
Mainz (French_language: ''Mayence'') is a city in Germany and the capital of the Germany States of Germany of Rhineland-Palatinate. == Introduction == Mainz is located on the left bank of the river Rhine, opposite the confluence of the Main river with the Rhine. Population (2002): 183,822 (an additional 18,619 people maintain a primary residence elsewhere but have a second home in Mainz). Mainz is easily reached from Frankfurt International Airport in 25 minutes by commuter railway (''S-Bahn''). The city consists of 15 districts: Altstadt, Neustadt, Mombach, Gonsenheim, Hartenberg-Münchfeld, Oberstadt, Bretzenheim, Finthen, Drais, Lerchenberg, Marienborn, Hechtsheim, Ebersheim, Weisenau, and Laubenheim. Until 1945, the districts of Bischofsheim (Mainspitze) (now an independent town), Ginsheim and Gustavsburg (which together are an independent town) belonged to Mainz. The former suburbs Amöneburg, Kastel, and Kostheim—in short ''AKK''—now belong to the city of Wiesbaden (on the north bank of the river). The AKK was separated from Mainz when the Rhine was designated the boundary between the French occupation zone (the later state of Rhineland-Palatinate) and the US occupation zone (Hessia) in 1945. == History == The Roman stronghold of ''castrum Moguntiacum'', the precursor to Mainz, was founded by the Roman general Nero Claudius Drusus in 13 BC. Moguntiacum was an important military town throughout Roman times, probably due to its strategic position at the confluence of the Main and the Rhine. The castrum was the base of Legio XIV Gemina and Legio XVI Gallica (9–43 AD), Legion XXII Pia Fidelis Primagenia, Legio IV Macedonica (43–70), Legio I Adiutrix (70-88), Legio XXI Rapax (70-89), and Legio XIV Gemina (70–92), among others. It was also the base of a Roman river fleet (the remains of Roman patrol boats and cargo barges from about 375/6 were discovered in 1982 and may now be viewed in the ''Museum für Antike Schifffahrt''). The city was the provincial capital of Germania Superiore, and had an important funeral monument dedicated to Trajan, to which people made pilgrimages for an annual festival from as far away as Lyon. Alamanni forces under Rando sacked the city in 368. In last days of 406, the Siling and Asding Vandals, the Suebi, the Alans, and other Germanic tribes took advantage of the rare freezing of the Rhine to cross the river at Mainz and overwhelm the Roman defences. Christian chronicles relate that the bishop, Aureus, was put to death by the Alamannian Crocus. The way was open to the sack of Trier and the invasion of Gaul. This event is familiar to many from the historical novel, ''Eagle in the Snow'', by Wallace Breem. After the Fall of the Roman Empire in 476 CE, the Franks under the rule of Clovis I gained control over western Europe by the year 496. Mainz, in its strategic position, became one of the bases of the Frankish kingdom. Mainz had sheltered a Christian community long before the conversion of Clovis. His successor Dagobert reinforced the walls of Mainz and made it one of his seats. In the Holy Roman Empire, which was founded in 962, the Archbishop of Mainz was one of the prince-electors. In the Middle Ages, Mainz was a centre for the Christianization of the Germanic peoples and Slavic peoples peoples. The first Archbishop of Mainz, Boniface, was killed while trying to convert the Frisians to Christianity and is buried in Fulda. Beginning with Willigis (975–1011) until the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Archbishops of Mainz were archchancellors of the Empire and the most important ones of the seven prince-elector to elect the German Emperor. Besides Rome, Mainz is the only diocese in the world with an episcopal see that is called a Holy See (''sancta sedes''). The Archbishops of Mainz traditionally were ''primas germaniae'', the substitutes of the Pope north of the Alps. In 1244, the Archbishop Siegfried III granted Mainz the town rights, which included the right of the citizens to establish and elect a city council. The city saw a feud between two Archbishop in 1461, namely Diether von Isenburg, who was supported by the citizens, and Adolf II von Nassau (duchy), who had been named bishop for Mainz by the Pope. In 1462, the Archbishop Adolf II raided the city of Mainz, plundering and killing 400 inhabitants. At a tribunal, those who had survived lost all their property, which was then divided between those who promised to follow Adolf II. Those who would not promise to follow Adolf II (amongst them Johann Gutenberg) were driven out of the town or thrown into prison. The new Archbishop denied Mainz its town rights and made the city an archiepiscopal capital. During the French Revolution, the French Revolutionary army occupied Mainz in 1792; the Archbishop of Mainz, Mr. Erthal, had already fled by the time the French marched in. On 18 March 1793, the Jacobin Club of Mainz, with other German democrats from about 130 towns in the Rhenish Palatinate, proclaimed the ‘Republic of Mainz’. Led by Georg Forster representatives of the Mainz Republic in Paris requested political affiliation of the Mainz Republic with France, but too late: As Prussia was not entirely happy with the idea of a democratic free state on German soil, Prussian troops had already occupied the area and besieged Mainz by the end of March, 1793. After a siege of 18 weeks, the French troops in Mainz surrendered on 22 July 1793; Prussians occupied the city and ended the Republic of Mainz. Members of the Mainz Jacobin Club were mistreated or imprisoned and punished for treason. In 1797, the French returned. The army of Napoleon I of France (Napoleon I of France) occupied the German territory to the west of the Rhine river, and the Treaty of Campo Formio awarded France this entire area. On 17 February 1800, the French ''Mont-Tonnerre'' was founded here, with Mainz as its capital, the Rhine river being the new eastern frontier of la Grande Nation. Austria and