Milk most often means the nutrient fluid produced by the mammary glands of female mammals. It provides the primary source of nutrition for newborns before they are able to digest more diverse foods. It is also processed into dairy products such as cream, butter, yoghurt, ice-cream, gelato, cheese, casein, whey protein, lactose, dried milk, and many other food-additive and industrial products. It can also be used to mean *the white juice and the processed meat of the coconut in, more or less, liquid form, used especially in Cuisine of Thailand, Indian cuisine (Kerala), and Polynesian cuisine. *a non-animal substitute such as soya milk, rice milk, and almond milk. breast milk is often fed to infants through breastfeeding, either directly or by the female expressing her milk to be saved and fed later. As colostrum, it carries the mother's antibody and intestinal bacteria to the baby. ==Composition and nutrition== The composition of milk varies greatly among different mammals. *Human breast milk is thin and high in lactose, its primary sugar. *Cow's milk, in contrast, is lower in sugar and higher in protein, and is composed of about 3.5% to 6.5% milkfat, 4% to 8.5% milk solids and about 88% water. Its main protein (80%) is casein, while whey proteins make up most of the rest. Lactose in milk is digested with the help of the enzyme lactase produced by the bodies of infants. In humans, production of lactase falls off towards adulthood (depending on the person's ethnic origin), in many cases to the point where lactose becomes indigestible, leading to lactose intolerance a gastrointestinal condition that afflicts many. There is some controversy over whether consumption of cow's milk is good for adult humans. While milk is often touted as healthy for its significant amount of calcium, required for healthy bone growth and nerve function, there is some disputed research to suggest that proteins in milk interfere with the use of its calcium to form bones by increasing the acidity level of the blood and triggering a response which balances that acidity level by leeching calcium that is presently in bones. However, the composition of milk differs widely from species to species; cow's milk is a completely different substance than goat's milk for instance, which any person who tastes both will recognize. Such factors as the lactose content, the proportion of and size of the butterfat globule and the strength of the curd, formed by the human enzymes digesting the milk, can differ from breed to breed and mammal to mammal. ==Cow's milk== Cow's milk is most often produced on an industrial scale for human consumption. It is the most commonly consumed form of milk. Dairy farming has become such a large business that in many countries the process is highly automated. Farmers even use machines which attach to the udder of the cow and milking it automatically. ===Varieties and brands=== Cow's milk is generally available in several varieties. In some countries these are: *''full cream'' (or "''whole''" in North America) *''semi-skimmed'' ("''reduced fat''" or "''low fat''", about 1.5-1.8% fat) *''skimmed'' (about 0.1% fat) Milk in the U.S. and Canada is sold as *"''whole"'' varieties *"''2 percent"'' (reduced fat) *"''1 percent"'' (low fat) *"''1/2 percent"'' (low fat) *"''skim"'' (very low fat) Note: In Canada "whole" milk refers to unhomogenized milk. "Homogenized" milk (or "Homo milk" in short) refers to milk which is 3.25% butterfat. Generally all store bought milk in Canada has been homogenized, yet the term is also used as a name to describe butterfat content for a specific variety of milk. Full cream, or whole milk, has the full milk fat content (about 3-4% if Friesian- or Holstein (cattle)-breed are the source). For skimmed or semi-skimmed milk, all of the fat content is removed and then some (in the case of semi-skimmed milk) is returned. The best-selling variety of milk is semi-skimmed; in some countries full-cream (whole) milk is generally seen as less healthy and skimmed milk is often thought to lack taste. Whole milk is recommended to provide sufficient fat for developing toddlers who have graduated from breast milk or infant formula. There are many brands of milk currently; most milk brands vary little from each other. These brands include: * Alpenrose Dairy * Anchor (milk) (a brand from Fonterra) * [http://www.beatrice.ca/ Beatrice] (a subsidiary of Parmalat in Canada - [http://www.beatrice.ca/about/index.asp since March of 1997]) * Dairy Farmers * H.P. Hood * Leche Caparra * Leche Suiza * [http://www.lockcitydairies.com Lock City Dairies] * Lucerne (milk) * Parmalat * Pauls (a subsidiary of Parmalat in Australia) * Pura * Shamrock Milks * Tenuvah * Vinamilk Milk is the state drink of Minnesota, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Wisconsin, and South Carolina. ==Other milk animals== In addition to cows, the following animals provide milk for dairy products: * Sheep * Goats * Horses * Donkeys * Camels (including the South American camelids) * Yaks * Water buffalo * Reindeer In Russia and Sweden, small moose dairies exist [http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/europe/06/23/sweden.moosecheese.ap/index.html]. Donkey and horse milk have the lowest fat content, while the milk of pinnipeds contains more than 50% fat. [http://www.havemilk.com/content/contentid/1706#contentbyspecies] ==Curdling== When raw milk is left standing for a while, it turns sour. This is the result of fermentation: lactic acid bacteria turning the milk sugar into lactic acid. This fermentation process is exploited in the production of various dairy products such as cheese and yogurt. Pasteurized cow's milk, on the other hand, spoils in a way that makes it unsuitable for consumption, causing it to assume an unpleasant odor and pose a high danger of food poisoning if ingested. The naturally-occurring lactic acid bacteria in raw milk, under suitable conditions, quickly produce large amounts of lactic acid. The ensuing acidity in turn prevents other germs from growing, or slows their growth significantly. Through pasteurization, however, these lactic acid bacteria are mostly destroyed, which means that other germs can grow unfettered and thus cause decomposition. In order to prevent spoilage, milk can be kept refrigerator and stored between 