries an added advantage in that one is able to prove many things, within limits, about pitch or pitches, and even tonal constructs. Like integers, pitches may be evenly spaced and ordered from lower to higher (lesser to greater for integers), while many things are not true of both integers and pitch. ===Tablature=== Tablature was first used in the Renaissance music for lute music. A staff is used, but instead of pitch values, the fret or frets to be fingered are written instead. Rhythm is written separately and durations are relative and indicated by horizontal space between notes. In later periods, lute and guitar music was written with standard notation. Tablature was again used in the late 20th century and early 21st century for popular guitar music and other fretted instruments, being easy to transcribe and share over the internet in ASCII format. Websites like [http://www.olga.net/ OLGA.net] have archives of text-based popular music tablature. === Klavar notation === Klavar notation is a chromatic system of notation geared toward keyboard instruments, that is said by its adherents to be easier to learn than standard notation. A considerable body of repertoire has been transcribed to Klavar notation. ===Graphic notation=== The term 'graphic notation' refers to the contemporary use of non-traditional symbols and text to convey information about the performance of a piece of music. It is used for experimental music, which in many cases is difficult to transcribe in standard notation. Practitioners include Christian Wolff (composer), Earle Brown, John Cage, Morton Feldman, Krzysztof Penderecki, Cornelius Cardew, and Roger Reynolds. See ''Notations'', edited by John Cage and Alison Knowles, ISBN 0685148645. ===Parsons code=== Parsons code is used to encode music in a method which can be easily searched. This style is designed to be used by individuals without any musical background. === Systems not based on the standard 12-tone scale === Other systems exist for non twelve tone equal temperament and non-Western music, such as the Indian ''svar lippi'', along with other alternatives such as ''Ailler-Brennink''. Some cultures use their own cipher notations for those music. Sometimes the pitches of music written in just intonation are notated with the frequency ratios, while Ben Johnston has devised a system for representing just intonation with traditional western notation and the addition of accidentals which indicate the Cent (music)s a pitch is to be lowered or raised. ==See also== * Guido of Arezzo * List of musical topics * Music theory * Time unit box system * Scorewriter are software tools used for publishing sheet music. ==Source== *Middleton, Richard (1990/2002). ''Studying Popular Music''. Philadelphia: Open University Press. ISBN 0335152759. **Tagg, Philip (1979). ==External links== * [http://tonalsoft.com/enc/index2.htm?notation.htm Tonalsoft Encyclopaedia of Tuning] Musical notation Musicology
==Symbol Request== Could someone upload Lilypond PNGs to support the articles Da capo, Dal Segno, Coda, and Fermata please? That would be most appreciated. -User:Lommer | User talk:Lommer 07:19, 23 Jan 2005 (UTC) ==Stave vs. Staff== ''Isn't the correct English term stave?'') It appears that staff and stave are usually the same and that staff is more common. --rmhermen :''Staves'' is the plural of ''staff.'' Webster says that stave can also mean staff (singular), but I think we should stick with staff for singular. -- User:Merphant I believe that ''stave'' is more common in British usage, while ''staff'' is used in the U.S. User:UninvitedCompany In the same light, nobody in the U.S. will understand a word you're saying if you go on about crochets and quavers and so forth. The terms here are ''whole/half/quarter/eigth/sixteenth (etc) note''. User:UninvitedCompany == symbols == I'm removing this table from the article -- I am on a Mac which shows the characters from the Japanese wiki fine -- but nada for these. -- User:Tarquin 20:55 Nov 2, 2002 (UTC) :I'd like to see this kind of table in the article. I'll start to recreate (most of) it using GNU LilyPond and outputting png files. - User:Tobin Richard :I've created a few of the images that will be needed. I've been grouping similar symbols together. :Image:Music_rests.png, :Image:Music_notes.png, :Image:Music_clefs.png. I'll try to get more done in the coming days. - User:Tobin Richard ::Aren't the clefs a bit small? They look like the size you'd use for a change of clef midway through a line - I think it'd be better to have full size clefs. It's not a big deal, I suppose, but the C clef really ought to be as tall as the staff. --User:Camembert :::What font should I have installed to see any of these? (Windows XP Home + IE6) User:Phil Boswell 15:53, Dec 3, 2003 (UTC) ::::If you mean the stuff in the article, they're images in PNG format, so if your browser supports PGNs, you should be able to see them regardless of fonts. If you mean the stuff in the table below, I don't have a clue - I can't see them, and neither can plenty of others (that's why they were taken out of the article). --User:Camembert :::::I did a quick Google for "music notation font" and got a shed-load. I'm out of my depth here, can anyone help? User:Phil Boswell 14:51, Dec 5, 2003 (UTC) ::::::I take it you mean fonts for viewing the table below? I don't think you'll have any luck. http://www.music-notation.info/en/compmus/musicfonts.html might be useful for music based fonts but to the best of my knowledge there isn't a browser that will understand Unicode music. Lilypond uses the Feta font for typesetting. - User:Tobin Richard :::::I went to the Unicode site and took a look, and that table is basically a list of the "Musical Symbols" sub-page of the Unicode character set. So logically there must be a font somewhere that I can convince IE to use when this page turns up on a Web Page (which is what it thinks Wikipedia pages are, after all). I'll take a look where you suggest, but I'm not holding my breath :-) User:Phil Boswell 09:02, Dec 8, 2003 (UTC) :::::There are some Unicode characters for which no fonts (or at least no useable fonts) exist. The unicode site has a list of the groups that provided fonts used in generating their charts at http://www.unicode.org/charts/fonts.html If you do find a music font then there is a very high probability that it wont be useable by windows. - User:Tobin Richard :::You're right the clefs are a bit small (a result of the way I produced the image). I'll create a better version of the image soon. - User:Tobin Richard ===table of symbols===
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: I cannot see them in my computer. What do I have to do to see them ??.
Might be interesting to stress here that staff notation (and some others such as alphabetic notation) notates the pitches (more or less) directly, while tablatures (and others) indicates gestures that produce the pitches; tablatures, therefore, usually are specific to a specified type of instrument.
I think it does already; what more do you want? Add what you think it needs. -- User:Merphant
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''In a similar fashion, the treble clef points to a G and the bass clef points to an F.'' I added that back in, because I couldn't see why it was wrong or inappropriate, but please feel free to discuss. User:Nevilley 09:13 Feb 8, 2003 (UTC)
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To Do, summarized from comments in the article.
