Methamphetamine

Methamphetamine is a synthetic stimulant drug which induces a strong feeling of euphoria and is highly psychologically addictive. Pure methamphetamine is a colorless crystalline solid, sold on the streets as glass, ice, or crystal. It is also sold as less pure crystalline powder called crank or speed, or in rock formation termed tweak, dope, or raw. Methamphetamine was first synthesized in 1919 in Japan by chemist A. Ogata. {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="250px" align="right" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0 0 0 0.5em" |- |bgcolor="#ffffff" align="center" colspan="2"|
''Methamphetamine'' |- |align="center" colspan="2"| ''(S)-N-methyl-1-phenylpropan-2-amine'' |- |align="center" style="border-bottom: 3px solid gray"| CAS number
537-46-2 |align="center" style="border-bottom: 3px solid gray"| ATC code
|- |bgcolor="#efefef"|Chemical formula |bgcolor="#dfefff"| |- |bgcolor="#efefef"|Molecular weight |bgcolor="#dfefff"|149.24 |- |bgcolor="#efefef"|Bioavailability |bgcolor="#dfefff"|? |- |bgcolor="#efefef"|Metabolism |bgcolor="#dfefff"| hepatic |- |bgcolor="#efefef"|half life |bgcolor="#dfefff"| 4-5 hours (normal renal function) |- |bgcolor="#efefef"|Excretion |bgcolor="#dfefff"| renal |- |bgcolor="#efefef"|Pregnancy category (pharmaceutical) |bgcolor="#dfefff"|C (USA) |- |bgcolor="#efefef"|Controlled Substance Act |bgcolor="#dfefff"| Schedule II (USA)
Class B (oral) (United Kingdom)
Class A (injectable) (United Kingdom ) |- |bgcolor="#efefef"|Delivery |bgcolor="#dfefff"|5mg tablets |-

|- |Indicated for:
*attention deficit hyperactivity disorder *narcolepsy *obesityRecreational drug use uses:
*euphoria *stimulantOther uses:
*anorectic |- |Contraindications:
* Must not be taken within 14 days of taking a MAOI * glaucoma * moderate to severe hypertension * cardiovascular disease |- |Side effects:

'' (with chronic use)'' *amphetamine psychosis *clinical depression *kidney damage *liver damage