1 and 4 Celsius. Most milk is Pasteurized by heating briefly and then refrigerator to allow transport from Factory Farms to local markets. The spoilage of milk can be forestalled by using ultra-high temperature (UHT) treatment; milk so treated can be stored unrefrigerated for several months until opened. Sterilized milk, which is heated for a much longer period of time, will last even longer, but also lose more nutrients and assume a still different taste. Condensed Milk, made by removing most of the water, can be stored for many months, unrefrigerated. The most durable form of milk is milk powder which is produced from milk by removing almost all water. UHT milk is very popular in Europe, whereas in North America, most of the milk sold is pasteurized. ==Distribution== Prior to the widespread use of plastics, milk was usually commercially distributed to consumers in glass bottles. In the UK, milk can be delivered daily by a milk man who travels his local milk round (route) on an electric milk float, although this is becoming less popular as a result of supermarkets selling milk at cheaper prices. In New Zealand in some urban areas milk is still delivered to customers' homes. Glass containers are rare these days. Most people purchase milk in plastic jugs or bags or in waxed-paper cartons. Ultraviolet light from fluorescent lamp can destroy some of the proteins in milk, so many companies that once distributed milk in transparent or highly translucent vessels are starting to use thicker materials that block the harmful rays. Many people feel that such "UV protected" milk tastes better. (However, few people have ever tasted fresh, unprocessed, milk straight from the cow.) In the United States, milk is commonly sold in gallon, half-gallon and quart containers (U.S._customary_units#Liquid_volume) of rigid plastic or waxed cardboard. The U.S. single serving size is usually the half-pint. In much of Canada, a 1 1/3 litre plastic bag (sold as 4 litres in 3 bags) is the most common, while 2 litre, 1 litre, 500 millilitre, and 250 millilitre cartons are also available. In Europe, metric sizes of 500 millilitres, 1 litre (the most common), 2 litres and 3 litres are commonplace (in the UK, some stores instead still stock the equivalents of old Imperial_unit sizes: 568 ml (1 pint), 1.136 l (2 pints), 2.273 l (4 pints), or rarely a combination including both metric and imperial sizes, such as a choice of 568 ml, 1 l, 2 l and 3 l containers). Condensed milk is distributed in metal cans and powdered milk is distributed in boxes or bags. ==Criticism== Some nutritionists, animal-rights activists, and others criticize the widespread consumption of cow's milk by humans. They generally challenge the nutritional benefits of milk or raise ethical issues associated with its consumption. === Nutritional issues === Critics of milk claim that it can have adverse health effects that outweigh any benefits. They point to scientific studies suggesting links between milk and some health problems: *Two studies suggested that galactose, which is produced in the digestion of lactose in milk, can be a cause of ovarian cancer.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2510499][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2567871] Other studies failed to show such a link, however. *One study suggests an association between high calcium intake and prostate cancer.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9458087] There is no evidence that any such problem is specific to milk. *Some milk is rich in saturated fat, which studies have linked to increased risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Low-fat and non-fat forms of milk may mitigate any such risk. *As many as 70% of humans may suffer from some degree of lactose intolerance. For those individuals, milk may induce symptoms such as cramping, bloating, gas, and diarrhea. *Critics question the claim that drinking large amounts of milk can reduce the risk of bone fractures, especially in the elderly. Some studies have failed to associate high calcium intakes with lower risk of hip and forearm fractures in men[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9278560] or women[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9224182]. *Recent studies show that milk may cause acne[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15692464]. *Some critics of milk claim that plant-based sources of calcium are preferable because, they claim, animal proteins in milk may "leach" calcium from bones.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8198060] Such critics challenge the mainstream belief that milk lowers the risk of osteoporosis. *A study published in June 2005 suggests that consumption of milk by 9- to 14-year-old children is associated with weight gain, although the researchers identify that excessive calorie intake is the cause rather than dairy specific factors. Researchers were surprised by their conclusion that weight gain was associated with dietary calcium and low-fat or skim milk, but not dairy fat.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15939853] Milk supporters point out that studies show possible links between low-fat milk consumption and reduced risk of arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, and obesity. Overweight individuals who drink milk may benefit from decreased risk of insulin resistance and type 2 Diabetes mellitus.[http://www.nationaldairycouncil.org/NationalDairyCouncil/Nutrition/Reducing/DairysRoleManagingBP.htm] ==See also== * Bovine somatotropin * Milk fetishism * Babcock test - determines the butterfat content of milk. == External links == * [http://www.pukeariki.com/en/stories/farming/milkingintheearlydays.asp Milking in the early days] * [http://www.pukeariki.com/en/stories/farming/elthamfirsts.asp Advances in processing milk] * [http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/gbdairy.html Year-round grazing of dairy cows in the United States] *[http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/mar03/osteo0303.htm ''Boning Up on Osteoporosis''] *[http://www.drafthorsejournal.com/features/horsemilk/horsemilk.htm Horse milk] *[http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/calcium.html Harvard School of Public Health: Calcium and Milk]: describes claims of milk supporters and critics Beverages Dairy products Milk bm:Nono br:Laezh la:lac nds:Melk simple:Milk