Prussia could not but approve this new border with France in 1801. However, after several defeats in Europe during the next years, the weakened Napoléon and his troops had to leave Mainz in May 1814. In 1816, the part of the former French Département which is known today as Rheinhessen was awarded to the Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, Mainz being the capital of the new Hesse province Rheinhessen. From 1816 to 1866, to the German Confederation Mainz was the most important fortress in the defence against France, and had a strong garrison of Austrian and Prussian troops. In the afternoon of 18 November 1857, a huge explosion rocked Mainz when the city’s powder magazine, the ''Pulverturm'', exploded. Approximately 150 people were killed and at least 500 injured; 57 buildings were destroyed and a similar number severely damaged in what was to be known as the ''Powder Tower Explosion'' or ''Powder Explosion''. During the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, Mainz was declared a neutral zone. After the founding of the German Empire in 1871, Mainz no longer was as important a stronghold, because in the Franco-Prussian War France had lost the territory of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany, and this defined the new border between the two countries. For centuries the inhabitants of the fortress of Mainz had suffered from a severe shortage of space which led to disease and other inconveniences; in 1872, Mayor Carl Wallau and the council of Mainz persuaded the military government to sign a contract for the expansion of the city. Beginning in 1874, the city of Mainz assimilated the ''Gartenfeld'', an idyllic area of meadows and fields along the shore of the Rhine River to the north of the rampart. The city expansion more than doubled the urban area, which allowed Mainz to participate in the industrial revolution which had previously passed the city by for decades. Eduard Kreyßig was the man who made this happen. Having been the master builder of the city of Mainz since 1865, Mr. Kreyßig had the vision of the new part of the town, the Mainz ''Neustadt''; he also planned the very first sewer system (since Roman times) for the old part of the town, and it was he who persuaded the city government to relocate the railroad route from the Rhine side to the west end of the town. The Mainz master builder constructed a number of state-of-the-art public buildings, including the Mainz town hall — which was the largest one of its kind in Germany at that time — as well a synagogue, the Rhine harbor, and a number of public baths and school buildings. Mr. Kreyßig's last work was the Christ Cathedral, which is the protestant counterpart to the 1,000-year-old catholic Mainz Cathedral. After the end of World War I, Mainz was occupied by the France between 1919 and 1930. During World War II, more than 30 air raids and bomb attacks destroyed about 80% of the inner city of Mainz, including most of the historic buildings. From 1945 to 1949, the city was again occupied by the French military. When the federal state of Rheinland-Pfalz was founded on 18 May 1947, Koblenz was the temporary capital; in 1950 Mainz became the capital of the new state. ==Twinning== Mainz is Twin towns with: *Watford, Hertfordshire (United Kingdom), since 1956 *Dijon (France), since 1957 *Longchamp (France), since 1966 *Zagreb (Croatia), since 1967 *Rodeneck/Rodengo (Italy), since 1977 *Valencia (Spain), since 1978 *Haifa (Israel), since 1981 *Erfurt (former East Germany), since 1988 *Louisville, Kentucky (United States), since 1994 and is a ‘Friendship citiy’ to: *Baku (Azerbaijan), since 1984 ==Sights== *Roman-Germanic central museum (''Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum'') – Roman, Medieval, and earlier artifacts *Antique Maritime Museum (''Museum für Antike Schifffahrt'') – the remains of five Roman boats from the late 4th century, discovered in the 1980s *Mainz Cathedral (''Mainzer Dom'') – over 1,000 years old *The Iron Tower (''Eisenturm'', tower at the former iron market) – a tower from the 13th century *The Wood Tower (''Holzturm'', tower at the former wood market) – a tower from the 14th century *The Johann Gutenberg Museum – exhibits an original Gutenberg Bible amongst many other printed books from the 15th century and later *The Mainz Old Town – what's left of it *The Electoral Palace (''Kurfürstliches Schloss'') – residence of the prince-elector *Christ Cathedral (''Christuskirche'') – built 1898–1903, bombed in 1945 and rebuilt in 1948–1954 *The Church of St. Stephan – with post-war windows by Marc Chagall ==Miscellaneous== After the last ice age, sand dunes were deposited in the Rhine valley at what was to become the western edge of the city. The Mainz Sand Dunes area is now a nature reserve with a unique landscape and rare ''steppe'' vegetation for this area. Johann Gutenberg, credited with the invention of the modern printing press with movable type, was born here and died here. The Mainz University, which was refounded in 1946, is named after Johann Gutenberg; the earlier University of Mainz that dated back to 1477 had been closed down by Napoleon's troops in 1798. Mainz was one of three important centers of Jewish theology and learning during the Middle Ages. Known collectively as 'Shum', the cities of Speyer, Worms, Germany and Mainz played a key role in the preservation and propagation of Talmudic scholarship. Mainz is famous for its Carnival, the ''Mainz Fassenacht'', which has developed since the early 19th century, and is celebrated in a fountain near the centre of the city. Carnival in Mainz has its roots in the criticism of social and political injustices under the shelter of cap and bells; today, the uniforms of many traditional Carnival clubs still imitate and caricature the uniforms of the French and Prussian troops of the past. The city is well-known in Germany as the seat of Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen ("Germany Channel 2", ZDF), one of two government owned nationwide TV broadcasters. There are also a couple of radio stations based in Mainz. == Alternative names == Mainz is called by a number of List of European cities with alternative names in other languages and dialects. These include: ''Määnz'' (formerly ''Meenz'') in the local West Middle German dialect, and ''Mayence'' in French_language. The latter name was also used in English_language, but this usage has almost completely disappeared. Other names for this city are: ''Magonza'' (Italian_language), ''Maguncia'' (Spanish_language), ''Majnc'' (Serbian_language), ''Mogúncia'' (Portuguese_language), ''Moguncja'' (Polish_language), ''Moguntiacum'' (Latin), and ''Mohuč'' (Czech_language, Slovak_language). == External Links == * [http://www.mainz.de/ The official web site of the city of Mainz] * [http://radbruch.jura.uni-mainz.de/seiten/studium/studinmainz/studstadt.html More information on the history of Mainz (in German)] * [http://www.eichberger.net/sand/mainz_sand_dunes.php The Mainz Sand Dunes] Cities in Germany German state capitals Rhineland-Palatinate Roman legions camps la:Moguntiacum ms:Mainz nds:Mainz
I'm fascinated to learn that the Polish for Mainz is ''Moguncja'', but does it have much to do with this article, or indeed with the distinctly Rheinland, nowhere-near-Poland-whatsoever, character of the city? And how does the Gdansk vote affect this at all? User:Alai 16:28, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC) :The Gdansk vote says specifically, that the cross-naming affects any place that has a shared Polish-German history. In this case, there has been a large Polish diaspora there in the 19th century, also there were Polish troops stationed there during the Napoleonic Wars. The city was German, the troops were Polish - so the history is shared. :BTW, you might want to question this interpretation at Talk:Gdansk/Vote/discussion User:HalibuttUser talk:Halibutt 16:47, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC) ::Also see Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard#Halibutt. -- User:Chris 73 User talk:Chris 73 16:48, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC) ::As to the rationale: for instance, in 1631 the town was occupied by Polish and Swedish forces. As to the name being mentioned in English language sources - [http://www.google.pl/search?as_q=Moguncja&num=10&hl=pl&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla%3Apl-PL%3Aofficial&btnG=Szukaj+w+Google&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&lr=lang_en&as_ft=i&as_filetype=&as_qdr=all&as_occt=any&as_dt=i&as_sitesearch= google is your friend]. Notify me on my talk page if you need any book sources as well. User:HalibuttUser talk:Halibutt 18:13, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC) :::Google mainly uses the name Mainz, so I don't accept Google as a reference that primarily uses the Polish name. Can you be more specific? User:Eugene van der Pijll 18:15, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC) ::: Halibutt, this is a completely unreasonable argument. French troops occupied most of Poland under Napoleon - how would you feel is from French editor concluded that that was enough of a historical connection to add French names to all Polish pages? There are Polish people living in almost every major city in the entire world - is that enough of a Polish connection to require that we add the Polish names for those cities to all those articles? Etc, etc, etc. User:Jnc User_talk:Jnc 18:36, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC) Quite. The above search turns up around 200 hits, and they're exceptionally low-grade stuff. I'd like not merely book sources, but considerably more notable and authorative sources than [http://www.moguncja.hotelsbedbreakfast.inn26.com/], in either medium. User:Alai 18:26, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC) :But that link, http://www.moguncja.hotelsbedbreakfast.inn26.com/, is interesting, in that it is an international site, and it uses the Polish name. Oh, but wait: it uses the name Mainz as well. And http://www.mainz.hotelsbedbreakfast.inn26.com/ also exists, and uses "Mainz" twice, and "Moguncja" 0 times. Which makes "Mainz" the most common name there. Ah well... User:Eugene van der Pijll 18:31, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC) This is a clearly specious interpretation of Talk:Gdansk/Vote. Halibutt, you should be ashamed of yourself - this is really childish. I am happy to revisit that particular result of the poll to make it more specific, but this is absurd. User:John Kenney User_talk:John Kenney 19:00, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC) ::Childish? I bet you could try to offend me in a more sophisticated way. Anyway, the Talk:Gdansk/Vote ruling does not require any specific kind of source, it simply has to be a English language source, be it a fable, a fairytale, a tourist office ad... [http://www.winkowski.com.pl/www_ang/prezenty_his_druk.htm here you go then] :) User:HalibuttUser talk:Halibutt 07:43, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC) :::"It was printed by the Gutenberg from Moguncja, probably in 1454 year." That is not English. User:Eugene van der Pijll 08:55, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC) ::I agree it is not the best English I ever saw, but still it is English. And there is no rule saying that there can be no errors on the source that uses the name. User:HalibuttUser talk:Halibutt 15:05, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC) I can see value in including variant spellings, of any nationality, of a name (so the entry can be found by Google search, for example)—but listing them all at the front makes the article very hard to read (there could easily be as many entries as ther are languages). Can we not have them at the bottom, like 'see also' sections, ''etc.''