
The United Mexican States or Mexico (Spanish language: ''Estados Unidos Mexicanos'' or ''México''; regarding the use of the variant spelling ''Méjico'', see section #The name below) is a country located in North America, bordered by the United States to the north, and Belize and Guatemala to the southeast. It is the northernmost and westernmost country in Latin America and the most populous Spanish language-speaking country in the world. == History == ''Main article: History of Mexico'' For more than 3,000 years, Mexico was the site of several Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Aztec, the Olmec, the Toltec, and the Maya civilization. Latecomers to Mexico's central plateau, the Mexica, or Aztecs, as they were sometimes called in memory of Aztlán, the starting point of their tribes wanderings, never thought of themselves as anything but heirs of the brilliant civilizations that had preceded them. For them all the highly-civilized arts, sculpture, architecture, engraving, feather-mosiac work, the invention of the calendar, were due to the former inhabitants of Tula, the Toltecs, who reached the height of their civilization in the tenth and eleventh centuries. The Spanish colonization of the Americas in the early 16th century, and their defeat of the Mexica in 1521, marked the beginning of the 300 year-long colonial period of Mexico as New Spain. On September 16, 1810, independence from Spain was declared, by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Catholic priest in the small town of Dolores Hidalgo, causing a long Mexican War of Independence that eventually led to independence in 1821 and the creation of the Mexican Empire. After independence, Spanish possessions in Central America were all incorporated into Mexico from 1822 to 1823, when they declared independence, with the exception of Chiapas. Soon after achieving its independence from Spain, the Mexican government, in an effort to populate its sparsely-settled hinterlands, awarded land grants in a remote area of the northernmost state of Coahuila y Tejas to hundreds of immigrant families from the United States, on the condition that the settlers convert to Catholicism and assume Mexican citizenship. It also forbade the importation of slaves, a condition that, like the others, was largely ignored. The Empire soon fell to rebellious republican forces led by Antonio López de Santa Anna. The first Republic was formed with Guadalupe Victoria as its first president, followed in office by Santa Anna. As president, in 1834 Santa Anna abrogated the 1824 Constitution of Mexico, causing insurgencies in the southern state of Yucatán and the northernmost portion of the northern state of Coahuila y Tejas. Both areas sought independence from the Mexican government. While negotiations eventually brought Yucatán to again recognize Mexican sovereignty, Santa Anna's army turned to the northern rebellion. The inhabitants of Tejas, calling themselves Texians and led mainly by relatively recently-arrived English language settlers, declared independence from Mexico at Washington-on-the-Brazos, giving birth to the Republic of Texas. Texas won its independence in 1836, further reducing the territory of the fledgling republic. In the 1840s, the country was invaded and defeated by the United States, which demanded and received roughly one-third of the country's remaining territory, from which were formed the modern states of California, Nevada, and Utah, and most of Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado (see Mexican-American War). In the 1860s, the country again suffered a military occupation, this time by France, seeking to establish the Habsburg Archduke Maximilian_of_Mexico as Emperor of Mexico, with support from the Roman Catholic clergy and conservative Creoles. This Second Mexican Empire was fought off by then-president of the Republic, the Zapotec Benito Juárez, with diplomatic and logistical support from the United States and the military expertise of General Porfirio Díaz. General Ignacio Zaragoza defeated the French Army (arguably, the most powerful in the world at the time) at the city of Puebla, Puebla on May 5, 1862 (celebrated as ''Cinco de Mayo'' ever since), though after his death, the city was lost in early 1863 following a renewed French attack which penetrated as far as Mexico City, forcing President Juárez to organize an itinerant government. Napoleon III of France, Emperor of France, imposed Maximilian as Emperor of Mexico from 1864 to 1867. In mid-1867, following repeated losses in battle to the Republican ("Liberal") Army, Maximilian was captured and executed, along with his last loyal generals, in Santiago de Querétaro. From then on, Juárez remained in office until his death in 1872. After Juárez's death, Mexico experienced economic growth under the conservative and pro-European rule of Porfirio Díaz. Foreign investment allowed the development of the Petroleum industry and the construction of the railroad system all across the country. This period of relative peace and prosperity is known as the "Porfiriato". His mandate, however, was mostly undemocratic and benefited the middle and upper classes, while the Amerindian indigenous population continued to live in precarious conditions. Growing social inequalities, restricted freedom of the Journalism, and his insistence to be reelected for a fifth term led to massive protests. His fraudulent victory in the 1910 elections sparked the Mexican Revolution. Revolutionary forces defeated the federal army, but were left with internal struggles, leaving the country in conflict for two more decades. The creation of the National Revolutionary Party (which later became the Institutional Revolutionary Party or PRI), in 1929 ended the struggles, uniting all generals and combatants of the revolution. During the next four decades Mexico experienced impressive economic growth, and historians call this period "El Milagro Mexicano", the Mexican Miracle. However the management of the economy collapsed several times afterwards. Accused many times of fraud, the PRI's candidates held almost all public offices until the end of the 20th century. It was not until the 1980s that the PRI lost the first List of Mexican state governors, an event that marked the beginning of the party's loss of hegemony. Through the electoral reforms started by president Carlos Salinas de Gortari and consolidated by president Ernesto Zedillo, by the mid 1990s the PRI had lost its majority in Congress of Mexico. In 2000, and after 70 years, the PRI lost a presidential elections to a candidate of the National Action Party (Mexico) (PAN), Vicente Fox. On January 1 1994, Mexico became a full member of the North American Free Trade Agreement, joining the United States of America and Canada in a large and prosperous economic bloc. On March 23 2005 the Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America was signed by the elected leaders of those countries. == Politics == ''Main article: Politics of Mexico'' The 1917 Constitution of Mexico provides for a federal republic with powers separated into independent executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Historically, the executive is the dominant branch, with power vested in the President of Mexico, who promulgates and executes the laws of the Congress. Congress of Mexico has played an increasingly important role since 1997 when opposition parties first formed a majority in the legislature. The president also legislates by executive decree in certain economic and financial fields, using powers delegated from Congress. The president is elected by universal adult suffrage for a six-year term and may not hold office a second time. There is no vice president; in the event of the removal or death of the president, a provisional president is elected by Congress. On July 2, 2000, Vicente Fox Quesada of the opposition "Alliance for Change" coalition, headed by the National Action Party (Mexico) (PAN), was elected president, in what are considered to have been the freest and fairest elections in Mexico's history. Fox began his six-year term on December 1, 2000. His victory ended the Institutional Revolutionary Party's (PRI) 71-year hold on the presidency. The three most important political parties in Mexico are the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), the National Action Party (Mexico) (PAN), and the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD). == Political divisions == :''Main article: States of Mexico'' :''See also: Mexican state name etymologies.'' Mexico is divided into 31 states (''estados'') and a federal district. Each state has its own constitution and its citizens elect a List of Mexican state governors as well as representatives to their respective state congresses. {| align="left" cellpadding="1" |- | *Aguascalientes *Baja California *Baja California Sur *Campeche *Chiapas *Chihuahua *Coahuila *Colima *Mexican Federal District *Durango *Guanajuato *Guerrero *Hidalgo *Jalisco *Mexico (state) *Michoacán | *Morelos *Nayarit *Nuevo León *Oaxaca *Puebla *Querétaro *Quintana Roo *San Luis Potosí *Sinaloa *Sonora *Tabasco *Tamaulipas *Tlaxcala *Veracruz *Yucatán *Zacatecas |}