How is it that the first line is indented and not turned into "strange" typeface? I can't see what is making it indented. User:Rmhermen 22:06, Dec 5, 2003 (UTC) Pastorised milk doesn't turn sour. It turns rancid. A sour milk CAN be eaten. A rancid one absolutely not. ==Impacts of Milk== Can we please emphasize the health risks of dairy? [http://www.pcrm.org/health/Info_on_Veg_Diets/dairy.html Here's an article] that asserts that milk and dairy is harmful to one's health. I believe that not including this onfo doesnt do the Pedia justice. User:DryGrain 08:51, 8 May 2004 (UTC) * The so-called "Physician's Committee For Responsible Medicine", which produced the article you cite above, is not a physicians' group as its name implies; it is a subsidiary of PETA created to scare people into veganism by spreading medical misinformation. This group has been strongly condemned by the American Medical Association. Their stuff is pure propaganda and does does not belong on Wikipedia - at least not without extensive rebuttals from orthodox medicine. See [http://www.ncahf.org/articles/o-r/pcrm.html] or [http://www.cc.jyu.fi/~jjhulmi/Manninen11.pdf] for more information. User:Securiger 14:10, 26 May 2004 (UTC) * Damn, I admire securiger's mastery of rebuttal info. I will assume Drygrain's proposal was naive rather than disingenuous and flesh out the point. PETA is a poor source for accurate health info because they have made it quite clear by publications, public statements, and public actions, that their primary purpose is indeed ethical-- to persuade people to stop using animals. Like many, if not most, self-righteous groups with a moral message, they pick and choose the facts to present to support their cause. At a minimum, their dishonesty lies in not presenting the balance of the evidence or contradictory evidence. If we are less charitable, we might suspect that they would not let a little thing like evidence get in the way of a persuasive argument. For instance, a quick look at one of items in the page link supplied by Drygrain illustrates both exaggeration to the point of dishonesty and a failure to acknowledge contradictory evidence. In section "4. Diabetes", three assertions are made: **''Insulin-dependent diabetes (Type I or childhood-onset) is linked to consumption of dairy products.'' The wording suggests a causal link, doesn't it? It is a weak statistical link between cow milk use in the first 4 months of life, far from causal, inconsistently confirmed. The two references were studies published in 1990 and 1992, but conspicuously absent are several more recent studies which failed to confirm a strong correlation. **''Epidemiological studies of various countries show a strong correlation between the use of dairy products and the incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes.'' IDDM occurs in about 1 in 400 children. If a child is fed primarily a cow milk formula before age 4 months instead of nursing, the child's risk rises to about 1 in 300. **''Researchers in 1992 found that a specific dairy protein sparks an auto-immune reaction, which is believed to be what destroys the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas.'' No they didn't-- they speculated that this might be the mechanism if the causal association is true. Just to give you a sense of the lack of straightforwardness on this issue, evidence in recent years suggests (1) a slow rise in incidence of IDDM in young children has been occurring in the US over the last 30 years, during which the incidence of early breastfeeding has been rising and milk consumption falling, and (2) that early vitamin D deficiency is associated with a several fold higher risk of diabetes later in childhood (the reader should realize that cow milk is the primary source of vitamin D in the first few years of life). If you want a more balanced recent review of the evidence, try O Vaarala, Environmental causes: dietary causes. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America (2004) 33:17-26. My suspicion is that the other PETA "medical science" claims will not withstand critical scrutiny any better. User:Alteripse 00:54, 27 May 2004 (UTC) :I think there should be some discussion of the impacts of milk production and consumption. I agree that PETA et.al. often abuse the facts, but the FDA and the AMA have their own agendas also. I'd emphasize the enormous environmental impacts of dairy production, and look for some more balanced materials to refer to. --User:Nealmcb 18:22, 2004 May 26 (UTC) ::Regardless of the hijinks of the people over at PETA, there seems to be some noise going on the medical establishment about the health benefits of milk. I came across some discussion of the late Frank Oski's book, Don't drink your milk. Considering his former position at Johns Hopkins University Oski seems to have been established in the medical profession. Does anyone know anything about this guy? Also, I'm curious about milk and calcium. Some people say that the large amounts of protein in cow milk cancels out the positive effect of calcium and one of the studies they cite is one on bone fractures. You can check PubMed or http://www.ajph.org/ AJPH for the abstract with the title, "Milk, dietary calcium, and bone fractures in women: a 12-year prospective study". User:Shawnb 14:37, 18 Jun 2004 (UTC) What about the more "philosophical" (if you can call it that) discussion regarding the unnaturalness represented by human consumption of cow milk? Two points are discussed: first, Mammal (such as human beings) are not meant to keep consuming milk after the nursing period; Second, any given mammal species is not meant to consume milk from other species (adult humans consume cow milk and are generally grossed out by the idea of consuming human milk – as if cow milk was the one intended for consumption by human adults). So, it might not be a sure way to get cancer, but it doesn't mean that milk consumption is free of valid controversies. Maybe this issue should be addressed in the article? Regards, User:Redux 03:24, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC) :Agreed - I suggest a section on controversy or backlash or something, presenting both this broad philosophical rejection of the ingestion of cow's milk and also addressing the studies that PETA quotes. It would be good to put them up, I think, if for no other reason that to rebut them all. We could quote the studies and say 'the philosophical argument remains,' for example. User:LockeShocke 02:40, Nov 23, 2004 (UTC) I don't know if I'm just noticing this or it has always been this way, but the Nutitional Issues section seems to be largely misrepresented studies. For example, I went to the acne study on PubMed, and it isn't nearly as authoritative as the wiki entry makes it out to be. No correlation was found in whole milk or low-fat milk. I'll download it when I get back on campus, but given how the last edit was to correct another study misrepresentation, that whole section seem suspect to me. --User:Jjayson 20:04, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC) ==commercial endorsements?