''Cardiovascular:'' *hypertension ''Endocrinal:'' *elevated body temperature ''Eye:'' *dilated pupils ''Gastrointestinal:'' *diarrhea *nausea *vomiting ''Neurological:'' *altered brain chemistry ''Psychological:'' *euphoria ''Skin:'' *rash ''Miscellaneous:'' *anorexia *insomnia *restlessness *weight loss |- |} In some instances, these substances when found on the street are diluted or ''cut'' with inert substances like mannitol. In most instances, the methamphetamine is usually of a pure nature, but diluted mainly with the chemicals that were used to synthesize it. ==Production== Methamphetamine is structurally similar to methcathinone, amphetamine, and other stimulants, and it may be produced from ephedrine or pseudoephedrine by chemical reduction. Most of the necessary chemicals are readily available in household products or over-the-counter medicines. This makes methamphetamine appear unusually easy to make, unlike cannabis and cocaine, which are both harvested directly from plants. Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and ephedrine hydrochloride are commonly available decongestant drugs without strong euphoric effects. There are many different syntheses for conversion which can be found on the internet, although these sources are sometimes not trustworthy, and most experienced 'cooks' learned from either chemistry classes or other 'cooks' in person. The synthesis involves moderately dangerous chemicals and processes that could be considered extremely dangerous. These chemicals are commonly used by people without laboratory training in and around the household for a variety of household uses; however, the production of methamphetamine is not to be confused with these much safer household uses. In fact, when law enforcement finds a methamphetamine lab they must have professionals trained and certified in dealing with meth labs and wearing full hazardous materials protection suits dismantle and dispose of. It is estimated for every 1 pound of methamphetamine produced, 5 pounds of hazardous waste are also produced. This can result in highly dangerous situations, as the by-products of production are highly toxic in most syntheses, and are sometimes dumped in unsafe places. An example is Phosphine gas, which can be produced when the reaction is allowed to overheat, and which has killed operators of illegal "clan" (clandestine chemistry) or "meth" labs. Methamphetamine can also be made from phenylacetone and methylamine, which are currently Drug Enforcement AdministrationList I chemicals. Until the early 1990's, methamphetamine was made mostly in clandestine labs run by drug traffickers in Mexico and California, who still produce the largest amount of meth in the US. Since then, however, authorities have discovered increasing numbers of small-scale methamphetamine labs all over the United States, commonly located in rural, suburban, or low-income areas spread throughout the United States. Very recently mobile methamphetamine and hotel based labs have caught the attention of both the news media and law enforcement. These have been seen as a public safety issue because of the increased exposure of the general public to hazardous chemicals and explosions and fires, since many of the chemicals used to produce meth are toxic and flammable. In addition to these serious issues there is also the likelihood of a 'cook' being well armed. The police have responded in two ways, first by the creation of a number of specialized task forces and secondly by the education of those individuals likely to come in contact with persons involved in the production of methamphetamine. The Indiana State police found just 6 labs in 1995 compared to 1,260 in 2003. On April 6, 2004, Oklahoma issued a state law prohibiting the non-prescription sale of certain over-the-counter medications known to contain ingredients used in meth production. In Iowa a law has recently gone into effect concerning the sale of precusors such as pseudoephedrine. This law requires that non-prescription drugs with pseudoephedrine be placed behind the pharmicist's counter. A person can only buy 330mg of pseudoephedrine per day. They must also show ID when purchasing the drug, and sign a logbook when purchasing pseudoephedrine. The state of Oregon has also followed suit, passing a similar law which requires ID to be shown when purchasing products which contain psuedoephedrine, those products to be located behind a pharmacist's counter, and names of the purchasers to be placed on a list for up to two years. ==History== Methamphetamine was first synthesized in 1919 by the Japan chemist A. Ogata. The method of synthesis was reduction of ephedrine using red phosphorus and iodine. Methamphetamine is closely related to Amphetamine which was first synthesized the year 1887 by L. Edeleano, a german chemist. Over time the chemical's use, distribution and place in society changed from insignificant, to controversially beneficial, to terrible infamy. Later use included its distribution by the Allies and the Axis Powers to troops during World War II under the name ''Pervitin''. The Nazis, in particular, distributed methamphetamine widely to its soldiers, particularly to SS personnel and Wehrmacht forces in the Eastern Front. After World War II a massive supply of methamphetamine, formerly stocked by the Japanese military, became available in Japan; skyrocketing addiction and hardship followed. The 1950s saw a high rise in the legal prescription of methamphetamine to the American public. Prescribed for everything from obesity to depression, methamphetamine, and amphetamines in general, were a very large part of the everyday American life ("Pop a pep pill"). The 1960s saw the start of the significant use of clandestine manufacture to supply methamphetamine. The five years from 1978 to 1983 are seen as the "golden years" of illicit methamphetamine manufacture. Until