The Mexican Federal District is a special political division in Mexico, where the national capital, Mexico City, is located. In enjoys more limited local rule than the nation's "free and sovereign states": only since 1997 have its citizens been able to elect a Head of Government of the Federal District, whose powers are still more curtailed than those of a state governor. Much of the capital city's metropolitan area overflows the limits of the Federal District. === Major cities === The following is a list of the biggest Metropolitan Areas of Mexico in order of population: #Mexico City (17.8 million) #Guadalajara, Jalisco (4.7 million) #Monterrey, Nuevo León (3.6 million) #Puebla, Puebla (2.6 million) #Juárez, Chihuahua (1.6 million) #Tijuana, Baja California (1.3 million) #León, Guanajuato (1.2 million) #Toluca, México (1.2 million) #Torreón, Coahuila (1.1 million) :Population figures according to INEGI (National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Information) 2000 These are followed, in descending order, by San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mérida, Yucatán, Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Cuernavaca, Morelos, and Chihuahua, Chihuahua. == Geography == ''Main article: Geography of Mexico'' [[Image:Copper_Canyon1.jpg|thumb|200px|Copper Canyon in the state of Chihuahua]] Situated in the southwestern part of mainland North America and roughly triangular in shape, Mexico stretches more than 3000 km from northwest to southeast. Its width is varied, from more than 2000 km in the north and less than 220 km at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in the south. Mexico is bordered by the United States to the north, and Belize and Guatemala to the southeast. Mexico is about one-fourth the size of the United States. Baja California (peninsula) in the west is an 1,250-km peninsula and forms the Gulf of California. In the east are the Gulf of Mexico and the Bay of Campeche, which is formed by Mexico's other peninsula, the Yucatán. The center of Mexico is a great, high plateau, open to the north, with mountain chains on the east and west and with ocean-front lowlands lying outside of them. The terrain and climate vary from rocky deserts in the north to tropical rain forest in the south. Mexico's major rivers include the Rio Grande (Rio Grande) and the Usumacinta River on its northern and southern borders, respectively, together with the Río Grijalva, the Río Balsas, the Río Pánuco, and the Río Yaqui in the interior. == Economy == ''Main article: Economy of Mexico'' [[Image:ANGEL_OF_INDEPENDENCE.JPG|left|thumb|300px|The El Ángel monument in the heart of Mexico City.]] According to the World Bank, Mexico has the highest per capita income in Latin America and is firmly established as a middle-income country. Since the 1994 economic crisis in Mexico of 1994-1995 the country has made an impressive recovery, building a diversified economy and improving infrastructure. However, huge gaps remain between rich and poor. Mexico has a free-market economy with a mixture of modern and outmoded industry and agriculture, increasingly dominated by the private sector. The number of state-owned enterprises in Mexico has fallen from more than 1,000 in 1982 to fewer than 200 in 1999. The administration of President Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León (1994–2000) continued a policy of privatization and expanding competition in sea ports, railroads, telecommunications, electricity, natural gas distribution, and airports which was initiated by his predecessors Miguel de la Madrid and Carlos Salinas de Gortari. A strong export sector helped to cushion the economy's decline in 1995 and led the recovery in 1996–1999. Private consumption became the leading driver of growth, accompanied by increased employment and higher wages. Mexico still needs to overcome many structural problems as it strives to modernize its economy and raise living standards. Income distribution is very unequal, with the top 20% of income earners accounting for 55% of income. Following 6.9% growth in 2000, real Gross Domestic Product fell 0.3% in 2001, with the US slowdown the principal cause. Positive developments in 2001 included a drop in inflation to 6.5%, a sharp fall in interest rates, and a strong Mexican peso that appreciated 5% against the US dollar. Trade with the United States and Canada has tripled since NAFTA was implemented in 1994. Mexico has opened its markets to free trade as no other country in the world, having lifted its trade barriers with more than 40 countries in 12 Foreign affairs of Mexico, including Japan and the European Union. However more than 85% of the trade is still done with the United States. Government authorities expect that by putting more than 90% of trade under free trade agreements with different countries Mexico will lessen its dependence on the US. The government is pursuing to sign an additional agreement with Mercosur. == Demographics == ''Main article: Demographics of Mexico'' With an estimated 2005 population of about 106 million, Mexico is the most populous Spanish language-speaking country in the world (and the second most populous country in Latin America after Portuguese language-speaking Brazil). Mexico is ethnically and culturally diverse. About 60% of the population is mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white), 30% is Amerindian or predominantly Amerindian, and 9% is white or of European descent. The remaining 1% includes black, Middle Eastern, and Asian groups. Mexico is the country where the greatest number of U.S citizens live outside the United States. This may be due to the growing economic and business interdependence of the two countries under NAFTA, and also that Mexico is considered an excellent choice for retirees. A clear example of the latter phenomenon is provided by San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato, and many towns along the Baja California peninsula. == Religion == Oaxaca,_Oaxaca">Image:Mexico.Oax.Oaxaca.streets.02.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Basílica de la Soledad in Oaxaca, Oaxaca Mexico is predominantly Catholic Church in Mexico (89%), with 6% adhering to various Protestant faiths and the remaining 5% adhering to other religions, or no religion. Some of the country's Catholics (notably those of indigenous background), syncretic Catholicism with elements of Aztec or Mayan religions. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) enjoys a growing presence in the major border cities of northeastern Mexico. Judaism has been practiced in Mexico for centuries, and there are estimated to be 100,000 Jews in Mexico today. Islam is mainly practised by members of the Arab, Turkish, and other expatriate communities; Mexico's Muslims number only a few thousand or less. == Languages == Spanish language is the official language of Mexico and is spoken by the majority of the population. About 7% of the population speaks an Amerindian language. The government officially recognizes 62 Amerindian languages. Of these Nahuatl, and Maya language are each spoken by 1.5 million, while others, such as Lacandon, are spoken by less than 100. The Mexican government has promoted and established bilingual education programs in indigenous rural communities. Although Spanish is the official language of Mexico, English language is widely used in business. As a result, English language skills are much in demand and can lead to an increase in the salary offered by a company. It is also spoken along the U.S.-Mexican border, in big cities, and in beach resorts. Also, the majority of private schools in Mexico offer bilingual education, both in Spanish and English. English is the main language spoken in U.S. expatriate communities such as those along the coast of Baja California and the town of San Miguel de Allende. There are also Mormon colonies in Chihuahua where education is delivered in English. With respect to other European languages brought by immigrants, the case of Chipilo, in the state of Puebla, is unique, and has been documented by several linguists like Carolyn McKay. The immigrants that founded the city of Chipilo in 1882 came from the Veneto region in northern Italy, and thus spoke a northern variant of the Venetian language dialect. While other European immigrants assimilated into the Mexican culture, the people of Chipilo retained their language. Nowadays, most of the people who live in the city of Chipilo (and many of those who have migrated to other cities) still speak the unaltered Veneto dialect spoken by their great-grandparents making the Veneto dialect an unrecognized minority language in the city of Puebla, Puebla. A similar case is that of the Plautdietsch language, spoken by the desendents of German and Dutch menonite immigrants in the states of Chihuahua and Durango. ==Education== Mexico has made impressive improvements in education in the last two decades. In 2004, literacy rate was at 92%, and youth literacy rate (ages 15-24) was 96%. Primary and secondary education (9 years) is free and mandatory. Even though different bilingual education programs have existed since the 1960s for the indigenous communities, after a constitution reform in the late 1990s, this programs have had a new thrust, and free text books are produced in more than a dozen indigenous languages. Mexico was the first country to establish, in the 1970s a system of "distance-learning" satellite secondary education, aimed for the little towns and rural communities. In 2005 this system included 30,000 connected schools, 3 million students and 300,000 teachers, who use televised lectures and education science programs, pre-recorded and transmited through "EduSat", via satellite. Schools that use this system are known as ''telesecundarias'' in Mexico. The Mexican "distant-learning" secondary education is also transmitted to some Central American countries and to Colombia, and it is used in some southern states of the United States as a method of bilingual education. == Culture == ''Main article: Culture of Mexico'' *Music of Mexico *Mexican literature *Cinema of Mexico *Cuisine of Mexico *List of Mexicans *Holidays and celebrations in Mexico ==The name== Mexico is named after its capital city, whose name comes from the Aztec city Mexico-Tenochtitlan that preceded it. The ''Mexi'' part of the name is from Mexitli, the war god, whose name was derived from ''metztli'' (the moon) and ''xictli'' (navel) and thus meant "navel (probably implying 'child') of the moon". So, Mexico is the home of the people of Mexitli (the Mexicas), ''co'' meaning "place" and ''ca'' meaning "people". When the Spaniards encountered this people and transcribed their language, they naturally did so according to the spelling rules of the Castilian language of the time. The Nahuatl language had a sound (like English "shop"), and this sound was written ''x'' in Spanish (e.g. ''Ximénez''); consequently, the letter ''x'' was used to write down words like ''Mexitli''. Over the centuries, the pronunciation of Spanish changed. Words like ''Ximénez'', ''exercicio'', ''xabón'' and ''perplexo'' started to be pronounced with a (this International Phonetic Alphabet represents the sound in the word "loch"). The sound (as in "vision") represented by the letter ''j'' (usually ''g'' before ''e'' or ''i'') also started to be pronounced this way. The coalescence of the two phonemes into a single new one encouraged scholars to use the same letter for the sound, regardless of its origin (Spanish scholars have always tried to keep the orthography of their language faithful to the spoken tongue). It was ''j''/''g'' that was chosen. So, modern Spanish has ''ejercicio'', ''ejército'', ''jabón'', ''perplejo'', etc. Another example is the old spelling of ''Don Quixote'' which is now ''Don Quijote''. The old pronunciation is maintained in French "Quichotte", and the English form maintains the spelling while reading it with its English value. Proper