== I question the inclusion of " Famous brands of milk". Since for the most part milk is milk (with "raw milk" a signifigant exception), that seems to be more a marketing topic than a milk topic. Is there a wikipedia policy on commercial endorsements? --User:Nealmcb 18:22, 2004 May 26 (UTC) :Not entirely true. There are many dairies that sell milk by brand (sometimes even still offering delivery). Grocery store milk is pretty much a commodity but specialty milk certainly a different story. User:Rmhermen 13:52, May 27, 2004 (UTC) If a brand produces a signifigantly different product, then that should have its own article, which would contain companies who market the product. I am not a milk expert, and cannot think of any 'special milk' product like this, besides Blue Milk from Lars Inc ;) You seem to agree that this is a marketing topic. Unless the brands are listed along with an explanation of how their milk differs, I think we should drop them or move them to something like "marketing of milk" --User:Nealmcb 01:38, 2004 May 31 (UTC) If these brands should be included, which is questionable, especially considering they are primarily american, it should be under the dairy article, not the milk article == Platypus == As the history comment asks, monotremes are indeed mammals. See Platypus for verification. User:ShaneKing 12:40, Nov 5, 2004 (UTC) == Cow's Milk == ==Seperate Cow's Milk Section== I would like to suggest a seperate Cow's Milk section, which could involved the nuitrition, ethics, and other specific information around the Food Cow's milk. The Milk page should be less devoted to Dairy and more devoted to milk. If there are no arguments against this, I will make the change myself in a few days :Most of the lionks to this page will be for cow's milk so changing it will not help most people following those links. User:Rmhermen 23:54, Apr 2, 2005 (UTC) == Logical fallacy == "Milk has also been linked in a small number of studies to osteoporosis, cancer, heart disease, obesity and high blood pressure. Because of milks high protein content, and inability of the body to digest these, it is unable to fully absorb the calcium. Countries like China where dairy is rarely used, diseases like this are unknown." The reader is offered a Correlation_implies_causation_%28logical_fallacy%29. I'm a vegan vegetarian and a PETA member myself but this is not a neutral description, as the diet in those countries varies in more than the observed way and the sentence implies a causality that is not explained. At least this needs a much more thorough analysis of the topic. -- User:Fasten 03:25, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC) In the same section appears this sentence: ''However breeds of cattle produce milk that is significantly different from that of others as do different mammals' from others.'' Huh? User:WmahanUser talk:Wmahan 20:06, 2005 Apr 14 (UTC) I removed the paragraph referred to by Fasten. Not only was it poorly written, but no source is provided for a claim which is relatively unheard of. If someone wants to include this, please provide references, but you can't say it in such an authoritative manner- milk has hardly been definitively "linked" to any of these problems.--User:naryathegreat | User talk:Naryathegreat 01:14, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC) :Here's the removed paragraph. Maybe it can be written in a more NPOV style to describe critics' claims. :''Milk has also been linked in a small number of studies to osteoporosis, cancer, heart disease, obesity and high blood pressure. Because of milk's high protein content, and inability of the body to digest it, it is unable to fully absorb the calcium. In some countries where dairy is rarely used, such as China, these diseases are rare, although it is unclear whether dairy consumption is a cause.'' User:WmahanUser talk:Wmahan 02:26, 2005 Apr 22 (UTC) :I've added a section with references for some of the criticisms and claimed benefits. Are there still objections to the neutrality of the article? User:WmahanUser talk:Wmahan 04:32, 2005 Apr 22 (UTC) :I removed the
== Italo Disco == We should discuss and decide what we want to do with page. I read today many articles about "Italo disco", and as i understood there are large quantities of general public that actually think that "Euro disco" and "Italo disco" are the same thing. I also think that its impossible to define "Italo disco" as a style of Italian artists only , because music genre describes music not a geographical location and if artists from other counties made the same or similar music their music can be also described as an "Italo disco". Meantime i did a redirect from "euro disco" to "italo disco", but we should decide about "italo disco" definition, and in any case "Euro Disco" artists should be represented in some place, or on "Italo Disco" article or on separate "Euro Disco" article. User:Vorash 00:28, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC) see more info on Italo talk pageUser:Vorash 04:37, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC) Milk, there is no need to post messages about Italo on my talk page, because Italo article along with many other articles is in my watchlist and if you add message to Italo talk i can see it in watchlist. User:Vorash 12:00, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)
Hello, I'm a user who lives in Chicago, Illinois - USA. I love Wikipedia.