then drug laws were far behind the methods of production with the precursors, equipment and supply of such being almost freely available and in almost all cases legal to possess. Starting in the 1980s and on into the start of the twenty-first century, the rural areas of the United States—especially the Midwest—have experienced a large rise, penetration and, in some parts, saturation and decline of methamphetamine use. The saturation and decline has been seen as more of a natural trend than a result of law enforcement. The damage done by the chemical became so great that parts of society chose to not use the drug as a result of direct observation of the drug's effects. The future of the drug is likely to follow the same path as the past, with its ups, downs, controversy, praise and defamation of the drug. ==Effects== Methamphetamine is a potent central nervous system stimulant that affects the brain by acting on the mechanisms responsible for regulating a class of neurotransmitters known as the biogenic amines or monoamineneurotransmitters. This broad class of neurotransmitters is generally responsible for regulating heart rate, body temperature, blood pressure, appetite, attention, mood and responses associated with alertness or alarm conditions. Although the exact mechanism of action is unknown, it is generally believed that methamphetamine causes the release of theses monoamines through the monoamine transporter as well as blocking the re-uptake of of these neurotransmitters, causing them to remain within the synaptic cleft longer than otherwise. As in most neurotransmitter chemistry, its effects are adapted by the affected neurons by a decrease in the production of the neurotransmitters being blocked from re-uptake, leading to the tolerance and withdrawal effects. In medicine it is used as an appetite suppressant in treating obesity, treating anesthetic overdose and narcolepsy. The acute effects of the drug closely resemble the physiological and psychological effects of the fight-or-flight response including increased heart rate and blood pressure, vasoconstriction, pupil dilation, bronchial dilation and increased blood sugar. The person who ingests meth will experience an increased focus and mental alertness and the elimination of the subjective effects of fatigue as well as a decrease in appetite. Many of these effects are broadly interpreted as euphoria or a sense of wellbeing, intelligence and power. Not surprisingly, it is often noted that meth users often become heavily immersed in what they are doing, which could be anything- it is not uncommon for an entire house to have all of its electronic equipment (Television, radios, computers, etc) torn to pieces; it is also not uncommon for a meth user to be the exact opposite, one who chooses to construct things from junkyard material. Interestingly enough, some meth addicts become meth chemists ("Cooks"), and will ingest the methamphetamine just to stay awake for the long chemical reaction process. The 17th edition of ''The Merck Manual'' (1999) describes the effects of heavy use of methamphetamines in these terms: "Continued high doses of methamphetamine produce anxiety reactions during which the person is fearful, tremulous, and concerned about his physical well-being; an amphetamine psychosis in which the person misinterprets others' actions, hallucination, and becomes unrealistically suspicious; an exhaustion syndrome, involving intense fatigue and need for sleep, after the stimulation phase; and a prolonged depression, during which suicide is possible" (p. 1593). Depending on delivery method and dosage, a dose of methamphetamine will potentially keep the user awake with a feeling of euphoria for periods lasting from 2 to 24 hours. The acute effects of meth wear off as the brain chemistry starts to adapt to the chemical conditions and as the body metabolizes the chemical, leading to a rapid loss of the initial effect and significant rebound effect as the previously saturated synaptic cleft becomes depleted of the same neurotransmitters that had previously been elevated. Many users then compensate by administering more of the drug to maintain their current state of euphoria and alertness. This process can be repeated many times, often leading to the user staying awake for days at a time, after which secondary sleep deprivation effects manifest in the user. Classic sleep deprivation effects include irritability, blurred vision, memory lapses, confusion, paranoia, hallucinations, nausea, and in extreme cases death. After prolonged use the meth user will begin to become irritable, most likely due to the lack of sleep. Methamphetamine is reported to attack the immune system, so meth users are often prone to infections of all different kinds, one being an MRSA infection. This, too, may simply be a result of long term sleep deprivation and/or chronic malnutrition. It is a common belief that methamphetamine gives people "super-human strength." This belief originates from the 'biker-drug' that was popular even before methamphetamine; Phencyclidine. Neither methamphetamine nor PCP actually increase muscular strength, (in fact, PCP, like Ketamine, is an anesthetic and reduces muscular capability). It does, however, cause much more motivation in the user; it is a stimulant and very similar to the amphetamines often used to treat conditions such as Attention Deficit Disorder. Other side effects include twitching, "jitteriness", repetitive behavior (known as "tweaking"), and jaw clenching or teeth grinding. It has been noted anecdotally that methamphetamine addicts lose their teeth abnormally fast; this may be due to the jaw clenching, although heavy meth users also tend to neglect personal hygeine, such as brushing teeth. It is often claimed that smoking methamphetamine speeds this process by leaving a crystalline residue on the teeth, and while