[[Image:SantoriosMeal.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Santorio Santorio (1561-1636) in his steelyard balance, from ''Ars de statica medecina,'' first published 1614]] Metabolism (from μεταβολισμος ("metabolismos"), the Greek language word for "change", or "overthrow" ([http://www.etymonline.com Etymonline])), is the Biochemistry modification of chemical compounds in life organisms and cell (biology)s. This includes the biosynthesis of complex Organic molecule molecules (anabolism) and their breakdown (catabolism). Metabolism usually consists of sequences of enzyme steps, also called metabolic pathways. The total metabolism are all biochemical processes of an organism. The cell metabolism includes all chemical processes in a cell. == Metabolic pathways == Important metabolic pathways are: === General pathways === * Carbohydrate metabolism * Fatty acid metabolism * Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle) === Catabolism === Catabolism pathways that breakdown complex molecules into simple compounds: * Cellular respiration, metabolic pathways that create energy (Adenosine triphosphate and Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) from fuel molecules. These pathways are also involved in the digestion of food. ** Carbohydrate catabolism *** Glycogenolysis, the conversion of glycogen into glucose. *** Glycolysis, the conversion of glucose into pyruvate and ATP, does not require oxygen. **** Embden-Meyerhof pathway, the common glycolysis pathway. **** Entner-Doudoroff Pathway, an alternative glycolysis pathway in few bacteria. *** Pentose phosphate pathway (hexose monophosphate shunt), generation of NADPH from glucose. ** Protein catabolism, the hydrolysis of proteins into amino acids. * Aerobic respiration ** Electron transfer chain ** Oxidative phosphorylation * Anaerobic respiration, ** Cori cycle ** Lactic acid fermentation ** Fermentation ** Ethanol fermentation === Anabolism === Anabolism pathways that create building blocks and compounds from simple precursors: * Glycogenesis * Gluconeogenesis * Porphyrin synthesis pathway * HMG-CoA reductase pathway, leading to cholesterol and isoprenoids. * Secondary metabolite, metabolic pathways that are not essential for growth, development or reproduction, but that usually have Ecology function. * Photosynthesis ** Light-dependent reaction (light reaction) ** Light-independent reaction (dark reaction) *** Calvin cycle **** Carbon fixation === Drug metabolism === Drug metabolism pathways, the modification or degradation of drugs and other xenobiotic compounds through specialized enzyme systems: * Cytochrome P450 oxidase system * Flavin-containing monooxygenase system * Blood alcohol content === Nitrogen metabolism === Nitrogen metabolism includes the pathways for turnover and excretion of nitrogen in organisms as well as the biological processes of the biogeochemical cycle nitrogen cycle: * Urea cycle, important for excretion of nitrogen as urea. * Biological nitrogen fixation * Nitrogen assimilation * Nitrification * Denitrification == History == The first controlled experiments in human metabolism were published by Santorio Santorio in 1614 in his book ''Ars de statica medecina'' that made him famous throughout Europe. He describes his long series of experiments in which he weighed himself in a chair suspended from a steelyard balance (see image), before and after eating, sleeping, working, sex, fasting, depriving from drinking, and excreting. He found that by far the greatest part of the food he took in was lost from the body through ''perspiratio insensibilis'' (insensible perspiration). == See also == * Metabolomics * Metabolome * Basal metabolic rate * Thermic effect of food * Iron-sulfur world theory, a "metabolism first" theory of the origin of life. * Biodegradation == External links == * [http://www.biochemweb.org/metabolism.shtml Metabolism, Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis - The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and Cell Biology] * [http://www.rpi.edu/dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb1/MB1index.html The Biochemistry of Metabolism at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute] * [http://www.expasy.org/cgi-bin/show_thumbnails.pl Flow Chart of Metabolic Pathways at ExPASy] * [http://www.istrianet.org/istria/illustri/santorio/ Santorio Santorio's experiments] Metabolism fa:دگرگشت simple:Metabolism
See Previous. Does this mean that viruses have no metabolism? Does this mean that viruses do not die, or cease existing? When they enter a bacteria or other cell, and that bacteria or cell dies, or ceases to exist, does this mean that virus moves on to another host? If many illnesses are caused by viruses, isn't it then impossible to rid a life form, i.e., a metabolizing body, from viruses. When the host body dies, i.e, 1000 year old fungi spore, or day old mosquito, what happens to the viruses contained in that body? *Viruses have no metabolism as biologists use the term. They are also not alive, nor can they die. They can be inactivated or destroyed but cannot die, since they have never lived. As for all your other questions, consult a basic text on virology. *In response to the affirmation that viruses are not alive: This is a controversial subject as many scientists do claim that viruses are alive, while some don't. The virus contained in a cell might be passed on to another organism, just like when a virus infected cell in our body dies and contaminates the next one, or may not: if all the vectors of a virus dies, it will be eradicated. In layman's terms, when someone says "I have a fast metabolism", i.e. they can eat a lot and not put on weight, what does that mean? : It means that energy ingested (food) is not stored in the body as fat, but used in other ways or excreted. There is no difference in the "speed" of metabolism, but rather the relative amount and utilisation of metabolic products User:Onco p53 09:45, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)
: ''For more information, see the main articles about Metabolism and Metabolic pathway.'' Physiology Cell biology Biochemistry
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
Words begining with Metabolism:
Metabolism
Metabolism
Metabolism
Metabolism