Dairy products Beverages
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Milk_(disambiguation)
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Milk_toast
Milk
Milk most often means the nutrient fluid produced by the mammary glands of female mammals. It provides the primary source of nutrition for newborns before they are able to digest more diverse foods. It is also processed into dairy products such as cream, butter, yoghurt, ice-cream, gelato, cheese, casein, whey protein, lactose, dried milk, and many other food-additive and industrial products. It can also be used to mean *the white juice and the processed meat of the coconut in, more or less, liquid form, used especially in Cuisine of Thailand, Indian cuisine (Kerala), and Polynesian cuisine. *a non-animal substitute such as soya milk, rice milk, and almond milk. breast milk is often fed to infants through breastfeeding, either directly or by the female expressing her milk to be saved and fed later. As colostrum, it carries the mother's antibody and intestinal bacteria to the baby. ==Composition and nutrition== The composition of milk varies greatly among different mammals. *Human breast milk is thin and high in lactose, its primary sugar. *Cow's milk, in contrast, is lower in sugar and higher in protein, and is composed of about 3.5% to 6.5% milkfat, 4% to 8.5% milk solids and about 88% water. Its main protein (80%) is casein, while whey proteins make up most of the rest. Lactose in milk is digested with the help of the enzyme lactase produced by the bodies of infants. In humans, production of lactase falls off towards adulthood (depending on the person's ethnic origin), in many cases to the point where lactose becomes indigestible, leading to lactose intolerance a gastrointestinal condition that afflicts many. There is some controversy over whether consumption of cow's milk is good for adult humans. While milk is often touted as healthy for its significant amount of calcium, required for healthy bone growth and nerve function, there is some disputed research to suggest that proteins in milk interfere with the use of its calcium to form bones by increasing the acidity level of the blood and triggering a response which balances that acidity level by leeching calcium that is presently in bones. However, the composition of milk differs widely from species to species; cow's milk is a completely different substance than goat's milk for instance, which any person who tastes both will recognize. Such factors as the lactose content, the proportion of and size of the butterfat globule and the strength of the curd, formed by the human enzymes digesting the milk, can differ from breed to breed and mammal to mammal. ==Cow's milk== Cow's milk is most often produced on an industrial scale for human consumption. It is the most commonly consumed form of milk. Dairy farming has become such a large business that in many countries the process is highly automated. Farmers even use machines which attach to the udder of the cow and milking it automatically. ===Varieties and brands=== Cow's milk is generally available in several varieties. In some countries these are: *''full cream'' (or "''whole''" in North America) *''semi-skimmed'' ("''reduced fat''" or "''low fat''", about 1.5-1.8% fat) *''skimmed'' (about 0.1% fat) Milk in the U.S. and Canada is sold as *"''whole"'' varieties *"''2 percent"'' (reduced fat) *"''1 percent"'' (low fat) *"''1/2 percent"'' (low fat) *"''skim"'' (very low fat) Note: In Canada "whole" milk refers to unhomogenized milk. "Homogenized" milk (or "Homo milk" in short) refers to milk which is 3.25% butterfat. Generally all store bought milk in Canada has been homogenized, yet the term is also used as a name to describe butterfat content for a specific variety of milk. Full cream, or whole milk, has the full milk fat content (about 3-4% if Friesian- or Holstein (cattle)-breed are the source). For skimmed or semi-skimmed milk, all of the fat content is removed and then some (in the case of semi-skimmed milk) is returned. The best-selling variety of milk is semi-skimmed; in some countries full-cream (whole) milk is generally seen as less healthy and skimmed milk is often thought to lack taste. Whole milk is recommended to provide sufficient fat for developing toddlers who have graduated from breast milk or infant formula. There are many brands of milk currently; most milk brands vary little from each other. These brands include: * Alpenrose Dairy * Anchor (milk) (a brand from Fonterra) * [http://www.beatrice.ca/ Beatrice] (a subsidiary of Parmalat in Canada - [http://www.beatrice.ca/about/index.asp since March of 1997]) * Dairy Farmers * H.P. Hood * Leche Caparra * Leche Suiza * [http://www.lockcitydairies.com Lock City Dairies] * Lucerne (milk) * Parmalat * Pauls (a subsidiary of Parmalat in Australia) * Pura * Shamrock Milks * Tenuvah * Vinamilk Milk is the state drink of Minnesota, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Wisconsin, and South Carolina. ==Other milk animals== In addition to cows, the following animals provide milk for dairy products: * Sheep * Goats * Horses * Donkeys * Camels (including the South American camelids) * Yaks * Water buffalo * Reindeer In Russia and Sweden, small moose dairies exist [http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/europe/06/23/sweden.moosecheese.ap/index.html]. Donkey and horse milk have the lowest fat content, while the milk of pinnipeds contains more than 50% fat. [http://www.havemilk.com/content/contentid/1706#contentbyspecies] ==Curdling== When raw milk is left standing for a while, it turns sour. This is the result of fermentation: lactic acid bacteria turning the milk sugar into lactic acid. This fermentation process is exploited in the production of various dairy products such as cheese and yogurt. Pasteurized cow's milk, on the other hand, spoils in a way that makes it unsuitable for consumption, causing it to assume an unpleasant odor and pose a high danger of food poisoning if ingested. The naturally-occurring lactic acid bacteria in raw milk, under suitable conditions, quickly produce large amounts of lactic acid. The ensuing acidity in turn prevents other germs from growing, or slows their growth significantly. Through pasteurization, however, these lactic acid bacteria are mostly destroyed, which means that other germs can grow unfettered and