this is apparently confirmed by dentists, no clinical studies have been done to investigate. Some users exhibit sexual compulsion behavior, and may engage in extended sexual encounters with one or more individuals, often strangers. This behavior is substantially more common among gay and bisexual male methamphetamine users than it is their heterosexual counterparts. As it is symptomatic of the user to continue taking the drug to combat fatigue, an encounter or series of encounters can last for several days. This compulsive behavior has created link between meth use, and sexually transmitted disease transmission, especially HIV and Syphilis. This caused great concern among larger gay communities, particularly those in Atlanta, Miami, New York City and San Francisco, leading to outreach programs and rapid growth in 12-step organizations such as Crystal Meth Anonymous. See ''Crystal and sex''. ===Addiction=== Methamphetamine is an addiction drug. While withdrawal symptoms are less pronounced than alcohol or opiates such as heroin, they are no less physiological in nature, and include seizures, narcolepsy, and stroke. Furthermore, the mental and social consequences of quitting can be severe and extremely difficult for the addict to experience. As with all addictions relapse is a common occurrence. In an article about his son's addiction to methamphetamine, a California writer who has also experimented with the drug put it this way: "[T]his drug has a unique, horrific quality. In an interview, Stephan Jenkins, the singer in the band Third Eye Blind, said that methamphetamine makes you feel 'bright and shiny.' It also makes you paranoid, incoherent and both destructive and pathetically and relentlessly ''self''-destructive. Then you will do unconscionable things in order to feel bright and shiny again" (David Sheff, "My Addicted Son," ''New York Times Magazine'', February 6, 2005, p. 44). Former users have noted that they feel stupid or dull when they quit using methamphetamine. This is because the brain is Adaptation (biology) a need for methamphetamine to think faster, or at what seems to be a higher level. Individuals with ADHD are often at especially higher risk for addiction to methamphetamine, because the drug often increases the user's ability to focus and reduces impulsivity, creating a mechanism in which one is better able to cope. However, as self-medication is never done under the supervision of a licensed psychiatrist, and the individual with ADHD seldom experiences any less of the adverse effects (see ''Methamphetamine#Adverse_effects''), prescription stimulants such as methylphenidate (Ritalin®), dextroamphetamine (Dexadrine®) and amphetamine (Adderall®)are overwhelmingly indicated. With long-term use, enough dopamine will have flooded the brain to cause chemical cell damage. This often leads to slow thinking (which in turn requires that the addict use meth to 'fix' it), and depression. This is known colloquially as "The Vampire Life". ===Beneficial versus adverse effects=== Beneficial effects of methamphetamine use are generally experienced immediately. Adverse effects occur with chronic use (more than six to twelve months). ====Beneficial effects==== * Increased awareness and alertness * Greater motivation * Increased thinking and brain activity (short-term) * Weight loss (may also be a negative depending upon circumstances) ====Adverse effects==== * Severe psychological addiction * Depression * Erectile dysfunction (see "Crystal dick") * Long-term cognitive impairment due to neurotoxicity * Dental cavities or so-called "meth mouth" * Damage to immune system * Persistent anhedonia with chronic use * Death ==Methods of use== Methamphetamine can be swallowed, snorted, smoked, or injected. As with heroin, nicotine, or cocaine, the potential for addiction is greater when it is delivered by methods that cause the concentration in the blood to rise quickly, principally because the effects desired by the user are felt quicker and with a higher intensity than a moderated delivery mechanism. Methamphetamine is a powerful nasal decongestant, so methamphetamine users who snort it often have very clear nasal cavities; however, there have been rare cases of people snorting so much meth that their nose cartilage deteriorates. Snorting methamphetamine also causes tooth decay, since the nasal passages are directly connected to the mouth region, and the crystalline particles still attach to the teeth. Methamphetamine is commonly smoked in glass pipes, or in tin foil without direct flame. Methamphetamine must be heated to put off the desired smoke; not burned. Smoking methamphetamine is probably the most impure form of ingestion; in addition to the possible effects on teeth, it is very damaging to the lungs. Methamphetamine users who smoke it sometimes experience mild asthma, which can be countered by inhaling salbutamolaerosol spray, or epinephrine aerosol. Many users believe that the least harmful method of ingestion is by injection. Methamphetamine is soluble in water; injection users usually dose 0.2 grams in 3ml of water through a small needle. One may take note in methamphetamine research that injection users often do not experience severe tooth decay, presumably because there is no residue left as with smoking it. However, injection users experience the jaw-clenching greater than users who snort or smoke it, since injecting methamphetamine has a much more powerful effect. This does cause loose teeth, so injection users still do lose their teeth. This method of ingestion brings the risk of infection; injection users often experience skin rashes and all kinds of infections due to the methamphetamine damage to the skin. It is also not uncommon for meth users not to shower; bad hygiene does play a very large role in needle related infections. ==Legality== Methamphetamine is classified as a Schedule II substance