* Say more about elements of the staff
* Describe the notation systems of ancient Greece and ancient Rome
-- User:Merphant 04:49 Apr 1, 2003 (UTC)
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Seeing Wikipedia supports Tex for mathematical formulae, wouldn't it be good one day for it to support the Tex extensions for musical notation? I suppose the first problem would be to decide which one of the various extensions to support... --User:PS4FA
:Brion suggested that very thing some months ago, but I don't think there was a lot of interest in it. There's a page on meta about it: m:Music markup. If enough people show an interest in it, it'll probably get implemented eventually. Personally, I'm happy enough cobbling files together with Sibelius (which is in any case probably the only way to render more complex notation), but it's an interesting idea. --User:Camembert
::I'm very interested in seeing music markup on Wikipedia. I doubt that there is anything that Sibelius can do that Lilypond can't (and Lilypond's engraving gives results that look much better, IMO). - User:Tobin Richard
::: We can use note images, initially. See Wikipedia:Christmas 2004 (sheet music).
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The link to the shaped note article should be much less prominent. It really belongs near the bottom of the article. Similarly, to say that the shaped note system is common in the U.S. is a considerable exaggeration. It was never more than regionally common, and was never ubiquitous in those regions where it has been used. And if anything it has been declining over time, with the standard system of notation being taught in schools and most people having greater access to musical instruments (for which shaped notes are all but worthless).
User:UninvitedCompany 22:10, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)
:I don't see any harm in mentioning it early on - the reason I moved it up is because, although the page has the inclusive title "musical notation", it deals virtually exclusively with the "normal" European classical notation, and I think it's a good idea to mention early on that there are other ways of notating music, and to link to articles on them. But if you want to move it elsewhere, do feel free, I'm not in love with it or anything (and it's not something I'm very knowledgable about, I'm sure you know more about it than I). --User:Camembert
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I'd like to know people's opinions of changing this page title to 'Western musical notation'. Section 2.10 talks about the "standard 12 tone scale", but arguably more people in the world (populations of Asia + Middle East + parts of Africa) would consider the 12 tone scale to be non standard.
Another reason I'd like to nominate this is because of consistency. Alphabet doesn't just give the Western use of the term, but a generic definition. Later on, it gives a link to the Roman alphabet, and I think musical notation should follow suit. -- User:Michael2
:I'd be in favour of such a move in principle, but it has the same thing against it as moving classical music to western classical music would have; namely, most people link to musical notation expecting a discussion of "western" notation, and so if we move that info off to another page, you make readers click on an extra link to get to the info they want. Whether that's a good enough reason not to move the page or not, I don't know, but it's something to bear in mind.
:What I ''do'' think we should do it mention other notational systems higher up in the page - not to discuss them in great detail, of course, but just to make the reader aware that there are a wide range of notational systems in use. At one time, the article was like this - I'm not sure when or why it changed. --User:Camembert
== Solfa ==
I like the new additions on sol fa but there's a bit I am finding it difficult to understand:
Solfege is a way of assigning syllables to names of the musical scale. In order, they are: Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Ti, and Do (for the octave). Other variations are: ''Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Si, Do'', and ''Fa, Sol, La, Fa, Sol, La, Mi, Fa''.
How can that last possibly work when it has so much repetition? I have never heard of it, and I can't see how it fits into the normal use of solfa. Do enlighten me please. User:Nevilley 08:52, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)
:The first variation (''Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Si, Do''), I believe, was common until John Curwen changed it so each syllable would start with a different letter. If I'm not mistaken, it is still common in non-English speaking countries. The second variation (''Fa, Sol, La, Fa, Sol, La, Mi, Fa'') uses four syllables and repeats three of them. This system always has a half step before the syllable "fa". It was once common in England, and, via England, in early America. It has survived in American shape note books such as the Sacred Harp and Southern Harmony. Check the Sacred Harp article and the Shape note article; these may answer some of your questions. - User:Rlvaughn 22:02, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)
::Great, thanks very much for all that. You live and learn! :) User:Nevilley 23:29, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)
:Nevilley, here are a couple of links to information by Dr. Warren Steel of the University of Mississippi that states it better than I can:
:*http://www.mcsr.olemiss.edu/~mudws/faq/#9
:*http://www.mcsr.olemiss.edu/~mudws/faq/#12
::Utterly brilliant, and fascinating! Thanks again. User:Nevilley 09:45, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)
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=== Explanation ===
Randywombat, I don't have any disagreement with you on this. You may not disagree with me either, though your note implies I did not make myself clear. The statement that the "shape note system is found in church hymnals, sheet music, and song books, especially in the American south" was meant to show ''where'' the music is found (church hymnals, sheet music & singing convention type song books) - not how much of it was found there. I would only expect the rarest of appearances outside those uses. I removed ''some'' because I felt it would be taken to modify all three. Probably very few of what most people would consider ''hymnals'' are still printed in shape notes, though a number of books that southern churches use as hymnals are available in such. I rarely buy sheet music, but most "southern gospel" songs used to available in shape notes. As for singing convention type song books (I don't know a better term for them), most of them are in shape notes. The Sacred Harp (a ''four-note'' shape note book) has been gaining interest, and is now used in the West, Midwest, and Northeast, and is even becoming somewhat popular in England. But that is somewhat of an anomaly, I suppose. - User:Rlvaughn 22:02, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)
:Right you are - thanks for the information! You're right, I think we were at cross purposes. I was just thinking of the newcomer who reads the sentence ""shape note system is found in church hymnals, sheet music, and song books, especially in the American south" and thinks that church hymnals, sheet music and song books are mostly written in shape note notation, which I don't think is true overall. But I'm British, and I'm still learning about this shape note thing; perhaps it's more widespread than I thought. You're right, we don't disagree. (Maybe I should have posted talk before I made the edit!) User:Randywombat 09:36, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)
::I just wanted you to know why I had done that. When I did the edit it seemed clear and to say what I was attempting to say. But after seeing your edit with the word "some" reinserted it serves both purposes. - User:Rlvaughn 12:00, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)
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==Bb Horn Clef==
I've never heard of its existence let alone seen it in print. Can anyone show me an example of it and explain it's use? Thanks. Ryan
: I don't know that Bb horn notation can really be said to use a "Bb Horn Clef." Like clarinet music, most horn music is written a full step higher than it is played. Unlike octavation differences among instruments (like the guitar), a clef change alone cannot account for the whole step difference since both the key signature and any accidentals present must also change. Perhaps the reference should be removed from the article. I don't play the horn so I'm not going to presume to be expert enough to change it. User:UninvitedCompany 18:30, 24 Mar 2004 (UTC)
:: I agree with you. The reference should be removed. I do play horn, by the way, that's why I was shocked to see it in the first place. And I think a distinction should be made when using the generic term of "horn" as referring to any wind instrument and "the" horn, commonly referred to erroneously in America as "French". In western classical music, "the" horn was written in all the keys, but today it is most often, if not always, written in F, meaning the printed notes are a perfect fifth higher than they sound. Treble clef is most common but the use of bass clef is frequently used. Is there a list of transposing instruments on wikipedia? It might be a good article to link to. Ryan
:::Isn't it the case that some old B flat (French) horn music is written not a whole tone higher than it sounds, but a ninth higher (ie, an extra octave higher)? I seem to recall that this used to be fairly common (even if it isn't any longer). If so (and I may be wrong) I think that may be what the article is referring to. Of course, an octave transposition doesn't make it a different clef, so the reference to a different clef should still be removed (or at least changed accordingly).
