Mercia, sometimes spelled Mierce, was one of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxons heptarchy, in what is now England, in the region of the Midlands, with its heart in the valley of the River Trent and its tributary streams. Mercia's neighbours included Northumbria, kingdom of Powys, the kingdoms of southern Wales, Wessex, Sussex, Kingdom of Essex, and East Anglia. The term survives today in the name of the West Mercia Constabulary and also in the new British Army infantry regiment, the Mercian Regiment. Mercia's exact evolution from the Anglo-Saxon invasions is more obscure than that of Northumbria, Kent, or even Wessex. Archeology surveys show that Angles settled the lands north of the River Thames by the sixth century. The name Mercia is Old English for "boundary folk" (see marches), and the traditional interpretation was that the kingdom originated along the frontier between the Wales and the Anglo-Saxon invaders, although P. Hunter Blair has argued an alternative interpretation that they emerged along the frontier between the kingdom of Northumbria and the inhabitants of the Trent river valley. The earliest known king of Mercia was named Creoda, said to have been the great-grandson of Icel. He came to power about 585 and was succeeded by his son Pybba in 593. Cearl of Mercia, a kinsman of Creoda, followed Pybba in 606; in 615, Cearl gave his daughter Cwenburga in marriage to Edwin of Northumbria, king of Deira whom he had sheltered while he was an exiled prince. The next Mercian king was Penda of Mercia, who ruled from about 626 or 633 until 655. Some of what is known about Penda comes through the hostile account of Bede, who disliked him both for being an enemy king to Bede's own Northumbria, but also for being a Paganism. However, Bede admits that it was Penda who freely allowed Christian missionaries from Lindisfarne into Mercia, and did not restrain them from preaching. After a reign of successful battles against all opponents, Penda was defeated and killed at the Battle of Winwaed by the Northumbrian king Oswiu of Northumbria in 655. The battle led to a temporary collapse of Mercian power. Penda was succeeded first by his son Peada, but in the spring of 656 Oswiu assumed control of the whole of Mercia after Peada's murder. A revolt in 658 resulted in the appearance of another son of Penda, Wulfhere of Mercia, who ruled Mercia until his death in 675. Wulfhere was initially successful in restoring the power of Mercia, but the end of his reign saw a serious defeat against Northumbria. The next two kings, Aethelred of Mercia and Cenred of Mercia son of Wulfhere, are better known for their religious activities; the king who succeeded them (in 709), Ceolred of Mercia, is said in a letter of Saint Boniface to have been a dissolute youth who died insane. So ended the rule of the direct descendants of Penda. At some point before the accession of Ethelbald of Mercia, the Mercians conquered the region around Wroxeter, known to the Welsh as "The Paradise of Powys." Elegies written in the persona of its dispossessed rulers record the sorrow at this loss. The next important king of Mercia was Æthelbald (716 - 757). For the first few years of his reign, he had to face the obstacles of two strong rival kings, Wihtred of Kent and Ine of Wessex. But when Wihtred died in 725, and Ine abdicated his throne the following year to become a monk in Rome, Æthelbald was free to establish Mercia's hegemony over the rest of the Anglo-Saxons south of the Humber. Because of his prowess as a military leader, he acquired the title of Bretwalda. Æthelbald suffered a setback in 752, when he was defeated by the West Saxons under Cuthred of Wessex, but he seems to have restored his supremacy over Wessex by 757. Following the murder of Æthelbald by one of his bodyguards in 757, a civil war followed, which was concluded with the victory of Offa. Offa was forced to build the hegemony over the southern English of his predecessor anew, but he not only did so successfully, he became the greatest king Mercia ever knew. Not only did he win battles and dominate southern England, he also took an active hand to administering the affairs of his kingdom by founding market towns and overseeing the first major issues of gold coins in Britain, assumed a role in the administration of the Catholic church in England, and even negotiated with Charlemagne as an equal. Offa is credited with the construction of Offa's Dyke, marking the border between Wales and Mercia. Offa exerted himself to ensure that his son Ecgfrith of Mercia would succeed him, but after his death in July 796, Ecgfrith survived for only five more months, and the kingdom passed to a distant relative named Coenwulf of Mercia in December 796. In 821, Coenwulf