nouns and their derivatives are optionally allowed to break this rule. Thus, although ''xabón'' is now incorrect and archaic, and, alongside many millions of people called "Jiménez", there also are plenty called "Giménez" or "Ximénez" — a matter of personal choice and tradition. In Mexico, it has become almost a matter of national pride to maintain the otherwise archaic ''x'' spelling in the name of the country. It is regarded as more authentic and less jarring to the reader's eye. Mexicans have tended to demand that other Spanish-speakers use this spelling, rather than following the general rule, and the demand has largely been respected. The Real Academia Española states that both spellings are correct, and most dictionaries and guides recommend ''México'' first, and present ''Méjico'' as a variant. Today, even outside of the country, ''México'' is preferred over ''Méjico'' by ratios ranging from 10-to-1 (in Spain) to about 280-to-1 (in Costa Rica). Also, in the placenames "Oaxaca" and "Xalapa", the x is pronounced as ; in "Xochimilco", however, it sounds as a . A cultural side-effect of the fact that Mexicans use ''México'' and Spaniards sometimes use ''Méjico'' is the occasional boiling-over of negative sentiment towards the old colonial oppressor. The mere act of using the ''j'' spelling is interpreted by some as a form of colonial aggression. On the other hand, some Peninsular scholars (such as Ramón Menéndez Pidal) prefer to apply the general spelling rule, arguing that the spelling with an ''x'' could encourage non-Mexicans to mispronounce ''México'' as (as is generally the case in the English-speaking world). ''Méjico'' on the other hand could easily be mispronounced as well, because the letter ''j'' stands for in other languages. In the Nahuatl language, from which the name originally derived, the name for Mexico is Mexihco (International Phonetic Alphabet ). ==Miscellaneous topics== *Education in Mexico *Communications in Mexico *Transportation in Mexico *Military of Mexico *Foreign affairs of Mexico *Zapatista uprising in Chiapas, Mexico *List of cities in Mexico *List of Mexican Universities *List of Presidents of Mexico *Music of Mexico *United States Mexico barrier ==Further reading== *James D. Cockcroft, ''Mexico's Hope: An Encounter with Politics and History'', 320 pages, Monthly Review Press 1999, ISBN 0853459258 - leftist view of mexican history *Enrique Krauze, ''Mexico: Biography of Power. A history of Modern Mexico 1810-1996'', 896 pages - Perennial 1998, ISBN 0060929170 - standard work by a renowned mexican author *Julia Preston and Samuel Dillon, ''Opening Mexico: The Making of a Democracy'', Farrar Straus and Giroux, 2004, hardcover, 608 pages, ISBN 0374226687 - recent history since the massacre of 1968 told by two journalists *Joanne Hershfield, David R. Maciel, ''Mexico's Cinema: A Century of Film and Filmmakers'', SR Books 1999, ISBN 0842026827 - comprehensive survey *Michael C. Meyer, William H. Beezley, editors, ''The Oxford History of Mexico'', 736 pages, Oxford University Press 2000, ISBN 0195112288 - 20 essays - covers also cultural history == External links == === Government === * [http://www.gob.mx Gob.mx]: Governmental portal (in Spanish) * [http://www.presidencia.gob.mx/?NLang=en&x=4&y=18 Presidencia]: President of the Republic * [http://www.cddhcu.gob.mx Cámara de Diputados]: Chamber of Deputies (in Spanish) * [http://www.senado.gob.mx/index.php?lng=en Cámara de Senadores]: Senate === Information about Mexico === *[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/LACEXT/MEXICOEXTN/0,,menuPK:338407~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:338397,00.html World Bank's assessment of the Mexican economy] * [http://www.inegi.gob.mx INEGI]: National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Information (in Spanish) * [http://www.cenam.mx/husos-horarios.htm Time zones in Mexico] (in Spanish) === Mexican newspapers and news agencies === * [http://www.reforma.com ''Reforma''] * [http://www.eluniversal.com.mx ''El Universal''] * [http://www.elnorte.com ''El Norte''] * [http://www.jornada.unam.mx ''La Jornada''] * [http://www.mural.com ''Mural''] * [http://www.imagen.com.mx ''Imagen Informativa''] * [http://www.milenio.com ''Milenio''] * [http://www.cronica.com.mx ''La Crónica''] * [http://www.mediatico.com/en/newspapers/latinamerica/mexico/ ''Mexican Newspapers''] Mexico North American countries bn:মেক্সিকো la:Mexicum lv:Meksika li:Mexico ms:Mexico zh-min-nan:México nah:Mexihko nds:Mexiko simple:Mexico
The previous version of this page now lives at Mexico/Old. Any remaining information that's there but not here should be moved either direcly into Mexico or into the appropriate subtopic (for instance, pages on the individual states). --User:Brion VIBBER 18:25 Aug 29, 2002 (PDT) ---- Does anyone know if Mexico has anything resembling a national motto? I haven't turned one up so far via google searches. --User:Brion VIBBER : I have a books at home which may list it, but the coat of arms (the eagle on the cactus) doesn't seem to have a motto below it, so maybe it just doesn't exist? User:Jheijmans :Could be. As far as I know, there's not actual requirement for every state of the world to have a motto. ;) Speaking of the coat of arms; there's [http://www.fotw.net/flags/mx).html a nice one at Flags of the World], but with the usual caveats. --User:Brion VIBBER ---- Mav, I thought the Mexican Revolution was the 1910-ish one, with Pancho Villa and the PRI? --User:Brion VIBBER ---- Brion, maybe we should wait with moving the template articles until at least all of the headings have been reasonably filled. Pages with empty heading don't look very good... User:Jheijmans :People kept editing the old page and ignoring the new one. If you think things are missing, fill them in! --User:Brion VIBBER Oh, that's silly. I'll try add some stuff when I have time. User:Jheijmans ---- What the hell is going on? I put in a lot of info about states, and now it's gone. I agree it didn't really belong on the main Mexico page, but should have been allowed to remain there until it was all moved somewhere else, and now some jackass has just removed it into the ether. You know, editing these articles actually implies some responsibility towards the information and towards other authors. Get a clue. --user:jaknouse :Did you not read the message at the top of this page? Thank you. --User:Brion VIBBER 00:02 Sep 1, 2002 (PDT) ::Your message at the top of this page states that the old version of this page was moved elsewhere. Do you MEAN that the old version of the MEXICO page was moved elsewhere? Say what you mean. --user:jaknouse :::Cute. Just take the chip off your shoulder and follow the link. --User:Brion VIBBER 11:19 Sep 1, 2002 (PDT) ---- Could someone who knows the subject add Cajeme into the Mexico article? User:Kingturtle 05:59 May 14, 2003 (UTC) ---- hi , i don't want ot be mean or anythimg but you need to organize your website better i have no idea what it's saying it just.. just there. i am trying to find the motto of mexico to. -hannah ---- Motto, motto, motto: I'm not sure there is an official one, but I suspect ''"sufragio efectivo – no reelección"'' is a better candidate than ''"el respeto al derecho ajeno..."''. (In any event, neither has the enshrined official status of, for example, ''E Pluribus Unum'' or ''Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité'': the notion of "official state motto"just doesn't apply here). ''–User:Hajor 13:51, 17 Dec 2003 (UTC)'' I would agree would Hajor. There is no official motto in Mexico, yet the best candidate is \"sugragio efectivo no reeleción\", as it is printed in many official or notarized documents, including university diplomas called "titulo profesional" (the official diplomas given by the Department of Education, SEP. As to why university diplomas should inlcude that phrase... that is an enygma... ------ About what I changed: #Mexico has no national or official motto. What you had before was a quote by President Juarez, which is nice but it has never been a motto. #Spain did not recognize the independence of Mexico until December 28, 1836. Look at the top of this [http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/efemerides/diciembre/conme28.htm link] (from Mexico's Education Ministry, in Spanish). #Central America used to be part of Mexico, the declared themselves independent almost at the same time when the First Empire was dissolved. #Mexico has no parliament but a bicameral Congress. User:Ruiz 11:32, 9 Jan 2004 (UTC) == Spelling == ''The spelling Méjico is occasionally used in other Spanish-speaking nations; in Mexico itself, however, this variant is considered incorrect. Some Mexicans see it as a throw-back to colonial times and an insult to national identity. This spelling does not change the pronunciation.'' :This is quite an incredible claim. I have already toned it down, as can be seen, but can anyone offer any first-hand evidence for Mexicans breathing huge political overtones into this insignificant spelling variation? User:Chameleon— Chameleon User:Chameleon/User talk:Chameleon 16:27, 3 Jul 2004 (UTC) This is a very old discussion; and I did say "at worst". The political content is in the question of whether a sovereign nation has the right to determine how its name should be spelled; "Méjico" smacks of the ''madre patria'' and its interfering Academy telling us how to spell our own name. EFE's Vademécum, for example, recommends "México, mexicano: Escríbase siempre así (pero se pronuncia Méjico, mejicano)" [http://www.efe.es/esurgente/lenguaes/Lenguaes3.asp?Termino=2123&Oculto=TERMINO]; and you can follow a discussion on the question, with references to insults/discomfort, [http://lists.albura.net/efe.es/apuntes-kpn/2000-08/subject.html#647 here] (with a particularly vitriolic contribution [http://lists.albura.net/efe.es/apuntes-kpn/2001-08/1160.html here]). I suspect it's similar to the early 1990s ''¡nos quieren quitar la eñe!'' flap in Spain: national identity expressed in orthography. User:Hajor 16:52, 3 Jul 2004 (UTC) Oh -- here's my original wording. I think the "at best / at worst" helps mitigate the "incredible claim". :The spelling Méjico is occasionally used in other Spanish-speaking nations; in Mexico itself, however, this variant is at best considered incorrect and, at worst, as a throw-back to colonial times and an insult to national identity. It does not change the pronunciation. :User:Hajor ::Oh my god, that "vitiolic" contributor clearly needs locking up. I'm shocked. I still don't believe that such bigotry is the