:::You're right that horn in B flat is written a ninth higher than sounding. But to clarify, one should use the complete term of "B flat Basso" as there are numerous scores which call for "Horn in B flat Alto" in which the music is written a whole step higher than sounding. There are also horns in E, E flat, D, D flat, C [basso], C alto, B (H in the German system of notation), B flat basso. That's the lowest the horn usually goes. Above the standard pitch fundamental of F, we find transpositions in F sharp, G, A flat, A, and Bb alto, C alto, D alto, E flat alto. The C, D, and E flat alto part are commonly found in the early symphonies of WA Mozart and Haydn.
:::My point being that the mention of transposing horn clefs is not only erroneous, but incomplete. I don't believe that the Music Notation article is an appropriate place to mention all the possibilities, so it's best to omit the B flat horn clef entirely. Ryan
::::You're right of course (and it's not in the article any longer). Just to put my mind at rest - is B flat alto more common than B flat basso, or is it the other way round? Nothing to do with the article, I just want to know if my memory is playing tricks on me or not (wouldn't be the first time...). --User:Camembert
::::: I would say B flat basso is more common. Ryan
:::By the way, for transposing instruments, there is the cryptically titled transposing instrument ;) --User:Camembert
::::Ha, thanks for pointing that out. I did find it on my own. I was hoping for a more detailed list with graphics of musical notation showing which pitch is sounded when a particular note on an instrument is played. I'd be more than happy to create one if someone out there would be interested in helping me with the graphics end of it all. Ryan.
:::::If you want graphics of notation, I'm happy to provide. Let me know what you need on User talk:Camembert if you like. --User:Camembert
Just out of interest - I've never heard of 'horn' being used to refer to any wind instrument. For me, it only refers to the (French) horn (plus baritone horn, tenor horn, etc in brass bands). Is the 'generic horn' an American thing? User:Randywombat 18:58, 24 Mar 2004 (UTC)
:It's a usage most commonly found, I think, in jazz. For example, Dizzy Gillespie and Charlie Parker are commonly described as horn players, though the former played the trumpet and the latter the sax. --User:Camembert
::Also the Flugel horn. In my experience, the individual in the jazz band referred to as the "horn player" arrives on stage in possession of some combination of trumpets in various keys and possibly one or more Flugel horns. "Horn" would not encompass any of the woodwind instruments, even in the United States. User:UninvitedCompany 21:19, 24 Mar 2004 (UTC)
::: I have heard horn refer to woodwinds instruments. Mostly by my midwestern grandfather. Ryan
:::No, it is ''definitely'' used to refer to saxes too. It's an ignorance thing in a way, but quite sweet. It's not flutes but any of the wind instruments you might expect as standard in an otherwise typical pop/rock/some jazz/whatever band. It's what we used to call the "front line" instruments, i.e. not the rhythm section, of a dance-based band. Tpt, sax, tbn basically. Note that in a clever piece of marketing the new Associated Board jazz exams for wind instruments are the "Jazz Horns" syllabus. See for example [http://www.abrsm.org/?page=exams/jazz/index.html] User:Nevilley 01:11, 25 Mar 2004 (UTC)
::::Hm, and it looks like a Blue Note record sleeve too. Where will it all end... --User:Camembert
:::::Right - interesting - thanks! User:Randywombat 09:43, 25 Mar 2004 (UTC)
== Suggestion for Christmas 2004 ==
I suggest collaborate with Wikimedia wikipedia:Christmas 2004, expanding the Wikisource:Adeste Fideles/Sheet of Christmas carols. This is a very important project for free wiki music.
== Embedding lilypond... ==
I think it would be a Good Thing to embed lilypond musical notation into wikimedia, as LaTex is. So it would be possible to typeset music directly into wikimedia, listen to it and view its lilypond source.
:See meta:Music markup. I asked one of the devs (User:Brion VIBBER, who is a patient soul) about it a few weeks ago, and got the reply that it would be implemented sometime in the future, after more important things got taken care of (that is, "real soon now"). So yes, everyone thinks it would be a Good Thing; it's just a matter of developer time. User:Mindspillage User talk:Mindspillage 04:55, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
== we need a category for musical notation and computer software or computer formats ==
or sth like it. is there anywhere sth like it?
so Lilypond MusicXML GUIDO and other format can link to that category.
see here for more info (should be mentioned as an external link for sure)
[http://www.music-notation.info/ A lot of info on Music notation information site]
--User:Nkour 18:19, 25 Dec 2004 (UTC)
:Try :Category:Musical software, if you've not yet found it by now. User:Mindspillage User talk:Mindspillage 04:55, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
== Letter Notation Issues ==
Could someone please:
1. List the letters in the letter notation (e.g. C, D, E... , Cis etc.) - actually they appear in the text without explanation, or am I wrong?