? Thans. User:Mfc 14:33, 2005 Jun 6 (UTC) :That would be OK with me. But the name "Mayence" should stay in the first line of the article; not because it's the French name, but because it is an English name for this city. Nowadays a very rare name, but it used to be the most common name, so people could come across the name in older books, newspapers, etc. See for example this google search: [http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=lang_en&safe=off&c2coff=1&q=mayence+-mainz&btnG=Search&lr=lang_en "mayence -mainz", only English pages]: almost 20,000 hits. Compare with ["moguncja -mainz"]: 31 hits. User:Eugene van der Pijll 17:28, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC) :::You don't have to list them all, only the French (by common sense) and Polish (by Talk:Gdansk rule. Whay exactly not? Why exactly is it against the rules? User:HalibuttUser talk:Halibutt 02:39, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC) ::::How, again, did Mainz "share a history" with Poland? Quit it, quit it, quit it. User:John Kenney User_talk:John Kenney 02:54, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC) :::Being occupied by Polish forces twice in its history is not enough? Perhaps for you, gbut not for the Talk:Gdansk/Vote. User:HalibuttUser talk:Halibutt 03:05, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC) ::::Polish forces? No, that is not enough, especially since in neither case were those Polish forces ''national'' forces. Once again, you are clearly purposefully ignoring the clear intent of the vote in order to make a point. Just stop it and do something constructive. What on earth is the point of arguing a position you don't actually agree with? User:John Kenney User_talk:John Kenney 03:14, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC) :::Holy Mary mother of God, John, just listen to yourself. What else do you need? If I post you a pic of Polish WWII troops entering the city under a Polish flag you'll ask me for an ethnic composition of the regiment chart? And then you'll call the number of ethnic Poles within the unit too small? :::And what difference would it make for the letter of the voting results? I understand that your point of view is that I should provide a zillion of books that use the name and a proof that there was an army with more than 80% of Poles and flying the Polish banner there, but this is clearly absurd. And more importantly, this is not needed by the voting results. :::If you don't like the voting results - change them. Or ask the ArbCom to change it. But do not change it yourself by demanding that some articles you like be applied the rules and others not. Who exactly gave you this right? User:HalibuttUser talk:Halibutt 03:26, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC) ::::Another link, if the previous ones were not enough: [http://www.romanesqueeurope.com/en/europe/czechy/], [http://info.fuw.edu.pl/~dobaczew/spis-pl/node5.html] User:HalibuttUser talk:Halibutt :::::Halibutt, the fact that the Polish army on the western front entered the city at the end of World War II is simply absurd as a reason for putting the Polish name in. The basic fact is that ''everybody except you'' does not understand "shared history" to mean "at some point there was somebody Polish in this city." This includes those of us who agree with you that the current rule is too vague. "Sharing a history" was clearly meant to mean cities which have, at different points in history, been inhabited by both Poles and Germans, or which have been under the political control of both Poland and Germany or a German state, not any German city that a Pole has set foot in at some point in recorded history. This is how everybody else has interpreted it, and this is how you intepreted it until a few days ago. So please quit with this nonsense, which, so far as I can tell, is supported by nobody except you. User:John Kenney User_talk:John Kenney 03:38, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC) ::::::But this is incredibly pointless. The basic fact is that what is clearly an overwhelming majority ''do not believe that your interpretation of the vote is correct'' and that you have consistently and repeatedly failed to even acknowledge that this is a possible response to what you are doing. Let me say it again: ''Everybody else who has weighed in on this does not agree with you interpretation of what "shared history" means. As such, no matter what you think "shared history" means (and I assume you do not even really think it means this, but are just engaging in absurdity because you're irritated by how this has been applied on Polish pages - something which, I will again note, I agree with you about), you cannot continue to assert your interpretation as though it is undisputed fact. So, again I say stop it! stop it! stop it! All you are doing is making people less sympathetic to anything you say in the future on the subject. User:John Kenney User_talk:John Kenney 03:42, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC) ::There already exists a page for lists of alternate city names: List of European cities with alternative names. User:Directorstratton 18:52, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)-- :::Nevertheless, I thought the information on List of European cities with alternative names should also be included here; it is information about the city that might be useful -- if for noone else, at least for Poles who want to know where their name of the city comes from (apparently from the Latin name). So I added a new section. But as I said above: no other names in the first line but Mainz and Mayence, as these are (also) the English names. User:Eugene van der Pijll 21:58, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
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Mainz