norm in Mexico, however. I have a little more faith in that nation. It's just like Catalonia. A loony minority want to force Spanish speakers to write ''Catalunya'' and ''Lleida'', whilst most people have better things to do. ::The problem even with putting stuff like "at best", "at worst", "some say" is that they look like weaselly ways of putting forward a loopy opinion as fact. We might as well say "some think the earth is round; however, this is considered at best incorrect and at worst offensive by other people." It may well be technically true, but it gives too much credence to a silly idea. ::It looks like I'm going to have to write a whole article section with incontrovertible facts. It's the only way to stop people putting in snide-sounding little comments that make out that everyone who writes ''Méjico'' is some sort of helmet-wearing, codpiece-sporting, Maya-slaughtering, sword-wielding, mustachio'd ''conquistador''. User:Chameleon— Chameleon User:Chameleon/User talk:Chameleon 21:04, 3 Jul 2004 (UTC) :::You're being rather POV in your edits, Hajor, but I don't wish to waste too much time on this article, so I'll let it slide. The important thing is that it no longer contains the smear it had before. User:Chameleon— Chameleon User:Chameleon/User talk:Chameleon 17:42, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC) :As POV as you, for example, in asking for first-hand evidence and then dismissing the source of that evidence as an extremist bigot who deserves to locked up? We're approaching this question from different sides, but I think the text, as it stands (ie, 98% written by you with one or two minor interferences from me) is acceptably neutral. And we don't even have to touch on the question of whether or not a sovereign nation can call itself what it chooses. User:Hajor 19:10, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC) I had heard that the "X" for the "sh" sound was borrowed from Portugese when the need arose in transcribing Mesoamerican names. I'd tend to say that the name is "Mexico" in English and "México" in the language of the country. Are there some parts of Latin America where "Méjico" is common, and if so where? Or is that spelling pretty much restricted to Spain? -- Wondering, User:Infrogmation 17:48, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC) :Hey, good question. Off the bat, I'd have said the j-spelling was more common in the Southern Cone than anywhere else in LatAm, but let's ask Google. Searching for instances of "méxico" vs. "méjico" on "site:xx" (my random choice of countries -- feel free to add your favourite if it's not here), restricting the results to Spanish-language pages: :*site:mx (Mexico) = 1,310,000 vs 1640 (6896:1) :*site:cu (Cuba) = 39,200 vs 369 (106:1) :*site:gt (Guatemala) = 9220 vs 107 (86:1) :*site:cr (Costa Rica) = 31,100 vs 109 (285:1) :*site:co (Colombia) = 54,400 vs 691 (78:1) :*site:ve (Venezuela) = 39,800 vs 1140 (64:1) :*site:pe (Peru) = 38,000 vs 617 (61:1) :*site:cl (Chile) = 106,000 vs. 764 (138:1) :*site:ar (Argentina) = 328,000 vs 6030 (54:1) :*site:oas.org (OAS, just out of idle curiosity) = 11800 vs 27 (437:1) :*site:un.org (UN, more curiosity) = 2440 vs 15 (162:1) :*site:es (Spain) = 262,000 vs 25,800 (10:1) :So, massively a minority use in Mexico itself (and most those 1640 are foreigners writing on mx pages or Mexicans setting spider-traps); more popular in relative terms in Argentina than anywhere else but still outnumbered 50 to 1; and one in eleven in Spain -- a "better" result than I expected: things have certainly changed there in the last quarter century. (Standard Googletest disclaimers apply.) User:Hajor 18:49, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC) Can somebody tell me when the Real Academia approved the use of "méxico"? From what I read from [http://www.unidadenladiversidad.com/actualidad/actualidad_ant/2002/junio_2002/actualidad_050602_02.htm this] article, apparently in 2002. - User:Alan MB 01:41, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC) ==http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Hispanic_culture_in_the_Philippines#Philippine-Mexican_Words== To any Mexican , please define the meanings in colloquial Mexican or Nahuatle. These are Filipino words, thanks. Donde andas?(Chavacano) denotes 'Where are you going?'. (Spanish: anda - to walk or operate) Siguro means 'Maybe'. (Spanish: seguro-sure, secure, stable) Do they have different meanings with European Spanish? Siempre means 'Of course'. (Spanish: siempre-always) Pirmi (Visayan, Chavacano) means 'Always'. (Spanish: firme-firm,steady) Basta - as long as (Spanish: basta - enough) Maske - even if (Spanish: mas que - more than) Cubeta - toilet/outhouse (Spanish : bucket) Casilyas (Visayan, Chavacano) - toilet/toilet seat/to shit (Spanish: casillas-Chess squares/hut /cabin) Lamierda - 'paint the town red' (Spanish:la mierda- shit, excrement) Nanay-Mother (Nahuatle:Nantle -mother) Tatay-Father (Nahuatle:Tatle -father) Palengque - Town Market (Mexican?) Chico - A fruit Avocado -A fruit Guava -A fruit Sabon - Soap (Spanish:Jabon-soap) Relos -watch (Spanish :Reloj -watch) Thanks from --User:Jondel 00:47, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC) Avodcado derives from Nahuatl 'ahuocatl', Nanay from Nahuatl 'nantli', Tatay from 'tahtli'. Palengke may be derived from Palenque, but I'm not sure about that. --User:Mixcoatl 12:34, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC) :Another question. My Spanish is not so good. Seguro should mean for sure or guaranteed to happen, stable.Doesn't it? In the Philippines, it means --Maybe-- (quizas). How about in Mexican?--User:Jondel 00:28, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC) == Nahuatl == I remember reading somewhere that Nahuatl was recognized as an official language in 2002. Can someone verify that?--User:129.125.103.28 12:09, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC) == Removing content == Just letting you know that I removed the following offensive material from the introductory paragraph: "Mexicans go around the country and capture Americans buying weed. Then they cross the river to USA. They live in a huge but cramped houses. THey like to eat chinchilla, la curcarachas and monkeys. They play HALO 2 and buy weed on XBox Live." I didn't read the article thoroughly, I'm just browsing around looknig for some obscure historical information, so I just wanted to give everyone a heads-up in case any more stuff like that is hidden in the article. : That was junk added a little earlier today by a passing vandal. That user has been warned to stop adding junk or risk being banned from editing. You were quite correct in removing it (though know if you hadn't, someone else would have). Thanks, -- User:Infrogmation 21:21, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC) ==Nahuatl, official language?== No my friend, spanish is still the only official language of Mexico, though there are almost 2 million nahuatl speakers, most of them are bilingual with spanish, so, not yet. Government has started to teach in nahuatl or any other local dialect (along with spanish)in some rural communities and even printing books in these languages. ==Afro Mexicans== How come Black Africans are never even mentioned in this article? Me being a member of this community, I fell particularly offended by the fact that our history is some how neglected or ignored. I would be happy, though, to add it later. : wey, they don't!, well, you are in the 1% others population of mexico since most of the africans that the spaniards brought here were assimilated between the "mestizo" population (the same happened with most of the chinese) remaining actually only a few "pure" blacks, but if you want to know the estimated of black slaves in mexico before independence granted them freedom was supposedly 20,000 as far as I know they were brought here when the local priests started protectionist actitudes towards the converted amerindians and they occuped a point in the Hispanic "racial hierarchy" lower than the amerindians. yeah, pinche racismo (although know you see more blacks than mestizos in Mexican television). I'm not sure who it is using the term "mulato" but I would like whoever it is doing it to know that the term is offensive. It comes from the word mule, implying the its a mix with some strange species. ---- ==States and the Federal District== The Federal District should not be included in the list of States, as it is NOT consdiered a state. (The article was saying that Mexico is divided into 31 states yet the list contained 32 names of states!). According to the Mexican constitution, and as children are taught every year at school: "México está dividido en 31 estados y un distrito federal", that is "Mexico is divided into 31 states and a Federal District" making the distinction. It is pretty much the same way as in the US, DC is not consdiered a state, and people usually make the distinction. It should be interesting to know, though, if the representation of the Federal District in the National Chamber of Deputies and Senate is the same as for every state or whether it is like Washington DC that has limited representation. ::Senate of Mexico: the DF gets three senators (2+1), just like the states. In the Chamber of Deputies: similar population-based representation as the rest of the country; currently 30 of the 300 first-past-the post deputies. There's no functional difference btwn senators/deputies from the DF and those from the rest of the country. Hth, as they say. User:Hajor 22:39, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC) == On New Population Figures == I noticed that the population figures in the section of Important cities were changed by 201.129.30.7 (yet he/she didn't bother to change or update the source of the data). I have been trying to look on INEGI's web page whether these figures were official, or whether they were only an estimation by 201.129.30.7. So far, I haven't been able to confirm 201.129.30.7 figures. Still haven't confirmed 201.129.30.7 changes. Besides he only changed some population figures but not others (as if population hadn't grown in those cities... quite unlikely)... I guess that's one of the risks, or weaknesses of Wikipedia, anyone can change anything or write anything, even if it is just a personal belief or estimation... By the way, I recommend reading the discussion on Mexico City's article, as it explains why an overestimation of its population is not statistically plausible... Everything for everyone, and nothing for ourselves. YA BASTA!