2. Write about the difference between the "English" and the "German" notations (B, H vs. ?, B; are there any other differences?). --User:84.163.72.239 09:02, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC) == Integer notation == Integer notation as described here really isn't a kind of notation, but rather a kind of musical analysis. Theorists who use such notation (such as Allen Forte) still use conventional music notation to indicate specific pitches and rhythms. So this whole section belongs on some other page. --User:Wahoofive 06:36, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC) :The same would then go for letter notation. User:Hyacinth 03:42, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC) == Solfege edit == I removed the following text from the Solfege section, added by User:198.234.216.213: :The solfege syllables are derived from the Latin words ''Dominus'', ''Regina Cæli'', ''Microcosmos'', ''Fatus'', ''Sol'', ''Voie Lacte'', and ''Sidereal'' This information is in conflict with the Ut queant laxis article, and anyway belongs there (or on Solfege), not in this article. —User:Wahoofive | User talk:Wahoofive 17:14, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC) :You are correct. As far as I know the derivation of the solfege syllables from ''Ut queant laxis'' has never been in dispute. Or let me put it this way: if there is an alternate theory, it needs a source. User:Antandrus 04:21, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC) == Bach Fugue Musical Example == Is it entirely helpful to have this version of the musical example? I agree that most of us are familiar with the right-hand part being written in the treble (G) clef. But Bach himself wrote the piece notating the upper stave in a soprano c-clef. Surely, in an article specifically about the history, development and use of staves/staffs and clefs, isn't it counter-productive to show a modern "ersatz" version, rather than the clefs Bach used himself (which are different)? Or is this just being overly pedantic? :Don't forget to sign your posts with~~~~ , Dr Woland. I agree with you, and really the section on staff notation should be split into a separate article. I'll put it on my to-do list. We should have an example, however, although it could be a single-staff one —User:Wahoofive (User talk:Wahoofive) 16:00, 4 May 2005 (UTC)
For an introduction and general overview, see the topic Musical notation. Alternative terms: *Quasihemidemisemiquaver or semihemidemisemiquaver *Hemidemisemiquaver *Demisemiquaver *Semiquaver *Quaver *Crotchet *Minim (music) *Semibreve *Breve Musical terminology
{| style="margin:0 auto;" align=center width=80% class="toccolours" cellspacing=0 |align=center style="background:#ccccff; padding: 0 0 0 50px;"|Musical notation|| width="30px" align=right style="background:#ccccff" | |- |align=center colspan=2 | Musical staff : Clef | Key signature | Time signature | Leger line | Bar (music) |- |align=center colspan=2 | Notes : Note value | Dotted note | Accidental | Rest (music) |- |align=center colspan=2 | Expression marks: Tempo | Dynamics (music) | :Category:Articulations | 8va |}
There's no reason every possible note length should clutter up this template. I've created a new page called Note value which should replace it. In fact, I'd vote for redirecting all the names of the note lengths (e.g. crochet, sixteenth note) to Note Value. All those articles are pretty much identical information, and the note values only have meaning in relation to one another. This would make room for some more things we could add, like Bar (music) and 8va. --User:Wahoofive 06:42, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC) ==Title== Can we make the box aroudn the title ("Musical notation") smaller? User:Hyacinth 20:09, 4 May 2005 (UTC) :I assume you mean less height? I did it by changing the wiki table notation to || format to separate cells in the first row. —User:Wahoofive (User talk:Wahoofive) 20:19, 4 May 2005 (UTC)
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
Words begining with Musical_notation:
Musical_Notation
Musical_notation
Musical_notation
Musical_notation
Musical_notation
Musical_notation
Musical Notation
#REDIRECT Musical notation
Musical notation
Music notation is a system of writing for music. The term sheet music is used for written music to distinguish from audio recordings. In sheet music for musical ensemble, a score shows music for all players together, while parts contain only the music played by an individual musician. A score can be constructed (laboriously) from a complete set of parts and vice versa. Present day standard music notation is based on a five-line Musical staff with symbols for each note showing duration and pitch in twelve tone equal temperament. Pitch is shown using the diatonic scale, with accidentals to allow notes on the chromatic scale, and duration is shown in beats and fractions of a beat. == Origins == There is some evidence that a kind of musical notation was practiced by the Egyptians from the 3rd millennium BC and by others in the Orient in ancient times. Ancient Greece had a sophisticated form of musical notation, which was in use from at least the 6th century BC until approximately the 4th century AD; many fragments of compositions using this notation survive. The notation consists of symbols placed above text syllables. An example of a complete composition — indeed the ''only'' surviving complete composition using this notation — is the Seikilos epitaph, which has been variously dated between the 2nd century BC to the 1st century AD. Knowledge of the ancient Greek notation was lost around the time of the fall of the Roman Empire. Scholar and music theorist Isidore of Seville, writing in the early 7th century, famously remarked that it was impossible to notate music. By the middle of the 9th century, however, a form of notation began to develop in monasteries in Europe for Gregorian chant, using symbols known as neumes; the earliest surviving musical notation of this type is in the ''Musica disciplina'' of Aurelian of Réôme, from about 850. There are scattered survivals from the Iberian peninsula before this time of a type of notation known as Visigothic neumes, but its few surviving fragments have not yet been deciphered. Other types of notation date from the 10th century in China and Japan. In East Asia, as later in India and elsewhere in Asia, music was notated with the use of characters for sounds. Rhythmic motifs could also be prescribed in a similar way. In Europe, on the other hand, the foundations were laid for a purely symbolic notation of music, which does not seem to have been brought to existence anywhere else. == Standard notation described == === Elements of the staff === A staff (in British English, also ''stave'') is generally presented with a clef, which indicates the particular range of pitches encompassed by the staff. A ''treble clef'' placed at the beginning of a line of music indicates that the lowest line of the staff represents the note E above middle C, while the highest line represents the note F one octave higher. Other common clefs include the ''bass clef'' (second G below middle C to A below middle C), ''alto clef'' (F