Mainz (French_language: ''Mayence'') is a city in Germany and the capital of the Germany States of Germany of Rhineland-Palatinate. == Introduction == Mainz is located on the left bank of the river Rhine, opposite the confluence of the Main river with the Rhine. Population (2002): 183,822 (an additional 18,619 people maintain a primary residence elsewhere but have a second home in Mainz). Mainz is easily reached from Frankfurt International Airport in 25 minutes by commuter railway (''S-Bahn''). The city consists of 15 districts: Altstadt, Neustadt, Mombach, Gonsenheim, Hartenberg-Münchfeld, Oberstadt, Bretzenheim, Finthen, Drais, Lerchenberg, Marienborn, Hechtsheim, Ebersheim, Weisenau, and Laubenheim. Until 1945, the districts of Bischofsheim (Mainspitze) (now an independent town), Ginsheim and Gustavsburg (which together are an independent town) belonged to Mainz. The former suburbs Amöneburg, Kastel, and Kostheim—in short ''AKK''—now belong to the city of Wiesbaden (on the north bank of the river). The AKK was separated from Mainz when the Rhine was designated the boundary between the French occupation zone (the later state of Rhineland-Palatinate) and the US occupation zone (Hessia) in 1945. == History == The Roman stronghold of ''castrum Moguntiacum'', the precursor to Mainz, was founded by the Roman general Nero Claudius Drusus in 13 BC. Moguntiacum was an important military town throughout Roman times, probably due to its strategic position at the confluence of the Main and the Rhine. The castrum was the base of Legio XIV Gemina and Legio XVI Gallica (9–43 AD), Legion XXII Pia Fidelis Primagenia, Legio IV Macedonica (43–70), Legio I Adiutrix (70-88), Legio XXI Rapax (70-89), and Legio XIV Gemina (70–92), among others. It was also the base of a Roman river fleet (the remains of Roman patrol boats and cargo barges from about 375/6 were discovered in 1982 and may now be viewed in the ''Museum für Antike Schifffahrt''). The city was the provincial capital of Germania Superiore, and had an important funeral monument dedicated to Trajan, to which people made pilgrimages for an annual festival from as far away as Lyon. Alamanni forces under Rando sacked the city in 368. In last days of 406, the Siling and Asding Vandals, the Suebi, the Alans, and other Germanic tribes took advantage of the rare freezing of the Rhine to cross the river at Mainz and overwhelm the Roman defences. Christian chronicles relate that the bishop, Aureus, was put to death by the Alamannian Crocus. The way was open to the sack of Trier and the invasion of Gaul. This event is familiar to many from the historical novel, ''Eagle in the Snow'', by Wallace Breem. After the Fall of the Roman Empire in 476 CE, the Franks under the rule of Clovis I gained control over western Europe by the year 496. Mainz, in its strategic position, became one of the bases of the Frankish kingdom. Mainz had sheltered a Christian community long before the conversion of Clovis. His successor Dagobert reinforced the walls of Mainz and made it one of his seats. In the Holy Roman Empire, which was founded in 962, the Archbishop of Mainz was one of the prince-electors. In the Middle Ages, Mainz was a centre for the Christianization of the Germanic peoples and Slavic peoples peoples. The first Archbishop of Mainz, Boniface, was killed while trying to convert the Frisians to Christianity and is buried in Fulda. Beginning with Willigis (975–1011) until the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Archbishops of Mainz were archchancellors of the Empire and the most important ones of the seven prince-elector to elect the German Emperor. Besides Rome, Mainz is the only diocese in the world with an episcopal see that is called a Holy See (''sancta sedes''). The Archbishops of Mainz traditionally were ''primas germaniae'', the substitutes of the Pope north of the Alps. In 1244, the Archbishop Siegfried III granted Mainz the town rights, which included the right of the citizens to establish and elect a city council. The city saw a feud between two Archbishop in 1461, namely Diether von Isenburg, who was supported by the citizens, and Adolf II von Nassau (duchy), who had been named bishop for Mainz by the Pope. In 1462, the Archbishop Adolf II raided the city of Mainz, plundering and killing 400 inhabitants. At a tribunal, those who had survived lost all their property, which was then divided between those who promised to follow Adolf II. Those who would not promise to follow Adolf II (amongst them Johann Gutenberg) were driven out of the town or thrown into prison. The new Archbishop denied Mainz its town rights and made the city an archiepiscopal capital. During the French Revolution, the French Revolutionary army occupied Mainz in 1792; the Archbishop of Mainz, Mr. Erthal, had already fled by the time the French marched in. On 18 March 1793, the Jacobin Club of Mainz, with other German democrats from about 130 towns in the Rhenish Palatinate, proclaimed the ‘Republic of Mainz’. Led by Georg Forster representatives of the Mainz Republic in Paris requested political affiliation of the Mainz Republic with France, but too late: As Prussia was not entirely happy with the idea of a democratic free state on German soil, Prussian troops had already occupied the area and besieged Mainz by the end of March, 1793. After a siege of 18 weeks, the French troops in Mainz surrendered on 22 July 1793; Prussians occupied the city and ended the Republic of Mainz. Members of the Mainz Jacobin Club were mistreated or imprisoned and punished for treason. In 1797, the French returned. The army of Napoleon I of France (Napoleon I of France) occupied the German territory to the west of the Rhine river, and the Treaty of Campo Formio awarded France this entire area. On 17 February 1800, the French ''Mont-Tonnerre'' was founded here, with Mainz as its capital, the Rhine river being the new eastern frontier of la Grande Nation. Austria and Prussia could not but approve this new border with France in 1801. However, after several defeats in Europe during the next years, the weakened