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Mexico
The United Mexican States or Mexico (Spanish language: ''Estados Unidos Mexicanos'' or ''México''; regarding the use of the variant spelling ''Méjico'', see section #The name below) is a country located in North America, bordered by the United States to the north, and Belize and Guatemala to the southeast. It is the northernmost and westernmost country in Latin America and the most populous Spanish language-speaking country in the world. == History == ''Main article: History of Mexico'' For more than 3,000 years, Mexico was the site of several Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Aztec, the Olmec, the Toltec, and the Maya civilization. Latecomers to Mexico's central plateau, the Mexica, or Aztecs, as they were sometimes called in memory of Aztlán, the starting point of their tribes wanderings, never thought of themselves as anything but heirs of the brilliant civilizations that had preceded them. For them all the highly-civilized arts, sculpture, architecture, engraving, feather-mosiac work, the invention of the calendar, were due to the former inhabitants of Tula, the Toltecs, who reached the height of their civilization in the tenth and eleventh centuries. The Spanish colonization of the Americas in the early 16th century, and their defeat of the Mexica in 1521, marked the beginning of the 300 year-long colonial period of Mexico as New Spain. On September 16, 1810, independence from Spain was declared, by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Catholic priest in the small town of Dolores Hidalgo, causing a long Mexican War of Independence that eventually led to independence in 1821 and the creation of the Mexican Empire. After independence, Spanish possessions in Central America were all incorporated into Mexico from 1822 to 1823, when they declared independence, with the exception of Chiapas. Soon after achieving its independence from Spain, the Mexican government, in an effort to populate its sparsely-settled hinterlands, awarded land grants in a remote area of the northernmost state of Coahuila y Tejas to hundreds of immigrant families from the United States, on the condition that the settlers convert to Catholicism and assume Mexican citizenship. It also forbade the importation of slaves, a condition that, like the others, was largely ignored. The Empire soon fell to rebellious republican forces led by Antonio López de Santa Anna. The first Republic was formed with Guadalupe Victoria as its first president, followed in office by Santa Anna. As president, in 1834 Santa Anna abrogated the 1824 Constitution of Mexico, causing insurgencies in the southern state of Yucatán and the northernmost portion of the northern state of Coahuila y Tejas. Both areas sought independence from the Mexican government. While negotiations eventually brought Yucatán to again recognize Mexican sovereignty, Santa Anna's army turned to the northern rebellion. The inhabitants of Tejas, calling themselves Texians and led mainly by relatively recently-arrived English language settlers, declared independence from Mexico at Washington-on-the-Brazos, giving birth to the Republic of Texas. Texas won its independence in 1836, further reducing the territory of the fledgling republic. In the 1840s, the country was invaded and defeated by the United States, which demanded and received roughly one-third of the country's remaining territory, from which were formed the modern states of California, Nevada, and Utah, and most of Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado (see Mexican-American War). In the 1860s, the country again suffered a military occupation, this time by France, seeking to establish the Habsburg Archduke Maximilian_of_Mexico as Emperor of Mexico, with support from the Roman Catholic clergy and conservative Creoles. This Second Mexican Empire was fought off by then-president of the Republic, the Zapotec Benito Juárez, with diplomatic and logistical support from the United States and the military expertise of General Porfirio Díaz. General Ignacio Zaragoza defeated the French Army (arguably, the most powerful in the world at the time) at the city of Puebla, Puebla on May 5, 1862 (celebrated as ''Cinco de Mayo'' ever since), though after his death, the city was lost in early 1863 following a renewed French attack which penetrated as far as Mexico City, forcing President Juárez to organize an itinerant government. Napoleon III of France, Emperor of France, imposed Maximilian as Emperor of Mexico from 1864 to 1867. In mid-1867, following repeated losses in battle to the Republican ("Liberal") Army, Maximilian was captured and executed, along with his last loyal generals, in Santiago de Querétaro. From then on, Juárez remained in office until his death in 1872. After Juárez's death, Mexico experienced economic growth under the conservative and pro-European rule of Porfirio Díaz. Foreign investment allowed the development of the Petroleum industry and the construction of the railroad system all across the country. This period of relative peace and prosperity is known as the "Porfiriato". His mandate, however, was mostly undemocratic and benefited the middle and upper classes, while the Amerindian indigenous population continued to live in precarious conditions. Growing social inequalities, restricted freedom of the Journalism, and his insistence to be reelected for a fifth term led to massive protests. His fraudulent victory in the 1910 elections sparked the Mexican Revolution. Revolutionary forces defeated the federal army, but were left with internal struggles, leaving the country in conflict for two more decades. The creation of the National Revolutionary Party (which later became the Institutional Revolutionary Party or PRI), in 1929 ended the struggles, uniting all generals and combatants of the revolution. During the next four decades Mexico experienced impressive economic growth, and historians call this period "El Milagro Mexicano", the Mexican Miracle. However the management of the economy collapsed several times afterwards. Accused many times of fraud, the PRI's candidates held almost all public offices until the end of the 20th century. It was not until the 1980s that the PRI lost the first List of Mexican state governors, an event that marked the beginning of the party's loss of hegemony. Through the electoral reforms started by president Carlos Salinas de Gortari and consolidated by president Ernesto Zedillo, by the mid 1990s the PRI had lost its majority in Congress of Mexico. In 2000, and after 70 years, the PRI lost a presidential elections to a candidate of the National Action Party (Mexico) (PAN), Vicente Fox. On January 1 1994, Mexico became a full member of the North American Free Trade Agreement, joining the United States of America and Canada in a large and prosperous economic bloc. On March 23 2005 the Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America was signed by the elected leaders of those countries. == Politics == ''Main article: Politics of Mexico'' The 1917 Constitution of Mexico provides for a federal republic with powers separated into independent executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Historically, the executive is the dominant branch, with power vested in the President of Mexico, who promulgates and executes the laws of the Congress. Congress of Mexico has played an increasingly important role since 1997 when opposition parties first formed a majority in the legislature. The president also legislates by executive decree in certain economic and financial fields, using powers delegated from Congress. The president is elected by universal adult suffrage for a six-year term and may not hold office a second time. There is no vice president; in the event of the removal or death of the president, a provisional president is elected by Congress. On July 2, 2000, Vicente Fox Quesada of the opposition "Alliance for Change" coalition, headed by the National Action Party (Mexico) (PAN), was elected president, in what are considered to have been the freest and fairest elections in Mexico's history. Fox began his six-year term on December 1, 2000. His victory ended the Institutional Revolutionary Party's (PRI) 71-year hold on the presidency. The three most important political parties in Mexico are the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), the National Action Party (Mexico) (PAN), and the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD). == Political divisions == :''Main article: States of Mexico'' :''See also: Mexican state name etymologies.'' Mexico is divided into 31 states (''estados'') and a federal district. Each state has its own constitution and its citizens elect a List of Mexican state governors as well as representatives to their respective state congresses. {| align="left" cellpadding="1" |- | *Aguascalientes *Baja California *Baja California Sur *Campeche *Chiapas *Chihuahua *Coahuila *Colima *Mexican Federal District *Durango *Guanajuato *Guerrero *Hidalgo *Jalisco *Mexico (state) *Michoacán | *Morelos *Nayarit *Nuevo León *Oaxaca *Puebla *Querétaro *Quintana Roo *San Luis Potosí *Sinaloa *Sonora *Tabasco *Tamaulipas *Tlaxcala *Veracruz *Yucatán *Zacatecas |}