below middle C to G above middle C) and ''tenor clef'' (D below middle C to E above middle C). These last two clefs are examples of ''C clefs'', in which the line pointed to by the clef should be interpreted as a middle C. In a similar fashion, the treble clef points to a G and the bass clef points to an F. In early music, the clef was written as a letter and its location on the staff was chosen by the writer. The treble clef and bass clef used today are stylized versions of the letters G and F, respectively. Their locations are now standardized. Unusual clefs are used for certain requirements, such as the low G clef used for classical guitar music and tenor parts in choral music. Following the clef, the key signature on a staff indicates the key of the piece by specifying certain notes to be held flat or sharp throughout the piece, unless otherwise indicated. The key signature is presented in the order of the circle of fifths, with flats B-E-A-D-G-C-F and sharps in the opposite order, F-C-G-D-A-E-B. Another common element of a staff is the time signature, which indicates the rhythmic characteristics of the piece. Time signatures generally consist of two numbers; the upper number indicates the number of beats per measure (or "bar"), while the lower indicates what sort of note constitutes a "beat". A time signature of 4/4 (also known as "common time" and sometimes indicated with a large "C" symbol) implies that there will be four beats per measure, with each beat constituting a quarter note. A signature of 2/2 (or "cut time", a "C" with a vertical slash) allows 2 beats per measure, with each half note lasting a beat. This is important, because the first beat of each bar is generally stressed. Less commonly, music that lacks rigid rhythmic organization is written without a time signature. Notes representing a pitch outside of the scope of the five line staff can be represented using leger lines, which provide a single note with additional lines and spaces. Octave (8va) notation is used, particularly for keyboard music, where notes are substantially above or below the staff. Multiple staves can be grouped together to form a staff system. A system is used where two staves are required to cover the range of the instrument (as with a keyboard instrument), or where multiple related instruments are played (as with three violin parts on a score). A score for ensemble music includes multiple systems, as does most organ music (where the pedals are written as a separate system). Various directions to the player regarding matters such as tempo and dynamics (music) are added above or below the staff, often in Italian language (sometimes abbreviated). For vocal music, lyrics are written. Here is a sample illustrating some common musical notation. : : media:Wtk1-fugue2.mid === Development of music notation === The ancestors of modern symbolic music notation originated in the Catholic church, as monks developed methods to put plainchant (sacred songs) to paper. The earliest of these ancestral systems, from the 8th century, did not originally utilise a staff, and used ''Neume'' (or ''neuma'' or ''pneuma''), a system of dots and strokes that were placed above the text. Although capable of expressing considerable musical complexity, they could not exactly express pitch or time and served mainly as a reminder to one who already knew the tune, rather than a means by which one who had never heard the tune could sing it exactly at sight. To address the issue of exact pitch, a staff was introduced consisting originally of a single horizontal line, but this was progressively extended until a system of four parallel, horizontal lines was standardised on. The vertical positions of each mark on the staff indicated which pitch or pitches it represented (pitches were derived from a musical mode, or key (music)). Although the 4-line staff has remained in use until the present day for plainchant, for other types of music, staffs with differing numbers of lines have been used at various times and places for various instruments. The modern system of a universal standard 5-line staff was first adopted in France, and became widely used by the 16th century (although the use of staffs with other numbers of lines was still widespread well into the 17th century). Because the Neume system arose from the need to notate songs, exact timing was initially not a particular issue as the music would generally follow the natural rhythms of the Latin language. However, by the 10th century a system of representing up to four note lengths had been developed. These lengths were relative rather than absolute, and depended on the duration of the neighboring notes. It was not until the 14th century that something like the present system of fixed note lengths arose. Starting in the 15th century, vertical ''bar lines'' were used to divide the staff into sections. These did not initially divide the music into measures of equal length (as most music then featured far fewer regular rhythmic patterns than in later periods), but appear to have been introduced as an aid to the eye for "lining up" notes on different staves that were to be played or sung at the same time. The use of regular measures became commonplace by the end of the 17th century. It is worth noting that standard notation was originally developed for use with voice. Proponents of other systems claim that standard notation is less than ideally suited to instrumental music. === Symbols used in modern musical notation === The following table shows some of the symbols used in Modern musical notation. {| | Note value (in decreasing length) | |- | Rest (music)s (in decreasing length) | |- | Clefs | |} See also: Da capo, Dal Segno, Coda (music), Fermata, Accent (music). Terms for note durations in American and British English: {| |+Note values ! duration !! American !! British |- | 2 || double whole note || breve |- | 1 || whole note || semibreve |- | 1/2 || half note || minim |- | 1/4 || quarter note || crochet |- | 1/8 || eighth note || quaver |- | 1/16 || sixteenth note || semiquaver |- | 1/32 || thirty-second note || demisemiquaver |- | 1/64 || sixty-fourth note || hemidemisemiquaver |- | 1/128 || hundred twenty-eighth note || quasihemidemisemiquaver |} In U.S. parlance, ''semibreve'' and ''minim'' are used only in discussions of early music; ''whole note'' and ''half note'' are used in other contexts. The ''double whole note'' is rarely used in baroque and later eras. When it appears, it is written as oo or |O|. ===Effects=== According to Philip Tagg (1979, p.28-32) and Richard Middleton (1990, p.104-6) musicology and to a degree European-influenced musical practice suffer from a 'notational centricity', "a methodology slanted by the characteristics of notation." "Musicological methods tend to foreground those musical parameters which can be easily notated...they tend to neglect or have difficulty with parameters which are not easily notated", such as Fred Lerdahl. "Notation-centric training induces particular forms of ''listening'', and these then tend to be applied to ''all'' sorts of music, appropriately or not." Notational centricity also encourages "reification: the score comes to be seen as 'the music', or perhaps the