himself was succeeded by his brother Ceolwulf I of Mercia, who demonstrated his military prowess by his attack on and destruction of the fortress of Deganwy in Powys. The power of the West Saxons under Egbert of Wessex was rising during this period, however, and in 825 Egbert defeated the Mercian king Beornwulf of Mercia (who had overthrown Ceolwulf in 823) at Ellendun. The Battle of Ellendun proved decisive. Beornwulf was slain suppressing a revolt amongst the East Angles, and his successor, a former ealdorman named Ludeca of Mercia, met the same fate. Another ealdorman, Wiglaf of Mercia, subsequently ruled for less than two years before being driven out of Mercia by Egbert. In 830, Wiglaf regained independence for Mercia, but by this time Wessex was clearly the dominant power in England. Wiglaf was succeeded by Beorhtwulf of Mercia. In 852, Burgred came to the throne and with Ethelwulf of Wessex subjugated north Wales. In 868, Denmark armies occupied Nottingham. The Danes drove Burgred, the last king of Mercia from his kingdom in 874 and in 886, the eastern part of the kingdom became part of the Danelaw, while the western portion was occupied by Wessex. The Danes appointed a Mercian thegn, Ceolwulf II of Mercia, as king in 873 while the remaining independent section of Mercia was ruled by Aethelred of Mercia, called an ealderman, not a king. He ruled from 883 until 911. Aethelred had married Ethelfleda, daughter of Alfred the Great of Wessex. She gradually assumed power as her husband sickened after about 900. After his death she ruled alone until her death in 918 when her brother, Edward the Elder of Wessex became king, combining the two kingdoms. J. R. R. Tolkien is one of the many people who focused on the Old English dialect of Mercia. He based many of the concepts and words in The Lord of the Rings on Old English words, and almost all of them can be traced back, for example, Hobbit. For knowledge of the internal composition of the kingdom of Mercia, we must rely on a document of uncertain age (late 7th century?), ''The Tribal Hidage'', an assessment of the extent (but not the location) of land (reckoned in "hides") owned, and therefore the military obligations and perhaps taxes due, by each of the Mercian tribes and subject kingdoms by name. This hidage exists in several manuscript versions, some as late as the 14th century; it lists a number of peoples who have vanished, except for reminders in various placenames. See also: Kings of Mercia ==Further reading== * Ian W. Walker. ''Mercia and the Making of England'' (2001). (In the UK, differently titled: ''Mercia and the Origins of England'') * Sarah Zaluckyj & Marge Feryok. ''Mercia: The Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Central England'' (2001). * Michelle Brown & Carol Farr. ''Mercia (Continuum Studies in Medieval History Series)'' (forthcoming - March 2005) * Margaret Gelling. 'The Early History of Western Mercia'. (p. 184-201; In: ''The Origins of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms''. S. Bassett. 1989) (Western Mercia and the upper Trent being the probable cradle of early Mercia). SEE ALSO: *JRR Tolkien *Old English ==External links== *[http://www.btinternet.com/~simonmarchini/mercian.htm Mercian History: History Project] *[http://www.wmich.edu/medieval/research/rawl/keynesbib/biblioe.htm Simon Keynes' bibliography (and brief notes) on the Mercian kingdom] *[http://www.georgetown.edu/labyrinth/library/oe/texts/hidage.html Recensions of manuscripts of the "Hidage"] Anglo-Saxon England Regions of England Former monarchies ang:Mierce tokipona:ma Mesija
I whacked the "Mercland" because there is zero evidence for it, and I just finished ''The Earliest English Kings'' which would have mentioned it if the name was real. So let's see the authority here. User:Stan Shebs 22:37, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC) :That's an interesting explanation, but still doesn't answer my question about authorities. My unabridged OED has a third of a column about "Mercia" and "Mercian", but "Mercland" is nowhere to be seen. If the term is not of your own invention, there must be somebody else who uses it also. Google only shows "Mercland" as a surname and for auto dealerships, but it's certainly possible that there are print authorities without web pages. We only need one. User:Stan Shebs 23:15, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC) ::It's possible that because Mercia was "out of the loop" on written materials later than other parts of England, that "Mercland" had gone out of use before anything was written down in the vernacular. The OED sez "Mercia" is a latinization of Ole English "Mierce", so perhaps "land" was simply never added to the name. I don't have a textbook or dictionary