by the Drug Enforcement Administration in the United States. While there is technically no difference between the laws regarding methamphetamine and other controlled stimulants, most medical professionals are averse to prescribing it due to its status in society. Further, there is some anecdotal evidence that the DEA audits such prescriptions on a far more regular basis than similar drugs. Internationally, methamphetamine is a Schedule II drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances[http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf]. Methamphetamine is legally marketed in the United States under the trade name Desoxyn, manufactured by Ovation Pharma. A generic drug formulation is also produced by Abbott Laboratories. Methamphetamine has become a major focus of the 'war on drugs' in the United States of America in recent years. In some localities (e.g. Pierce County, Washington in Washington State, in 2000) special task forces were formed by police to attack the problem of rampant methamphetamine production. In some areas of the United States, manufacturing methamphetamine is punishable by a mandatory ten-year prison sentence. In some cases, however, judges have ruled for life in prison without the possibility of parole, especially in cases where victims were killed by overdoses or impure substance. In the UK, methamphetamine is classified as a Class B drug (under the 1971Misuse of Drugs Act). The maximum penalty for possession is five years imprisonment, and the maximum penalty for supplying is 14 years. If methamphetamine is prepared for injection, it is re-classified as a Class A drug. The maximum penalty for possession is then seven years imprisonment, and the maximum penalty for supplying is life. ==Street names== Methamphetamine has many street names; it was known as ''rain'' in the 1960s, and terms in popular use today include ''glass'', ''ice'', ''crystal'', or ''tina'' for purer forms, or as less pure crystalline powder termed ''crank'' or ''speed'', and in rock form as tweak, dope, or raw (in Hawaii the slang term ''batu'' is often used). In New Zealand the term "P" is used. "Crystal meth" is the crystalline form of methamphetamine. In its purest form, it is commonly referred to as "glass" or "ice". This is because it appears to be broken shards of glass, or crushed ice. The term ''ice'' has also been used for a less common illicit stimulant, 4-methylaminorex, which often causes confusion. As Methamphetamine was quite popular in Japan after World War II, the nickname Shabu has seemed to stick with this drug for quite a while. While some street folk may now call it just "Shabs" the origins of this nickname come from the Japanese word for "swish". Either the Japanese commonly smoked it, or the name swish came from the behaviour of the people under the influence. Chorea_(disease) is quite commonly seen as the symptoms of prolonged use, and in Japan also now seems to be quite taboo (people say that the person who shakes their leg makes the other people around them 'lose their fortune' and sometimes elder Japanese folk will hold your leg completely still until you have stopped shaking). A rather large percentage of Japanese had became dependant on the drug for either profit, motivation or entertainment soon after the second world war. The Japanese banned the drug soon after the second world war adding to growing yakuza businesses. Large Yakuza leaders began to control supplies which had once been produced for military purposes. In Japan today there is still a rather large "underworld" associated with the drug, with some people being associated to a completely separate society to most of the law abiding citizens of Japan based purely on this chemical. ''Nazi Dope'' generally refers to methamphetamine made with anhydrous ammonia, since it is rumored that this was the way the Nazis synthesized it in World War II. This same method is sometimes called ''annie's dope'' or just ''annie''. ''Yaba'' are methamphetamine tablets, often colored and candy flavored. Yaba means "crazy drug" in the Thai language and is popular in East Asia and Southeast Asia, where the Recreational drug use is produced. ==Books== *''Secrets of Methamphetamine Manufacture'', by Uncle Fester (author) *''Yaa Baa. Production, Traffic, and Consumption of Methamphetamine in Mainland Southeast Asia'', by Pierre-Arnaud Chouvy ([http://www.geopium.org/yaabaa-english.htm Online]) & Jo�l Meissonnier, Singapore, Singapore University Press, 2004. *''Phenethylamines I Have Known And Loved: A Chemical Love Story'', Alexander Shulgin and Ann Shulgin, (ISBN 0963009605). aka PiHKAL. synthesis. [http://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/pihkal.shtml online] ==See also== * Amphetamine * Clandestine chemistry * Crystal and sex * Desoxyn (desoxyephedrine) * Dexamphetamine * Ephedrine * Methcathinone * Phenethylamines * Pseudoephedrine * Drug Enforcement Agency ==External links== * [http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/meth/meth.shtml Erowid Methamphetamine Vault] * [http://www.geopium.org Geopium: Geopolitics of Illicit Drugs in Asia] * [http://www.erowid.org/archives/rhodium/chemistry/ Rhodium's Archive] * [http://www.valleymeth.com/ Special Report on Meth in California's Central Valley] * [http://www.newyorker.com/printables/fact/050523fa_fact "New Yorker" story on the impact of widespread methamphetamine abuse] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4604047.stm BBC story on high levels of use of methamphetamine amongst the male gay community] * [http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/ Drug Enforcement Administration]: ** [http://www.dea.gov/concern/meth_factsheet.html Brief on amphetamines] ** [http://www.dea.gov/pubs/intel/02016/index.html The forms of amphetamines] AmphetaminesClass A drugsClass B drugsStimulantsSchedule II controlled substances