music in an ideal form." == Other notation systems== ===Figured bass=== Figured bass notation originated in baroque era (music) basso continuo parts. It is also used extensively in accordion notation, and for jazz. For continuo and jazz parts, it implies improvisation by the performer; for accordion, it is used to notate the bass button to be used. ===Shape note=== The shape note system is found in some church hymnals, sheet music, and song books, especially in the U.S. Southern states. Instead of the customary elliptical note head, note heads of various shapes are used to show the position of the note on the major scale. Sacred Harp is one of the most popular tune books using shape notes. ===Popular music=== Fake books (and the Real Books) utilize standard notation, but with key signatures only on the beginning stave, for the melodic line with letter notation for chord names, chord symbols, written above. Improvisation is implied and this system is used for jazz and popular music. See Berklee College of Music. ===Letter notation=== The notes of the 12-tone scale can be written by their letter names, possibly with a trailing sharp or flat symbol. This is most often used when speaking about music or writing about it. Letter notation is used to identify chords. In both cases notes must be named for their diatonic functionality. Tonic Sol-fa is a type of notation using the initial letters of solfege. ===Solfege=== Solfege is a way of assigning syllables to names of the musical scale. In order, they are today: ''Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Ti, and Do'' (for the octave). Another common variations is: ''Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Si, Do''. These functional names of the musical notes were introduced by Guido of Arezzo (c.991 – after 1033) using the beginning syllables of the six lines of the Latin hymn Ut queant laxis. The original sequence was ''Ut, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La''. "Ut" became later "Do". See also: solfege, sargam ===Numbered notation=== The numbered musical notation system, better known as ''jianpu'', meaning "simplified notation" in Chinese, is widely used among the Chinese people and probably some other Asian communities. Numbers 1 to 7 represent the seven notes of the diatonic major scale, and number 0 represents the musical rest. Dots above a note indicate octaves higher, and dots below indicate octaves lower. Underlines of a note or a rest shorten it, while dots and dashes after lengthen it. The system also makes use of many symbols from the standard notation, such as bar lines, time signatures, accidentals, tie and slur, and the expression markings. ===Cipher notation=== In many cultures, including Music of China, Music of Indonesia and Music of India (sargam), the "sheet music" consists primarily of the numbers, letters or native characters representing notes in order. Those different systems are collectively know as cipher notations. The numbered notation is an example, so are letter notation and solfege if written in musical sequence. ===Braille music=== Braille music is a complete, well developed, and internationally accepted musical notation system that has symbols and notational conventions quite independent of print music notation. It is linear in nature, similar to a printed language and different from the two-dimensional nature of standard printed music notation. To a degree Braille music resembles [http://www.musicmarkup.info/scope/markuplanguages.html musical markup languages] such as [http://emusician.com/ar/emusic_xml_music/ XML for Music] or NIFF. See Braille music. ===Integer notation=== In ''integer notation'', or the integer model of pitch, all pitch classes and interval (music)s between pitch classes are designated using the numbers 0 through 11, as in modular arithmetic 12. It is not used to notate music for performance, but is a common musical analysis and musical composition tool when working with twelve tone technique, serialism, or otherwise atonality music. Pitch classes can be notated in this way by assigning the number 0 to some note - C natural by convention - and assigning consecutive integers to consecutive semitones; so if 0 is C natural, 1 is C sharp, 2 is D natural and so on up to 11 which is B natural. The C above this is not 12, but 0 again (12-12=0). Thus the system represents complete octave equivalence. One advantage of this system is that it ignores the "spelling" of notes (B sharp, C natural and D double-flat are all 0) according to their diatonic functionality. Thus the system represents complete enharmonic equivalency. One drawback is that pitches, intervals, and simultaneity (chord (music)s) are all notated in the same manner. ''4'', for instance, indicates the arbitrarily decided fourth pitch (E, if C=0), or two pitches four semitones apart (such as 0 and 4 or 2 and 6). ''024'' indicates a simultaneity or succession (such as a melodic fragment) consisting of three notes, each a whole tone apart (for example, C, D and E, or G sharp, B flat and C) and the first and last a major third apart. This notation may be used to represent all traditional permutations of a tone row or set in a matrix (music). The integer model of pitch is one of the basis of atonal or set theory (music) techniques in musical analysis, which now may include diatonic set theory and tonal music. It carries an added advantage in that one is able to prove many things, within limits, about pitch or pitches, and even tonal constructs. Like integers, pitches may be evenly spaced and ordered from lower to higher (lesser to greater for integers), while many things are not true of both integers and pitch. ===Tablature=== Tablature was first used in the Renaissance music for lute music. A staff is used, but instead of pitch values, the fret or frets to be fingered are written instead. Rhythm is written separately and durations are relative and indicated by horizontal space between notes. In later periods, lute and guitar music was written with standard notation. Tablature was again used in the late 20th century and early 21st century for popular guitar music and other fretted instruments, being easy to transcribe and share over the internet in ASCII format. Websites like [http://www.olga.net/ OLGA.net] have archives of text-based popular music tablature. === Klavar notation === Klavar notation is a chromatic system of notation geared toward keyboard instruments, that is said by its adherents to be easier to learn than standard notation. A considerable body of repertoire has been transcribed to Klavar notation. ===Graphic notation=== The term 'graphic notation' refers to the contemporary use of non-traditional symbols and text to convey information about the performance of a piece of music. It is used for experimental music, which in many cases is difficult to transcribe in standard notation. Practitioners include Christian Wolff (composer), Earle Brown, John Cage, Morton Feldman, Krzysztof Penderecki, Cornelius Cardew, and Roger Reynolds. See ''Notations'', edited by John Cage and Alison Knowles, ISBN 0685148645. ===Parsons code=== Parsons code is used to encode music in a method which can be easily searched. This style is