Napoléon and his troops had to leave Mainz in May 1814. In 1816, the part of the former French Département which is known today as Rheinhessen was awarded to the Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, Mainz being the capital of the new Hesse province Rheinhessen. From 1816 to 1866, to the German Confederation Mainz was the most important fortress in the defence against France, and had a strong garrison of Austrian and Prussian troops. In the afternoon of 18 November 1857, a huge explosion rocked Mainz when the city’s powder magazine, the ''Pulverturm'', exploded. Approximately 150 people were killed and at least 500 injured; 57 buildings were destroyed and a similar number severely damaged in what was to be known as the ''Powder Tower Explosion'' or ''Powder Explosion''. During the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, Mainz was declared a neutral zone. After the founding of the German Empire in 1871, Mainz no longer was as important a stronghold, because in the Franco-Prussian War France had lost the territory of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany, and this defined the new border between the two countries. For centuries the inhabitants of the fortress of Mainz had suffered from a severe shortage of space which led to disease and other inconveniences; in 1872, Mayor Carl Wallau and the council of Mainz persuaded the military government to sign a contract for the expansion of the city. Beginning in 1874, the city of Mainz assimilated the ''Gartenfeld'', an idyllic area of meadows and fields along the shore of the Rhine River to the north of the rampart. The city expansion more than doubled the urban area, which allowed Mainz to participate in the industrial revolution which had previously passed the city by for decades. Eduard Kreyßig was the man who made this happen. Having been the master builder of the city of Mainz since 1865, Mr. Kreyßig had the vision of the new part of the town, the Mainz ''Neustadt''; he also planned the very first sewer system (since Roman times) for the old part of the town, and it was he who persuaded the city government to relocate the railroad route from the Rhine side to the west end of the town. The Mainz master builder constructed a number of state-of-the-art public buildings, including the Mainz town hall — which was the largest one of its kind in Germany at that time — as well a synagogue, the Rhine harbor, and a number of public baths and school buildings. Mr. Kreyßig's last work was the Christ Cathedral, which is the protestant counterpart to the 1,000-year-old catholic Mainz Cathedral. After the end of World War I, Mainz was occupied by the France between 1919 and 1930. During World War II, more than 30 air raids and bomb attacks destroyed about 80% of the inner city of Mainz, including most of the historic buildings. From 1945 to 1949, the city was again occupied by the French military. When the federal state of Rheinland-Pfalz was founded on 18 May 1947, Koblenz was the temporary capital; in 1950 Mainz became the capital of the new state. ==Twinning== Mainz is Twin towns with: *Watford, Hertfordshire (United Kingdom), since 1956 *Dijon (France), since 1957 *Longchamp (France), since 1966 *Zagreb (Croatia), since 1967 *Rodeneck/Rodengo (Italy), since 1977 *Valencia (Spain), since 1978 *Haifa (Israel), since 1981 *Erfurt (former East Germany), since 1988 *Louisville, Kentucky (United States), since 1994 and is a ‘Friendship citiy’ to: *Baku (Azerbaijan), since 1984 ==Sights== *Roman-Germanic central museum (''Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum'') – Roman, Medieval, and earlier artifacts *Antique Maritime Museum (''Museum für Antike Schifffahrt'') – the remains of five Roman boats from the late 4th century, discovered in the 1980s *Mainz Cathedral (''Mainzer Dom'') – over 1,000 years old *The Iron Tower (''Eisenturm'', tower at the former iron market) – a tower from the 13th century *The Wood Tower (''Holzturm'', tower at the former wood market) – a tower from the 14th century *The Johann Gutenberg Museum – exhibits an original Gutenberg Bible amongst many other printed books from the 15th century and later *The Mainz Old Town – what's left of it *The Electoral Palace (''Kurfürstliches Schloss'') – residence of the prince-elector *Christ Cathedral (''Christuskirche'') – built 1898–1903, bombed in 1945 and rebuilt in 1948–1954 *The Church of St. Stephan – with post-war windows by Marc Chagall ==Miscellaneous== After the last ice age, sand dunes were deposited in the Rhine valley at what was to become the western edge of the city. The Mainz Sand Dunes area is now a nature reserve with a unique landscape and rare ''steppe'' vegetation for this area. Johann Gutenberg, credited with the invention of the modern printing press with movable type, was born here and died here. The Mainz University, which was refounded in 1946, is named after Johann Gutenberg; the earlier University of Mainz that dated back to 1477 had been closed down by Napoleon's troops in 1798. Mainz was one of three important centers of Jewish theology and learning during the Middle Ages. Known collectively as 'Shum', the cities of Speyer, Worms, Germany and Mainz played a key role in the preservation and propagation of Talmudic scholarship. Mainz is famous for its Carnival, the ''Mainz Fassenacht'', which has developed since the early 19th century, and is celebrated in a fountain near the centre of the city. Carnival in Mainz has its roots in the criticism of social and political injustices under the shelter of cap and bells; today, the uniforms of many traditional Carnival clubs still imitate and caricature the uniforms of the French and Prussian troops of the past. The city is well-known in Germany as the seat of Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen ("Germany Channel 2", ZDF), one of two government owned nationwide TV broadcasters. There are also a couple of radio stations