Methamphetamine

Is there a way to write about the manufacturing process that sounds less like War on Drugs propaganda (which is POV)? I don't know enough about the process, nor am I confident I wouldn't go too far the other way. --User:Calieber 20:14, Oct 30, 2003 (UTC) ==Spacing== Can someone please fix the spacing on the page, there's a large gap, clean 'er up. :I assume you were refering to the one before the history section, which i've fixed. the tag has been removed accordingly. If this wasn't what you were talking about i apologize and you should pop that tag right back up there. --User:Heah 22:49, 6 May 2005 (UTC) ==Directions?!?== ''There are many different recipes for conversion which can be found on the internet.'' :This almost sounds like the author is instructing people to cook meth according to recipies found on the Internet. First of all, cooking methamphetamine is a VERY dangerous process, and one that can result in property and environmental damage, and potentially death. Second of all, as all ingredients involved in the production of methamphetamine, one mistake can be fatal. I would not trust my life or the lives of naive Wikipedians to a recipe taken from the Internet. Every person that I have ever met that has been involved in the production of methamphetamine has either been an expirienced chemist or has learned how firsthand from one. However, I am not encouraging or discouraging methamphetamine use or production, as that would represent a POV. But I do think we should emphasize the dangers of production and the importance of learning how from someone with expierience. User:DryGrain 12:50, 4 Apr 2004 (UTC) Never mind, I fixed it....User:DryGrain 12:14, 13 Apr 2004 (UTC) please touch up entire production area. should it even be at the top? I dont think so. I attempted to correct what I thought was a serious POV problem in that 'its ok to cook meth if you learn from someone that knows' or 'the chemicals involved are only moderately dangerous'. as such i added alot of ancedotal information regarding recent rise in meth labs, why cops are busting them like crazy now (serious public safety issue) mobile meth labs, waste etc. I realize my changes are anonymous, but this is mainly for legal, employer, family reasons and in no way an attempt to hide my identity from wikipedias or any other improper reasons (as long as google is around I cant take the risk) Feel free to edit as you please, I just wanted to include additional material to really qualify how dangerous it is. dry: Almost every person i've ever met with that has been involved in the production of meth is suffering from some type of insanity / brain damage / mental defect. They did not start that way. Dont forget to learn about what is likely to become of you when you are learning how to cook. If this doesn't sound like the people you know, congradulations. * I think you went to far in the other direction with this. You point out some of the problem yourself when you describe the information as "ancedotal." I don't think it is ever a good idea to include unsupported statements. Deffinate POV issues here. User:Osmodiar 03:01, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC) == Baby laxative? == What is the mysterious "baby laxative" which is invariably mentioned in the context of "cutting" drugs? -- User:The Anome 17:18, 4 May 2004 (UTC) It's possible that it's a myth, but I'll try to find out. User:DryGrain 05:02, 5 May 2004 (UTC) This search for [http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=%22baby+laxative%22&btnG=Search "baby laxative"] gives interesting results. -- User:The Anome 23:19, 8 May 2004 (UTC) :Could they mean mannitol, I wonder? -- User:The Anome 22:29, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC) ::I think that there might be a confusion of words and or substances. Maybe someone is refering to the teething of babies and how to reduce the pain affiliated with it. I thought about novocaine or similar drugs. User:Olaf Fritz 22:39, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC) :::I'm fairly positive what you're thinking of is "inositol". --User:Skrewler 21:46, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC) == repetitive behavior == The part about repetitive behavior should be expanded because that is a major part of meth's effects. The slang word for it is "tweaking". - I was just at a meth workshop with the RCMP and "tweaking" is the behaviour when some is experiencing after a "crash" - basically someone, called a "tweaker", is having withdrawl symptoms. == is the dosage correct? == I read 0.2 grams in 3 ml water by injection. This corresponds to 200 mg injected. An active dose would seem to be about 20 mg (2 Desoxyn tablets). The dose in the text would correspond to 10 times the active dose. I would have to say .2 grams is indeed *way* more than anything I know of people normally injecting. People often will snort or eat .2 grams (closest street measurement is a quarter gram. Not a huge quanitity, but still a substantial ammount.) The people who I've spoken with regarding injection (I have no experience myself) have told me that you use less than you normally would. Its normal for someone to snort or eat maybe .1 of a gram. In other woods .2 grams is quite a bit, especially if injected. Also, 3ml of water? Doesn't that make it a pretty huge syringe? The only ones I'm familar with are diabetes syringes and as far as I know the biggest size is 1 ml. I'm not sure most users would know where to get larger needles as they generally seem to go for insulin needles because of the ease of aquisition, it being plausible that they may have diabetes and take insulin. Compare with a 3 ml needle. I have no idea what drugs would be administered by a 3ml syringe but it would be a lot in my opinion == Tina? == I don't know why the term "tina" redirects to here User:Flora 02:44, 26 Nov 2004 (UTC) sorry