thus cause decomposition. In order to prevent spoilage, milk can be kept refrigerator and stored between 1 and 4 Celsius. Most milk is Pasteurized by heating briefly and then refrigerator to allow transport from Factory Farms to local markets. The spoilage of milk can be forestalled by using ultra-high temperature (UHT) treatment; milk so treated can be stored unrefrigerated for several months until opened. Sterilized milk, which is heated for a much longer period of time, will last even longer, but also lose more nutrients and assume a still different taste. Condensed Milk, made by removing most of the water, can be stored for many months, unrefrigerated. The most durable form of milk is milk powder which is produced from milk by removing almost all water. UHT milk is very popular in Europe, whereas in North America, most of the milk sold is pasteurized. ==Distribution== Prior to the widespread use of plastics, milk was usually commercially distributed to consumers in glass bottles. In the UK, milk can be delivered daily by a milk man who travels his local milk round (route) on an electric milk float, although this is becoming less popular as a result of supermarkets selling milk at cheaper prices. In New Zealand in some urban areas milk is still delivered to customers' homes. Glass containers are rare these days. Most people purchase milk in plastic jugs or bags or in waxed-paper cartons. Ultraviolet light from fluorescent lamp can destroy some of the proteins in milk, so many companies that once distributed milk in transparent or highly translucent vessels are starting to use thicker materials that block the harmful rays. Many people feel that such "UV protected" milk tastes better. (However, few people have ever tasted fresh, unprocessed, milk straight from the cow.) In the United States, milk is commonly sold in gallon, half-gallon and quart containers (U.S._customary_units#Liquid_volume) of rigid plastic or waxed cardboard. The U.S. single serving size is usually the half-pint. In much of Canada, a 1 1/3 litre plastic bag (sold as 4 litres in 3 bags) is the most common, while 2 litre, 1 litre, 500 millilitre, and 250 millilitre cartons are also available. In Europe, metric sizes of 500 millilitres, 1 litre (the most common), 2 litres and 3 litres are commonplace (in the UK, some stores instead still stock the equivalents of old Imperial_unit sizes: 568 ml (1 pint), 1.136 l (2 pints), 2.273 l (4 pints), or rarely a combination including both metric and imperial sizes, such as a choice of 568 ml, 1 l, 2 l and 3 l containers). Condensed milk is distributed in metal cans and powdered milk is distributed in boxes or bags. ==Criticism== Some nutritionists, animal-rights activists, and others criticize the widespread consumption of cow's milk by humans. They generally challenge the nutritional benefits of milk or raise ethical issues associated with its consumption. === Nutritional issues === Critics of milk claim that it can have adverse health effects that outweigh any benefits. They point to scientific studies suggesting links between milk and some health problems: *Two studies suggested that galactose, which is produced in the digestion of lactose in milk, can be a cause of ovarian cancer.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2510499][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2567871] Other studies failed to show such a link, however. *One study suggests an association between high calcium intake and prostate cancer.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9458087] There is no evidence that any such problem is specific to milk. *Some milk is rich in saturated fat, which studies have linked to increased risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Low-fat and non-fat forms of milk may mitigate any such risk. *As many as 70% of humans may suffer from some degree of lactose intolerance. For those individuals, milk may induce symptoms such as cramping, bloating, gas, and diarrhea. *Critics question the claim that drinking large amounts of milk can reduce the risk of bone fractures, especially in the elderly. Some studies have failed to associate high calcium intakes with lower risk of hip and forearm fractures in men[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9278560] or women[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9224182]. *Recent studies show that milk may cause acne[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15692464]. *Some critics of milk claim that plant-based sources of calcium are preferable because, they claim, animal proteins in milk may "leach" calcium from bones.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8198060] Such critics challenge the mainstream belief that milk lowers the risk of osteoporosis. *A study published in June 2005 suggests that consumption of milk by 9- to 14-year-old children is associated with weight gain, although the researchers identify that excessive calorie intake is the cause rather than dairy specific factors. Researchers were surprised by their conclusion that weight gain was associated with dietary calcium and low-fat or skim milk, but not dairy fat.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15939853] Milk supporters point out that studies show possible links between low-fat milk consumption and reduced risk of arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, and obesity. Overweight individuals who drink milk may benefit from decreased risk of insulin resistance and type 2 Diabetes mellitus.[http://www.nationaldairycouncil.org/NationalDairyCouncil/Nutrition/Reducing/DairysRoleManagingBP.htm] ==See also== * Bovine somatotropin * Milk fetishism * Babcock test - determines the butterfat content of milk. == External links == * [http://www.pukeariki.com/en/stories/farming/milkingintheearlydays.asp Milking in the early days] * [http://www.pukeariki.com/en/stories/farming/elthamfirsts.asp Advances in processing milk] * [http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/gbdairy.html Year-round grazing of dairy cows in the United States] *[http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/mar03/osteo0303.htm ''Boning Up on Osteoporosis''] *[http://www.drafthorsejournal.com/features/horsemilk/horsemilk.htm Horse milk] *[http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/calcium.html Harvard School of Public Health: Calcium and Milk]: describes claims of milk supporters and critics Beverages Dairy products Milk bm:Nono br:Laezh la:lac nds:Melk simple:Milk