based in Mainz. == Alternative names == Mainz is called by a number of List of European cities with alternative names in other languages and dialects. These include: ''Määnz'' (formerly ''Meenz'') in the local West Middle German dialect, and ''Mayence'' in French_language. The latter name was also used in English_language, but this usage has almost completely disappeared. Other names for this city are: ''Magonza'' (Italian_language), ''Maguncia'' (Spanish_language), ''Majnc'' (Serbian_language), ''Mogúncia'' (Portuguese_language), ''Moguncja'' (Polish_language), ''Moguntiacum'' (Latin), and ''Mohuč'' (Czech_language, Slovak_language). == External Links == * [http://www.mainz.de/ The official web site of the city of Mainz] * [http://radbruch.jura.uni-mainz.de/seiten/studium/studinmainz/studstadt.html More information on the history of Mainz (in German)] * [http://www.eichberger.net/sand/mainz_sand_dunes.php The Mainz Sand Dunes] Cities in Germany German state capitals Rhineland-Palatinate Roman legions camps la:Moguntiacum ms:Mainz nds:Mainz
Mainz
I'm fascinated to learn that the Polish for Mainz is ''Moguncja'', but does it have much to do with this article, or indeed with the distinctly Rheinland, nowhere-near-Poland-whatsoever, character of the city? And how does the Gdansk vote affect this at all? User:Alai 16:28, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC) :The Gdansk vote says specifically, that the cross-naming affects any place that has a shared Polish-German history. In this case, there has been a large Polish diaspora there in the 19th century, also there were Polish troops stationed there during the Napoleonic Wars. The city was German, the troops were Polish - so the history is shared. :BTW, you might want to question this interpretation at Talk:Gdansk/Vote/discussion User:HalibuttUser talk:Halibutt 16:47, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC) ::Also see Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard#Halibutt. -- User:Chris 73 User talk:Chris 73 16:48, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC) ::As to the rationale: for instance, in 1631 the town was occupied by Polish and Swedish forces. As to the name being mentioned in English language sources - [http://www.google.pl/search?as_q=Moguncja&num=10&hl=pl&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla%3Apl-PL%3Aofficial&btnG=Szukaj+w+Google&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&lr=lang_en&as_ft=i&as_filetype=&as_qdr=all&as_occt=any&as_dt=i&as_sitesearch= google is your friend]. Notify me on my talk page if you need any book sources as well. User:HalibuttUser talk:Halibutt 18:13, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC) :::Google mainly uses the name Mainz, so I don't accept Google as a reference that primarily uses the Polish name. Can you be more specific? User:Eugene van der Pijll 18:15, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC) ::: Halibutt, this is a completely unreasonable argument. French troops occupied most of Poland under Napoleon - how would you feel is from French editor concluded that that was enough of a historical connection to add French names to all Polish pages? There are Polish people living in almost every major city in the entire world - is that enough of a Polish connection to require that we add the Polish names for those cities to all those articles? Etc, etc, etc. User:Jnc User_talk:Jnc 18:36, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC) Quite. The above search turns up around 200 hits, and they're exceptionally low-grade stuff. I'd like not merely book sources, but considerably more notable and authorative sources than [http://www.moguncja.hotelsbedbreakfast.inn26.com/], in either medium. User:Alai 18:26, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC) :But that link, http://www.moguncja.hotelsbedbreakfast.inn26.com/, is interesting, in that it is an international site, and it uses the Polish name. Oh, but wait: it uses the name Mainz as well. And http://www.mainz.hotelsbedbreakfast.inn26.com/ also exists, and uses "Mainz" twice, and "Moguncja" 0 times. Which makes "Mainz" the most common name there. Ah well... User:Eugene van der Pijll 18:31, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC) This is a clearly specious interpretation of Talk:Gdansk/Vote. Halibutt, you should be ashamed of yourself - this is really childish. I am happy to revisit that particular result of the poll to make it more specific, but this is absurd. User:John Kenney User_talk:John Kenney 19:00, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC) ::Childish? I bet you could try to offend me in a more sophisticated way. Anyway, the Talk:Gdansk/Vote ruling does not require any specific kind of source, it simply has to be a English language source, be it a fable, a fairytale, a tourist office ad... [http://www.winkowski.com.pl/www_ang/prezenty_his_druk.htm here you go then] :) User:HalibuttUser talk:Halibutt 07:43, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC) :::"It was printed by the Gutenberg from Moguncja, probably in 1454 year." That is not English. User:Eugene van der Pijll 08:55, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC) ::I agree it is not the best English I ever saw, but still it is English. And there is no rule saying that there can be no errors on the source that uses the name. User:HalibuttUser talk:Halibutt 15:05, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC) I can see value in including variant spellings, of any nationality, of a name (so the entry can be found by Google search, for example)—but listing them all at the front makes the article very hard to read (there could easily be as many entries as ther are languages). Can we not have them at the bottom, like 'see also' sections, ''etc.''