you really meant Tina as in Christina as in slang for Crystal Methamphetamine (see http://www.tweaker.org/tweaker_arc/Tina.html) == Adverse Effects == Reanal and hepatic failure are listed. Are there studies to support this? User:Osmodiar 07:28, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC) == Abbott == I assumed "Able Laboraties" was a typo, as Abbott is a well know manufacturer of methamphetamine. I am not sure if they produce a generic or just Desoxyn. User:Osmodiar 10:41, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC) == Cocaine == Cocaine seemed a bad example of physical addiction as tolerance does not develop and there is not really an acute physical withdrawl syndrome. I substituted alcohol, which has quite powerfull physical withdrawl symptoms. User:Osmodiar 10:43, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC) --- Tolerance doesn't develop from cocaine use? Have you ever used cocaine? Where do you get your information from? "Another aspect of addiction to cocaine or other agents is tolerance, defined as a reduction in the response to the drug upon repeated administration." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=neurosci.box.413 Also, read E.J. Nestler. Molecular mechanisms of drug addiction J. Neurosci. 12: 2439-2450. 1992. a good review article on physical/psychological addiction. if you don't have journal access email me skrewler@gmail.com and i'll send you the .pdf * No doubt there are permanent or near-permanent changes in the brains of addicts, as Nestler describes. This is not the same as tolerance. Cocaine remains a very poor choice for an example of physical addiction. User:Osmodiar 06:20, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC) * Forgive me if other references have talked about it, but apparently cocaine also has the potential to effect the expression of a gene related to endorphins. This has long term effects if not permanent on not just brain chemistry or genetics, but also emotionally and with regards to relationships. There are more than the following references, and I belive you will have to find one if you want to know about how the genetic changes effect you socially and emotionally. http://cocaine.org/health/cokeopioid.html *Did you read -- "Another aspect of addiction to cocaine or other agents is tolerance, defined as a reduction in the response to the drug upon repeated administration." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=neurosci.box.413 The main problem I had was this "Cocaine seemed a bad example of physical addiction as tolerance does not develop and there is not really an acute physical withdrawl syndrome." The link above states blatantly that it does, anencdotal experience also shows that without a doubt that it does. My issue wasn't really whether or not you think alcohol a more suitable example, it does fit. So do a lot of others, though. I would pick benzodiazapines if I was writing the article, but I'd rather just make comments and suggestions. Yes, I know physical addiction is not the same as tolerance, did I say that? If you read Nestler's paper, the common theme he comes back to is physical/psychological addiction overlap, the precise reason why I referenced it. I apologize for any mistakes or lack of editing, as I'm new at this. There must be a better way to quote things previously said. --User:Skrewler 20:29, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC) *I agree that benzodiazapines would serve as a good example of a drug with a well defined physical withdrawl syndrome. Cocaine users do not develop tolerance in the same way users of alcohol, benzos, or opioids do. There is even some evidence that there is a "negative tolerance" effect. I disagree with Purves's use of "cocaine" in that sentence from his textbook for the same reasons I though it was a poor example here. User:Osmodiar 07:19, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC) **Well, ok. If it's not already done, there needs to be some solid definitions of terms that are going to be used. Tolerance (and the apparant different types), physical/psychological dependence, phys/psych addiction. I think I know where you're going with the "negative tolerance effect". I was recently reading a paper who's theory was the more and more times cocaine is administered, each time there are less euphoria/well being/physical effects. At the same time, the drive to do more and more of it, even though the user gets no gratification from the drug, becomes stronger and stronger each time. I'll have to dig this up. == Sudafed == I changed this because if read as if Sudafed was a source for more than just the pseudoephedrine. == Physical Addiction == Is the assertion that methamphetamine is not physically addictive a simple, incontrovertable fact? It seems counterintuitive to me. --User:Astanhope 04:45, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC) :It is not physically addictive in the same sense that opiates, benzodiazepines and (to some extent) alcohol are. There is no severe physical withdrawl syndrome upon abrupt cessation as with those other drugs. There, of course, are unpleasant psychological effects. Cocaine is not physically addictive either, but the severe psychological addiction more than makes up for it. --User:Bk0 19:42, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC) The fact is, crystal methamphetame does, in fact, cause particularly physical withdrawals, which may be erroneously classified as psychological, because of the neurological nature of the withdrawal. Seizures are a common withdrawal symptom associated with meth use. The confusion rests in the fact that the physical symptoms are not as pronounced or as apparent as opiate or alcohol withdrawal, but are, ultimately, no less physical in nature. --User:Bastique 18:59, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC) == Inventor == From the the lead