Milk
How is it that the first line is indented and not turned into "strange" typeface? I can't see what is making it indented. User:Rmhermen 22:06, Dec 5, 2003 (UTC) Pastorised milk doesn't turn sour. It turns rancid. A sour milk CAN be eaten. A rancid one absolutely not. ==Impacts of Milk== Can we please emphasize the health risks of dairy? [http://www.pcrm.org/health/Info_on_Veg_Diets/dairy.html Here's an article] that asserts that milk and dairy is harmful to one's health. I believe that not including this onfo doesnt do the Pedia justice. User:DryGrain 08:51, 8 May 2004 (UTC) * The so-called "Physician's Committee For Responsible Medicine", which produced the article you cite above, is not a physicians' group as its name implies; it is a subsidiary of PETA created to scare people into veganism by spreading medical misinformation. This group has been strongly condemned by the American Medical Association. Their stuff is pure propaganda and does does not belong on Wikipedia - at least not without extensive rebuttals from orthodox medicine. See [http://www.ncahf.org/articles/o-r/pcrm.html] or [http://www.cc.jyu.fi/~jjhulmi/Manninen11.pdf] for more information. User:Securiger 14:10, 26 May 2004 (UTC) * Damn, I admire securiger's mastery of rebuttal info. I will assume Drygrain's proposal was naive rather than disingenuous and flesh out the point. PETA is a poor source for accurate health info because they have made it quite clear by publications, public statements, and public actions, that their primary purpose is indeed ethical-- to persuade people to stop using animals. Like many, if not most, self-righteous groups with a moral message, they pick and choose the facts to present to support their cause. At a minimum, their dishonesty lies in not presenting the balance of the evidence or contradictory evidence. If we are less charitable, we might suspect that they would not let a little thing like evidence get in the way of a persuasive argument. For instance, a quick look at one of items in the page link supplied by Drygrain illustrates both exaggeration to the point of dishonesty and a failure to acknowledge contradictory evidence. In section "4. Diabetes", three assertions are made: **''Insulin-dependent diabetes (Type I or childhood-onset) is linked to consumption of dairy products.'' The wording suggests a causal link, doesn't it? It is a weak statistical link between cow milk use in the first 4 months of life, far from causal, inconsistently confirmed. The two references were studies published in 1990 and 1992, but conspicuously absent are several more recent studies which failed to confirm a strong correlation. **''Epidemiological studies of various countries show a strong correlation between the use of dairy products and the incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes.'' IDDM occurs in about 1 in 400 children. If a child is fed primarily a cow milk formula before age 4 months instead of nursing, the child's risk rises to about 1 in 300. **''Researchers in 1992 found that a specific dairy protein sparks an auto-immune reaction, which is believed to be what destroys the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas.'' No they didn't-- they speculated that this might be the mechanism if the causal association is true. Just to give you a sense of the lack of straightforwardness on this issue, evidence in recent years suggests (1) a slow rise in incidence of IDDM in young children has been occurring in the US over the last 30 years, during which the incidence of early breastfeeding has been rising and milk consumption falling, and (2) that early vitamin D deficiency is associated with a several fold higher risk of diabetes later in childhood (the reader should realize that cow milk is the primary source of vitamin D in the first few years of life). If you want a more balanced recent review of the evidence, try O Vaarala, Environmental causes: dietary causes. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America (2004) 33:17-26. My suspicion is that the other PETA "medical science" claims will not withstand critical scrutiny any better. User:Alteripse 00:54, 27 May 2004 (UTC) :I think there should be some discussion of the impacts of milk production and consumption. I agree that PETA et.al. often abuse the facts, but the FDA and the AMA have their own agendas also. I'd emphasize the enormous environmental impacts of dairy production, and look for some more balanced materials to refer to. --User:Nealmcb 18:22, 2004 May 26 (UTC) ::Regardless of the hijinks of the people over at PETA, there seems to be some noise going on the medical establishment about the health benefits of milk. I came across some discussion of the late Frank Oski's book, Don't drink your milk. Considering his former position at Johns Hopkins University Oski seems to have been established in the medical profession. Does anyone know anything about this guy? Also, I'm curious about milk and calcium. Some people say that the large amounts of protein in cow milk cancels out the positive effect of calcium and one of the studies they cite is one on bone fractures. You can check PubMed or http://www.ajph.org/ AJPH for the abstract with the title, "Milk, dietary calcium, and bone fractures in women: a 12-year prospective study". User:Shawnb 14:37, 18 Jun 2004 (UTC) What about the more "philosophical" (if you can call it that) discussion regarding the unnaturalness represented by human consumption of cow milk? Two points are discussed: first, Mammal (such as human beings) are not meant to keep consuming milk after the nursing period; Second, any given mammal species is not meant to consume milk from other species (adult humans consume cow milk and are generally grossed out by the idea of consuming human milk – as if cow milk was the one intended for consumption by human adults). So, it might not be a sure way to get cancer, but it doesn't mean that milk consumption is free of valid controversies. Maybe this issue should be addressed in the article? Regards, User:Redux 03:24, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC) :Agreed - I suggest a section on controversy or backlash or something, presenting both this broad philosophical rejection of the ingestion of cow's milk and also addressing the studies that PETA quotes. It would be good to put them up, I think, if for no other reason that to rebut them all. We could quote the studies and say 'the philosophical argument remains,' for example. User:LockeShocke 02:40, Nov 23, 2004 (UTC) I don't know if I'm just noticing this or it has always been this way, but the Nutitional Issues section seems to be largely misrepresented studies. For example, I went to the acne study on PubMed, and it isn't nearly as authoritative as the wiki entry makes it out to be. No correlation was found in whole milk or low-fat milk. I'll download it when I get back on campus, but given how the last edit was to correct another study misrepresentation, that whole section seem suspect to me. --User:Jjayson 20:04, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC) ==commercial endorsements?