The Mexican Federal District is a special political division in Mexico, where the national capital, Mexico City, is located. In enjoys more limited local rule than the nation's "free and sovereign states": only since 1997 have its citizens been able to elect a Head of Government of the Federal District, whose powers are still more curtailed than those of a state governor. Much of the capital city's metropolitan area overflows the limits of the Federal District. === Major cities === The following is a list of the biggest Metropolitan Areas of Mexico in order of population: #Mexico City (17.8 million) #Guadalajara, Jalisco (4.7 million) #Monterrey, Nuevo León (3.6 million) #Puebla, Puebla (2.6 million) #Juárez, Chihuahua (1.6 million) #Tijuana, Baja California (1.3 million) #León, Guanajuato (1.2 million) #Toluca, México (1.2 million) #Torreón, Coahuila (1.1 million) :Population figures according to INEGI (National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Information) 2000 These are followed, in descending order, by San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mérida, Yucatán, Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Cuernavaca, Morelos, and Chihuahua, Chihuahua. == Geography == ''Main article: Geography of Mexico'' [[Image:Copper_Canyon1.jpg|thumb|200px|Copper Canyon in the state of Chihuahua]] Situated in the southwestern part of mainland North America and roughly triangular in shape, Mexico stretches more than 3000 km from northwest to southeast. Its width is varied, from more than 2000 km in the north and less than 220 km at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in the south. Mexico is bordered by the United States to the north, and Belize and Guatemala to the southeast. Mexico is about one-fourth the size of the United States. Baja California (peninsula) in the west is an 1,250-km peninsula and forms the Gulf of California. In the east are the Gulf of Mexico and the Bay of Campeche, which is formed by Mexico's other peninsula, the Yucatán. The center of Mexico is a great, high plateau, open to the north, with mountain chains on the east and west and with ocean-front lowlands lying outside of them. The terrain and climate vary from rocky deserts in the north to tropical rain forest in the south. Mexico's major rivers include the Rio Grande (Rio Grande) and the Usumacinta River on its northern and southern borders, respectively, together with the Río Grijalva, the Río Balsas, the Río Pánuco, and the Río Yaqui in the interior. == Economy == ''Main article: Economy of Mexico'' [[Image:ANGEL_OF_INDEPENDENCE.JPG|left|thumb|300px|The El Ángel monument in the heart of Mexico City.]] According to the World Bank, Mexico has the highest per capita income in Latin America and is firmly established as a middle-income country. Since the 1994 economic crisis in Mexico of 1994-1995 the country has made an impressive recovery, building a diversified economy and improving infrastructure. However, huge gaps remain between rich and poor. Mexico has a free-market economy with a mixture of modern and outmoded industry and agriculture, increasingly dominated by the private sector. The number of state-owned enterprises in Mexico has fallen from more than 1,000 in 1982 to fewer than 200 in 1999. The administration of President Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León (1994–2000) continued a policy of privatization and expanding competition in sea ports, railroads, telecommunications, electricity, natural gas distribution, and airports which was initiated by his predecessors Miguel de la Madrid and Carlos Salinas de Gortari. A strong export sector helped to cushion the economy's decline in 1995 and led the recovery in 1996–1999. Private consumption became the leading driver of growth, accompanied by increased employment and higher wages. Mexico still needs to overcome many structural problems as it strives to modernize its economy and raise living standards. Income distribution is very unequal, with the top 20% of income earners accounting for 55% of income. Following 6.9% growth in 2000, real Gross Domestic Product fell 0.3% in 2001, with the US slowdown the principal cause. Positive developments in 2001 included a drop in inflation to 6.5%, a sharp fall in interest rates, and a strong Mexican peso that appreciated 5% against the US dollar. Trade with the United States and Canada has tripled since NAFTA was implemented in 1994. Mexico has opened its markets to free trade as no other country in the world, having lifted its trade barriers with more than 40 countries in 12 Foreign affairs of Mexico, including Japan and the European Union. However more than 85% of the trade is still done with the United States. Government authorities expect that by putting more than 90% of trade under free trade agreements with different countries Mexico will lessen its dependence on the US. The government is pursuing to sign an additional agreement with Mercosur. == Demographics == ''Main article: Demographics of Mexico'' With an estimated 2005 population of about 106 million, Mexico is the most populous Spanish language-speaking country in the world (and the second most populous country in Latin America after Portuguese language-speaking Brazil). Mexico is ethnically and culturally diverse. About 60% of the population is mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white), 30% is Amerindian or predominantly Amerindian, and 9% is white or of European descent. The remaining 1% includes black, Middle Eastern, and Asian groups. Mexico is the country where the greatest number of U.S citizens live outside the United States. This may be due to the growing economic and business interdependence of the two countries under NAFTA, and also that Mexico is considered an excellent choice for retirees. A clear example of the latter phenomenon is provided by San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato, and many towns along the Baja California peninsula. == Religion == Oaxaca,_Oaxaca">Image:Mexico.Oax.Oaxaca.streets.02.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Basílica de la Soledad in Oaxaca, Oaxaca Mexico is predominantly Catholic Church in Mexico (89%), with 6% adhering to various Protestant faiths and the remaining 5% adhering to other religions, or no religion. Some of the country's Catholics (notably those of indigenous background), syncretic Catholicism with elements of Aztec or Mayan religions. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) enjoys a growing presence in the major border cities of northeastern Mexico. Judaism has been practiced in Mexico for centuries, and there are estimated to be 100,000 Jews in Mexico today. Islam is mainly practised by members of the Arab, Turkish, and other expatriate communities; Mexico's Muslims number only a few thousand or less. == Languages == Spanish language is the official language of Mexico and is spoken by the majority of the population. About 7% of the population speaks an Amerindian language. The government officially recognizes 62 Amerindian languages. Of these Nahuatl, and Maya language are each spoken by 1.5 million, while others, such as Lacandon, are spoken by less than 100. The Mexican government has promoted and established bilingual education programs in indigenous rural communities. Although Spanish is the official language of Mexico, English language is widely used in business. As a result, English language skills are much in demand and can lead to an increase in the salary offered by a company. It is also spoken along the U.S.-Mexican border, in big cities, and in beach resorts. Also, the majority of private schools in Mexico offer bilingual education, both in Spanish and English. English is the main language spoken in U.S. expatriate communities such as those along the coast of Baja California and the town of San Miguel de Allende. There are also Mormon colonies in Chihuahua where education is delivered in English. With respect to other European languages brought by immigrants, the case of Chipilo, in the state of Puebla, is unique, and has been documented by several linguists like Carolyn McKay. The immigrants that founded the city of Chipilo in 1882 came from the Veneto region in northern Italy, and thus spoke a northern variant of the Venetian language dialect. While other European immigrants assimilated into the Mexican culture, the people of Chipilo retained their language. Nowadays, most of the people who live in the city of Chipilo (and many of those who have migrated to other cities) still speak the unaltered Veneto dialect spoken by their great-grandparents making the Veneto dialect an unrecognized minority language in the city of Puebla, Puebla. A similar case is that of the Plautdietsch language, spoken by the desendents of German and Dutch menonite immigrants in the states of Chihuahua and Durango. ==Education== Mexico has made impressive improvements in education in the last two decades. In 2004, literacy rate was at 92%, and youth literacy rate (ages 15-24) was 96%. Primary and secondary education (9 years) is free and mandatory. Even though different bilingual education programs have existed since the 1960s for the indigenous communities, after a constitution reform in the late 1990s, this programs have had a new thrust, and free text books are produced in more than a dozen indigenous languages. Mexico was the first country to establish, in the 1970s a system of "distance-learning" satellite secondary education, aimed for the little towns and rural communities. In 2005 this system included 30,000 connected schools, 3 million students and 300,000 teachers, who use televised lectures and education science programs, pre-recorded and transmited through "EduSat", via satellite. Schools that use this system are known as ''telesecundarias'' in Mexico. The Mexican "distant-learning" secondary education is also transmitted to some Central American countries and to Colombia, and it is used in some southern states of the United States as a method of bilingual education. == Culture == ''Main article: Culture of Mexico'' *Music of Mexico *Mexican literature *Cinema of Mexico *Cuisine of Mexico *List of Mexicans *Holidays and celebrations in Mexico ==The name== Mexico is named after its capital city, whose name comes from the Aztec city Mexico-Tenochtitlan that preceded it. The ''Mexi'' part of the name is from Mexitli, the war god, whose name was derived from ''metztli'' (the moon) and ''xictli'' (navel) and thus meant "navel (probably implying 'child') of the moon". So, Mexico is the home of the people of Mexitli (the Mexicas), ''co'' meaning "place" and ''ca'' meaning "people". When the Spaniards encountered this people and transcribed their language, they naturally did so according to the spelling rules of the Castilian language of the time. The Nahuatl language had a sound (like English "shop"), and this sound was written ''x'' in Spanish (e.g. ''Ximénez''); consequently, the letter ''x'' was used to write down words like ''Mexitli''. Over the centuries, the pronunciation of Spanish changed. Words like ''Ximénez'', ''exercicio'', ''xabón'' and ''perplexo'' started to be pronounced with a (this International Phonetic Alphabet represents the sound in the word "loch"). The sound (as in "vision") represented by the letter ''j'' (usually ''g'' before ''e'' or ''i'') also started to be pronounced this way. The coalescence of the two phonemes into a single new one encouraged scholars to use the same letter for the sound, regardless of its origin (Spanish scholars have always tried to keep the orthography of their language faithful to the spoken tongue). It was ''j''/''g'' that was chosen. So, modern Spanish has ''ejercicio'', ''ejército'', ''jabón'', ''perplejo'', etc. Another example is the old spelling of ''Don Quixote'' which is now ''Don Quijote''. The old pronunciation is maintained in French "Quichotte", and the English form maintains the spelling while reading it with its English value. Proper nouns and their derivatives are optionally allowed to break this rule. Thus, although ''xabón'' is now incorrect and archaic, and, alongside