of Old English at home, but will visit university library in a couple weeks, can look up then. User:Stan Shebs 00:53, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC) :But if it's not a real name, then it shouldn't be there. Otherwise you leave the door open to nutcases who say their study of Gnostic writings make it clear that it was really called "Oogabooga", and then the edit warring never stops. We have to have an authoritative source that we can cite by name. (Yes, not everything in WP has that level of support, but that's a bug, not a feature.) User:Stan Shebs 04:34, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC) ::No decrees needed! - just a use in print. That's how the OED works after all; they have a lot of really weird words, but each definition includes one or more quotes showing that it was really used by people; for modern words the quote may very well be something as minor as a campus newspaper, but it's still something verifiable. "Mierce" is cool with me, although I'd still like to investigate the "Mercland" possibility. User:Stan Shebs 07:01, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC) Okay, at the risk of stirring up the pot, I started to look thru my small collection of A-S references, & did find the forms "Myrcnaland", "Miercnalond" & "Mercnaland" attested in the A & D versions of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Plummer's edition). P.H. Sawyer's ''Anglo-Saxon Charters'' only provides the original forms when they cannot be identified with the modern name, & the charters in my copies of ''Sweet's Anglo-Sazon Reader''(15th ed.) & his ''A Second Anglo-Saxon Reader'' (2nd ed.) do not provide any meaningful help. My guess is that the "-na-" syllable suggests a dative form of "Mercia", so it is possible that "Mercland" was used. It is in any case an uncommon variant. However, I have to side with Stan that when one makes a contribution to Wikipedia, she/he should be prepared to provide some kind of support for the contribution. In this case, the English Place-Name Society has fairly well documented the various variants of every place name in England, even at times down to street & individual field names; their works are available in every public library in England (so I found when I checked in a couple of cities). Even my local public library here in Oregon even has a couple volumes that they produced. Taking a moment to consult this authoritative work should always replace guesswork. Adding material without documentation -- even a newspaper article or pamphlet -- only leads to trouble. I've been engaged in a flame-war with someone who insists that his contributions "are true", but refuses to provide this desired documentation, despite my pleas; as a result some of the articles he has written has appeared on VfD -- & not because I nominated them. And the process of listing articles at VfD to keep out dubious material is a waste of everyone's time when simply supplying sources at the beginning could have avoided the ensuing debates. -- User:Llywrch 18:04, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC) ::Interesting speculation. Sadly, Wikipedia does not treat speculation as fact... User:Morwen 18:14, Mar 4, 2004 (UTC) Morwen, do you have access to any of the EPNS references I mentioned above? I figure that would have the authoritative answer to this question, & settle this matter. And the issue of spelling Mercia can be overprecise: I've seen diplomatic texts that spell Mercia "Myrce", "Mierce" & "Mearce". Obviously the original writer was trying to capture the quality of the first vowel, which probably varied depending on how he heard it spoken, & his habits of spelling. Spelling was more of an art than a science before the introduction of the printing press. BTW, the Mercian charters printed in ''A Second Anglo-Saxon Reader'' (2nd ed.) call kings Offa & Ethelbald ''rex merciorum'' -- "king of the Mercias". So if we want to add contemporary variants on Mercia to this article, we should add all of them; it will be quite a chore to collect them, unless someone can find a paper that has done so. -- User:Llywrch 23:11, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC) Note to the reader: the reason for the bizarre appearance of the above dialogue is that User:Kenneth Alan afterwards deleted all of his comments. He believes that their existence in the history of changes for this page is a sufficient record. -- User:Llywrch 17:47, 12 Apr 2004 (UTC)
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
Words begining with Mercia:
Mercia
Mercia
Mercian
Mercians
Mercian_(Anglo-Saxon)
Mercian_monarchs
Mercian_monarchs
Mercian_Regiment
Mercia_FM
Mercia