designed to be used by individuals without any musical background. === Systems not based on the standard 12-tone scale === Other systems exist for non twelve tone equal temperament and non-Western music, such as the Indian ''svar lippi'', along with other alternatives such as ''Ailler-Brennink''. Some cultures use their own cipher notations for those music. Sometimes the pitches of music written in just intonation are notated with the frequency ratios, while Ben Johnston has devised a system for representing just intonation with traditional western notation and the addition of accidentals which indicate the Cent (music)s a pitch is to be lowered or raised. ==See also== * Guido of Arezzo * List of musical topics * Music theory * Time unit box system * Scorewriter are software tools used for publishing sheet music. ==Source== *Middleton, Richard (1990/2002). ''Studying Popular Music''. Philadelphia: Open University Press. ISBN 0335152759. **Tagg, Philip (1979). ==External links== * [http://tonalsoft.com/enc/index2.htm?notation.htm Tonalsoft Encyclopaedia of Tuning] Musical notation Musicology
Musical notation
==Symbol Request== Could someone upload Lilypond PNGs to support the articles Da capo, Dal Segno, Coda, and Fermata please? That would be most appreciated. -User:Lommer | User talk:Lommer 07:19, 23 Jan 2005 (UTC) ==Stave vs. Staff== ''Isn't the correct English term stave?'') It appears that staff and stave are usually the same and that staff is more common. --rmhermen :''Staves'' is the plural of ''staff.'' Webster says that stave can also mean staff (singular), but I think we should stick with staff for singular. -- User:Merphant I believe that ''stave'' is more common in British usage, while ''staff'' is used in the U.S. User:UninvitedCompany In the same light, nobody in the U.S. will understand a word you're saying if you go on about crochets and quavers and so forth. The terms here are ''whole/half/quarter/eigth/sixteenth (etc) note''. User:UninvitedCompany == symbols == I'm removing this table from the article -- I am on a Mac which shows the characters from the Japanese wiki fine -- but nada for these. -- User:Tarquin 20:55 Nov 2, 2002 (UTC) :I'd like to see this kind of table in the article. I'll start to recreate (most of) it using GNU LilyPond and outputting png files. - User:Tobin Richard :I've created a few of the images that will be needed. I've been grouping similar symbols together. :Image:Music_rests.png, :Image:Music_notes.png, :Image:Music_clefs.png. I'll try to get more done in the coming days. - User:Tobin Richard ::Aren't the clefs a bit small? They look like the size you'd use for a change of clef midway through a line - I think it'd be better to have full size clefs. It's not a big deal, I suppose, but the C clef really ought to be as tall as the staff. --User:Camembert :::What font should I have installed to see any of these? (Windows XP Home + IE6) User:Phil Boswell 15:53, Dec 3, 2003 (UTC) ::::If you mean the stuff in the article, they're images in PNG format, so if your browser supports PGNs, you should be able to see them regardless of fonts. If you mean the stuff in the table below, I don't have a clue - I can't see them, and neither can plenty of others (that's why they were taken out of the article). --User:Camembert :::::I did a quick Google for "music notation font" and got a shed-load. I'm out of my depth here, can anyone help? User:Phil Boswell 14:51, Dec 5, 2003 (UTC) ::::::I take it you mean fonts for viewing the table below? I don't think you'll have any luck. http://www.music-notation.info/en/compmus/musicfonts.html might be useful for music based fonts but to the best of my knowledge there isn't a browser that will understand Unicode music. Lilypond uses the Feta font for typesetting. - User:Tobin Richard :::::I went to the Unicode site and took a look, and that table is basically a list of the "Musical Symbols" sub-page of the Unicode character set. So logically there must be a font somewhere that I can convince IE to use when this page turns up on a Web Page (which is what it thinks Wikipedia pages are, after all). I'll take a look where you suggest, but I'm not holding my breath :-) User:Phil Boswell 09:02, Dec 8, 2003 (UTC) :::::There are some Unicode characters for which no fonts (or at least no useable fonts) exist. The unicode site has a list of the groups that provided fonts used in generating their charts at http://www.unicode.org/charts/fonts.html If you do find a music font then there is a very high probability that it wont be useable by windows. - User:Tobin Richard :::You're right the clefs are a bit small (a result of the way I produced the image). I'll create a better version of the image soon. - User:Tobin Richard ===table of symbols===
| Character | Name |
|---|---|
| 𝄀 | Single Barline |
| 𝄁 | Double Barline |
| 𝄂 | Final Barline |
| 𝄃 | Reverse Final Barline |
| 𝄄 | Dashed Barline |
| 𝄅 | Short Barline |
| 𝄆 | Left Repeat Sign |
| 𝄇 | Right Repeat Sign |
| 𝄈 | Repeat Dots |
| 𝄉 | Dal Segno |
| 𝄊 | Da Capo |
| 𝄋 | Segno |
| 𝄌 | Coda |
| 𝄍 | Repeated Figure-1 |
| 𝄎 | Repeated Figure-2 |
| 𝄏 | Repeated Figure-3 |
| 𝄐 | Fermata |
| 𝄑 | Fermata Below |
| 𝄒 | Breath Mark |
| 𝄓 | Caesura |
| 𝄔 | Brace |
| 𝄕 | Bracket |
| 𝄖 | One-Line Staff |
| 𝄗 | Two-Line Staff |
| 𝄘 | Three-Line Staff |
| 𝄙 | Four-Line Staff |
| 𝄚 | Five-Line Staff |
| 𝄛 | Six-Line Staff |
| 𝄜 | Six-String Fretboard |
| 𝄝 | Four-String Fretboard |
| 𝄞 | G Clef |
| 𝄟 | G Clef Ottava Alta |
| 𝄠 | G Clef Ottava Bassa |
| 𝄡 | C Clef |
| 𝄢 | F Clef |
| 𝄣 | F Clef Ottava Alta |
| 𝄤 | F Clef Ottava Bassa |
| 𝄥 | Drum Clef-1 |
| 𝄦 | Drum Clef-2 |
| 𝄪 | Double Sharp |
| 𝄫 | Double Flat |
| 𝄬 | Flat Up |
| 𝄭 | Flat Down |
| 𝄮 | Natural Up |
| 𝄯 | Natural Down |
| 𝄰 | Sharp Up |
| 𝄱 | Sharp Down |
| 𝄲 | Quarter Tone Sharp |
| 𝄳 | Quarter Tone Flat |
| 𝄴 | Common Time |
| 𝄵 | Cut Time |
| 𝄶 | Ottava Alta |
| 𝄷 | Ottava Bassa |
| 𝄸 | Quindicesima Alta |
| 𝄹 | Quindicesima Bassa |
| 𝄺 | Multi Rest |
| 𝄻 | Whole Rest |
| 𝄼 | Half Rest |
| 𝄽 | Quarter Rest |
| 𝄾 | Eighth Rest |
| 𝄿 | Sixteenth Rest |
| 𝅀 | Thirty-Second Rest |
| 𝅁 | Sixty-Fourth Rest |
| 𝅂 | One Hundred Twenty-Eighth Rest |
| 𝅃 | X Notehead |
| 𝅄 | Plus Notehead |
| 𝅅 | Circle X Notehead |
| 𝅆 | Square Notehead White |
| 𝅇 | Square Notehead Black |
| 𝅈 | Triangle Notehead Up White |
| 𝅉 | Triangle Notehead Up Black |
| 𝅊 | Triangle Notehead Left White |
| 𝅋 | Triangle Notehead Left Black |
| 𝅌 | Triangle Notehead Right White |
| 𝅍 | Triangle Notehead Right Black |
| 𝅎 | Triangle Notehead Down White |
| 𝅏 | Triangle Notehead Down Black |
| 𝅐 | Triangle Notehead Up Right White |
| 𝅑 | Triangle Notehead Up Right Black |
| 𝅒 | Moon Notehead White |
| 𝅓 | Moon Notehead Black |
| 𝅔 | Triangle-Round Notehead Down White |
| 𝅕 | Triangle-Round Notehead Down Black |
| 𝅖 | Parenthesis Notehead |
| 𝅗 | Void Notehead |
| 𝅘 | Notehead Black |
| 𝅙 | Null Notehead |
| 𝅚 | Cluster Notehead White |
| 𝅛 | Cluster Notehead Black |
| 𝅜 | Breve |
| 𝅝 | Whole Note |
| 𝅗𝅥 | Half Note |
| 𝅘𝅥 | Quarter Note |
| 𝅘𝅥𝅮 | Eighth Note |
| 𝅘𝅥𝅯 | Sixteenth Note |
| 𝅘𝅥𝅰 | Thirty-Second Note |
| 𝅘𝅥𝅱 | Sixty-Fourth Note |
| 𝅘𝅥𝅲 | One Hundred Twenty-Eighth Note |
| 𝅥 | Combining Stem |