many millions of people called "Jiménez", there also are plenty called "Giménez" or "Ximénez" — a matter of personal choice and tradition. In Mexico, it has become almost a matter of national pride to maintain the otherwise archaic ''x'' spelling in the name of the country. It is regarded as more authentic and less jarring to the reader's eye. Mexicans have tended to demand that other Spanish-speakers use this spelling, rather than following the general rule, and the demand has largely been respected. The Real Academia Española states that both spellings are correct, and most dictionaries and guides recommend ''México'' first, and present ''Méjico'' as a variant. Today, even outside of the country, ''México'' is preferred over ''Méjico'' by ratios ranging from 10-to-1 (in Spain) to about 280-to-1 (in Costa Rica). Also, in the placenames "Oaxaca" and "Xalapa", the x is pronounced as ; in "Xochimilco", however, it sounds as a . A cultural side-effect of the fact that Mexicans use ''México'' and Spaniards sometimes use ''Méjico'' is the occasional boiling-over of negative sentiment towards the old colonial oppressor. The mere act of using the ''j'' spelling is interpreted by some as a form of colonial aggression. On the other hand, some Peninsular scholars (such as Ramón Menéndez Pidal) prefer to apply the general spelling rule, arguing that the spelling with an ''x'' could encourage non-Mexicans to mispronounce ''México'' as (as is generally the case in the English-speaking world). ''Méjico'' on the other hand could easily be mispronounced as well, because the letter ''j'' stands for in other languages. In the Nahuatl language, from which the name originally derived, the name for Mexico is Mexihco (International Phonetic Alphabet ). ==Miscellaneous topics== *Education in Mexico *Communications in Mexico *Transportation in Mexico *Military of Mexico *Foreign affairs of Mexico *Zapatista uprising in Chiapas, Mexico *List of cities in Mexico *List of Mexican Universities *List of Presidents of Mexico *Music of Mexico *United States Mexico barrier ==Further reading== *James D. Cockcroft, ''Mexico's Hope: An Encounter with Politics and History'', 320 pages, Monthly Review Press 1999, ISBN 0853459258 - leftist view of mexican history *Enrique Krauze, ''Mexico: Biography of Power. A history of Modern Mexico 1810-1996'', 896 pages - Perennial 1998, ISBN 0060929170 - standard work by a renowned mexican author *Julia Preston and Samuel Dillon, ''Opening Mexico: The Making of a Democracy'', Farrar Straus and Giroux, 2004, hardcover, 608 pages, ISBN 0374226687 - recent history since the massacre of 1968 told by two journalists *Joanne Hershfield, David R. Maciel, ''Mexico's Cinema: A Century of Film and Filmmakers'', SR Books 1999, ISBN 0842026827 - comprehensive survey *Michael C. Meyer, William H. Beezley, editors, ''The Oxford History of Mexico'', 736 pages, Oxford University Press 2000, ISBN 0195112288 - 20 essays - covers also cultural history == External links == === Government === * [http://www.gob.mx Gob.mx]: Governmental portal (in Spanish) * [http://www.presidencia.gob.mx/?NLang=en&x=4&y=18 Presidencia]: President of the Republic * [http://www.cddhcu.gob.mx Cámara de Diputados]: Chamber of Deputies (in Spanish) * [http://www.senado.gob.mx/index.php?lng=en Cámara de Senadores]: Senate === Information about Mexico === *[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/LACEXT/MEXICOEXTN/0,,menuPK:338407~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:338397,00.html World Bank's assessment of the Mexican economy] * [http://www.inegi.gob.mx INEGI]: National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Information (in Spanish) * [http://www.cenam.mx/husos-horarios.htm Time zones in Mexico] (in Spanish) === Mexican newspapers and news agencies === * [http://www.reforma.com ''Reforma''] * [http://www.eluniversal.com.mx ''El Universal''] * [http://www.elnorte.com ''El Norte''] * [http://www.jornada.unam.mx ''La Jornada''] * [http://www.mural.com ''Mural''] * [http://www.imagen.com.mx ''Imagen Informativa''] * [http://www.milenio.com ''Milenio''] * [http://www.cronica.com.mx ''La Crónica''] * [http://www.mediatico.com/en/newspapers/latinamerica/mexico/ ''Mexican Newspapers''] Mexico North American countries bn:মেক্সিকো la:Mexicum lv:Meksika li:Mexico ms:Mexico zh-min-nan:México nah:Mexihko nds:Mexiko simple:Mexico
Mexico
The previous version of this page now lives at Mexico/Old. Any remaining information that's there but not here should be moved either direcly into Mexico or into the appropriate subtopic (for instance, pages on the individual states). --User:Brion VIBBER 18:25 Aug 29, 2002 (PDT) ---- Does anyone know if Mexico has anything resembling a national motto? I haven't turned one up so far via google searches. --User:Brion VIBBER : I have a books at home which may list it, but the coat of arms (the eagle on the cactus) doesn't seem to have a motto below it, so maybe it just doesn't exist? User:Jheijmans :Could be. As far as I know, there's not actual requirement for every state of the world to have a motto. ;) Speaking of the coat of arms; there's [http://www.fotw.net/flags/mx).html a nice one at Flags of the World], but with the usual caveats. --User:Brion VIBBER ---- Mav, I thought the Mexican Revolution was the 1910-ish one, with Pancho Villa and the PRI? --User:Brion VIBBER ---- Brion, maybe we should wait with moving the template articles until at least all of the headings have been reasonably filled. Pages with empty heading don't look very good... User:Jheijmans :People kept editing the old page and ignoring the new one. If you think things are missing, fill them in! --User:Brion VIBBER Oh, that's silly. I'll try add some stuff when I have time. User:Jheijmans ---- What the hell is going on? I put in a lot of info about states, and now it's gone. I agree it didn't really belong on the main Mexico page, but should have been allowed to remain there until it was all moved somewhere else, and now some jackass has just removed it into the ether. You know, editing these articles actually implies some responsibility towards the information and towards other authors. Get a clue. --user:jaknouse :Did you not read the message at the top of this page? Thank you. --User:Brion VIBBER 00:02 Sep 1, 2002 (PDT) ::Your message at the top of this page states that the old version of this page was moved elsewhere. Do you MEAN that the old version of the MEXICO page was moved elsewhere? Say what you mean. --user:jaknouse :::Cute. Just take the chip off your shoulder and follow the link. --User:Brion VIBBER 11:19 Sep 1, 2002 (PDT) ---- Could someone who knows the subject add Cajeme into the Mexico article? User:Kingturtle 05:59 May 14, 2003 (UTC) ---- hi , i don't want ot be mean or anythimg but you need to organize your website better i have no idea what it's saying it just.. just there. i am trying to find the motto of mexico to. -hannah ---- Motto, motto, motto: I'm not sure there is an official one, but I suspect ''"sufragio efectivo – no reelección"'' is a better candidate than ''"el respeto al derecho ajeno..."''. (In any event, neither has the enshrined official status of, for example, ''E Pluribus Unum'' or ''Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité'': the notion of "official state motto"just doesn't apply here). ''–User:Hajor 13:51, 17 Dec 2003 (UTC)'' I would agree would Hajor. There is no official motto in Mexico, yet the best candidate is \"sugragio efectivo no reeleción\", as it is printed in many official or notarized documents, including university diplomas called "titulo profesional" (the official diplomas given by the Department of Education, SEP. As to why university diplomas should inlcude that phrase... that is an enygma... ------ About what I changed: #Mexico has no national or official motto. What you had before was a quote by President Juarez, which is nice but it has never been a motto. #Spain did not recognize the independence of Mexico until December 28, 1836. Look at the top of this [http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/efemerides/diciembre/conme28.htm link] (from Mexico's Education Ministry, in Spanish). #Central America used to be part of Mexico, the declared themselves independent almost at the same time when the First Empire was dissolved. #Mexico has no parliament but a bicameral Congress. User:Ruiz 11:32, 9 Jan 2004 (UTC) == Spelling == ''The spelling Méjico is occasionally used in other Spanish-speaking nations; in Mexico itself, however, this variant is considered incorrect. Some Mexicans see it as a throw-back to colonial times and an insult to national identity. This spelling does not change the pronunciation.'' :This is quite an incredible claim. I have already toned it down, as can be seen, but can anyone offer any first-hand evidence for Mexicans breathing huge political overtones into this insignificant spelling variation? User:Chameleon— Chameleon User:Chameleon/User talk:Chameleon 16:27, 3 Jul 2004 (UTC) This is a very old discussion; and I did say "at worst". The political content is in the question of whether a sovereign nation has the right to determine how its name should be spelled; "Méjico" smacks of the ''madre patria'' and its interfering Academy telling us how to spell our own name. EFE's Vademécum, for example, recommends "México, mexicano: Escríbase siempre así (pero se pronuncia Méjico, mejicano)" [http://www.efe.es/esurgente/lenguaes/Lenguaes3.asp?Termino=2123&Oculto=TERMINO]; and you can follow a discussion on the question, with references to insults/discomfort, [http://lists.albura.net/efe.es/apuntes-kpn/2000-08/subject.html#647 here] (with a particularly vitriolic contribution [http://lists.albura.net/efe.es/apuntes-kpn/2001-08/1160.html here]). I suspect it's similar to the early 1990s ''¡nos quieren quitar la eñe!'' flap in Spain: national identity expressed in orthography. User:Hajor 16:52, 3 Jul 2004 (UTC) Oh -- here's my original wording. I think the "at best / at worst" helps mitigate the "incredible claim". :The spelling Méjico is occasionally used in other Spanish-speaking nations; in Mexico itself, however, this variant is at best considered incorrect and, at worst, as a throw-back to colonial times and an insult to national identity. It does not change the pronunciation. :User:Hajor ::Oh my god, that "vitiolic" contributor clearly needs locking up. I'm shocked. I still don't believe that such bigotry is the norm in Mexico, however. I have a little more faith in that nation. It's just like Catalonia. A loony minority want to force Spanish speakers to write ''Catalunya'' and ''Lleida'', whilst most people have better things to do. ::The