? Thans. User:Mfc 14:33, 2005 Jun 6 (UTC) :That would be OK with me. But the name "Mayence" should stay in the first line of the article; not because it's the French name, but because it is an English name for this city. Nowadays a very rare name, but it used to be the most common name, so people could come across the name in older books, newspapers, etc. See for example this google search: [http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=lang_en&safe=off&c2coff=1&q=mayence+-mainz&btnG=Search&lr=lang_en "mayence -mainz", only English pages]: almost 20,000 hits. Compare with ["moguncja -mainz"]: 31 hits. User:Eugene van der Pijll 17:28, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC) :::You don't have to list them all, only the French (by common sense) and Polish (by Talk:Gdansk rule. Whay exactly not? Why exactly is it against the rules? User:HalibuttUser talk:Halibutt 02:39, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC) ::::How, again, did Mainz "share a history" with Poland? Quit it, quit it, quit it. User:John Kenney User_talk:John Kenney 02:54, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC) :::Being occupied by Polish forces twice in its history is not enough? Perhaps for you, gbut not for the Talk:Gdansk/Vote. User:HalibuttUser talk:Halibutt 03:05, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC) ::::Polish forces? No, that is not enough, especially since in neither case were those Polish forces ''national'' forces. Once again, you are clearly purposefully ignoring the clear intent of the vote in order to make a point. Just stop it and do something constructive. What on earth is the point of arguing a position you don't actually agree with? User:John Kenney User_talk:John Kenney 03:14, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC) :::Holy Mary mother of God, John, just listen to yourself. What else do you need? If I post you a pic of Polish WWII troops entering the city under a Polish flag you'll ask me for an ethnic composition of the regiment chart? And then you'll call the number of ethnic Poles within the unit too small? :::And what difference would it make for the letter of the voting results? I understand that your point of view is that I should provide a zillion of books that use the name and a proof that there was an army with more than 80% of Poles and flying the Polish banner there, but this is clearly absurd. And more importantly, this is not needed by the voting results. :::If you don't like the voting results - change them. Or ask the ArbCom to change it. But do not change it yourself by demanding that some articles you like be applied the rules and others not. Who exactly gave you this right? User:HalibuttUser talk:Halibutt 03:26, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC) ::::Another link, if the previous ones were not enough: [http://www.romanesqueeurope.com/en/europe/czechy/], [http://info.fuw.edu.pl/~dobaczew/spis-pl/node5.html] User:HalibuttUser talk:Halibutt :::::Halibutt, the fact that the Polish army on the western front entered the city at the end of World War II is simply absurd as a reason for putting the Polish name in. The basic fact is that ''everybody except you'' does not understand "shared history" to mean "at some point there was somebody Polish in this city." This includes those of us who agree with you that the current rule is too vague. "Sharing a history" was clearly meant to mean cities which have, at different points in history, been inhabited by both Poles and Germans, or which have been under the political control of both Poland and Germany or a German state, not any German city that a Pole has set foot in at some point in recorded history. This is how everybody else has interpreted it, and this is how you intepreted it until a few days ago. So please quit with this nonsense, which, so far as I can tell, is supported by nobody except you. User:John Kenney User_talk:John Kenney 03:38, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC) ::::::But this is incredibly pointless. The basic fact is that what is clearly an overwhelming majority ''do not believe that your interpretation of the vote is correct'' and that you have consistently and repeatedly failed to even acknowledge that this is a possible response to what you are doing. Let me say it again: ''Everybody else who has weighed in on this does not agree with you interpretation of what "shared history" means. As such, no matter what you think "shared history" means (and I assume you do not even really think it means this, but are just engaging in absurdity because you're irritated by how this has been applied on Polish pages - something which, I will again note, I agree with you about), you cannot continue to assert your interpretation as though it is undisputed fact. So, again I say stop it! stop it! stop it! All you are doing is making people less sympathetic to anything you say in the future on the subject. User:John Kenney User_talk:John Kenney 03:42, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC) ::There already exists a page for lists of alternate city names: List of European cities with alternative names. User:Directorstratton 18:52, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)-- :::Nevertheless, I thought the information on List of European cities with alternative names should also be included here; it is information about the city that might be useful -- if for noone else, at least for Poles who want to know where their name of the city comes from (apparently from the Latin name). So I added a new section. But as I said above: no other names in the first line but Mainz and Mayence, as these are (also) the English names. User:Eugene van der Pijll 21:58, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
See other meanings of words starting from letter:
M
MA | MB | MC | MD | ME | MF | MG | MH | MI | MJ | MK | ML | MN | MO | MP | MR | MS | MT | MU | MW | MX | MY | MZ |Words begining with Mainz:
Mainz
Mainz
Mainz-Bingen
Mainz_05
Mainz_Cathedral
Mainz_Cathedral
Mainz_University
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