| 𝅦 | Combining Sprechgesang Stem |
| 𝅧 | Combining Tremolo-1 |
| 𝅨 | Combining Tremolo-2 |
| 𝅩 | Combining Tremolo-3 |
| 𝅪 | Fingered Tremolo-1 |
| 𝅫 | Fingered Tremolo-2 |
| 𝅬 | Fingered Tremolo-3 |
| 𝅭 | Combining Augmentation Dot |
| 𝅮 | Combining Flag-1 |
| 𝅯 | Combining Flag-2 |
| 𝅰 | Combining Flag-3 |
| 𝅱 | Combining Flag-4 |
| 𝅲 | Combining Flag-5 |
| | Begin Beam |
| | End Beam |
| | Begin Tie |
| | End Tie |
| | Begin Slur |
| | End Slur |
| | Begin Phrase |
| | End Phrase |
| 𝅻 | Combining Accent |
| 𝅼 | Combining Staccato |
| 𝅽 | Combining Tenuto |
| 𝅾 | Combining Staccatissimo |
| 𝅿 | Combining Marcato |
| 𝆀 | Combining Marcato-Staccato |
| 𝆁 | Combining Accent-Staccato |
| 𝆂 | Combining Loure |
| 𝆃 | Arpeggiato Up |
| 𝆄 | Arpeggiato Down |
| 𝆅 | Combining Doit |
| 𝆆 | Combining Rip |
| 𝆇 | Combining Flip |
| 𝆈 | Combining Smear |
| 𝆉 | Combining Bend |
| 𝆊 | Combining Double Tongue |
| 𝆋 | Combining Triple Tongue |
| 𝆌 | Rinforzando |
| 𝆍 | Subito |
| 𝆎 | Z |
| 𝆏 | Piano |
| 𝆐 | Mezzo |
| 𝆑 | Forte |
| 𝆒 | Crescendo |
| 𝆓 | Decrescendo |
| 𝆔 | Grace Note Slash |
| 𝆕 | Grace Note No Slash |
| 𝆖 | Tr |
| 𝆗 | Turn |
| 𝆘 | Inverted Turn |
| 𝆙 | Turn Slash |
| 𝆚 | Turn Up |
| 𝆛 | Ornament Stroke-1 |
| 𝆜 | Ornament Stroke-2 |
| 𝆝 | Ornament Stroke-3 |
| 𝆞 | Ornament Stroke-4 |
| 𝆟 | Ornament Stroke-5 |
| 𝆠 | Ornament Stroke-6 |
| 𝆡 | Ornament Stroke-7 |
| 𝆢 | Ornament Stroke-8 |
| 𝆣 | Ornament Stroke-9 |
| 𝆤 | Ornament Stroke-10 |
| 𝆥 | Ornament Stroke-11 |
| 𝆦 | Hauptstimme |
| 𝆧 | Nebenstimme |
| 𝆨 | End Of Stimme |
| 𝆩 | Degree Slash |
| 𝆪 | Combining Down Bow |
| 𝆫 | Combining Up Bow |
| 𝆬 | Combining Harmonic |
| 𝆭 | Combining Snap Pizzicato |
| 𝆮 | Pedal Mark |
| 𝆯 | Pedal Up Mark |
| 𝆰 | Half Pedal Mark |
| 𝆱 | Glissando Up |
| 𝆲 | Glissando Down |
| 𝆳 | With Fingernails |
| 𝆴 | Damp |
| 𝆵 | Damp All |
| 𝆶 | Maxima |
| 𝆷 | Longa |
| 𝆸 | Brevis |
| 𝆹 | Semibrevis White |
| 𝆺 | Semibrevis Black |
| 𝆹𝅥 | Minima |
| 𝆺𝅥 | Minima Black |
| 𝆹𝅥𝅮 | Semiminima White |
| 𝆺𝅥𝅮 | Semiminima Black |
| 𝆹𝅥𝅯 | Fusa White |
| 𝆺𝅥𝅯 | Fusa Black |
| 𝇁 | Longa Perfecta Rest |
| 𝇂 | Longa Imperfecta Rest |
| 𝇃 | Brevis Rest |
| 𝇄 | Semibrevis Rest |
| 𝇅 | Minima Rest |
| 𝇆 | Semiminima Rest |
| 𝇇 | Tempus Perfectum Cum Prolatione Perfecta |
| 𝇈 | Tempus Perfectum Cum Prolatione Imperfecta |
| 𝇉 | Tempus Perfectum Cum Prolatione Perfecta Diminution-1 |
| 𝇊 | Tempus Imperfectum Cum Prolatione Perfecta |
| 𝇋 | Tempus Imperfectum Cum Prolatione Imperfecta |
| 𝇌 | Tempus Imperfectum Cum Prolatione Imperfecta Diminution-1 |
| 𝇍 | Tempus Imperfectum Cum Prolatione Imperfecta Diminution-2 |
| 𝇎 | Tempus Imperfectum Cum Prolatione Imperfecta Diminution-3 |
| 𝇏 | Croix |
| 𝇐 | Gregorian C Clef |
| 𝇑 | Gregorian F Clef |
| 𝇒 | Square B |
| 𝇓 | Virga |
| 𝇔 | Podatus |
| 𝇕 | Clivis |
| 𝇖 | Scandicus |
| 𝇗 | Climacus |
| 𝇘 | Torculus |
| 𝇙 | Porrectus |
| 𝇚 | Porrectus Flexus |
| 𝇛 | Scandicus Flexus |
| 𝇜 | Torculus Resupinus |
| 𝇝 | Pes Subpunctis |
1. List the letters in the letter notation (e.g. C, D, E... , Cis etc.) - actually they appear in the text without explanation, or am I wrong?
2. Write about the difference between the "English" and the "German" notations (B, H vs. ?, B; are there any other differences?). --User:84.163.72.239 09:02, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC) == Integer notation == Integer notation as described here really isn't a kind of notation, but rather a kind of musical analysis. Theorists who use such notation (such as Allen Forte) still use conventional music notation to indicate specific pitches and rhythms. So this whole section belongs on some other page. --User:Wahoofive 06:36, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC) :The same would then go for letter notation. User:Hyacinth 03:42, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC) == Solfege edit == I removed the following text from the Solfege section, added by User:198.234.216.213: :The solfege syllables are derived from the Latin words ''Dominus'', ''Regina Cæli'', ''Microcosmos'', ''Fatus'', ''Sol'', ''Voie Lacte'', and ''Sidereal'' This information is in conflict with the Ut queant laxis article, and anyway belongs there (or on Solfege), not in this article. —User:Wahoofive | User talk:Wahoofive 17:14, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC) :You are correct. As far as I know the derivation of the solfege syllables from ''Ut queant laxis'' has never been in dispute. Or let me put it this way: if there is an alternate theory, it needs a source. User:Antandrus 04:21, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC) == Bach Fugue Musical Example == Is it entirely helpful to have this version of the musical example? I agree that most of us are familiar with the right-hand part being written in the treble (G) clef. But Bach himself wrote the piece notating the upper stave in a soprano c-clef. Surely, in an article specifically about the history, development and use of staves/staffs and clefs, isn't it counter-productive to show a modern "ersatz" version, rather than the clefs Bach used himself (which are different)? Or is this just being overly pedantic? :Don't forget to sign your posts with
Musical notation
For an introduction and general overview, see the topic Musical notation. Alternative terms: *Quasihemidemisemiquaver or semihemidemisemiquaver *Hemidemisemiquaver *Demisemiquaver *Semiquaver *Quaver *Crotchet *Minim (music) *Semibreve *Breve Musical terminology
Musical notation
{| style="margin:0 auto;" align=center width=80% class="toccolours" cellspacing=0 |align=center style="background:#ccccff; padding: 0 0 0 50px;"|Musical notation|| width="30px" align=right style="background:#ccccff" | |- |align=center colspan=2 | Musical staff : Clef | Key signature | Time signature | Leger line | Bar (music) |- |align=center colspan=2 | Notes : Note value | Dotted note | Accidental | Rest (music) |- |align=center colspan=2 | Expression marks: Tempo | Dynamics (music) | :Category:Articulations | 8va |}
Musical notation
There's no reason every possible note length should clutter up this template. I've created a new page called Note value which should replace it. In fact, I'd vote for redirecting all the names of the note lengths (e.g. crochet, sixteenth note) to Note Value. All those articles are pretty much identical information, and the note values only have meaning in relation to one another. This would make room for some more things we could add, like Bar (music) and 8va. --User:Wahoofive 06:42, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC) ==Title== Can we make the box aroudn the title ("Musical notation") smaller? User:Hyacinth 20:09, 4 May 2005 (UTC) :I assume you mean less height? I did it by changing the wiki table notation to || format to separate cells in the first row. —User:Wahoofive (User talk:Wahoofive) 20:19, 4 May 2005 (UTC)
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
M
MA | MB | MC | MD | ME | MF | MG | MH | MI | MJ | MK | ML | MN | MO | MP | MR | MS | MT | MU | MW | MX | MY | MZ |Words begining with Musical_notation:
Musical_Notation
Musical_notation
Musical_notation
Musical_notation
Musical_notation
Musical_notation
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