[[Image:SantoriosMeal.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Santorio Santorio (1561-1636) in his steelyard balance, from ''Ars de statica medecina,'' first published 1614]] Metabolism (from μεταβολισμος ("metabolismos"), the Greek language word for "change", or "overthrow" ([http://www.etymonline.com Etymonline])), is the Biochemistry modification of chemical compounds in life organisms and cell (biology)s. This includes the biosynthesis of complex Organic molecule molecules (anabolism) and their breakdown (catabolism). Metabolism usually consists of sequences of enzyme steps, also called metabolic pathways. The total metabolism are all biochemical processes of an organism. The cell metabolism includes all chemical processes in a cell. == Metabolic pathways == Important metabolic pathways are: === General pathways === * Carbohydrate metabolism * Fatty acid metabolism * Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle) === Catabolism === Catabolism pathways that breakdown complex molecules into simple compounds: * Cellular respiration, metabolic pathways that create energy (Adenosine triphosphate and Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) from fuel molecules. These pathways are also involved in the digestion of food. ** Carbohydrate catabolism *** Glycogenolysis, the conversion of glycogen into glucose. *** Glycolysis, the conversion of glucose into pyruvate and ATP, does not require oxygen. **** Embden-Meyerhof pathway, the common glycolysis pathway. **** Entner-Doudoroff Pathway, an alternative glycolysis pathway in few bacteria. *** Pentose phosphate pathway (hexose monophosphate shunt), generation of NADPH from glucose. ** Protein catabolism, the hydrolysis of proteins into amino acids. * Aerobic respiration ** Electron transfer chain ** Oxidative phosphorylation * Anaerobic respiration, ** Cori cycle ** Lactic acid fermentation ** Fermentation ** Ethanol fermentation === Anabolism === Anabolism pathways that create building blocks and compounds from simple precursors: * Glycogenesis * Gluconeogenesis * Porphyrin synthesis pathway * HMG-CoA reductase pathway, leading to cholesterol and isoprenoids. * Secondary metabolite, metabolic pathways that are not essential for growth, development or reproduction, but that usually have Ecology function. * Photosynthesis ** Light-dependent reaction (light reaction) ** Light-independent reaction (dark reaction) *** Calvin cycle **** Carbon fixation === Drug metabolism === Drug metabolism pathways, the modification or degradation of drugs and other xenobiotic compounds through specialized enzyme systems: * Cytochrome P450 oxidase system * Flavin-containing monooxygenase system * Blood alcohol content === Nitrogen metabolism === Nitrogen metabolism includes the pathways for turnover and excretion of nitrogen in organisms as well as the biological processes of the biogeochemical cycle nitrogen cycle: * Urea cycle, important for excretion of nitrogen as urea. * Biological nitrogen fixation * Nitrogen assimilation * Nitrification * Denitrification == History == The first controlled experiments in human metabolism were published by Santorio Santorio in 1614 in his book ''Ars de statica medecina'' that made him famous throughout Europe. He describes his long series of experiments in which he weighed himself in a chair suspended from a steelyard balance (see image), before and after eating, sleeping, working, sex, fasting, depriving from drinking, and excreting. He found that by far the greatest part of the food he took in was lost from the body through ''perspiratio insensibilis'' (insensible perspiration). == See also == * Metabolomics * Metabolome * Basal metabolic rate * Thermic effect of food * Iron-sulfur world theory, a "metabolism first" theory of the origin of life. * Biodegradation == External links == * [http://www.biochemweb.org/metabolism.shtml Metabolism, Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis - The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and Cell Biology] * [http://www.rpi.edu/dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb1/MB1index.html The Biochemistry of Metabolism at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute] * [http://www.expasy.org/cgi-bin/show_thumbnails.pl Flow Chart of Metabolic Pathways at ExPASy] * [http://www.istrianet.org/istria/illustri/santorio/ Santorio Santorio's experiments] Metabolism fa:دگرگشت simple:Metabolism
Metabolism
See Previous. Does this mean that viruses have no metabolism? Does this mean that viruses do not die, or cease existing? When they enter a bacteria or other cell, and that bacteria or cell dies, or ceases to exist, does this mean that virus moves on to another host? If many illnesses are caused by viruses, isn't it then impossible to rid a life form, i.e., a metabolizing body, from viruses. When the host body dies, i.e, 1000 year old fungi spore, or day old mosquito, what happens to the viruses contained in that body? *Viruses have no metabolism as biologists use the term. They are also not alive, nor can they die. They can be inactivated or destroyed but cannot die, since they have never lived. As for all your other questions, consult a basic text on virology. *In response to the affirmation that viruses are not alive: This is a controversial subject as many scientists do claim that viruses are alive, while some don't. The virus contained in a cell might be passed on to another organism, just like when a virus infected cell in our body dies and contaminates the next one, or may not: if all the vectors of a virus dies, it will be eradicated. In layman's terms, when someone says "I have a fast metabolism", i.e. they can eat a lot and not put on weight, what does that mean? : It means that energy ingested (food) is not stored in the body as fat, but used in other ways or excreted. There is no difference in the "speed" of metabolism, but rather the relative amount and utilisation of metabolic products User:Onco p53 09:45, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)
Metabolism
: ''For more information, see the main articles about Metabolism and Metabolic pathway.'' Physiology Cell biology Biochemistry
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
M
MA | MB | MC | MD | ME | MF | MG | MH | MI | MJ | MK | ML | MN | MO | MP | MR | MS | MT | MU | MW | MX | MY | MZ |Words begining with Metabolism:
Metabolism
Metabolism
Metabolism
These materials are based on Wikipedia and licensed under the GNU FDL
YouTube.com videos better site than Turbo Tax 2007