Mercia, sometimes spelled Mierce, was one of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxons heptarchy, in what is now England, in the region of the Midlands, with its heart in the valley of the River Trent and its tributary streams. Mercia's neighbours included Northumbria, kingdom of Powys, the kingdoms of southern Wales, Wessex, Sussex, Kingdom of Essex, and East Anglia. The term survives today in the name of the West Mercia Constabulary and also in the new British Army infantry regiment, the Mercian Regiment. Mercia's exact evolution from the Anglo-Saxon invasions is more obscure than that of Northumbria, Kent, or even Wessex. Archeology surveys show that Angles settled the lands north of the River Thames by the sixth century. The name Mercia is Old English for "boundary folk" (see marches), and the traditional interpretation was that the kingdom originated along the frontier between the Wales and the Anglo-Saxon invaders, although P. Hunter Blair has argued an alternative interpretation that they emerged along the frontier between the kingdom of Northumbria and the inhabitants of the Trent river valley. The earliest known king of Mercia was named Creoda, said to have been the great-grandson of Icel. He came to power about 585 and was succeeded by his son Pybba in 593. Cearl of Mercia, a kinsman of Creoda, followed Pybba in 606; in 615, Cearl gave his daughter Cwenburga in marriage to Edwin of Northumbria, king of Deira whom he had sheltered while he was an exiled prince. The next Mercian king was Penda of Mercia, who ruled from about 626 or 633 until 655. Some of what is known about Penda comes through the hostile account of Bede, who disliked him both for being an enemy king to Bede's own Northumbria, but also for being a Paganism. However, Bede admits that it was Penda who freely allowed Christian missionaries from Lindisfarne into Mercia, and did not restrain them from preaching. After a reign of successful battles against all opponents, Penda was defeated and killed at the Battle of Winwaed by the Northumbrian king Oswiu of Northumbria in 655. The battle led to a temporary collapse of Mercian power. Penda was succeeded first by his son Peada, but in the spring of 656 Oswiu assumed control of the whole of Mercia after Peada's murder. A revolt in 658 resulted in the appearance of another son of Penda, Wulfhere of Mercia, who ruled Mercia until his death in 675. Wulfhere was initially successful in restoring the power of Mercia, but the end of his reign saw a serious defeat against Northumbria. The next two kings, Aethelred of Mercia and Cenred of Mercia son of Wulfhere, are better known for their religious activities; the king who succeeded them (in 709), Ceolred of Mercia, is said in a letter of Saint Boniface to have been a dissolute youth who died insane. So ended the rule of the direct descendants of Penda. At some point before the accession of Ethelbald of Mercia, the Mercians conquered the region around Wroxeter, known to the Welsh as "The Paradise of Powys." Elegies written in the persona of its dispossessed rulers record the sorrow at this loss. The next important king of Mercia was Æthelbald (716 - 757). For the first few years of his reign, he had to face the obstacles of two strong rival kings, Wihtred of Kent and Ine of Wessex. But when Wihtred died in 725, and Ine abdicated his throne the following year to become a monk in Rome, Æthelbald was free to establish Mercia's hegemony over the rest of the Anglo-Saxons south of the Humber. Because of his prowess as a military leader, he acquired the title of Bretwalda. Æthelbald suffered a setback in 752, when he was defeated by the West Saxons under Cuthred of Wessex, but he seems to have restored his supremacy over Wessex by 757. Following the murder of Æthelbald by one of his bodyguards in 757, a civil war followed, which was concluded with the victory of Offa. Offa was forced to build the hegemony over the southern English of his predecessor anew, but he not only did so successfully, he became the greatest king Mercia ever knew. Not only did he win battles and dominate southern England, he also took an active hand to administering the affairs of his kingdom by founding market towns and overseeing the first major issues of gold coins in Britain, assumed a role in the administration of the Catholic church in England, and even negotiated with Charlemagne as an equal. Offa is credited with the construction of Offa's Dyke, marking the border between Wales and Mercia. Offa exerted himself to ensure that his son Ecgfrith of Mercia would succeed him, but after his death in July 796, Ecgfrith survived for only five more months, and the kingdom passed to a distant relative named Coenwulf of Mercia in December 796. In 821, Coenwulf himself was succeeded by his brother Ceolwulf I of Mercia, who demonstrated his