== I question the inclusion of " Famous brands of milk". Since for the most part milk is milk (with "raw milk" a signifigant exception), that seems to be more a marketing topic than a milk topic. Is there a wikipedia policy on commercial endorsements? --User:Nealmcb 18:22, 2004 May 26 (UTC) :Not entirely true. There are many dairies that sell milk by brand (sometimes even still offering delivery). Grocery store milk is pretty much a commodity but specialty milk certainly a different story. User:Rmhermen 13:52, May 27, 2004 (UTC) If a brand produces a signifigantly different product, then that should have its own article, which would contain companies who market the product. I am not a milk expert, and cannot think of any 'special milk' product like this, besides Blue Milk from Lars Inc ;) You seem to agree that this is a marketing topic. Unless the brands are listed along with an explanation of how their milk differs, I think we should drop them or move them to something like "marketing of milk" --User:Nealmcb 01:38, 2004 May 31 (UTC) If these brands should be included, which is questionable, especially considering they are primarily american, it should be under the dairy article, not the milk article == Platypus == As the history comment asks, monotremes are indeed mammals. See Platypus for verification. User:ShaneKing 12:40, Nov 5, 2004 (UTC) == Cow's Milk == ==Seperate Cow's Milk Section== I would like to suggest a seperate Cow's Milk section, which could involved the nuitrition, ethics, and other specific information around the Food Cow's milk. The Milk page should be less devoted to Dairy and more devoted to milk. If there are no arguments against this, I will make the change myself in a few days :Most of the lionks to this page will be for cow's milk so changing it will not help most people following those links. User:Rmhermen 23:54, Apr 2, 2005 (UTC) == Logical fallacy == "Milk has also been linked in a small number of studies to osteoporosis, cancer, heart disease, obesity and high blood pressure. Because of milks high protein content, and inability of the body to digest these, it is unable to fully absorb the calcium. Countries like China where dairy is rarely used, diseases like this are unknown." The reader is offered a Correlation_implies_causation_%28logical_fallacy%29. I'm a vegan vegetarian and a PETA member myself but this is not a neutral description, as the diet in those countries varies in more than the observed way and the sentence implies a causality that is not explained. At least this needs a much more thorough analysis of the topic. -- User:Fasten 03:25, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC) In the same section appears this sentence: ''However breeds of cattle produce milk that is significantly different from that of others as do different mammals' from others.'' Huh? User:WmahanUser talk:Wmahan 20:06, 2005 Apr 14 (UTC) I removed the paragraph referred to by Fasten. Not only was it poorly written, but no source is provided for a claim which is relatively unheard of. If someone wants to include this, please provide references, but you can't say it in such an authoritative manner- milk has hardly been definitively "linked" to any of these problems.--User:naryathegreat | User talk:Naryathegreat 01:14, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC) :Here's the removed paragraph. Maybe it can be written in a more NPOV style to describe critics' claims. :''Milk has also been linked in a small number of studies to osteoporosis, cancer, heart disease, obesity and high blood pressure. Because of milk's high protein content, and inability of the body to digest it, it is unable to fully absorb the calcium. In some countries where dairy is rarely used, such as China, these diseases are rare, although it is unclear whether dairy consumption is a cause.'' User:WmahanUser talk:Wmahan 02:26, 2005 Apr 22 (UTC) :I've added a section with references for some of the criticisms and claimed benefits. Are there still objections to the neutrality of the article? User:WmahanUser talk:Wmahan 04:32, 2005 Apr 22 (UTC) :I removed the
Milk
== Italo Disco == We should discuss and decide what we want to do with page. I read today many articles about "Italo disco", and as i understood there are large quantities of general public that actually think that "Euro disco" and "Italo disco" are the same thing. I also think that its impossible to define "Italo disco" as a style of Italian artists only , because music genre describes music not a geographical location and if artists from other counties made the same or similar music their music can be also described as an "Italo disco". Meantime i did a redirect from "euro disco" to "italo disco", but we should decide about "italo disco" definition, and in any case "Euro Disco" artists should be represented in some place, or on "Italo Disco" article or on separate "Euro Disco" article. User:Vorash 00:28, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC) see more info on Italo talk pageUser:Vorash 04:37, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC) Milk, there is no need to post messages about Italo on my talk page, because Italo article along with many other articles is in my watchlist and if you add message to Italo talk i can see it in watchlist. User:Vorash 12:00, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)
Milk
Hello, I'm a user who lives in Chicago, Illinois - USA. I love Wikipedia.
Milk
Dairy products Beverages
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