problem even with putting stuff like "at best", "at worst", "some say" is that they look like weaselly ways of putting forward a loopy opinion as fact. We might as well say "some think the earth is round; however, this is considered at best incorrect and at worst offensive by other people." It may well be technically true, but it gives too much credence to a silly idea. ::It looks like I'm going to have to write a whole article section with incontrovertible facts. It's the only way to stop people putting in snide-sounding little comments that make out that everyone who writes ''Méjico'' is some sort of helmet-wearing, codpiece-sporting, Maya-slaughtering, sword-wielding, mustachio'd ''conquistador''. User:Chameleon— Chameleon User:Chameleon/User talk:Chameleon 21:04, 3 Jul 2004 (UTC) :::You're being rather POV in your edits, Hajor, but I don't wish to waste too much time on this article, so I'll let it slide. The important thing is that it no longer contains the smear it had before. User:Chameleon— Chameleon User:Chameleon/User talk:Chameleon 17:42, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC) :As POV as you, for example, in asking for first-hand evidence and then dismissing the source of that evidence as an extremist bigot who deserves to locked up? We're approaching this question from different sides, but I think the text, as it stands (ie, 98% written by you with one or two minor interferences from me) is acceptably neutral. And we don't even have to touch on the question of whether or not a sovereign nation can call itself what it chooses. User:Hajor 19:10, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC) I had heard that the "X" for the "sh" sound was borrowed from Portugese when the need arose in transcribing Mesoamerican names. I'd tend to say that the name is "Mexico" in English and "México" in the language of the country. Are there some parts of Latin America where "Méjico" is common, and if so where? Or is that spelling pretty much restricted to Spain? -- Wondering, User:Infrogmation 17:48, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC) :Hey, good question. Off the bat, I'd have said the j-spelling was more common in the Southern Cone than anywhere else in LatAm, but let's ask Google. Searching for instances of "méxico" vs. "méjico" on "site:xx" (my random choice of countries -- feel free to add your favourite if it's not here), restricting the results to Spanish-language pages: :*site:mx (Mexico) = 1,310,000 vs 1640 (6896:1) :*site:cu (Cuba) = 39,200 vs 369 (106:1) :*site:gt (Guatemala) = 9220 vs 107 (86:1) :*site:cr (Costa Rica) = 31,100 vs 109 (285:1) :*site:co (Colombia) = 54,400 vs 691 (78:1) :*site:ve (Venezuela) = 39,800 vs 1140 (64:1) :*site:pe (Peru) = 38,000 vs 617 (61:1) :*site:cl (Chile) = 106,000 vs. 764 (138:1) :*site:ar (Argentina) = 328,000 vs 6030 (54:1) :*site:oas.org (OAS, just out of idle curiosity) = 11800 vs 27 (437:1) :*site:un.org (UN, more curiosity) = 2440 vs 15 (162:1) :*site:es (Spain) = 262,000 vs 25,800 (10:1) :So, massively a minority use in Mexico itself (and most those 1640 are foreigners writing on mx pages or Mexicans setting spider-traps); more popular in relative terms in Argentina than anywhere else but still outnumbered 50 to 1; and one in eleven in Spain -- a "better" result than I expected: things have certainly changed there in the last quarter century. (Standard Googletest disclaimers apply.) User:Hajor 18:49, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC) Can somebody tell me when the Real Academia approved the use of "méxico"? From what I read from [http://www.unidadenladiversidad.com/actualidad/actualidad_ant/2002/junio_2002/actualidad_050602_02.htm this] article, apparently in 2002. - User:Alan MB 01:41, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC) ==http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Hispanic_culture_in_the_Philippines#Philippine-Mexican_Words== To any Mexican , please define the meanings in colloquial Mexican or Nahuatle. These are Filipino words, thanks. Donde andas?(Chavacano) denotes 'Where are you going?'. (Spanish: anda - to walk or operate) Siguro means 'Maybe'. (Spanish: seguro-sure, secure, stable) Do they have different meanings with European Spanish? Siempre means 'Of course'. (Spanish: siempre-always) Pirmi (Visayan, Chavacano) means 'Always'. (Spanish: firme-firm,steady) Basta - as long as (Spanish: basta - enough) Maske - even if (Spanish: mas que - more than) Cubeta - toilet/outhouse (Spanish : bucket) Casilyas (Visayan, Chavacano) - toilet/toilet seat/to shit (Spanish: casillas-Chess squares/hut /cabin) Lamierda - 'paint the town red' (Spanish:la mierda- shit, excrement) Nanay-Mother (Nahuatle:Nantle -mother) Tatay-Father (Nahuatle:Tatle -father) Palengque - Town Market (Mexican?) Chico - A fruit Avocado -A fruit Guava -A fruit Sabon - Soap (Spanish:Jabon-soap) Relos -watch (Spanish :Reloj -watch) Thanks from --User:Jondel 00:47, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC) Avodcado derives from Nahuatl 'ahuocatl', Nanay from Nahuatl 'nantli', Tatay from 'tahtli'. Palengke may be derived from Palenque, but I'm not sure about that. --User:Mixcoatl 12:34, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC) :Another question. My Spanish is not so good. Seguro should mean for sure or guaranteed to happen, stable.Doesn't it? In the Philippines, it means --Maybe-- (quizas). How about in Mexican?--User:Jondel 00:28, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC) == Nahuatl == I remember reading somewhere that Nahuatl was recognized as an official language in 2002. Can someone verify that?--User:129.125.103.28 12:09, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC) == Removing content == Just letting you know that I removed the following offensive material from the introductory paragraph: "Mexicans go around the country and capture Americans buying weed. Then they cross the river to USA. They live in a huge but cramped houses. THey like to eat chinchilla, la curcarachas and monkeys. They play HALO 2 and buy weed on XBox Live." I didn't read the article thoroughly, I'm just browsing around looknig for some obscure historical information, so I just wanted to give everyone a heads-up in case any more stuff like that is hidden in the article. : That was junk added a little earlier today by a passing vandal. That user has been warned to stop adding junk or risk being banned from editing. You were quite correct in removing it (though know if you hadn't, someone else would have). Thanks, -- User:Infrogmation 21:21, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC) ==Nahuatl, official language?== No my friend, spanish is still the only official language of Mexico, though there are almost 2 million nahuatl speakers, most of them are bilingual with spanish, so, not yet. Government has started to teach in nahuatl or any other local dialect (along with spanish)in some rural communities and even printing books in these languages. ==Afro Mexicans== How come Black Africans are never even mentioned in this article? Me being a member of this community, I fell particularly offended by the fact that our history is some how neglected or ignored. I would be happy, though, to add it later. : wey, they don't!, well, you are in the 1% others population of mexico since most of the africans that the spaniards brought here were assimilated between the "mestizo" population (the same happened with most of the chinese) remaining actually only a few "pure" blacks, but if you want to know the estimated of black slaves in mexico before independence granted them freedom was supposedly 20,000 as far as I know they were brought here when the local priests started protectionist actitudes towards the converted amerindians and they occuped a point in the Hispanic "racial hierarchy" lower than the amerindians. yeah, pinche racismo (although know you see more blacks than mestizos in Mexican television). I'm not sure who it is using the term "mulato" but I would like whoever it is doing it to know that the term is offensive. It comes from the word mule, implying the its a mix with some strange species. ---- ==States and the Federal District== The Federal District should not be included in the list of States, as it is NOT consdiered a state. (The article was saying that Mexico is divided into 31 states yet the list contained 32 names of states!). According to the Mexican constitution, and as children are taught every year at school: "México está dividido en 31 estados y un distrito federal", that is "Mexico is divided into 31 states and a Federal District" making the distinction. It is pretty much the same way as in the US, DC is not consdiered a state, and people usually make the distinction. It should be interesting to know, though, if the representation of the Federal District in the National Chamber of Deputies and Senate is the same as for every state or whether it is like Washington DC that has limited representation. ::Senate of Mexico: the DF gets three senators (2+1), just like the states. In the Chamber of Deputies: similar population-based representation as the rest of the country; currently 30 of the 300 first-past-the post deputies. There's no functional difference btwn senators/deputies from the DF and those from the rest of the country. Hth, as they say. User:Hajor 22:39, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC) == On New Population Figures == I noticed that the population figures in the section of Important cities were changed by 201.129.30.7 (yet he/she didn't bother to change or update the source of the data). I have been trying to look on INEGI's web page whether these figures were official, or whether they were only an estimation by 201.129.30.7. So far, I haven't been able to confirm 201.129.30.7 figures. Still haven't confirmed 201.129.30.7 changes. Besides he only changed some population figures but not others (as if population hadn't grown in those cities... quite unlikely)... I guess that's one of the risks, or weaknesses of Wikipedia, anyone can change anything or write anything, even if it is just a personal belief or estimation... By the way, I recommend reading the discussion on Mexico City's article, as it explains why an overestimation of its population is not statistically plausible... Everything for everyone, and nothing for ourselves. YA BASTA!
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Mexico_(town),_New_York
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Mexico_(town),_Oxford_County,_Maine
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Mexico_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics
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