military prowess by his attack on and destruction of the fortress of Deganwy in Powys. The power of the West Saxons under Egbert of Wessex was rising during this period, however, and in 825 Egbert defeated the Mercian king Beornwulf of Mercia (who had overthrown Ceolwulf in 823) at Ellendun. The Battle of Ellendun proved decisive. Beornwulf was slain suppressing a revolt amongst the East Angles, and his successor, a former ealdorman named Ludeca of Mercia, met the same fate. Another ealdorman, Wiglaf of Mercia, subsequently ruled for less than two years before being driven out of Mercia by Egbert. In 830, Wiglaf regained independence for Mercia, but by this time Wessex was clearly the dominant power in England. Wiglaf was succeeded by Beorhtwulf of Mercia. In 852, Burgred came to the throne and with Ethelwulf of Wessex subjugated north Wales. In 868, Denmark armies occupied Nottingham. The Danes drove Burgred, the last king of Mercia from his kingdom in 874 and in 886, the eastern part of the kingdom became part of the Danelaw, while the western portion was occupied by Wessex. The Danes appointed a Mercian thegn, Ceolwulf II of Mercia, as king in 873 while the remaining independent section of Mercia was ruled by Aethelred of Mercia, called an ealderman, not a king. He ruled from 883 until 911. Aethelred had married Ethelfleda, daughter of Alfred the Great of Wessex. She gradually assumed power as her husband sickened after about 900. After his death she ruled alone until her death in 918 when her brother, Edward the Elder of Wessex became king, combining the two kingdoms. J. R. R. Tolkien is one of the many people who focused on the Old English dialect of Mercia. He based many of the concepts and words in The Lord of the Rings on Old English words, and almost all of them can be traced back, for example, Hobbit. For knowledge of the internal composition of the kingdom of Mercia, we must rely on a document of uncertain age (late 7th century?), ''The Tribal Hidage'', an assessment of the extent (but not the location) of land (reckoned in "hides") owned, and therefore the military obligations and perhaps taxes due, by each of the Mercian tribes and subject kingdoms by name. This hidage exists in several manuscript versions, some as late as the 14th century; it lists a number of peoples who have vanished, except for reminders in various placenames. See also: Kings of Mercia ==Further reading== * Ian W. Walker. ''Mercia and the Making of England'' (2001). (In the UK, differently titled: ''Mercia and the Origins of England'') * Sarah Zaluckyj & Marge Feryok. ''Mercia: The Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Central England'' (2001). * Michelle Brown & Carol Farr. ''Mercia (Continuum Studies in Medieval History Series)'' (forthcoming - March 2005) * Margaret Gelling. 'The Early History of Western Mercia'. (p. 184-201; In: ''The Origins of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms''. S. Bassett. 1989) (Western Mercia and the upper Trent being the probable cradle of early Mercia). SEE ALSO: *JRR Tolkien *Old English ==External links== *[http://www.btinternet.com/~simonmarchini/mercian.htm Mercian History: History Project] *[http://www.wmich.edu/medieval/research/rawl/keynesbib/biblioe.htm Simon Keynes' bibliography (and brief notes) on the Mercian kingdom] *[http://www.georgetown.edu/labyrinth/library/oe/texts/hidage.html Recensions of manuscripts of the "Hidage"] Anglo-Saxon England Regions of England Former monarchies ang:Mierce tokipona:ma Mesija
Mercia
I whacked the "Mercland" because there is zero evidence for it, and I just finished ''The Earliest English Kings'' which would have mentioned it if the name was real. So let's see the authority here. User:Stan Shebs 22:37, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC) :That's an interesting explanation, but still doesn't answer my question about authorities. My unabridged OED has a third of a column about "Mercia" and "Mercian", but "Mercland" is nowhere to be seen. If the term is not of your own invention, there must be somebody else who uses it also. Google only shows "Mercland" as a surname and for auto dealerships, but it's certainly possible that there are print authorities without web pages. We only need one. User:Stan Shebs 23:15, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC) ::It's possible that because Mercia was "out of the loop" on written materials later than other parts of England, that "Mercland" had gone out of use before anything was written down in the vernacular. The OED sez "Mercia" is a latinization of Ole English "Mierce", so perhaps "land" was simply never added to the name. I don't have a textbook or dictionary of Old English at home, but will visit university library in a couple weeks, can