Methamphetamine was first synthesized in 1919 in Japan by chemist A. Ogata.

From the History section

Methamphetamine was first synthesized in 1887 by German chemist L. Edeleano

They can't both be first... I can assure you with 100% confidence that A. Ogata was the first one to synthesize methamphetamine. L. Edeleano is the one who first synthesized Amphetamine (which he called phenylisopropylamine). I will delete L. Edeleano and add it to the AMPHETAMINE entry. So, A. Ogata synthesized Methamphetamine in 1919, and L. Edeleano synthesized Amphetamine in 1887. --User:Ddhix 2002 07:21, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC) == Comments on a couple of glances. == It does go by tina in the south east us... I have never heard christina. I guessed the origin however. About the discovery date; I was discovered by a german scientist working for merck pharmaceuticals in 1887. METHADRINE was discovered in 1919 by the Japs. No wonder this encyclopedia is free. --- Um, Yeah, that's why I changed it. Someone posts bad information, then someone who knows better makes the change. --User:209.163.199.15 22:53, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC) Whoops! Forgot to sign in, lol -- messed the signature up. --User:Ddhix 2002 22:55, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC) == Decline in use? === I would like to see recent statistics of a decline in use, as California studies of drug users related to Proposition 36 and drug related emergency room statistics indicate there are twice as many meth users as heroin and cocaine/crack users combined in the state. Other western states' data also indicate very high usage. Any claims of victory over the meth crisis seem to be War on Drugs propaganda. == Breaking up == imo this page should be broken into subpages, it's getting quite large which is no good for people who don't know about firefox . . . but it's also just too long, it loses fluidity and just gives too much info- but all the info deserves to be here on the wikipedia. It seems that much of the "Methamphetamine#Production" section and the "Methamphetamine#Effects and use" section can be split into subpages. thoughts?? --User:Heah 02:26, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC) == reorganization == i've reorganized the page. none of the info was removed, although some is no longer so in depth; the several paragraphs discussing rotting teeth were cut down, for instance, taking into consideration the lack of any clinical testing on the matter. the "military use" section was removed as it was already covered in Methamphetamine#History; the brand name of the drug used during the war was merged into history, if someone is attached to to anything from the military use that was deleted i'd recomend they pop it back into the relevant place in the history section. hopefully it is better organized and easier to read now, but as i said above, i think it should be split into sub articles. --User:Heah 02:32, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC) == Where is Hamilton? == Near the end of the ==Production== section the article states "Hamilton police reported in 2003 of a case of a mobile meth lab" but I don't think it mintions where Hamilton is. —Teknic">User:Teknic^{User talk:Teknic/Special:Emailuser/Teknic} 19:39, 9 May 2005 (UTC) I can't find any sources for this info so I'm removing the sentence. —Teknic">User:Teknic^{User talk:Teknic/Special:Emailuser/Teknic} 16:39, 26 May 2005 (UTC) == Hallucinations == I believe the article fails to mention hallucinations an an effect of the drug. It talks about stimulant psychosis hallucinations and sleep deprivation hallucinations, but not acute hallucinations caused by hyperactivity in the visual cortex immediately upon consumption. This is a pronounced primary effect of high doses. —Teknic">User:Teknic^{User talk:Teknic/Special:Emailuser/Teknic} 19:50, 9 May 2005 (UTC) *There is a lot of data in this that is either incomplete or outdated. I had actually missed that portion of it. With modern chemist's techniques, street methamphetamine is becoming purer, and many of the symptoms are more pronoounced. *Additionally, I reiterate that I would like to see the withdrawal portion of the article upgraded to specificy that methamphetamine does possess specific physical withdrawal symptoms, most especially with concentrated use over an extended period of time. The broad statement that methamphetamine purely psychologically addictive is being proven to be a fallacy. The physical changes that methamphetamine causes in the neurological systems of its users is proof against this. --User:Bastique 21:10, 9 May 2005 (UTC) :Please provide references for these neurological changes. Meth is known to be neurotoxic after chronic administration but that is very different from the classic withdrawl syndromes produced by opioids, benzodiazepines and ethyl alcohol. --User:Bk0 23:31, 25 May 2005 (UTC) :: 'Classic' withdrawal symptoms notwithstanding, It does not matter. The therapeutic community is moving away from terms such as "physical" addiction because the addiction spectrum is entirely broad. User:BastiqueUser talk:Bastique 01:21, 26 May 2005 (UTC) == Homosexual promiscuity and the use of dirty needles == User User:Bastique reverted edits by User:Googuse and User:Bk0 incorrectly. I have since reverted his changes. * The claim that homosexual men are more sexually promiscuous as a group is inflammatory POV that doesn't belong here. It is bigoted and incorrect. Googuse was justified in editing that preposterous claim out of the article. * The use of dirty needles by IV drug users (which includes meth addicts) is a huge contributer to the spread of HIV and STDs. The title of the section is "Effects" and goes on to describe the factors that cause meth use to be associated with HIV/STD infection. Use of dirty needles is both relevant and informative. Do not edit that out again simply because you apparently want the article to focus on the alleged promiscuity of gay men. --User:Bk0 23:28, 25 May 2005 (UTC) # There was no claim that gay men are more promiscious. # Heterosexuals do not experience the sexual compulsion that gay men do on methamphetamine. This is due to the method of introduction of crystal meth into our subculture is tied in with sex. I am gay and I doubt that you are. This is not a bigoted remark. # Gay men are experience a rapid rise of HIV and syphalis (which cannot be transmitted introvenously) becuase of methamphetamine use. This is 1) important to the article and 2) a fact. # You've broken the three revert rule. User:BastiqueUser talk:Bastique * I have re-edited the section. The problem with sexual compulsion, which is not the same thing as promiscuity, has been amended to refer to gay and bisexual ''methamphetamine'' users. I have removed dirty needles ''once again'' because it's not pertinent to this paragraph. You can write a paragraph on HIV and Hepatitis C transmission if you like in which you discuss dirty needles. The simple facts are: * An inordinate amount of gay and bisexual men are using crystal meth. * They are experiencing a rise in HIV and STD transmission because of the "pig-sex" in which they participate while on it, and rarely from exchanging needles. Most gay men who use crystal these days are smoking it. * I can cite many articles if you would like, as well as the rise in outreach programs toward gay men about methamphetamine and sex. * No amount of sugar coating and pretending the problem doesn't exist will make it go away. * Getting honest about it will make it go away. I would like to see the problem go away, because I care about my community. User:BastiqueUser talk:Bastique 01:39, 26 May 2005 (UTC) == saliva == I removed the following sentence: "It has been demonstrated clinically that methamphetamine use dries the mouth, and saliva combats tooth decay by washing bacteria off the teeth" for a couple of reasons. It is true that as a sympothetic agonist, methamphetamine can cause xerostomia, and it is true that xerostomia can cause tooth decay, but the mechanism is not as simple as washing bacteria off the teeth. It is also not clear that methamphetamine use causes periodontal disease by this mechanism. We need to cite sources to include this statement. ==Drugs in Oregon== Meth is a huge problem in Oregon, and I added the section about the pharmaceutical restriction law. I'm not 100 percent positive I got everything, but I got the gist of it. I feel that this article does not cover the near epidemic that meth is causing, especially among low-income areas.

See other meanings of words starting from letter:

M

MA | MB | MC | MD | ME | MF | MG | MH | MI | MJ | MK | ML | MN | MO | MP | MR | MS | MT | MU | MW | MX | MY | MZ |

Words begining with Methamphetamine:

Methamphetamine
Methamphetamine
Methamphetamines
Methamphetamine_psychosis

Sponsored links: praca, pensjonaty. Big prize for skup tuszy or skup pustych

These materials are based on Wikipedia and licensed under the GNU FDL

YouTube.com videos better site than Turbo Tax 2007