look up then. User:Stan Shebs 00:53, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC) :But if it's not a real name, then it shouldn't be there. Otherwise you leave the door open to nutcases who say their study of Gnostic writings make it clear that it was really called "Oogabooga", and then the edit warring never stops. We have to have an authoritative source that we can cite by name. (Yes, not everything in WP has that level of support, but that's a bug, not a feature.) User:Stan Shebs 04:34, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC) ::No decrees needed! - just a use in print. That's how the OED works after all; they have a lot of really weird words, but each definition includes one or more quotes showing that it was really used by people; for modern words the quote may very well be something as minor as a campus newspaper, but it's still something verifiable. "Mierce" is cool with me, although I'd still like to investigate the "Mercland" possibility. User:Stan Shebs 07:01, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC) Okay, at the risk of stirring up the pot, I started to look thru my small collection of A-S references, & did find the forms "Myrcnaland", "Miercnalond" & "Mercnaland" attested in the A & D versions of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Plummer's edition). P.H. Sawyer's ''Anglo-Saxon Charters'' only provides the original forms when they cannot be identified with the modern name, & the charters in my copies of ''Sweet's Anglo-Sazon Reader''(15th ed.) & his ''A Second Anglo-Saxon Reader'' (2nd ed.) do not provide any meaningful help. My guess is that the "-na-" syllable suggests a dative form of "Mercia", so it is possible that "Mercland" was used. It is in any case an uncommon variant. However, I have to side with Stan that when one makes a contribution to Wikipedia, she/he should be prepared to provide some kind of support for the contribution. In this case, the English Place-Name Society has fairly well documented the various variants of every place name in England, even at times down to street & individual field names; their works are available in every public library in England (so I found when I checked in a couple of cities). Even my local public library here in Oregon even has a couple volumes that they produced. Taking a moment to consult this authoritative work should always replace guesswork. Adding material without documentation -- even a newspaper article or pamphlet -- only leads to trouble. I've been engaged in a flame-war with someone who insists that his contributions "are true", but refuses to provide this desired documentation, despite my pleas; as a result some of the articles he has written has appeared on VfD -- & not because I nominated them. And the process of listing articles at VfD to keep out dubious material is a waste of everyone's time when simply supplying sources at the beginning could have avoided the ensuing debates. -- User:Llywrch 18:04, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC) ::Interesting speculation. Sadly, Wikipedia does not treat speculation as fact... User:Morwen 18:14, Mar 4, 2004 (UTC) Morwen, do you have access to any of the EPNS references I mentioned above? I figure that would have the authoritative answer to this question, & settle this matter. And the issue of spelling Mercia can be overprecise: I've seen diplomatic texts that spell Mercia "Myrce", "Mierce" & "Mearce". Obviously the original writer was trying to capture the quality of the first vowel, which probably varied depending on how he heard it spoken, & his habits of spelling. Spelling was more of an art than a science before the introduction of the printing press. BTW, the Mercian charters printed in ''A Second Anglo-Saxon Reader'' (2nd ed.) call kings Offa & Ethelbald ''rex merciorum'' -- "king of the Mercias". So if we want to add contemporary variants on Mercia to this article, we should add all of them; it will be quite a chore to collect them, unless someone can find a paper that has done so. -- User:Llywrch 23:11, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC) Note to the reader: the reason for the bizarre appearance of the above dialogue is that User:Kenneth Alan afterwards deleted all of his comments. He believes that their existence in the history of changes for this page is a sufficient record. -- User:Llywrch 17:47, 12 Apr 2004 (UTC)
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
M
MA | MB | MC | MD | ME | MF | MG | MH | MI | MJ | MK | ML | MN | MO | MP | MR | MS | MT | MU | MW | MX | MY | MZ |Words begining with Mercia:
Mercia
Mercia
Mercian
Mercians
Mercian_(Anglo-Saxon)
Mercian_monarchs
Mercian_monarchs
Mercian_Regiment
Mercia_FM
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